GATE 2019 EC (Complete Solution)

PAGE GATE 2019 [Forenoon Session]
1 Electronics & Communication Engineering
.General Aptitude.
Q.1 to Q.5 Carry one mark each

Question 1
Five different books (P, Q, R, S, T) are be arranged on a shelf. The books R and S are to be arranged first
and second respectively from right side of the shelf. The number of different orders in which P, Q and T
may be arranged is ________.
(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 12 (D) 120
Ans. (A)
Sol. As positions of R and S are fixed at first and second from right, so P, Q and T can be arranged in three
possible places.
Hence, total possible arrangements  3 P3  3!  6
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Question 2
It would take one machine 4 hours to complete a production and another machine 2 hours to complete the
same order. If both machine work simultaneously at their respective constant rates, the time taken to
complete the same order is _______ hours.
4 3 2 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 4 3 3
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given the first machine takes 4 hours and second machine takes 2 hours to complete the work.
1
Work in 1 hour by machine A 
4
1
Work in 1 hour by machine B 
2
1 1 3
 Work in 1 hour by both A and B   
4 2 4
3
part of work is done in 1 hour.
4
1 4
 1 complete work is done in  hours
3/4 3
Question 3
The boat arrived _______ dawn.
(A) in (B) under (C) on (D) at
Ans. (D)
Sol. As the sentence is intended to specify particular time instant of the arrival of boat, hence ‘at’ is the most
appropriate option. Also, we use ‘at’ before the place like down.
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Question 4
When he did not come home, she ___ him lying dead on the roadside somewhere.
(A) notice (B) looked (C) concluded (D) pictured
Ans. (D)
Sol. The given sentence is pointing to some king of imagination, hence the most appropriate word is ‘pictured’.
Question 5
The strategies that the company _______ to sell its products ________ house-to-house marketing.
(A) use, includes (B) uses, including (C) uses, include (D) used, includes
Ans. (C)
Sol. ‘Company’ is a singular noun, hence it will take singular verb ‘uses’ while for “strategies”, ‘include’ is
correct.
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Q.6 to Q.10 Carry two marks each
Question 6
“Indian history was written by British historians – extremely well documented and researched, but not
always impartial. History has to serve its purpose : Everything was made subservient to the glory of Union
Jack. Latter-day Indian scholars presented a contrary picture.”
From the text above, we can infer that :
Indian history written by British Historians _______.
(A) was not well documented and researched and was sometimes biased
(B) was well documented and not researched but was always biased
(C) was not well documented and researched and was always biased
(D) was well documented and researched but was sometimes biased
Ans. (D)
Sol. It is given at the starting of the paragraph that the Indian history written by British historians was extremely
well documented and researched and later it is intended to say that it was sometimes biased.
Question 7
Two design consultants, P and Q, started working from 8 AM for a client. The client budgeted a total of
USD 3000 for the consultants. P stopped working when hour hand moved by 210 degrees on the clock. Q
stopped working when the hour hand moved by 240 degrees. P took two tea breaks of 15 minutes each
during her shift, but took no lunch break. Q took only one lunch break for 20 minutes, but no tea breaks.
The market rate for consultants is USD 200 per hour and breaks are not paid. After paying the consultants,
the client shall have USD ________ remaining in the budget.
(A) 000.00 (B) 300.00 (C) 166.67 (D) 433.33
Ans. (C)
3600
Sol. The angle mode by hour hand of watch in 1 hour   300
12
2100
Given P-stopped working when hour hand moved by 2100 . So working hour of P   7 hrs.
300
P took two breaks of 15 min  0.5 hrs.
13
Hence, net working hours of P  7  0.5  6.5  hrs.
2
240 0
Given Q-stopped working when hour hand moved by 2400 . Working hour of Q   8 hrs.
30 0
1
Q took one break of 20 min  hrs.
3
1 23
 Net working hour of Q  8   hrs.
3 3
 Total working hour of P and Q
13 23 39  46 85
    hrs.
2 3 6 6
Given, amount paid for one hour = USD 200
200  85 8500
 Total amount paid  
6 3
8500 500
 Amount remained  3000    166.66 USD
3 3
Question 8
Four people are standing in a line facing you. They are Rahul, Mathew, Seema and Lohit. One is engineer,
one is a doctor, one a teacher and another a dancer. You are told that :
1. Mathew is not standing next to Seema.
2. There are two people standing between Lohit and the engineer.
3. Rahul is not a doctor.
4. The teacher and the dancer are standing next to each other.
5. Seema is turning to her right to speak to the doctor standing next to her.
Who among them is an Engineer ?
(A) Lohit (B) Seema (C) Rahul (D) Mathew
Ans. (D)
Sol.
Lohit Seema Rahul Mathew
   
Doctor Teacher Dancer Engineer
OR
 
Dancer Teacher
According to the given statements, the positions with profession of different peoples are shown above.
Only Mathew can be the engineer and Lohit can be the doctor, Seema and Rahul are teacher and dancer
but we cannot surely tell about them.
Question 9
Five people P, Q, R, S and T work in a bank. P and Q don’t like each other but have to share an office till
T gets a promotion and moves to the big office next to the garden. R, who is currently sharing an office
with T wants to move to the adjacent office with S, the handsome new intern.
Given the floor plan, what is the current location of Q, R and T ? [O = office, WR = Wash room]
(A) (B)
01 02 03 04 01 02 03 04
WR WR
P,Q R,T S P,Q R S
Manager Manager
Entry Teller 1Teller 2 T Entry Teller 1Teller 2
Garden Garden
(C) (D)
01 02 03 04 01 02 03 04
WR WR
P,Q T R,S P Q R S
Manager Manager
Entry Teller 1Teller 2 Entry Teller 1Teller 2
T
Garden Gardan
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given that P and Q share the same office, R and T share the same office and S in the adjacent office of R.
Only option (A) satisfies the given conditions.
Question 10
The bar graph in Panel (a) shows the proportion of male and female illiterates in 2001 and 2011. The
proportions of males and females in 2001 and 2011 are given in Panel (b) and (c), respectively. The total
population did not change during this period. The percentage increase in the total number of literates from
2001 to 2011 is _______.
Proportion of illiterates (%)
100
80
60
60 50
40 40
40
20
0
Female Male
2001 2011
Panel (a)
2001 2011
Female
40% Male Female
Male 50% 50%
60%
Panel (b) Panel (c)

(A) 35.43 (B) 33.43 (C) 30.43 (D) 34.43
Ans. (C)
Sol. Let the total population in 2001 = 100
Given that the population is not changed. So the population in 2011 = 100.
Given proportion of males in females in 2001 = 60% and 40% respectively
 Total males = 60
Total females = 40
Illiterate males in 2001
= 50 % of 60 = 30
Total illiterates = 30 + 24 = 54
 Total literates in 2001 = 100 – 54 = 46 … (i)
Also, given proportion of males and females in 2011 = 50% and 50%.
 Total males = 50
Total females = 50
Number of illiterates males = 40% of 50 = 20
Number of illiterates females = 40% of 50 = 20
Total illiterates = 20 + 20 = 40
 Total number of literates in 2011
= 100 – 40 = 60 … (ii)
 Increase in literates from equation (i) and (ii),
= 60 – 46 = 14
 % increase in literates
14 100
  30.43%
46
.Technical Section.
Q.1 to Q.25 Carry one mark each

Question 1
Which one of the following options describes correctly the equilibrium band diagram at T = 300 K of a
Silicon pnn  p  configuration shown in the figure?
p n n p 
EC
EC
EV
(A) (B)
EF EF
EV
EC
EC
EF
(C) EF
(D)
EV
EV
Ans. (B)
Sol. Fermi energy level is constant in equilibrium.
EF lies just above EV in p-type semiconductor while EF lies just below EC in n-type semiconductor.
As the concentration increases, Fermi energy level penetrates in case of n-type and p-type both EC and
EV respectively.
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Question 2
In the circuit shown, A and B are the inputs and F is the output. What is the functionality of the circuit?
V DD
A B
(A) XNOR (B) XOR (C) Latch (D) SRAM Cell
Ans. (A)
Sol.
V DD
P1
P2
F ?
N1 N2
A B
A B P1 P2 N1 N2 F
0 0 ON ON OFF OFF 1
0 1 OFF ON ON OFF 0
1 0 ON OFF OFF ON 0
1 1 OFF OFF ON ON 1
A 1  N 2 will be ON  FB
B 1  N1 will be ON  FA
From above table, F  A XNOR B
Question 3
For an LTI system, the Bode plot for its gain is as illustrated in the figure shown. The number of system
poles N P and the number of system zeros N Z in the frequency range 1 Hz  f  107 Hz is
Gain (dB)
100 – 20dB/dec.
– 60dB/dec.
– 40dB/dec.
104 10 5 106 10 7
0 1 2 3
f
10 10 10 (in Hz)
– 40dB/dec.
– 60dB/dec.
(A) N P  5, N Z  2 (B) N P  6, N Z  3
(C) N P  7, N Z  4 (D) N P  4, N Z  2
Ans. (B)
Sol.
Gain (dB)
100 – 20dB/dec.
– 60dB/dec.
– 40dB/dec.
104 10 5 106 10 7
0 1 2 3
f
10 10 10 (in Hz)
– 40dB/dec.
– 60dB/dec.
At f  101 Hz
Change in slope = – 20 dB/dec
 1 pole
At f  102 Hz
 2 pole
At f  103 Hz
Change in slope = + 20 dB/dec
 1 zero
At f  104 Hz
Change in slope = + 40 dB/dec
 2 zero
At f  105 Hz
 2 pole
At f  106 Hz
 1 pole
So, total number of poles = 1 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 6
Total number of zeros = 2 + 1 = 3
Hence, N p  6, N p  3
Where, N p  Total number of systems poles
N z  Total number of system zeros.
Question 4
2
1 
The value of contour integral ∇  z  1  dz evaluate oven the unit circle z  1 is _____.
2j  z
Ans. 0
2 2
1  1 1  z2 1 
2i   2i   z 
Sol. Given, I  z   dz    dz
z
Over the circle z  1 , we have
f ( z) 2i  d n 1 f ( z ) 
 ( z  a)n (n  1)!  dz n1 

Im ( z )
Re ( z )
1 ( z 2  1)2 1  d 21 


2i ( z  0) 2
dz  
(2  1)!  dz 2 1
 ( z 2  1)2 

d
 ( z 2  1) 2  [As the pole z  0 lie inside the given contour]
dz z 0
 2  ( z 2  1)  2 z 0
z 0
Question 5
 2   
Consider the signal f (t )  1  2 cos(2t )  3sin  t   4 cos  t   , t is in seconds. Its fundamental
 3  2 4
time period, in seconds, is ___________.
Ans. 12
 2   
Sol. Given, x(t )  1  2 cos t  3sin  t   2 cos   
 3  2 4
Method 1 :
Let x(t )  1  x1 (t )  x2 (t )  x3 (t )
2
For x1 (t ), 01   T1  2

2 2
For x2 (t ), 02  T2  3
3 2 / 3
 2
For x3 (t ), 03  T3  4
2 /2
 Fundamental period of x(t ) ,
T  LCM of T1 , T2 , T3 
T  LCM of  2, 3, 4
 T  12
Method 2 :
Fundamental frequency of x(t ) ,
0  GCD of  01 , 02 , 03 

