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Signal Representation and Analysis

TE2101-Communication Systems

BY
IMRAN UVAIS,
LECTURER,
SRI LANKA TECHNOLOGICAL CAMPUS, PADUKKA.

Signal Representation and Analysis 2

 Introduction
 Time domain signal representation
How can signal be represented in time domain?
 Frequency domain representation
What is signal spectrum and a signal description in frequency domain?
 Fourier Analysis
How signals may be described in either domain and to establish the relationship between these
descriptions via Fourier analysis.
 Illustrate the effect of filtering on a signal spectrum.

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Introduction 3

 A signal is described with a mathematical representation with two different modes

(variables) separately.
1. Time domain representation

2. Frequency domain representation

 A mathematical tool: Fourier transform is mainly used to convert time-domain

representation into frequency domain representation (spectrum) and vice versa.
 A spectrum of signal provides a basis with more information to design and simulate
systems.
 Fourier transform is thus used to analyse signals in the frequency domain w.r.t. different
applications.

Signal Representation in Time domain 4

 The signal can be represented as a function of time (mathematically definable).

 As an example: 𝑥 𝑡 = sin(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 − ∅) where 𝑓0 - fundamental frequency and ∅ - phase
angle.
 A signal waveform may be viewed as the variation with time of a quality such as voltage
or current.
 This provides Amplitudes vs. Time characteristic for a signal representation.
 Signals may be observed directly in the time domain by using an oscilloscope.
 The description like 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑇 is called a periodicity property of a signal
representation in the time domain, with the time interval of T.
 Examples of signals: Rectangular pulse, Square pulse, Sinusoidal waveform, Impulse train, Gaussian
pulse, Sinc pulse, Sawtooth pulse, etc…

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Signal Representation in Time domain 5

 Rectangular pulse signal:

1 𝑡 < 𝑇/2
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 =
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

 Sinusoidal waveform:

𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = sin 2𝜋
𝑇

Signal Representation in Time domain 6

 Triangle pulse signal:

1 − |𝑡| 𝑡 < 1
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 =
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

 Sawtooth waveform:

𝑥 𝑡 =𝑡 −𝜋 <𝑡 <𝜋

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Signal Representation in Time domain 7

 Graphical representations of basic signals in the time domain.

Sine wave

Square wave or pulse train

Triangle wave or pulse train

Sawtooth wave or pulse train

Signal Representation in Time domain 8

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Signal Representation in Frequency domain 9

Signal Representation in Frequency domain 10

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Signal Representation in Frequency domain 11

CT signal analysis
with Fourier
Transform

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 13

 The Fourier series showed us how to rewrite any periodic function into a sum of sinusoids.
 What about non-periodic signals?
 The Fourier Transform (FT) is the extension of this idea to non-periodic functions.
 Non-periodic signals are real world waveforms.
 FT is ideal for mixed signals even, i.e. periodic and non-periodic.
 The Fourier Transform (FT):
 decomposes a waveform - basically any real world waveform, into sinusoids.
 analyses a signal into its frequency components.
 gives us another way to represent a waveform.
 Used to analyse the characteristics of CT systems and interaction between CT signals and systems.
 Also used to analyse the interaction between DT and CT signals, such as in sampling theory.

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 14

 The first component is a sinusoidal wave of a given non-periodic signal.

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 15

 The second frequency will have a period half as long as the first (twice the frequency).

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 16

 The third frequency component is 3 times the frequency as the first.

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 17

 The Fourier Transform, in essence, consists of a different method of viewing the universe - that is, a
transformation from the time domain to the frequency domain.

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 18

 The Fourier Transform of a function 𝑥(𝑡) is defined by:

∞ ∞
𝐹 𝑥 𝑡 =𝑋 𝜔 = −∞
𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 or 𝑋 𝑓 = −∞
𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 (−𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
 Since taking the Fourier Transform is an operation that is applied to a function to produce a new
function, it’s also sometimes convenient to indicate this by a kind of “operational” notation i.e. 𝐹.
 𝑋 𝜔 is often called the spectrum of 𝑥 𝑡 , in other words how much power 𝑥 𝑡 contains at the
frequency ω.
 𝑥 can be obtained from 𝑋 via the inverse Fourier Transform:
∞
𝐹 −1 {𝑋 𝜔 } = 𝑥(𝑡) = −∞
𝑋 𝜔 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔

 As a result, 𝑥 𝑡 and 𝑋 𝑓 form a Fourier Pair: they are distinct representations of the same underlying
𝐹
identity, that can be represented by 𝑥 𝑋.

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 19

 The existence of FT for a signal 𝑥 𝑡 :

It is sufficient that 𝑥(𝑡) satisfies three conditions known collectively as Dirichlet conditions (as in FS).
∞
1. 𝑥 𝑡 is absolutely integrable over any period, that is −∞
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 < ∞

2. 𝑥 𝑡 has a finite number of maxima and minima within any finite interval of t.
3. 𝑥 𝑡 has a finite number of discontinuities within any finite interval of t, and each of these
discontinuities is finite.
∞
4. In one step further, we can state that all energy signals (under −∞
𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡 < ∞)are Fourier
transformable.
5. However, still we may apply FT on signals for which the average power is finite which means
lim ∞ 2
−∞
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 < ∞
𝑇→∞

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 20

 As FT provides the mathematical tool for measuring the frequency content, or spectrum, of a
signal, the term Fourier transform and spectrum are often used interchangeably.
 Thus, we may refer to 𝑋 𝜔 as the spectrum of the signal 𝑥(𝑡).
 Fourier Spectra:
The FT 𝑋 𝜔 of 𝑥(𝑡) can be expressed as,
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝑋(𝜔) 𝑒 𝑗∅(𝜔)
where 𝑋(𝜔) - magnitude spectrum of 𝑥(𝑡) and ∅(𝜔) – phase spectrum of 𝑥(𝑡)
 Thus, for non-periodic case, 𝑋(𝜔) is an even function and ∅(𝜔) is an odd function of 𝜔.

