Template 2010 For GOVINDEN 14.1.doc - Issue 3

AUTOMATION TRAINING UNIT – HND IN INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ENGINEERING
SITEC MITD - HND in TELECOMMUNICATION

Unit 14 MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS
Assignment Title Outcome # 14.1 Investigate microprocessor-based systems
MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS
Outcome #1: Investigate Microprocessor Systems
GOVINDEN POUVEN
BUNCHOO KARAN, SUNGKUR NISHAN AND
GOVINDEN POUVEN
Submission Date: 02 DECEMBER 2010
Date 08/12/21 StudentName:-

Issue Number Page 1 of 14
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................3
2. APPLICATION #1 : ..............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION #1.......................................................................................................4
2.2 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE APPLICATION #1......................................................................................4
2.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE MICROPROCESSOR IN APPLICATION #1...................................................................................4
2.4 DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES OF MICROPROCESSOR IN APPLICATION #1................................................................4
3. APPLICATION #2 : ..............................................................................................................................................4
4. APPLICATION #3 : ..............................................................................................................................................5
5 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................................................6
5.1 TABULATION OF TYPES OF MICROPROCESSORS W.R.T. COMMON FEATURES............................................................6
5.2 COMMENT ON PERFORMANCE COMPARISON..........................................................................................................7
5.3 RESEARCH ON ALTERNATIVES...............................................................................................................................8
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................................................9

1. INTRODUCTION
MICROPROCESSOR
INPUT MICROPROCESSOR OUTPUT

DEVICES
MEMORY
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit on a tiny silicon chip that contains

thousands or millions of tiny on/off switches, known as transistors. The transistors
are laid out along microscopic lines made of superfine traces of aluminum that store
or manipulate data. These circuits manipulate data in certain patterns, patterns that
can be programmed by software to make machines do many useful tasks.
Microprocessor is also a multipurpose, programmable, clock driven, registers, based

electronic device that:
 Read binary instructions from a storage device called memory.
 Accept binary data as input.
 Process data according to those instructions.
 Provide result as output.

2. Application #1 : CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT 8085
2.1 Brief description of the application #1
The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the central

processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is where most calculations
take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of
a computer system.
On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal
computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called
a microprocessor. Since the 1970's the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost
completely overtaken all other CPU implementations.
The CPU itself is an internal component of the computer. Modern CPUs are small and
square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is
inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard. Each
motherboard will support only a specific type or range of CPU so you must check the
motherboard manufacturer's specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a
CPU. Modern CPUs also have an attached heat sink and small fan that go directly on
top of the CPU to help dissipate heat.
Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:

 Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
 Bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
 Clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how
many instructions per second the processor can execute.

2.2 Functional Block Diagram of the application #1
2.3 Functions of the microprocessor in application #1

Introduction
As discussed earlier, 8085 microprocessor was introduced by Intel in the year 1976.
This microprocessor is an update of 8080 microprocessor. The 8080 processor was
updated with Enable/Disable instruction pins and Interrupt pins to form the 8085
microprocessor. Let us discuss the architecture of 8085 microprocessor in detail.
Features of 8085 microprocessor
Before knowing about the 8085 architecture in detail, lets us briefly discuss about the
basic features of 8085 processor.
8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit microprocessor with a 40 pin dual in line package. The
address and data bus are multiplexed in this processor which helps in providing more
control signals. It provides serial interfacing with serial input data (SID) and serial
output data (SOD).
It has a set of registers for performing various operations. The various registers include
· Accumulator (register A)
· Registers: B, C, D, E, H and L
· Stack pointer
· Program Counter
· Temporary register
· Instruction register
2.4 Description of features of Microprocessor in application #1

Architecture of 8085 microprocessor
8085 consists of various units and each unit performs its own functions. The various
units of a microprocessor are listed below
· Accumulator
· Arithmetic and logic Unit
· General purpose register
· Program counter
· Stack pointer
Accumulator
Accumulator is nothing but a register which can hold 8-bit data. Accumulator aids in
storing two quantities.
The data to be processed by arithmetic and logic unit is stored in accumulator.
It also stores the result of the operation carried out by the Arithmetic and Logic unit.
The accumulator is also called an 8-bit register. The accumulator is connected to

Internal Data bus and ALU (arithmetic and logic unit). The accumulator can be used to
send or receive data from the Internal Data bus.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
There is always a need to perform arithmetic operations like +, -, *, / and to perform

logical operations like AND, OR, NOT etc. So there is a necessity for creating a
separate unit which can perform such types of operations. These operations are
performed by the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). ALU performs these operations on
8-bit data.
But these operations cannot be performed unless we have an input (or) data on which
the desired operation is to be performed. So from where do these inputs reach the
ALU? For this purpose accumulator is used. ALU gets its Input from accumulator and
temporary register. After processing the necessary operations, the result is stored back
in accumulator.
General Purpose Registers