  2  
0  GCD of  , ,
 1 3 2 

 0 
6
2 2
 T   12sec
0  / 6
Question 6
The correct circuit representation of the structure shown in the figure is
B E C
n++
+
p n
++
n
+
n
(A) C (B) C
B B
E E
(C) C (D) C
B B
E E
Ans. (A)
Sol.
B E C
n++
+
p n
++
n
+
n
BJT is npn type and diode between collector and base terminal with collector is more negative than base
region.
So, diode is pn with n connected to collector and p connected to base.
Question 7
If X and Y are random variable such that E  2 X  Y   0 and E  X  2Y   33 , then E  X   E Y  
____________
Ans. 11
Sol. Given, E 2 X  Y   0
2 E  X   E Y   0 …(i)
Also, E  X  2Y   33
E  X   2 E Y   33 …(ii)
Equation (i) X2 – equation (ii)
4 E [X ]+ 2 E [Y ] = 0
E [X ]+ 2 E [Y ] = 33
- - -
3E [X ] = - 33
 E  X   11
Substituting value of E  X  in equation (i),

E Y    2 E  X   22
 E  X   E Y    11  22  11
Question 8
The baseband signal m(t) shown in the figure is phase-modulated to generate the PM signal
(t )  cos(2f ct  km(t )) . The time t on the x-axis in the figure is in milliseconds. If the carrier frequency
is f c  50 kHz and k  10  . then the ratio of the minimum instantaneous frequency (in kHz) to the
maximum instantaneous frequency (in kHz) is __________ (rounded off to 2 decimal places).
m(t )
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
t (in ms)
–1
Ans. 0.75
Sol. Given expression of phase modulated signal
s (t )  A cos  c t  k p m(t ) 
Hence, instantaneous phase angle
 i  c t  k p m (t )
Hence, instantaneous frequency
d i d
i   c  k p m(t )
dt dt
dm(t )
 (i ) min  c  k p
dt min
dm(t )
(i ) max  c  k p
dt max
m(t )
1
t (msec)
1 2 3 4
1
d
dt
m(t )
2K
1 ms 3 ms
t (msec)
1K
Given f c  50 kHz , k p  10 rad/V

dm(t )
is shown in figure,
dt
dm(t )
 1 103
dt min
dm(t )
 2  103
dt max
 (i ) min  2  50  103  10  ( 1)  103  90  103 Hz
(i ) max  2  50  103  10   2  103  120  103 Hz
(i ) min 90 103 3

    0.75
(i ) max 120 103 4
Question 9
Which one of the following function analytic over the entire complex plane?
1
1
(A) ln( z ) (B) e z (C) cos( z ) (D)
1 z
Ans. (C)
Sol. ln ( z ) is not analytic at z  0 .
1
is not analytic at z  1 .
1 z
1
e z is not analytic at z  0 .
cos z is analytic for all finite values of z.
Question 10
In the circuit shown, what are the values of F for EN = 0 and EN = 1, respectively?
VDD
EN
(A) 0 & 1 (B) Hi-Z & D (C) Hi-Z & D (D) 0 & D
Ans. (B)
Sol.
V DD
X  En  D
En
F ?
Y  En  D
D
En D X  En  D Y  En  D PMOS NMOS F
0 0 1 0 OFF OFF Hi-Z
0 1 1 0 OFF OFF Hi-Z
1 0 1 1 OFF ON 0
1 1 0 0 ON OFF 1
Hi-Z represents high impedance state.

From above table, we can conclude that
F  Hi -Z at En  0
and F  D at En  1
Question 11
 
sin x
The value of the integral 
0 y
x
dxdy , is equal to _____
Ans. 2
 
sin x
Sol. Given, I   dx dy
0 y
x
Limits : x  y, x   and y  0, y   tracing the limits we get

The strip is horizontal changing into vertical.
y y
(p, p) (p, p)
x=0 y=x
x=p y=x x=p
x x
(0, 0) y=0 (0, 0) y=0
   
sin x sin x
0 y x dx dy 
 
0 y
x
dy dx
 
 sin x  x sin x
I     y 0 dx    x dx
0
x  0
x
I    cos x 0   ( 1  1)  2

Question 12
Consider the two-port resistive network shown in the figure. When an excitation of 5 V is applied across
Port 1, and Port 2 is shorted, the current through the short circuit at Port 2 is measured to be 1 A (see (a)
in the figure).
Now, if an excitation of 5 V is applied across Port 2, and Port 1 is shorted (see (b) in the figure), what is
the current through the short circuit at Port 1?
1 2
Port 1 R Port 2
1 2 1 2
5V R 1A ? R 5V
Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

(A) 0.5 A (B) 2.5 A (C) 1 A (D) 2 A
Ans. (C)
Sol. In figure (a) and figure (b), positions of source (excitation) and response are interchanges. As the given
network is a linear, bilateral, single source network, so using reciprocity theorem, current ‘i’ in figure (b)
will remain same.
 i  1A
Question 13
1
Let H(z) be the z-transform of a real-valued discrete-time signal h  n  . If P ( z )  H ( z ) H   has a zero
z
1 1
at z   j , and P(z) has a total of four zeros, which one of the following plots represents all the zeros
2 2
correctly?
z-plane Imaginary z-plane Imaginary
axis axis
2 2
z 1 z 1
0.5
0.5
(A) (B)
–2 0.5 2 Real axis –2 – 0.5 0.5 2 Real axis
–0.5
–0.5
–2 –2
z-plane Imaginary z-plane Imaginary
axis axis
2 2
1
z 1 z 1
0.5
0.5
(C) (D)
–2 –0.5 0.5 2 Real axis –2 0.5 1 2 Real axis
–0.5
–1
–2 –2
Ans. (D)
1
Sol. Given, P( z)  H ( z)  H  
z
where H ( z ) is the z-transform of real impulse response h(n).
Given that one zero of P( z ) is located at
1 1
z1  j  0.5  j 0.5
2 2
Remaining zeros will be located at points
1 1 (0.5  j 0.5) 0.5  j 0.5
z2      1 j
z1 (0.5  j 0.5) (0.5  j 0.5) 0.25  0.25
z3  z1*  0.5  j 0.5
1 1 (0.5  j 0.5) 0.5  j 0.5
z4      1 j
z1 (0.5  j 0.5) (0.5  j 0.5) 0.25  0.25
*
Im ( z )
j
j 0.5
Re ( z )
0.5 1
- j 0.5
-j
Question 14
The number of distinct Eigen values of the matrix
2 2 3 3
0 1 1 1 
A 
0 0 3 3
 
