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Topic15 4 GeotechnicalEarthquakeEngineeringHandouts PDF
Topic15 4 GeotechnicalEarthquakeEngineeringHandouts PDF
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Geotechnical 15-4 - 1 Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Geotechnical 15-4 - 2
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Acceleration
B
Sand B
Shale
Rock
A
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Soil
a free surface (f ) Sa, free surface (T )
aoutcrop (f ) Sa, outcrop (T )
Bedrock Rock
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1985 Mexico City – Juarez Hospital 1985 Mexico City – Response Spectra
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Spectrum from 1989 Loma Prieta at IBC2003 – “F” Requires Site-specific Analysis
Deep Soft Soil Site
Reason for
F Category
in IBC 2003
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C
2.00 D
E
1.50
1.00
0.50
Site Class
4.00
0.00 A
3.50
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 B
3.00
Amplification Fv
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Various Receiver 1
Propagation
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Amplification
Vs (2) Calculating the site-modified time
H Vs fn =
4H histories or other motions at various
• Low-strain damping and apparent level within the profile, typically, at the
attenuation in soil
τ
ground surface
• Nonlinear soil behavior
Deamplification
γ
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0.8
G / Gmax
Charleston SC Profile • Constant Vs (i.e., G) G = Gmax and 0.4
PI = 0
PI = 15
PI = 30
and D (i.e., Q)
PI = 100
2000)
Fourier Amplification
0.0
10-4 10-3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1
8 Figure adapted from Rix, G. J., (2001)
25
PI = 0
Linear Calculate 20
6
PI = 30
PI = 50
15 PI = 100
0
10-4 10-3 10-2 10 -1 100 10 1
2
No Shear strain, γ (%)
Calculate γmax
and γeff G and D Yes
10-2 10-1 100 101 Output
in each layer consistent
Frequency (Hz) with γeff?
γeff = 0.65γmax
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10 Rock
4 Linear
Charleston SC Profile (Wheeler and
Cramer, 2000) Equivalent Linear
Spectral Acceleration (g)
Fourier Amplification
8
Figure adapted from Rix, G. J., (2001)
3
6
4
2 Response Spectra
2 1
0
10-2 10-1 100 101
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Frequency (Hz) Period (sec)
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Shear Stress
inelastic, cyclic plasticity, model parameters.
strain can lead to an over-
pore pressure generation)
softened and over-damped • Difference between equivalent
• Integrate the equation of system when the peak shear linear and nonlinear analyses
motion for vertically strain is not representative of depend on the degree of
propagating shear waves in the remainder of the shear- nonlinearity in the soil
time domain strain time history and vice response. For low to moderate
Shear Strain
• Programs available are versa. strain levels (i.e. weak input
DESRA, FLAC, • Nonlinear methods can be motions and/or stiff soils),
DYNAFLOW, SUMDES, etc. formulated in terms of effective equivalent linear methods
stress to model generation of provide satisfactory results.
excess pore pressures. -- from Kramer (1996)
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• SHAKE (Schnabel, Seed, and Lysmer 1972; • DESRA-2 (Lee and Finn 1978), DESRA-MUSC (Qiu
Idriss and Sun 1992) 1998)
• SUMDES (Li, Wang, and Shen 1992)
• WESHAKE (Sykora, Wahl, and Wallace 1992); • MARDES (Chang et al. 1990)
• D-MOD (Matasovic 1993)
• TESS (Pyke 1992)
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ΔW W
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Direct P
Direct P
and S 0.8 • Seed et al. (1986)
Waves
and S 0.6
• Sun et al. (1988)
G / Gmax
Waves
PI = 0
3-D 0.4
PI = 15
PI = 30
Receivers
• Ishibashi and Zhang (1993)
PI = 50
PI = 100
Source 3 –D Receivers 0.2 PI = 200
PI = 15
Direct PI = 30
PI = 50
S Wave b. Downhole Testing Arrangement 15 PI = 100
PI = 200
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Liquefaction Damage, Niigata, Japan, 1964 Liquefaction Damage, Adapazari, Turkey, 1999
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Liquefied
soil
Unliquefied
soil
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Liquefaction Damage
Key Reference
• In the 1994 Northridge earthquake,
homes damaged by liquefaction or ground
failure were 30 times more likely to Youd et al. 2001. “Liquefaction Resistance
require demolition than those homes only Of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996
damaged by ground shaking (ABAG) NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshops on
Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of
• In the 1995 Kobe Japan Earthquake, Soils,” Journal of Geotechnical and
significant damages occurred to port Geoenvironmental Engineering, October, pp.
facilities due to liquefaction; after almost 817-833.
