PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PNEUMONIA

Risk Factors:
Age (>65)
Certain Dse (HIV/AIDS; Heart dse) Transmission
Smoking >People with pneumonia expel infected droplets of
Exposure to some chemical s or pollutants (toxic fumes) mucus into the air when they cough.
>Pneumonia is spread when others breathe the infected
droplets.
Acute Pain S. pneumoniae enters the air way

Frequent nonproductive Bacteria attachment and colonization to the mucus and cells
cough of the nasopharynx

Risk for aspiration

Spread of organism in the Upon auscultation crackling
nasopharynx sounds, coarse breathing,
Impaired oral mucosa
wheezing may be heard, and/or
Invasion of organism in the bronchial the breathing may be faint in a
Breath trough the tree particular area of the chest.
mouth

Impaired host defense mechanism

Ineffective airway clearance
Adherence of organism in the
Damage to the surface cells alveolar wall
Increased mucus
production
Fluid enters the alveoli and Chest x-ray may show a blotchy-
Activity white area, where fluid and pus has
Ineffective breathing pattern inflammation accumulated in the lung's air sacs
intolerance

Impaired gas exchange Parenchymal and Alveolar sacs tend to Consolidation of red cells and
consolidate leukocytes in the lungs

Fatigue
A
 A

Cytokine Bradykinin Histamine

stimulate Narrowing of blood

Stimulate goblets cells vessels

Increase in Air pass trough narrowed

-cough
temperature airways
Cough medicines/ -rales
antitussives -colds
Fever DOB

Hyperthermia r/t sputum grain stain test may

Antipyretics determine the cause and severity of Bronchodilator/
infectious process the condition. Oxygen Therapy

blood test may determine the

Antibacterial/
cause and severity of the
condition Antiviral

LEGEND
Signs and symptoms References:
Nursing Diagnosis  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pneumonia/DS00135
Diagnostic tests  http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/205/main.html
Drugs  http://www.scribd.com/doc/48088405/Pneumonia
 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pneumonia/DS00135/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs