THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING EGGSHELLS AND BANANA PEELS

AS AN ALTERNATIVE FERTILIZER

A Research Proposal

Presented to

The Secondary Department

Senior High School

Saint Joseph School Foundation Incorporated

Zamboanga City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Senior High School

Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand

Fernando, Jaime Belle Louise B.

Morales, Angela Mae D.

Salcedo, Ma. Lorraine

Salinding, Sheryl A.

Villanueva, Reamae S.

December 6, 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………… i

List of Figures ………………………………………………………………. iii

List of Appendices ……………………………………………………………. iv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study …………………………………………….. 1

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………. 2

Scope and Delimitations of the Study ………………………………. 3

Significance of the Study …………………………………………… 3

Operational Definition of Terms ………………………………………. 4

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Review of Related Literature and Related Studies ……………...…. 6

Theoretical Framework ….…………………………………………. 16

Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………... 18

 Research Hypothesis ………………………………………………. 21

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

Research Design …………………………………………………… 22

Research Locale …………………………………………………… 24

Research Instrument ……………………………………………….. 24

Validity and Reliability ……………………………………………. 25

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………….. 26

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………….. 28
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page

2.0 The Interplay of Variables ……………………………………………. 19

3.0 Work Flowchart of the Study …………………………………………. 23

 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

Observation Sheet ………………………………………………………. 28

 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Fertilizer is a substance helping crops to grows quickly. Fertilizer is a natural and

synthetic material used for soil fertility or to replace the soil's chemical elements removed from

prior plants. The use of artificial fertilizers can harm the natural nutrients of the soil, with most

farmers discovering a better way to help their crops grow rapidly.

Some gardeners used artificial fertilizer that can damage the soil's natural nutrients. The

researchers discovered another way to prevent damage in plant growth and productivity by using

banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer. It is a useful way to use banana peels and

eggshells as an alternative fertilizer for crops, taking into account the fact that it releases

nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, calcium and a host of other minerals such as sulfur and

magnesium that crops needed, as well as the soil. It also seeks to decrease the waste of food

simply by using it as a fertilizer. The price of plant use of banana peels and eggshells as fertilizer

is slightly lower than chemicals.

Hence, this research is designed to assist home gardeners and future researchers. Instead

of spending too much on purchasing chemical fertilizers in increasing crops, it is much better to

use banana peels and eggshells or other decomposed materials to assist fertilize the soil. The

gardeners and farmers can grow more crops and at the same time can save money as well.
 2

Statement of the Problem

Gardeners used fertilizers to assist grow crops in the soil. Fertilizers have nutrients like

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium because it is what the soil needs. Banana peels and eggshells

contain nutrients like potassium, as well as small amount of nitrogen, phosphorus calcium and

magnesium that can assist make the soil healthier and quickly develop crops. Usually, gardeners

purchased costly chemical fertilizers that damaged the soil and impact plant growth and

manufacturing. The researchers, however, discovered another way to keep the soil healthy and

quickly generate plants. The researchers used banana peels and eggshells as an alternative

fertilizer as banana peels and eggshells contains the nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium that the soil needed.

Purpose of the Study

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of banana peels and eggshells as an

alternative fertilizer to be used for the productiveness and growth of the plants.

Specifically, the researchers seek to answers to the following questions:

1. How effective are banana peels to grow okra as an alternative fertilizer?

2. How efficient are eggshells to grow okra as an alternative fertilizer?

3. Is there a significant difference between the growth of okra using the banana peels

and eggshells?
 3

Scope and Delimitations

The study's focus is on determining the efficacy and the effectivity of banana peels and

eggshells as an alternative fertilizer for the development of the tomato and okra plant.

Okra plant is the target samples of the research. Thirty (30) samples is the completed

sample required by the researchers. The researchers used thirty (30) okra plant samples.

The researchers performed a naturalistic observation and prepared observation sheets to

list what occurred during the observation of the okra that have been planted. The research was

restricted two independent variables to be used, the waste of banana peels and the waste of

eggshell.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study were useful and beneficial according to the following:

Home Gardeners

The study of using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer is vital that

assist home gardeners reduced their spending on artificial fertilizers. Banana peels and eggshells

have some nutrients that can not only be used as fertilizers, but it also helped maintain the soil's

fertility. Many do not really know how much better is natural alternative fertilizer to be used

rather than artificial or commercial fertilizers. The research demonstrated the efficacy of banana
 4

peels and eggshells as a fertilizer, it did not only assist home gardeners but also assisted many

individuals achieved discipline when it comes to dispose eggshells and banana peel wastes.

Future Researchers

Future researchers will have the advantage to make the study as a guide and a supporting

hypothesis. The researchers can also expand more on the studies, or the researchers will

undertake another type of studies associated to it. The research would assist student researchers

understand the procedures engaged on using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative

fertilizer. It would assist the future researchers to become a better analyst and can assist

researchers as a future reference for more future studies.

Operational Definition of Key Variables and Other Terms

In order to have an easy and better understanding, the researchers define the following

terminologies according to how it is used in this study:

Eggshell – a thin, fragile, tough outside covering of an egg. Eggshells are produced of

carbonated calcium which will be used as an alternative fertilizer to germinate okra plant in loam

soil because it contains nutrients like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium that can

help the soil grow crops.

 5

Banana peels - the ultimate layer covering banana fruit. Banana peels are known for being rich

in potassium and it also contained nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium that helped

to fertile the soil and grow okra plants.

Loam soil - the basis for a healthy and good garden is the soil available for plants to grow in.

The sort of soil which will be used is the loam soil since the spaces between the loam soil

particles are great that supplied the plant roots with oxygen in which it will assisted in the growth

of the okra and tomato plant.

Okra – okra is one of the study's independent variables. For this study, thirty (30) seeds of okra

were used and serve as a research dependent variable.

 6

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The chapter discussed some Related Literature and Research, Theoretical and Conceptual

Framework, and the study's Hypothesis regarding the efficacy of using eggshells and banana

peels as an alternative fertilizer.

The research is intended to determine the efficacy of plant development and productivity

using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

On Eggshells

According to Radha (2019), eggshells were discarded as wastes beyond different sources

like hotels, homes, restaurants and stores. They have been collected, purified and broken.

Eggshell waste was used as a fertilizer or also once used as a calcium complement for females.

Eggshell is probably the good natural supply of calcium and nitrogen. Eggshells can be found

anywhere, it is also within the reach of the researchers and home gardeners. Eggshells are used

as an alternative fertilizer because it contained nutrients like calcium and nitrogen that the soil

needs in growing crops.

Eggshells included countless nutrients like nitrogen, protein, strontium, fluoride,

magnesium, selenium and most especially, eggshells are rich in calcium. It is also possible to
 7

dispose eggshells in the garden effectively. It was estimated that an average person consumes

150 to 200 eggs per year. The most prevalent egg kinds in the globe are the chicken egg, where it

includes 96% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and protein-rich shells. Eggshells contained a large

quantity of calcium and can decompose without any attempt very rapidly. For healthier

development advancement, crumbled eggshells can be applied straight to the plant. The shells

contains minerals such as calcium and nitorgen that are efficient in plant growth, including

peppers and tomatoes (Nelz, 2017).

Eggshells serves as a source of calcium available that can be made from widely used

household items. When used as a foliar spray, this bio-fertilizer provided plants with calcium for

normal cell processes, root growth and fruiting. Because of the potential of eggshells as a bio-

fertilizer, there is a limited research on the use of eggshell-based fertilizer based on tomato

growth. This research therefore aimed to test the efficacy of the bio-fertilizer based on the

growth of tomatoes in the eggshell. The method of hydroponics was used in the study to grow

tomatoes and then the bio-fertilizer was used for a period of one month to support the

production. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effect of

eggshell fertilizer and that of negative control in the absence of calcium. The results suggest that

the use of eggshell-based fertilizer can be used effectively to achieve faster growth of tomatoes

and other plants. The eggshells provided an economical and simple application for tomatoes and

any other plants, like other plants grown under appropriate conditions.