10 years post trade still 10-15% off
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where:
N = measured penetration resistance, blows per foot
CN = correction for overburden pressure = (Pa/σ’vo)0.5
Pa = atmospheric pressure in same units as σ’vo= 1 tsf,
100 kPa, 1 kg/cm2
CE = energy correction (see Table 2)
CB = borehole diameter correction (see Table 2)
CR = correction for rod length (see Table 2)
CS = correction for sampling method (see Table 2)
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α=0 for FC ≤ 5%
If the earthquake magnitude is less than 7.5, then the CRR
should be increased according to: α = exp[1.76 – (190/FC2)] for 5% ≤ FC ≤ 35%
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SPT CPT Vs
Step 8 -- The factor of safety against liquefaction
BPT
is defined by: Data base from past EQ’s Abundant Abundant Limited Sparse
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Vibro-Compaction A site improvement technique Vibro Concrete Columns Very weak, cohesive
for granular material, Vibro-Compaction uses and organic soils that are not suitable for standard
company-designed probe-type vibrators to densify Vibro techniques can be improved by the installation
soils to depths of up to 120 feet. Vibro-Compaction of Vibro Concrete Columns. Beneath large area loads,
increases bearing capacity for shallow-footing Vibro Concrete Columns reduce settlement, increase
construction, reduces settlements and also mitigates bearing capacity, and increase slope stability.
liquefaction potential in seismic areas.
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Soil Mixing Typically used in soft soils, the soil mixing technique
relies on the introduction of an engineered grout material
to either create a soil-cement matrix for soil stabilization, Extensive literature is available at the Hayward Baker Web-site:
or to form subsurface structural elements to support earth http://www.haywardbaker.com/
or building loads. Soil mixing can be accomplished by many methods,
with a wide range of mixing tools and tool configurations available.
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Vibrocompaction/Vibroreplacement Vibrocompaction/Vibroreplacement
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Vibrocompaction in Charleston, SC
Vibroreplacement
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d = 0.5
vm 2 ⎛ k y ⎞
⎜ ⎟
−2 to ignore (flexible foundations transmit
less motion to superstructure, vice
km g ⎝ k m ⎠
dr - normalized permanent dispacement
versa);
10
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Seismic Design of Pile Foundations - SSFI SSFI- Example: Earthquake Loadings on Piles
1. Seismic force;
2. Inertial force;
3. Soil failure (liquefaction, etc.)
• The piles have to
withstand forces due to the
movement of the soil Inertial
force
Inertial
force
+
TOTAL
Seismic force
(ground movement) = MOMENTS
ON PILES
Earthquake Motions
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• Maps generalized and not originally intended for site- • Further away from original design intent, the fewer
specific analysis that account for the effects of local soil guidelines are available (structural engineer⇒
conditions, such as liquefaction. geotech engineer ⇒ seismologist)
• Map-based site classification procedure does not work as • Maps developed mainly for structural design
well for complex, layered soil profiles (site class based on • Earthquake magnitude/duration not provided directly,
average of top 30 m or 100 ft.)– think of 30 ft. of medium only pga’s (M requires deaggregation)
clay on top of hard rock– should this really be a “C” site?
• For structures with elastic response, duration is not as
• Modifications of ground motions for the effects of local important per se
soil conditions using the maps is not well-established
• Magnitude/duration is very important for most
• Maps do not account for regional geology geotechnical analyses (non-linear behavior)
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300 300
BASEMENT
COOPER CRYSTALLINE
400 MARL/COASTAL 400 ROCK (3450 m/s)
PLAIN WEDGE
Depth, m
Depth, m
500 500
600 600
BASEMENT
CRYSTALLINE ROCK
(3450 m/s)
“Soft rock” sediments 700 700
1000 1000
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PSA, g
Spectrum
PSA, g
0.6
here 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
0.01 0.1 1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10
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300
600
Soft Rock
700
~12000 ft/s
800
“Soft rock” sediments
900
B-C Classification ~1 km
1000 Hard Rock
1100
Hard Rock
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Shear wave velocity (ft/s)
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κ < 0.04
rock Q = 800
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0.45
Q=30, K=0.05 IBC Design Spectrum
0.40
0.35
80% of IBC Design Spectrum
0.30
(Allowable lower design limit)
Soft
PSA (g)
0.25
Site-specific Design
Rock 0.20 Spectrum
0.15
Hard 0.10
Rock 0.05
0.00
0 1 2 3
Period (sec)
__________
* Includes effect of coastal plain sediments plus near-surface soils
in top 30 m. Plots developed for typical site in coastal SC
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A 100
B
not apply in many cases in CEUS C
200 Soil
600
Soft Rock
• SHAKE has depth limitations (600 ft.? CEUS • Surface motions obtained from A, B, & C
700
800
~12000 ft/s
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