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CEN 308 - Pre-Stressed Concrete PDF
CEN 308 - Pre-Stressed Concrete PDF
Anupam Chakrabarti
2
TERMINOLOGY
TENDON: A stretched element used in concrete member of structure to
impart prestress. Generally, high tensile steel wires, cables or strands are
used as tendons.
FINAL PRESTRESS: The stress which exists after substantially all losses
have occurred.
4
TERMINOLOGY
RELAXATION: Time dependent increase in steel strain at constant stress.
5
TYPES OF PRESTRESSING
BASED ON BOND
• BONDED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE - Pre-stress through bond
between tendons and concrete
• NONBONDED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE – tendons in ducts or
outside concrete section
BASED ON TRANSFER
• FULL PRESTRESSING – Tensile stresses in concrete are entirely
obviated at working loads
• PARTIAL PRESTRESSING – Tensile stresses to a limited degree are
permitted in concrete
• MODERATE PRESTRESSING – No limit is imposed upon the
magnitude of tensile stresses
6
TYPES OF PRESTRESSING
BASED ON PROFILE OF TENDON
• AXIAL PRESTRESSING – Centroid of tendons coincide with that of
concrete section
• ECCENTRIC PRESTRESSING – Centroid of tendons are eccentric to
concrete section
BASED ON AXIS
• UNI AXIAL – Concrete is pre-stressed only in one direction
• BI AXIAL – Two mutually perpendicular directions
• TRI AXIAL – Three mutually perpendicular directions
7
ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSING
• Under working load, the cross section is more efficiently utilized, when compared with
reinforced cement concrete.
• Within certain limits, a permanent dead load may be counter acted by increasing the
eccentricity of the pre-stressing force.
• A pre-stressed concrete flexure member is stiffer under working loads.
• Lighter and slender members with high strength concrete and steel further contributing
to durability.
• More resistance to shearing force due to the effect of compressive pre-stress, which
reduces the principal tensile stress.
• Pre-stressing improves the ability of material for energy absorption under impact loads.
• Pre-stressed concrete is more economical for longer span structures.
• Considerable resilience due to the capacity to recover from substantial effects of
overloading.
• Fatigue resistance of prestressed concrete is better compared to RCC. Because in
RCC the stress in steel is external load dependent whereas in prestressed concrete it
is load independent.
• Due to utilization of concrete in tension zone, the savings in concrete is 15 to 30 per
cent, savings in steel is 60 to 80 per cent.
• Decrease in dead weight reduces the design loads and cost of foundations.
8
MATERIALS FOR PRESTRESS CONCRETE
9
REQUIREMENT OF CONCRETE
Pre-stressed concrete requires concrete with
• High compressive strength
• Low shrinkage
• Minimum creep characteristics
• High value of Young’s modulus
Now, it is possible to produce
• High strength concrete = 30 – 70 N/mm²
• Ultra high strength concrete = 70 – 100 N/mm²
• High carbon steel ingots are hot rolled into rods and cold drawn through a series of
dices to reduce the diameter and increase strength
• Cold drawn relieved wires usually available in sizes – 2.5, 3,4, 5, 7 & 8mm dia [IS-
1785(Part-I):1983]
• The hard drawn steel wires which are indented or crimped are preferred for
pretensioned elements because of their superior bond characteristics [IS-6003
:1983]
The hard drawn wires of 2 to 5 mm diameter are used in the form of strands
comprising of two, three or seven wires. The helical form of the twisted wire in the
strand substantially improves the bond strength [IS-6006 :1983]
The high tensile steel bars commonly employed in prestressing are manufactured in
nominal sizes 10, 12, 16, 22, 25, 28 and 32 mm diameter [IS-2090:1983]
11
Tensile strength and Elongation Characteristics of cold drawn stress relieved wires
(IS: 1785- Part 1- 1983)
Mechanical Properties of High Tensile Indented Wires (IS: 6003- 1983)
Mechanical Properties of Uncoated Stress-relieved Strand (IS: 6003- 1983)
Stress-Strain Curves for Reinforcing and Prestressing Steels
TENSIONING DEVICES
Various types of devices used for tensioning steel
16
PRE-TENSIONING SYSTEMS
• The tendons are first tensioned between rigid
anchorage blocks cast on the ground or in a
column or unit mould type pre tensioning bed
• Tendons comprising individual wires or strands are
stretched with constant eccentricity as shown in
(a) or variable eccentricity as shown in (b) with
tendon anchorage at one end and jacks at other
• With the forms in place, concrete is cast around
stressed tendon
17
Long line process is used for mass production
• Tendons are stretched between two bulk heads several
hundred metres apart
• A number of similar units are cast in between
• Tension is applied by hydraulic jacks/moveable stressing
machine
• The wire or strands when tensioned are anchored to the
abutments by steel wedges
18
POST-TENSIONING SYSTEMS
• Concrete units are first cast by incorporating ducts or grooves to
house the tendons.