0 0 0 2
is equal to __________
Ans. 3
2 2 3 3
0 1 1 1 
Sol. Given,  A  
0 0 3 3
 
0 0 0 2
Given matrix is an upper triangular matrix for which Eigen values are given as the principle diagonal
element.
Hence, Eigen values of  A are
1  2 ,  2  1 , 3  3 ,  4  2
Number of distinct Eigen values  3 .
Question 15

What is the electric flux   E  daˆ  through a quarter-cylinder of height H (as shown in the figure) due to
an infinitely long line charge along the axis of the cylinder with a charge density of Q ?
0
H Q
HQ H 0 4H HQ
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 0 4Q Q 0 0
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given, infinite line charge density,  L  Q A/m
 
Flux is given by,    E  da …(i)

From diagram, da   dgf dz aˆ

0 and 0  z  H
2
Due to infinite line charge electric field intensity is given by,
 L Q
E aˆ  aˆ
2  0  2  0 
From equation (i),
   Q 
   E  da    aˆ   ( d  dz aˆ )
 20  
 /2 H
Q
  
 0 z 0
2  0 
 ( d  dz )  aˆ  aˆ  1
 /2
Q d  dz
H
Q
0  z 0
 /2
   
H
 0 z 0
20 20
QH

4 0
Question 16
The figure shows the high-frequency C-V curve of a MOS capacitor (at T = 300 K) with  ms  0 V and
no oxide charges. The flat-band, inversion, and accumulation conditions are represented, respectively, by
the points
C
P Q
VG
(A) Q, R, P (B) R, P, Q (C) Q, P, R (D) P, Q, R

Ans. (A)
Sol. Point P : Accumulation
Point Q : Flat band
Point R : Inversion
Question 17
A linear hamming code is used to map 4-bit message to 7-bit code word. The encoder mapping is linear.
If message 0001 is mapping to the codeword 0000111 and the message is 0011 is mapped to codeword
1100110 then massage 0010 is mapped to
(A) 1100001 (B) 0010011 (C) 1111000 (D) 1111111
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
Data Codeword
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Linear Hamming code i.e. mod 2 addition of any two codewords will be codewords of code vector
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Mod 2
1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 1
Question 18
Let Y ( s) be unit step response of a causal system having transfer function
3 s
G (s) 
( s  1) ( s  3)
G( s)
that is Y ( s )  . The forced response of system is
s
(A) u (t )  2e t u (t )  e3t u (t ) (B) 2u (t )  2e t u (t )  e3t u (t )
(C) u (t ) (D) 2u (t )
Ans. (C)
(3  s )
Sol. Given, G (s) 
( s  1) ( s  3)
G ( s)
Y ( s) 
s
(3  s ) A B C
Let Y (s)    
s ( s  1) ( s  3) s s  1 s  3
(3  s)
A 1
( s  1) ( s  3) s 0
(3  s)
B  2
s ( s  3) s 1
(3  s)
C 1
s ( s  1) s 3
1 2 1
Y (s)   
s s 1 s  3
Taking inverse Laplace transform both sides,
y (t )  u (t )  2 e t u (t )  e 3t u (t )
So, the forced response of the system is u (t ) .
Question 19
In the circuit shown, Vs is a square wave of period T with maximum and minimum values of 8 V and
– 10 V, respectively. Assume that the diode is ideal and R1  R2  50  . The average value of VL
is_______ volts (rounded off to 1 decimal place).
R1
Vs
8 
0 t Vs RL VL
T T
2

10
Ans. –3
Sol.
R1
Vs
8 
0 t Vs RL VL
T T
2

10
Given : R1  RL  50 
For 0  t  T / 2 , diode is off and v(t )  8 V
 50 
 VL   8  4 V
 50  50 
50 


8V 50 VL


For T / 2  t  T , diode will be ON and hence it will be short circuited and R1 can be neglected as it comes
across short circuit.
VL  10 V
v(t )
4V 
T /2 3T /2
t 10 V RL VL
T 2T

10 V
T
1
 Average value of VL (t ) is given as Vav   vL (t ) st
T0
1 
T /2 T
VL av   4  dt   (10) dt 
T0 T /2 
1  T T 1 T
VL av   4  2  10  2   T  (  6)  2   3 V
T
Question 20
Radiation resistance of a small dipole current element of length l at a frequency of 3 GHz is 3 ohms. If the
length is changed by 1%. then the percentage change in the radiation resistance, rounded off to two
decimal places, is ___________%.
Ans. 2.01%
Sol. Given :
f  3 GH z , Rrad  3 ,
Change in length  1%
For short dipole, radiation resistance directly proportional to square of length of dipole.
Rrad   dl 
2
2
 Rrad 
1
  dl 0   l  2
 1
  