Food waste like eggshell has been piling on Earth over the years. On the other hand,

home-gardening had been a style that inspired with the aid of the government. The focus among
 8

it disciplined is to minimize or utilize the eggshell waste by using it as an fertilizer. Eggshell had

potential to end up extracted because of plants fit to its nutrient content. The compatibility might

be accomplished due to nutrients, such as nitrogen, potassium and chloride among eggshell tea

fertilizer. The eggshell fertilizer used within that study was between liquid/foliar and firm form.

The comparison of eggshell fertilizer and industrial manure usefulness was conducted after

consult competence in basil’s growth. However, the eggshell souled in liquid form performed

higher than of its firm form. Further studies ought to be focused on the effectiveness concerning

crushed eggshell fertilizer within a greater managed environment. In conclusion, eggshell

fertilizer can be used as an alternative fertilizer in home gardening due to its compatibility to

commercial fertilizer. The result regarding that study might contribute in imitation of decreasing

food wastes, especially eggshell wastes. The result about the study might lead after extra

utilization about eggshell waste, mainly as fertilizer, thus decrease the charge on the usage of

commercial fertilizer (Malaysia, W. K. L. 2019).

Calcium is considered as secondary nutrient for plants. Since eggshells can be found

anywhere, gardeners do not have to spend in buying fertilizers because gardeners can collect

eggshell wastes from home to home. Eggshells or eggs are known for being rich in calcium and

also contained nitrogen that will help the soil grow okra plants rapidly. In using eggshells as an

alternative fertilizer to plants, it will be also a big help in minimizing food wastes.
 9

On Banana Peels

The direct disposal of various waste materials in the soil is changing the properties of

soil. Therefore the present studies had been under performed for the management of particular

kind of waste. Today banana are best known fruit crop among India. Banana makes a healthy

food for human but their peels additionally supply a wholesome nutrient to garden soil. Banana

peels carries nutrients which are needed by means of plants to flourish such as potassium,

calcium, magnesium, sulphur, phosphate and sodium. Banana peels also assist plant life to resist

disease. All these are vitamins for the plants then dumping of banana peels in a helpful access

into the base increases the soil productivity. The utilization of banana waste into proper way not

only beneficial in increase soil fertility and also reduce pollution and increase greenery, such is

proving to be beneficial for human existence as well as for nature. Thus the banana peels may be

utilized as the fertilizers for soil. The study further suggests a better management because of

waste banana peels. The overall conclusion concerning the study is that the waste materials

frequently organic object is good for the soil into terms regarding its fertility (Panwar, N. 2015).

Banana peels are best known fruit crop in India nowadays. In the article of Panwar, N.

(2015), it is stated that the utilization of banana peels can increase the soil fertility. The nutrients

that a banana peels carries can also help plants to flourish potassium, calcium, magnesium,

sulphur, phosphate and sodium. The overall conclusion of the conducted study is that the waste

banana peels can be a good fertilizer for the soil regarding to it fertility.
 10

Bananas are well known for their potassium content, helping you stay healthy and get the

nutrients you need. This is also true for the peels, which provide essential nutrients, including

potassium, to plants when the peels begin to decompose. Using banana peels to feed your plants

comes with a downside, however. The peels are irresistible to certain bugs that you might not

like inside your home. Banana peels contain nutrients that are essential for healthy potted plants.

However, they don't contain everything your plant needs. As they decompose, banana peels add

potassium as well as small amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium to the soil in a

similar fashion as a slow-release fertilizer. Use the peels in conjunction with complete

houseplant fertilizers to make sure your plants are getting all the nutrients they need. Banana

peels helps the plants to grow using an alternative way without using any chemical fertilizers.