Apart from accumulator 8085 consists of six special types of registers called General
Purpose Registers.
What do these general purpose registers do?
These general purpose registers are used to hold data like any other registers. The
general purpose registers in 8085 processors are B, C, D, E, H and L. Each register
can hold 8-bit data. Apart from the above function these registers can also be used to
work in pairs to hold 16-bit data.
They can work in pairs such as B-C, D-E and H-L to store 16-bit data. The H-L pair
works as a memory pointer.
A memory pointer holds the address of a particular memory location. They can store
16-bit address as they work in pair.
Program Counter and Stack Pointer
Program counter is a special purpose register.
Consider that an instruction is being executed by processor. As soon as the ALU

finished executing the instruction, the processor looks for the next instruction to be
executed. So, there is a necessity for holding the address of the next instruction to be
executed in order to save time. This is taken care by the program counter.
A program counter stores the address of the next instruction to be executed. In other
words the program counter keeps track of the memory address of the instructions that
are being executed by the microprocessor and the memory address of the next
instruction that is going to be executed.
Microprocessor increments the program whenever an instruction is being executed, so

that the program counter points to the memory address of the next instruction that is
going to be executed. Program counter is a 16-bit register.
Stack pointer is also a 16-bit register which is used as a memory pointer. A stack is
nothing but the portion of RAM (Random access memory).
Interfacing Types

There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access

memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the
memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the
microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside
world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the
microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches
and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform
only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an
output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of
interfacing.

3. Application #2 : "[Click here and Type in the name of the
Application #2 ]"

4. Application #3 : "[Click here and Type in the name of the
Application #3 ]"

5 CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Tabulation of types of microprocessors w.r.t. common features
Application 1: Application 2: Application 3:
"Application #1 ? " " Application #2 ? " " Application #3 ? "
" Feature #1 ? "
" Feature #2 ? "
" Feature #3 ? "
" Feature #4 ? "
" Feature #5 ? "
5.2 Comment on performance comparison
5.3 Research on alternatives


APPENDIX
http://www.webopedia.com
http://www.altera.com/products/ip/processors/8_4bit/m-dcd_df6811cpu.html


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AUTOMATION TRAINING UNIT – HND IN INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ENGINEERING

SITEC MITD - HND in TELECOMMUNICATION

Outcome #1: Investigate Microprocessor Systems

BUNCHOO KARAN, SUNGKUR NISHAN AND

Submission Date: 02 DECEMBER 2010

Date 08/12/21 StudentName:-

2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION #1.......................................................................................................4

2.2 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE APPLICATION #1......................................................................................4

2.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE MICROPROCESSOR IN APPLICATION #1...................................................................................4

2.4 DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES OF MICROPROCESSOR IN APPLICATION #1................................................................4

3.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION #2.......................................................................................................4

3.2 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE APPLICATION #2......................................................................................5

3.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE MICROPROCESSOR IN APPLICATION #2...................................................................................5

3.4 DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES OF MICROPROCESSOR IN APPLICATION #2................................................................5

4.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION #3.......................................................................................................5

4.2 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE APPLICATION #3......................................................................................6

4.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE MICROPROCESSOR IN APPLICATION #3...................................................................................6

4.4 DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES OF MICROPROCESSOR IN APPLICATION #3................................................................6

5.1 TABULATION OF TYPES OF MICROPROCESSORS W.R.T. COMMON FEATURES............................................................6

5.2 COMMENT ON PERFORMANCE COMPARISON..........................................................................................................7

5.3 RESEARCH ON ALTERNATIVES...............................................................................................................................8

Date 08/12/21 StudentName:-

INPUT MICROPROCESSOR OUTPUT

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit on a tiny silicon chip that contains

Microprocessor is also a multipurpose, programmable, clock driven, registers, based

 Read binary instructions from a storage device called memory.

 Accept binary data as input.

 Process data according to those instructions.

 Provide result as output.

Date 08/12/21 StudentName:-

2. Application #1 : CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT 8085

2.1 Brief description of the application #1

The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the central

Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:

Date 08/12/21 StudentName:-

2.2 Functional Block Diagram of the application #1

2.3 Functions of the microprocessor in application #1

Features of 8085 microprocessor

2.4 Description of features of Microprocessor in application #1

Date 08/12/21 StudentName:-

Architecture of 8085 microprocessor

· Arithmetic and logic Unit

· General purpose register

The data to be processed by arithmetic and logic unit is stored in accumulator.

The accumulator is also called an 8-bit register. The accumulator is connected to

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

There is always a need to perform arithmetic operations like +, -, *, / and to perform

General Purpose Registers

Date 08/12/21 StudentName:-

What do these general purpose registers do?

Program Counter and Stack Pointer

Program counter is a special purpose register.

Consider that an instruction is being executed by processor. As soon as the ALU

Microprocessor increments the program whenever an instruction is being executed, so

Date 08/12/21 StudentName:-

There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.

While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access

Date 08/12/21 StudentName:-

3. Application #2 : "[Click here and Type in the name of the

3.1 Brief description of the application #2

3.2 Functional Block Diagram of the application #2

3.3 Functions of the microprocessor in application #2