• When the concrete attains sufficient strength, the high tensile wires
are tensioned by means of jack bearing on the end face of the
member and anchored by wedges or nuts.
• The forces are transmitted to the concrete by means of the end
anchorages and when the cable is curved, through the radial
pressure between the cable and the duct
19
PRINCIPAL OF ANCHORING THE TENDONS
• Wedge action producing a frictional grip on the wires
• Direct bearing from rivet or bolt heads formed at the ends of the
wires
• Looping the wires around the concrete
• The space between the tendons and the duct is generally grouted
after the tensioning operation
20
Freyssinet System
Consists of a cylinder with conical interior through which the high tensile
wires pass and against the walls of which the wires are wedged by a
conical plug lined longitudinally with grooves to house the wires
Advantage:
A large number of wires or strands can be simultaneously tensioned using
the double acting hydraulic jack
21
Gifford-Udall (C.C.L.) System
Consists of steel split-cone and cylindrical female cone anchorages to
house the high tensile wires bearing against steel plates
Each wire is tensioned separately and anchored by forcing a sleeve wedge
into a cylindrical grip resting against a bearing plate.
The ducts are generally formed by metal sheaths cast into the concrete
member.
22
Lee-McCall System
• Tendons comprise high tensile bars of dia 12-40 mm which are threaded at
the ends.
• After tensioning each bar is anchored by screwing a nut and washer tightly
against the end plates.
• Forces are transmitted by the bearing at the end blocks
• Advantage: system eliminates the loss due to anchorage slip
• Disadvantage: Curved tendons cannot be used
23
Magnel-Blaton System
• Metallic sandwich plates, flat wedges and a distribution plate for anchoring
the wires.
• Each sandwich plate can house up to four pair of wires
• Distribution plate can be cast into the member at the desired location
• Number of wires in the Magnel cable varies from 2 to 64
24
B.B.R.V. System
• Suited for transmitting large forces
• Tendon consists of several parallel lengths of high tensile wires, with each
end terminating in a cold formed button head with a machined anchorage
fixture (Fig.-a)
• Tendon formed by strands are anchored to the machined fixture by split
cone sleeves (Fig.-b)
• Can develop forces up to 12000 KN
25
Prescon System
Tendons consist of 2 to 130 wires, which are arranged parallel in a sheath
The wires are threaded through a stressing washer at each end before the
button heads at the ends are formed
After stressing, steel shims are inserted, which bear against the end
bearing plate
26
Baur-Leonhardt System
Double tendons are wrapped around the end block, which is D-shaped at
the end of the structure and is detached from the main beams
These end blocks are forced to move away by large hydraulic jacks
Gap between the end block and the main structure is filled with concrete
Used for long span bridges
27
Dywidag single bar anchorage System
Used for cast in place segments pre stressed by post tensioning
Threads formed by bar deformations make it easy to couple bars of any
required length
Bond properties are also improved by the surface deformations
Dywidag bar used in conjunction with a nut bearing on an end plate is
available in sizes from 15.87 mm to 34.92 mm in dia.