 Rrad 2   dl 2   1.01l 
0
 Rrad 2  3.0603 
3.0603  3
% Change in resistance   100  2.01%
3
Question 21
In the circuit shown, the clock frequency, i.e. the frequency of the Clk signal, is 12 kHz. The frequency
of the signal at Q2 is __________ kHz.
D1 Q1 D2 Q2
Clk Q1 Clk Q2
12 kHz
Ans. 4
Sol. Next state equation
Q  D
For flip flop 1
Q1  D1
Q1  Q1  Q2
For flip-flop 2
Q2  D2
Q2  Q2
State Diagram
State table
Presents state Next state
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 00
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
10
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
01 11
It is MOD 3 counter
f clk 12 kHz
Frequency at output Q2    4 kHz
3 3
Tclk
Clock
Q1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Q2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 Tclk
Time period at Q3  3 times the time period of clock.

1
So, frequency at Q3  times the frequency of clock.
3
Question 22
The families of curves represented by the solution of the equation
n
dy x
  
dx  y
for n = –1 and n = 1 respectively, are
(A) Circles and Hyperbolas (B) Hyperbolas and Circles
(C) Parabolas and Circles (D) Hyperbolas and Parabolas
Ans. (B)
n
dy x
Sol. Given,    …(i)
dx  y
1
dy x y
At n  1 ,     
dx  y x
1 1
 y dy   x dx  c
ln y   ln x  ln c1 [Let c  ln c1 ]
ln y  ln x 1  ln c1
ln y  ln cx 1
c
y
x
xy  c  Represents hyperbola.
From equation (i), at n  1
1
dy x x
    
dx  y y
 y dy    x dx  c
y2 x2
  c
2 2
y 2 x2
 c
2 2
y 2  x 2  ( 2c ) 2  Represents family of circle.
Question 23
In the table shown. List I and List II, respectively, contain terms appearing on the left-hand side and the
right-hand side of Maxwell's equations (in their standard form). Match the left-hand side with the
corresponding right-hand side.
List-I List-IĪ

1.   D P. 0

2.   E Q. 

  B
3.   B R.
t

  D
4.   H S. J 
t
(A) 1 - P, 2 - R, 3 - Q, 4 - S (B) 1 - R, 2 - Q, 3 - S, 4 - P
(C) 1 - Q, 2 - R, 3 - P, 4 - S (D) 1 - Q, 2 - S, 3 - P, 4 - R
Ans. (C)
Sol. Correct Maxwell’s equation in point form for time varying fields are given as

  D  v

B  0

 B
 E  
t

  D
 H  J 
t
Question 24
A standard CMOS inverter is designed with equal rise and fall times ( n   p ). If the width of the PMOS
transistor in the inverter is increased, what would be the effect on the LOW noise margin ( NM L ) and
HIGH noise margin ( NM H ) ?
(A) No change in the Noise Margin (B) N ML increases and NM H decreases

(C) Both N ML and NM H increases (D) N ML decreases and NM H increases
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
Standard CMOS
W 
 n Cox  
n L n n
  1
p W  p
 p Cox  
L p
n
W p  Wn 1
p
Effect of change in PMOS size relative to NMOS
If the PMOS is large relative to NMOS then the noise margin low will be increased.
Question 25
Let Z be exponential random variable with mean 1. That is, the cumulative distribution function of Z is
given by,
1  e x if x  0
FZ ( x)  
0 if x  0
Then Pr( Z  2 | Z  1) , rounded off to two decimal places, is equal to __________.
Ans. 0.37
Sol. Given : Z be exponential random variable with mean 1.
1  e x x  0
Fz  x    
 0 x  0
Conditional probability is given by,
Pr  z  2  z  1
Pr  z  2 | z  1 
Pr  z  1
Intersection of z  2  z  1 will be z  2 , so
Pr  z  2
Pr  z  2 | z  1  …(i)
Pr  z  1
CDF is defined as,
Fz ( x)  Pr  z  x   1  Pr  z  x 
Pr  z  x   1  Fz ( x)
Pr  z  2  1  Fz (2)  1  1  e 2   e 2
Similarly, Pr  z  1  1  Fz (1)  1  1  e    e 1
e 2
From equation (i), Pr  z  2 | z  1  1
 e 1  0.37
e
Q.26 to Q.55 Carry two marks each
Question 26
In the circuits shown, the threshold voltage of each nMOS transistor is 0.6 V. Ignoring the effect of channel
length modulation and body bias, the values of Vout1 and Vout 2 , respectively, in volts, are
3V
3V 3V 3V
3V Vo ut2
3V
Vo ut1
3V
(A) 2.4 and 2.4 (B) 2.4 and 1.2 (C) 1.8 and 1.2 (D) 1.8 and 2.4
Ans. (D)
Sol. In the circuit the threshold voltage of each nMOS transistor is 0.6 V. Ignoring the effect of CLM and body
biasing the values of Vout1 and Vout 2 is
3V = VG1
VS1 3V 3V 3V
VG2
3V +
-
VS2
+ Vout 2
-
+ 3V Vout 1
-
Fig. (a)
In a pass transistor logic, VGS is automatically maintained at VTH .
If Va is fixed, VS should be adjusted so that VG  VS  VTH .
Va  3V for all NMOS transistors and
VTH  0.6 V for all transistor
So, VS  VG  VTH
From figure (a),
VS1  VG1  VTH  3  0.6  2.4
VS2  VG2  VTH  2.4  0.6  1.8 V  Vout1
VG1 VG2 VG3
3V 3V 3V
VS1 VS2 VS3