Farmers can earn money from their crops without spending too much money to buy chemical

fertilizers to help to grow their plants. Banana peels have a nutrient that contain of NPK that will

help to grow the plants. Peels of the banana has a purpose that can used as an alternative

fertilizer in the plants (Munroe, S., 2018).

The Government of Thailand is dynamic in endeavors to instruct farmers in great

agricultural practices, natural farming, and practical agribusiness. This incorporates a functioning

arrangement on improved work, instruction of the rural population, and furthermore diminished

weight condition brought about by agricultural production. Gathering of farmers in Phitsanulok

province, Thailand, have developed bananas and created a few items from bananas for broadly

nourishment utilized, therapeutic utilized, creature feed and other utilized and so on. Banana

peels become serious environmental problem caused by the banana production. Use of bananas

peels for organic fertilizer was studied in Naresuan University, Thailand. Capability of bananas
 11

peels to make organic fertilizer and improvement to business was done. Laboratories are set up

to test the proficiency of the compost was examined. This task sorted out a few instructional

classes for the gatherings of farmers on the development of compost manure fertilizer from

banana peels. During these courses the farmers figured out how to make natural compost from

the banana peels. Furthermore, the farmers learn natural cultivating is an entire framework way

to deal with enhancing the common ripeness assets of a homestead. It works through customary

acts of reusing ranch created domesticated animals fertilizers, treating the soil, and harvest

buildup the executives. The preparation causes the farmers to comprehend significant

supplement substance of compost, natural material in their locale, soil life forms to separate them

to discharge supplements, see how to utilize innovation gear for financially and incorporate

showcasing. The result of the undertaking not just diminished expense of utilizing substance

compost yet additionally expanded salary and reinforcing farmers of the natural cultivating

gathering (Pangnakorn, UD. 2006). Government in Thailand gathered farmers in the province of

Phitsanulok in Thailand to instruct them in agricultural practices due to the serious

environmental problem caused by the production of bananas. This incorporates a functioning

association concerning accelerated work study concerning the rural population, and then

furthermore diminished weight situation brought about by the agricultural production. During

these courses, the farmers figured out how much to perform natural fertilizer from the banana

peels. Capability concerning bananas peels after performs organic fertilizer and improvement to

business was done. Laboratories are set over to take a look at the proficiency of the fertilizer is

used to be examined. Furthermore, the farmers examined a natural cultivating is a whole

framework way to do, that includes improving the common ripeness assets of a homestead. The

result of the project is not just to diminished expense about using substance fertilizer but
 12

additionally increased income and reinforcing farmers concerning the natural cultivating

gathering.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the following theories:

On Eggshells

The classical theory of the carbonate fraction manufacturing system of the hen’s

eggshells calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is that of Gutowska and Mitchell 1. This theory uses the

enzyme carbonic anhydrase in big quantities that happens in the glandular cells. It can therefore

be depicted. If a conversion of the protein-containing colloid, phosphorus and and potassium is

essential for calcium release, the location of this conversion continues obscure for shell

formation. Calcium is transmitted straight from the blood during shell formation and is

discovered in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the eggshell. It is therefore evident that

the radical carbonate is acquired.

On Banana Peels
 13

On Okra

Okra has been cultivated as a crop for centuries. A theory that is native to India was
dismissed by Alphonse de Candolle (1886) The Origin of Cultivated Plant because it does not
have a Sanskrit name that an important native Indian plant would be expected to have. The
possibility of an American origin was also rejected because the plant being grown in Egypt in
1216, long before Columbu’s travels, is recorded

Conceptual Framework

This study discusses the interrelationship of independent and dependent variables.