28
TENDON SPLICES
In the case of continuous pre stressed concrete members involving long
tendons, it is necessary to splice the tendons to achieve continuity
SPLICING ARRANGEMENTS
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
1. Concrete is homogenous elastic material
Solution:
Distance of centroid of prestressing force
15 x 65 +(3 x 275)
y= = 100 mm
18
Eccentricity e = (150 -100) = 50 mm
Prestressing force P = (840x 18x 19.7) = 3 x 105 N
Area of cross-section A = (300 x 200) = 6 X 104 mm2
200 x 3003
Second moment of area I = = 45 x 107 mm4
12
45 x 107
Section modulus (Zt and Zb) = = 3 x 106 mm3
150
Self-weight of beam = (0.3 x 0.2 x 24) = 1.44 kN/m
1.44 x 62
Self-weight moment, Mg = = 6.48 KNm
8
6 x 62
Live Ioad moment, Mq= = 27 kNm
8
𝑷𝑷 3 x 105
Direct stress due to prestress, = = 5 N/mm2
𝑨𝑨 6 x 104
𝑷𝑷. 𝒆𝒆 3 x 105 x 50
Bending stress due to prestress, = = 5 N/mm2
𝒁𝒁 3 x 106
𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒈 6.48 x 106
Self-weight stress, = = 2.16 N/mm2
𝒛𝒛 3 x 106
𝑴𝑴 27 x 106
Live load stress, 𝒒𝒒 = = 9 N/mm2
𝒁𝒁 3 x 106
The resultant stresses due to (self-weight + pre stress + live load) are shown in Fig.
Maximum working stress in concrete = 11.16 N/mm2(compression)
Example Problem 3
A rectangular concrete beam 250 mm wide and 600 mm deep, is
prestressed by means of four 14 mm diameter high- tensile bars located
200mm from the soffit of the beam. Is the effective stress in wires is 700
N/mm2 , what is the maximum bending moment that can be applied to
the section without causing tension at the soffit of the beam ?
Solution :
Example Problem 4
A prestressed concrete beam of section 200 mm wide by 300 mm deep is
used over an effective span of 6 m to support an imposed load of 4 KN/m. the
density of concrete is 24 KN/m3.
At the center of span of the beam , find the magnitude of :
a) The concentric prestressing force necessary for zero fibre stress at the
soffit when the beam is fully loaded
b) The eccentric pretressing force located 100 mm from bottom of the beam
which would nullify the bottom fibre stresses due to loading.
Solution :
FORCE METHOD
PRESSURE LINE OR THRUST LINE AND
INTERNAL RESISTING COUPLE
• M= Ca =Ta = Pa
• The shift of pressure line e measured from the centroidal axis is
obtained
• e’ = (a-e) = (M/P) –e
• The resulting stress at top and bottom fibres,
A prestressed concrete beam with rectangular section 120 mm wide by 300 mm deep
supports a uniformly distributed load of 4 KN/m , which includes the self – weight of the
beam. The effective span of the beam is 6 m. the beam is concentrically prestressed by a
cable carrying a force of 180 KN. Locate the position of pressure line in the beam
Solution: Prestressing force P = 180 kN
Eccentricity e = 0
A = 36x 103 mm2
Zt = Zb = 18 x 105 mm3
𝑴𝑴 18 x 106
Bending stress, = = 10 N/mm2
𝒛𝒛 18 x 105
Solving,
e =100 mm
The resultant stress distribution diagram
and pressure-line location is shown in
figure.
A prestressed concrete beam of section 120 mm wide by 300 mm deep is used over an effective
span of 6 m to support a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m, which includes the self-weight of the
beam. The beam is prestressed by a straight cable carrying a force of 180 kN and located at an
eccentricity of 50 mm. Determine the location of the thrust-line in the beam and plot its position at
quarter and central span sections.