3V +
- Vout
Fig. (b)
VS1  VG1  VTH  3  0.6  2.4 V
VS2  VG2  VTH  3  0.6  2.4 V
VS3  VG3  VTH  3  0.6  2.4 V  Vout 2
Question 27
Consider the line integral
 ( x dy  y dx)
c
the integral being taken in a counterclockwise direction over the closed curve C that forms the boundary
of the region R shown in the figure below. The region R is the area enclosed by the union of a 2 x 3
rectangle and a semi-circle of radius 1. The line integral evaluates to
y
C
3
2 R
1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5

(A) 8   (B) 12   (C) 16  2  (D) 6 
2
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :  x dy  y dx
c
c is the curve
y
C
3
2 R
1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
Here, the curve is closed so, we can apply Green’s theorem :
   
  dx   dy    x  y  dx dy
c s
… (i)

 x dy  y dx here    y
c

y
 1

x  1
x
From equation (i) apply Green’s theorem
  (1  (1)) dx dy  2 dx dy
s s
= 2 (Area of closed curve)

= 2 [Area of rectangle + Area of half circle]
 r 2 
 2  Base  Hieght 
 2 
 (1) 2 
 2 3  2 
 2 
 12  
Question 28
The dispersion equation of a waveguide, which relates the wavenumber k to the frequency  , is
1
k ()  2  02 .
c
Where the speed of light c  3 108 m/sec , and 0 is a constant. If the group velocity is 2 108 m/sec ,
then the value of phase velocity is
(A) 1.5  108 m/sec (B) 4.5  108 m/sec (C) 2 108 m/sec (D) 3 108 m/sec
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
1
k ()  2  02
c
vgz  2  108 m/sec, c=3 108 m/s
The relationship between group velocity, phase velocity and velocity of light is given by,
v pz vgz  c 2
c 2  3 10 
8 2
v pz  
vgz 2 108
v pz  4.5  108 m/sec

Question 29
The RC circuit shown below has a variable resistance R(t) given by the following expression :
 t 
R(t )  R0  1   for 0  t  T
 T
where R0  1  and C  1 F . We are also given that T  3R0C and the source voltage is VS  1 V . If the
current at time t  0 is 1 A, then the current I (t ) , in amperes, at time t  T / 2 is ______ (rounded off to
2 decimal places).
I(t ) R( t )
Vs C
t 0
Ans. 0.25
 t 
Sol. Given R (t )  R0  1  
 T
Where R0  1 , C  1 F, T  3R0C  3 sec
 t
 R (t )   1  
 3
dR (t ) 1

dt 3
R (t )
v(t ) C
i( t)
Applying KVL
1
C
v(t )  i (t )  R(t )  i(t ) dt
Differentiation both sides

d i (t )
0 i(t ) R(t ) 
dt C
d d
0  R(t ) i (t )  i (t ) R (t )  i (t )
dt dt
 td  1 
0   1   i (t )  i (t )    i (t )
 3  dt  3 
 3  t  di (t ) 2i (t )
0  
 3  dt 3
di
(t  3)  2i (t )
dt
di dt
 dt  2 t  3
ln i (t )  2 ln(t  3)  2 ln c
ln i (t )  2  ln(t  3)  c   ln  c(t  3) 
2
Taking antilogarithm both sides

i (t )   c (t  3) 
2
… (i)
Given i(t ) at t  0 is 1 A.
1   c (0  3)   9c 2
2
1 1
 c 
9 3
From equation (i),
2
1 
i(t )   (t  3) 
3 
T 3
Hence, i(t ) at  sec is
2 2
2
 3   1 3  1
i         0.25 Amp
 2  3 2  4
Question 30
Consider a differentiable function f ( x ) on the set of real number such that f ( 1)  0 f '( x )  2 . Given
these conditions, which one of the following inequalities is true for all x [ 2, 2] ?
1
(A) f ( x)  2 x (B) f ( x)  x 1
2
1
(C) f ( x)  2 x  1 (D) f ( x)  x
2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given, f (1)  0, f '( x)  2, x    2, 2
By putting x  1, we can eliminate option (C) and (D) as its not equal to 0.
1
Now, (A) f ( x)  x 1
2
(B) f ( x)  2 x  1
Checking option (B),
 2 ( x  1); x  1

f ( x)   , x   2, 2
 2 ( x  1); x  1

 2; x  1

f '( x)   , x   2, 2
 2; x  1

f '( x)  2
Question 31
Two identical copper wires W1 and W2 , placed in parallel as shown in the figure, carry currents I and 2I.
respectively, in opposite directions. If the two wires are separated by a distance of 4r, then the magnitude

of the magnetic field B between the wires at a distance r from W1 is
W1
r
W2
6 0 I 5 0 I 0 I 02 I 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5r 6r 6r 2r 2
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given copper wires W1 and W2 are carrying currents I and 2I in opposite directions and having a total
separation of 4r between them.
I
W1
r1 = r r
4r r2 = 3r
W2
2I
Magnetic field intensity due to infinitely long current carrying conductor is given as
 I
H  aˆ
2 
   I
B  0 H  0
2 
Due to current carrying conductor W1 ,
0 I
B1   1  r 
2 r
Due to current carrying conductor W2 ,
0 2 I
B2   2  3r 
2 3r
Using right hand rule, intensities or densities due to both current carrying conductors will be in some
direction at the point between two conductors, hence the total magnetic flux density is given as
B  B1  B2
0 I 0 2I 3 0 I  2 0 I
B  
2 r 6 r 6 r
5 0 I
 B
6 r
Question 32
Consider a causal second-order system with the transfer function
1
G (s) 
1  2s  s 2
1
with a unit-step R ( s ) as an input. Let C ( s ) be the corresponding output. The time taken by the system
s
output c(t) to reach 94% of its steady-state value lim c (t ) , rounded off to two decimal places, is
t 
(A) 3.89 (B) 5.25 (C) 4.50 (D) 2.81

Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
1
G ( s) 
1  2s  s 2
1
R(s) 
s
1
c( s) 
s ( s  1) 2
By partial fraction
A B c
c( s)   
s ( s  1) ( s  1) 2
1 1 1
c( s )   
s s  1  s  12
c(t )  1  et  e t
0.94  1  e t  tet
The above expression is satisfied at t  4.50 .
So, t  4.50 s
Method 2 :
We know that this is CD system
 1
c (t )  1  e nt  n te nt (for CD system)
n  1
c(t )  1  e t  te t
0.94  1  e t  tet
So, t  4.50 s
Method 3 :
We know that for critical damped system
tsett  5.8 when 2% Error band
So, for 0.94 test should be less than = 5.8 sec.