On Banana Peels

Banana peels (Musa acuminata Colla) is one of the independent variable of the study. It

serves as an alternative fertilizer for the okra and tomato plant development. The independent

variables for this study are regarded as controllable, meaning that the okra plant and the tomato

will depend its development on the use of the independent variables.

On Eggshells
 14

An eggshell is one of the independent variables of the study. It fills in as an alternative

fertilizer for the tomato and okra plant. This variable can be controlled, or it is controllable,

which makes the tomato and okra relied upon it. It depends on what the independent variable are

compost off that will benefit to the growth of the plants.

On Okra

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plant will be the dependent variables of this study. The

dependent variables will depend on the independent variables and the development of okra plant

and tomato plant will result to be the effect of this study after depending on the use of alternative

fertilizer.

The paradigm of this study is summarize in figure 2.0.

 15

Conceptual Paradigm

Banana Peels
(Musa acuminata Colla)

Okra

(Abelmoschus esculentus)

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Eggshells

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Figure 2.0 Interplay of Variables

 16

Research Hypotheses (Null)

To ensure the questions set in this study, the hypotheses was formulated based on the

problems presented:

1. Banana peels are not an efficient alternative fertilizer for tomato and okra development.

2. Eggshells are not an effective alternative fertilizer for the growth of tomato and okra.

3. There is no significant difference between the growth of tomato and okra in using banana

peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer.

 17

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, participants, population and

sampling procedure, research instruments, validity and reliability, data gathering procedure and

data analysis procedure.

Research Design

This study employed a Descriptive-Qualitative Research Design since this attempted to

describe the efficacy of using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer for the

development of tomato and okra plants.

This study is consisted of the following stages; a. Conceptualization of the problem and

formulation of hypotheses; b. Preparation of research instrument; c. Data Gathering; d.

Analyzing and interpreting of data; and e. Presentation of the study.

This process is summarized in Figure 3.0. A Work Flowchart of the study.

 18

Conceptualization of the Problem and

Formulation of Hypotheses

Preparation of Research Instrument

Data Gathering

Analyzing and Interpreting of Data

Presentation of the Study

Figure 3.0 Work Flowchart of the Study

 19

Research Locale

The study was conducted in a residence at Highland Village, Upper Calarian, Zamboanga

City. The samples of the study are okra seeds. There are 30 seeds of okras that were planted.

Samples

The samples of the study are thirty (30) seeds of okra plant. Okra is a green vegetable in

the shape of a finger with a typical viscous juice. It offers potassium, folate and fiber. Okra also

makes iron, niacin, phosphorus and copper available. Okra is adaptable and will develop in most

soils, although in well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter it performs best. Soil with a pH

between 5.8 and 7.0 should ideally be on the acidic side.

Research Instrument

This study will use one instrument for data collection.

The researchers prepared an observation sheet that will serve as the research instrument

for the data collection.

In the observation sheet, the researchers will gather data by describing the development

of the tomato and okra plant through naturalistic observation, through this, the researchers will

determine the effectiveness of the use eggshells and banana peels as an alternative fertilizer.
 20

Validity and Reliability

The observation sheet prepared by the researchers for collecting data on the effectiveness

of using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer, were validated by a panel of

experts who looked into their quality, grammatically, relevance, and correctness.
 21

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Gogoi, N., & Sarma, B. (2015). Germination and seedling growth of Okra (Abelmoschus
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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL FOUNDATION, INC.

Gov. Camins Avenue P.O Box 210 7000 Zamboanga City
Tel. No. (062) 991-6675 / Fax No. (092) 993-2231

OBSERVATION SHEET

PLANT COLOR OF THE LENGTH OF THE HEIGHT OF THE

PLANT FRUIT OF OKRA PLANT

OKRA PLANT
(with banana peels)

OKRA PLANT
(with eggshells)

OKRA PLANT
(with mixed banana
peels and eggshells)

Validated by:

KIMBERLY S. LAURENTE, LPT GIOVANNI Q. OROSIO, LPT

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