P = l80 kN
e = 50 mm
A = 36 x 103 mm2
Z = 18 x 105 mm3
Stresses due to prestressing force
𝐏𝐏 180 x 103
Direct stress due to prestress, = = 5 N/mm2
𝐀𝐀 36 x 103
𝐏𝐏. 𝐞𝐞 180 x 103 x 50
Bending stress due to prestress, = = 5 N/mm2
𝐙𝐙 18 x 105
Bending moment at the centre of the span = (0.125 x 4 x 62) = 18 kN m
18 x 106
Bending stresses at top and bottom = = ±10 N/mm2
18 x 105
Resultant stresses at the central section:
At top = (5—5+ l0)= 10 N/mm2
At bottom = (5+5— l0)= 0 N/mm2
18 x 106
Shift of pressure-line from cable-line = M/P = = 100mm
18 x 104
Bending moment at quarter span section = (3/32) qL2 = (3132) X 4 x 62
= 13.5 kNm
13.5 x 106
Bending stress at top and bottom= = 7.5 N/mm
18 x 105
Resultant stresses at the quarter span section:
At top = (5 - 5 + 7.5) = 7.5 N/mm2
At bottom = (5+5—7.5) = 2.5 N/mm2
13.5 x 106
Shift of pressure-line from cable-line M/P = =75 mm
18 x 104
Solution:
P = 540kN, A = ( 250x300 ) = 75x103 mm2
250 x 3002
e = 60 mm Z= = 375x104 mm3
6
At the centre of the span, Mq = (0.25 x 68 x 3) = 51 kN m
At the quarter span, Mq = (0.1 25x 68 x3)= 25.5 kN m
If Q = concentrated load at the centre of the span. moment at the centre of the span
= (Q x 10 )/ 4 = 2.5 Q
(2 .5 x Q x 106 )
Bending stress =
225 x 104
If the pressure line passes through the upper kern at the section, stress at the bottom
fibre = 0.
(2 .5 x Q x 106 )
Thus, + 6 = 22.22 Q=14.60 kN
225 x 104
A rectangular concrete beam 300 mm wide and 800 mm deep supports two concentrated loads
of 20 kN each at the third point of a span of 9 m.
(a) Suggest a suitable cable profile. If the eccentricity of the cable profile is 100 mm for the
middle third portion of the beam, calculate the prestressing force required to balance the bending
effect of the concentrated loads (neglect the self-weight of the beam).
(b) For the same cable profile, find the effective force in the cable If the resultant stress due to
self-weight, imposed loads and prestressing force is zero at the bottom fibre of the mid-span
section. (Assume, Density of concrete = 24 kNIm3)
Solution:
(a) A trapezoidal cable profile is selected since the bending moment diagram due to the
two concentrated loads is trapezoidal in shape.
Q =20 kN
e = 100 mm, L= 9 m Z = 3 2 x 106 mm3,
P = Prestressing force
(𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄)
P.e =
3
(𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄)
P= = (20 x 9000 )/(3x 100) = 600 KN
3𝑒𝑒
(b) Self-weight of the beam. g = (0.3 x 9.8 x 24) = 5.76 kN/m
(𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸) (20 x 9)
Moment at the centre due to loads = = = 60 kNm
6
𝟑𝟑 3
(60 x 10 )
Stresses due to loads = = 1.875 N/mm2
32 x 106
Total tensile stress at the bottom fibre (1.82 + 1.875) = 3.695 N/mm2
𝐏𝐏 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏
( + ) = 3.695
𝐀𝐀 𝐙𝐙
1 100
i.e., P[ + ] = 3.695
24x104 32 x 106
P = 507 kN
A prestressed concrete beam supports an imposed load of 4 kN/m over an effective span of
10m. The beam has a rectangular section with a width of 200 mm and depth of 600 mm. Find
the effective prestressing force in the cable if it is parabolic with an eccentricity of 100 mm at
the centre and zero at the ends. for the
following conditions:
(a) if the bending effect of the prestressing force is nullified by the imposed load for the mid-
span section (neglecting self weight of beam).
(b) if the resultant stress due to self-weight, imposed load and prestressing force is zero at the
soffit of the beam for the mid-span section (assume Density of concrete = 24 kN/ m3).