Question 33
Consider long-channel MOSFET with a channel length 1 m and width 10 m. The device parameters
are acceptor concentration N A  5 1016 cm 3 , electron mobility  n  800 cm 2 /V-s , oxide
capacitation/area Cox  3.45 107 F/cm 2 , thresholds voltage VT  0.7 V . The drain saturation current (
I Dsat ) for a gate voltage of 5 V is ______ mA (rounded off to two decimals places). [  si  11.9,
 0  8.854 1014 F/cm ]
Ans. 25.5
Sol. Consider a long channel MOSFET,
W
I sat   n Cox (VGS  Vt ) 2
L
10 m
I sat  800  3.45  10 7  (VGS  0.7) 2
1m
I sat  800  3.45  10 7  10 (5  0.7) 2
I sat  800  3.45  10 6  4.32
I sat  25.5 mA
Question 34
The state transition diagram for the circuit shown is
D Q 2
Q 1
CLK A
(A) A  1 A0 A0 (B) A  0 A 1 A0
Q 0 Q 1 Q 0 Q 1
A 1 A1
(C) A  0 A0 (D) A0 A0

A 1 A 1
Q 0 Q1 Q 0 Q 1
A 1 A 1
Ans. (D)
Sol. Output equation of MUX
Y  S I 0  S I1
From the given circuit,
S  A, I 0  Qn and I1  Qn
Y  A Qn  AQn
Next state equation of  flip-flop
Qn 1  
From circuit,   Qn  Y
So, Qn 1  Qn  Y
Qn 1  Qn ( A Qn  AQn )
Qn 1  AQn
State table
A 1
Qn A Qn 1
A0
0 0 1 Q 0 Q 1
0 1 1 A 1
A0
1 0 1
1 1 0
Question 35
A rectangular waveguide of width (w) and Height (h), has cutoff frequencies for TE10 and TE11 modes in
he ratio 1 : 2. The aspect ratio w / h, rounded off to two decimals places, __________.
Ans. 1.732
Sol. Given :
 Fc TE 1
10

 Fc TE 11
2
Here, a  , b  h
For a rectangular waveguide, cut off frequency is given by,
Vp  m 2  n 2
fc     
2  a  b
For air-filled, v p  c
c m n 
2 2
fc        
2  a  b 
 
c
 Fc TE  …(i)
10
2a
2 2
c 1 1
 Fc TE      …(ii)
11
2 a b
Taking ratio of equation (i) and (ii),
c
 Fc TE 2a
10

 Fc TE 2
c 1 1
2
   
11
2 a b
1 1/ a

2 2
1 1
2
   
a b
Squaring both sides,
1 1 4
2
 2  2
a b a
3 1
2
 2
a b
a
 3  1.732
b

Hence, the aspect ratio  1.732
h
Question 36
Let state space representation of an LTI system be
x (t )  Ax(t )  Bu (t )
y (t )  Cx(t )  Du (t )
A,B,C are matrices, D is scalar, u (t ) is input to the system and y (t ) is its output.
Let B   0 0 1 and D  0 . Which one of the following options for A and C will ensure that the transfer
T
function of LTI system is

1
H (s)  ?
s  3s  2 s  1
3 2
0 1 0 0 1 0
(A) A   0 0 1  and C  1 0 0 (B) A   0 0 1  and C  1 0 0
 3 2 1  1 2 3
0 1 0 0 1 0
(C) A   0 0 1  and C   0 0 1 (D) A   0 0 1  and C   0 0 1
 3 2 1  3 2 1
Ans. (B)
Sol. x(t )  Ax(t )  Bu (t ) u (t )  Input
y(t )  Cx(t )  Du (t ) y (t )  Output
y (t )  cx(t )
1
H (s) 
s  3s  2 s  1
3 2
So, from transfer function

Numerator is constant so we can directly use decomposition method :
From all the option
x1  x2 ,
x2  x3 ,
So it is case of direct decomposition hence, y  x1
so, C  1 0 0
In case of direct decomposition coefficient of last row can directly be determine from the denominator of
transfer function taken with opposite sign from right to left.
1
H (s) 
s  3s  2 s  1
3 2
0 1 0
A   0 0 1  c  1 0 0
 1 2 3
Question 37
Let a random process Y(t) be described as Y (t )  h(t ) * X (t )  Z (t ) , where X(t) is a white noise process
with power spectral density S X ( f )  5 W/Hz . The filter h(t) has a magnitude response given by
H ( f )  0.5 for  5  f  5 , and zero elsewhere. Z(t) is a stationary random process, uncorrelated with
X(t), with power spectral density as shown in the figure. The power in Y(t), in watts, is equal to ______W
(rounded off to two decimal places).
S z ( f ) (W/ Hz)
1
f (Hz)
5 5
Ans. 17.5
Sol. Given : Y (t )  X (t ) * h(t )  Z (t )
Where X (t ) is white noise process with PSD, S X ( f )  5 W/Hz
h(t ) is the impulse response of the system having system function,
0.5 5  f  5
H( f )   
 0 Otherwise 
PSD of Z (t ) is given as,
X (t ) and Z (t ) are uncorrelated.