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 21

 Example:
a. Define the square wave function 𝑥 𝑡 given below.
b. Find the FT of this signal 𝑥 𝑡 .
c. Plot the 𝑋 𝑓 .

 Note:
 There are two similar functions used to describe the functional form sin(𝑥)/𝑥
 One is the sinc() function, and the other is the Sa() function. Sinc() function is being used.
 For 𝑥 ≠ 0: and for 𝑥 = 0: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑥 = 1

 Note the role of 𝜋 in the sinc() definition.

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 22

 Example: Find FTs for the below functions from its definition.
a. The unit step function, 𝑢 𝑡 .
b. The unit impulse function, 𝛿 𝑡 .
c. 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 𝑎>0

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 23

 Properties of the CT Fourier Transform

 Linearity
 The Fourier Transform is a linear transform.
 Let's say we have two functions g(t) and h(t), with Fourier Transforms given by G(f) and H(f),
respectively. Then the Fourier Transform of any linear combination of g and h can be easily
found:

{𝒄𝟏 𝒈 𝒕 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒉 𝒕 } = 𝒄𝟏 𝑮 𝝎 + 𝒄𝟐 𝑯(𝝎)
 Here, 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are constants.
 Prove the above linearity equation (homework).
 Think about another way of representation of the above equation.

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 24

 Properties of the CT Fourier Transform

 Time shift

 If the original function 𝑥(𝑡) is shifted in time by a constant amount, it should have the same
magnitude of the spectrum, 𝑋(𝜔).
 A time delay doesn't cause the frequency content of 𝑋(𝜔) to change at all.
 What is the Fourier Transform of 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡0 , (where 𝑡0 is a real number)?

𝒙 𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎 ↔ 𝒆−𝒋𝝎𝒕𝟎 𝑿(𝝎)
In words, shifting a signal in the time domain causes the Fourier transform to be multiplied by
a complex exponential.

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 25

 Properties of the CT Fourier Transform

 Time scaling
 Scaling the time variable 𝑡 by the factor 𝑎 causes an inverse scaling of the frequency
𝑓
variable 𝑓 by 1/𝑎, as well as an amplitude scaling of 𝑥 by 1/𝑎.
𝑎

𝐹 1 𝜔
𝑥 𝑎𝑡 ↔ 𝑋( )
𝑎 𝑎

 Thus, the scaling property implies that time compression of a signal ( 𝑎 > 1) results in its
spectral expansion and that time expansion of the signal ( 𝑎 < 1 ) results in its spectral
compression.

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 26

 Properties of the CT Fourier Transform

 Frequency Shifting

 The multiplication of 𝑥 𝑡 by a complex exponential signal 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 is sometimes called

complex modulation.
 Complex modulation in the time domain corresponds to a shift of 𝑋 𝜔 in the frequency
domain.
𝐹
𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 𝑥 𝑡 ↔ 𝑋(𝜔 − 𝜔0 )

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 27

 Properties of the CT Fourier Transform

 Differentiation in the frequency domain

 Differentiation in the time domain

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 28

 Properties of the CT Fourier Transform

 Convolution in the time domain

 The time convolution theorem

 Convolution in the time domain becomes multiplication in the frequency domain

 Convolution in the frequency domain

 The frequency convolution theorem

 Multiplication in the time domain becomes convolution in the frequency domain

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 29

 Properties of the CT Fourier Transform

 Duality
 This is derived from the fact that the Fourier transform F and the inverse Fourier transform (F
−1) are almost the same.

 Duality Property: If 𝑥 𝑡 𝑋 𝜔 , then 𝑋 𝑡 2π𝑥 −𝜔 .

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 30

 Properties of the CT Fourier Transform

 Duality

 Verify the Duality property of FT from its fundamental definition.

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 31

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 32

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CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 33

 Inverse Fourier Transform:

CT signal analysis with Fourier Transform 34

 Example: Find the FT of the functions given below, by using the common FT pairs and FT
properties.
a. 𝑥 𝑡 = sin 𝜔0 𝑡
b. 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑢 −𝑡 + 𝑢 𝑡

 Example: Find the inverse FT of the following spectra, by using the common FT pairs and FT
properties.
a. 𝑋 𝜔 = 3𝛿 𝜔 − 4
b. 𝑋 𝜔 = 𝜋𝑒 −|𝜔|

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Communication Systems Analysis 35

 Communication links involve transmission of signals (messages) from source to destination.

 At the destination, the original message is recovered from received message that traversed
through the communication link, despite having impacted with unwanted
noise/interference components aroused due to communication link characteristics during
the transmission of signal.
 The received waveform is an attenuated and delayed version of the original signal
 The unwanted components may be due to.
 signal distortion by the channel
 Interference from nearby electrical equipment
 Electrical noise

End 36

Thank you!

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