Solution:
A = 12 x 104 mm2, e = 100 mm, Z = 12 x 106 mm3, q = 4 kN/m
Self-weight of the beam, g = (0.2 x 0.6 x 24) = 2.88 kN/m
(a) If P = prestressing force
P.e = (qL2/8),
(𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞2) (4 x 102 )
P= = = 500kN
8𝑒𝑒 8 x 0.1
Bending moment at the centre of the span, M = (0.125 x 6.88 x 102) = 86 kNm
P= 430 KN
PRESTRESS LOSS (CL. 19.5.2)
iii. Friction between tendon and tendon duct and wobble Effect
The change in strain in tendon is equal to the strain in concrete (εc) at the
level of tendon due to prestressing force.
Certain quantity of prestress is released due to this slip of wire through the
anchorages.
The magnitude of slip can be known from the tests or from the patents of
the anchorage system.
Percentage loss is higher for shorter members.
Anchorage loss can be accounted for at the site by over-extending the
tendon during prestressing operation by the amount of draw-in before
anchoring.
Loss of prestress due to slip can be calculated:
FRICTIONAL LOSS
In Post-tensioned members, tendons are housed in ducts or sheaths.
If the profile is curved, there will be loss in stress due to friction between
tendon and the duct or between the tendons themselves.
Post-tensioned Members
• Friction is generated due to curvature of tendon, and vertical component
of the prestressing force.
FRICTION (Cl. 19.5.2.6)
Post-tensioned Members
P0 Px
In the absence of test data, IS:1343 - 1980 provides guidelines for the
values of μ and k.
The value of k varies from 0.0015 to 0.0050 per meter length of the tendon
depending on the type of tendon.
TIME DEPENDENT LOSSES
Δfp = Es εsh
0.0002
For post-tensioning =
log10 𝑡𝑡+2
Solution:
P = 150kN
e = 50 mm
A = (100 x 300) = 3 x 104 mm2
I = 225 X 106 mm4
𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
αc= =6
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄
(150 x 103)
Initial stress in steel = = 800 N/mm2
188
(40 x 100)
Percentage loss of stress in steel= = 5%
800
A rectangular concrete beam, 300 mm deep and 200 mm wide, is prestressed by means of
fifteen 5 mm diameter wires located 65 mm from the bottom of the beam and three 5 mm
wires, located 25 mm from the top of the beam. If the wires are initially tensioned to a stress
of 840 N/mm2, calculate the percentage loss of stress in steel immediately after transfer,
allowing for the loss of stress due lo elastic deformation of concrete only.
Solution:
Es=210 kN/mm2
Ec= 31.5 kN/mm2
Position of the centroid of the wires from the soffit of the beam,
15 x 65 +(3 x 275)
y= 15+3
= 100 mm
Stresses in concrete:
(300 x 103 ) (300 x 103 x 50 x 125)
At the level of top wires = - = 0.83 N/mm2
6 x 104 45 x 107
At the level of bottom wires,
(300 x 103 ) (300 x 103 x 50 x 85)
= + = 7.85 N/mm2
6 x 104 45 x 107
𝑬𝑬
Modular ratio (αc) = 𝒔𝒔 = 6.68
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄
(52.5)
For wires at bottom = x 100 = 6.25%
840
A post-tensioned concrete beam, 100 mm wide and 300 mm deep. spanning over 10 m is
stressed by successive tensioning and anchoring of three cables I , 2 and 3 respectively. The
cross-sectional area of each cable is 200 mm2 initial stress in the cable is 1200 N/mm2, αc =6.
The first cable is parabolic with an eccentricity of 50 mm below the centroidal axis at the centre
of span and 50 mm above the centroidal axis at the support sections. The second cable is
parabolic with zero eccentricity at the supports and an eccentricity of 50 mm at the centre of
the span. The third cable is straight with a uniform eccentricity of 50 mm below the centroidal
axis. Estimate the percentage loss of stress in each of the cables. if they are successively
tensioned and anchored.
Solution:
When cable 3 is tensioned and anchored, stress distribution al the levels of cable
1 and cable 2 and the average stress and the loss of stress is obtained as follows.
A concrete beam of rectangular section. 100 mm wide and 300 mm deep is
prestressed by five wires of 7 mm diameter located at an eccentricity of 50 mm, the
initial stress in the wires being 1200 N/mm2. Estimate the loss of stress in steel due to
creep of concrete using the ultimate creep strain method and the creep coefficient
method (IS: 1343). Use the following data: Es = 210 kN/mm2, Ec =35 kN/mm2, I = 225 x
106 mm4 , A = 3 X 104 mm2 , Ultimate creep strain = -6
cc = 41 x 10 mm/mm per N/mm .
2
Solution:
𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
P = (5 x 38.5 x 1200) = 23 x 104 N, αc = =6
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄
= 88 N/mm2
Solution:
Average stress at the level of steel (fe) = 8+ (2/3) X 2.7= 9.8 N/mm2
Loss of stress in the cable due to creep of concrete
=
cc . fc. Es
Solution:
Solution:
𝐄𝐄𝐬𝐬
Loss of stress due to anchorage slip =
𝐋𝐋
(210 x 103 x 5)
(a) For a 30 m long beam , loss of stress = = 35 N/mm2
30 x 1000
35
:. Percentage loss stress= x 100 =3.5%
1000
(210 x 103 x 5)
(b) For a 3m long beam. Loss of stress = = 350 N/ mm2
3 x 1000
350
Percentage loss of stress = x 100 = 35%
1000
A pretensioned beam: 200 mm wide and 300 mm deep is pre stressed by 10 wires of 7
mm diameter initially stressed to 1200 N/mm2 with their centroids located 100 mm from
the soffit. Find the maximum stress in concrete immediately after transfer, allowing only
for elastic shortening of concrete. If the concrete undergoes a further shortening due to
creep and shrinkage while there is a relaxation of 5 per cent of steel stress, estimate
the final percentage loss of stress in the wires using the Indian standard code (IS:
1343) regulations, and the following data: Es =210 kN/mm2, Creep coefficient () =1.6,
Ec =5700(fcu)1/2, fcu=42 N/mm2 ,Total residual shrinkage strain: 3 X 10-4.
Solution:
𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
A = 6 x 104mm2, Ec = 5700(42) ½ = 36900 N/mm2, I = 45x 107mm4, αc = = 5.7
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄
Force in wires immediately after transfer = (1200— 58.8) 38.5 = 440 000 N = 440 kN
Bottom fibres
(4)
From Eqs 1 and 3, we have,
where 𝒇𝒇𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕and 𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 are the ranges of stress at top and bottom fibres respectively
The design formulae for the required section moduli are expressed as
(5a)
(6a)
In cases where permanent dead loads in addition to the self-weight acts
on the member, these equations are modified and used in the form
given below
(5b)
(6b)
The working moment 𝑴𝑴𝒅𝒅 includes the effect of self-weight, permanent dead
load and live loads.
The minimum moment 𝑴𝑴𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 is due to the self-weight of the member or due to
the moments developed during the handling of the element.
The loss ratio (η) generally lies in the range of 0.75 to 0.80 for pretensioned
member and between 0.80 to 0.85 for post-tensioned members.
The size of the concrete section is influenced both by the applied or live load
moment and the minimum moment.
In the case of beams with large ratios of applied to minimum moments, the
cross-section is highly influenced by the applied moments and the self-weight
may be considered to be counteracted by the prestress.
When the minimum moment is of comparatively large magnitude, it can no
longer be completely counterbalanced by the prestressing force within the
cross-section.
Prestressing Force
The section selected is somewhat greater than the minimum
indicated by Eqs 5 or 6 and consequently the prestress can lie
between an upper and lower limit.
Any value of the prestress within these limits may be safely
used without exceeding the permissible stresses at the
extreme fibres.
The minimum prestressing force required will be obtained by
selecting the maximum tensile prestress, indicated by Eq. 1 at
the top fibre.
The minimum compressive prestress, indicated by Eq. 4
corresponding to the bottom fibre.
Rearranging these equations,
(7)
(8)
(9)
Similarly, eliminating P from the equations, the corresponding maximum
eccentricity is given by
(10)
109
Solution:
110
111
THANKS
112