Total area under power spectral density gives power of the process.
From Wiener-Khinchin relationship, autocorrelation function and PSD are Fourier transform pair.
Autocorrelation of Y (t ) is given by,
RY ( )  E Y (t )Y (t  ) 
RY ( )  E  X '(t )  Z (t ) X '(t  )  Z (t  )
RY ( )  E  X '(t ) X '(t  )  E  X '(t ) Z (t  )   E  Z (t ) X '(t  )   E  Z (t ) Z (t  ) 

… (i)
As X (t ) and Z (t ) are uncorrelated, so
E  X '(t ) Z (t  )   0  E  Z (t ) X '(t  ) 
Hence, from equation (i),
RY ()  E  X '(t ) X '(t  )  E  Z (t ) Z (t  ) 
RY ()  RX ' ()  RZ () … (ii)

Taking Fourier Transform
SY ()  S X ' ( f )  S Z ( f ) … (iii)
SX ' ( f )
Sx ( f ) H( f )
X ( t)
0.5 X '( t )
5 1.25
f
f 5 0 5 f
0 5 0 5
2
SX '( f )  H ( f ) SX ( f )
Power spectral density of Y (t )  X (t ) * h(t )  Z (t ) is given as S X ' ( f )  S Z ( f ) as shown in figure,
Power in Y (t ) is given as area under the power spectral density function.

1 
Area under the above figure PY  (10 1.25)   110   17.5
2 
Question 38
A single bit, equally likely to be 0 and 1, is to be sent across an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
channel with power spectral density N0/2. Binary signaling, with 0  p (t ) and 1  q (t ) , is used for the
transmission, along with an optimal receiver that minimizes the bit-error probability.
Let 1 (t ), 2 (t ) form an orthonormal signal set.
If we choose p(t )  1 (t ) and q (t )   1 (t ) , we would obtain a certain bit-error probability Pb .
If we keep p(t )  1 (t ) but take q (t )  E 2 (t ) , for what value of E would we obtain the same bit-error
probability Pb ?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 3
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : 1  1 ( x), 0  1 ( x)
1 is basis function.
Also, 1  1 ( x ), 0  E  2 ( x )
1 ( x) and 2 ( x) are orthogonal.
For binary phase shift keying,
2 Eb
Binary ‘1’, s1 (t )  Ac cos ct  cos ct  Eb 1 (t )
Tb
2 Eb
Binary ‘0’, s2 (t )   Ac cos ct   cos ct   Eb 1 (t )
Tb
Constellation diagram is shown below.

d min
f1 (t )
0
- Eb Eb
d min  2 Eb … (i)
Probability of error is given by,
 d2 
Pe  Q  min  … (ii)
 2 
 
For binary frequency shift keying,
2 Eb
Binary ‘1’, s1 (t )  Ac cos H t  cos H t  Eb 1 (t )
Tb
2 Eb
Binary ‘0’, s2 (t )  Ac cos Lt  cos Lt  Eb 2 (t ) … (iii)
Tb
But for binary ‘0’, basis function is given as, E  2 (t )
Hence equation (iii) will be,

s2 (t )  EEb 2 (t )
Constellation diagram is shown below.

f2 (t )
EEb
d min
0 f1 (t )
Eb
d min  EEb  Eb  Eb ( E  1) … (iv)
Since, it is given that probability of error remains same, d min should be same.
From equation (i) and (iv),
2 Eb  Eb ( E  1)
4 Eb  Eb ( E  1)
4  E 1
E 3
Question 39
A CMOS inverter, designed to have a mid-point voltage V1 equal to half of Vdd , as shown in figure, has
following parameters:
Vdd  3V
nCox  100 A/V 2 Vtn  0.7V of nMOS

 p Cox  40 A/V 2 Vtd  0.9V for pMOS
Vout
Vd d
Vdd
2
Vin
V Vdd
V1  dd
2
W  W 
The ratio of   to   is equal to _________ (rounded off upto 3 decimal places).
 L n  L p
Ans. 0.225
Sol.
1 W  1 W 
 
2
 nCox   VGS  Vtn    p Cox   VSG  Vtp
2
2  L n 2  L p
W 
 
 L n 40 VGS  Vtn 
 
W  100 V  V 2
  SG tp
 L p
W 
 
40 1.5  0.9 
2
 L n
 
W  100 1.5  0.7 2
 
 L p
W 
 
40  0.5 
2
 L n
 
W  100  0.8 2
 
 L p
W 
 
 L n
 0.225
W 
 
 L p
Question 40
In the circuit shown, the threshold voltages of the pMOS  V  and nMOS (V
tp tn ) transistors are both equal
to 1 V. All the transistors have the same output resistance rds of 6 M  . The other parameters are listed
below :
W 
 nCox  60 A/V 2 ;   5
 L  nMOS
W 
 p Cox  30 A/V 2 ;    10
 L pMOS
 n and  p are the carrier mobilities, and Cox is the oxide capacitance per unit area. Ignoring the effect of
channel length modulation and body bias, the gain of the circuit is _____(rounded off to 1 decimal place).
V dd  4 V
Vo ut
Vin
Ans. – 900
Sol. Given,
W
For N-MOS,  n Cox  60 A/V 2 5
L
W
For P-MOS,  p Cox  30 A/V 2  10
L
For both MOSFET, Vt  1V
4V

VGS
W   W 
   10    10
 L p  L p
Vout
W  W 
   10   5 Vin
 L p  L n
4
Here, VSG   2V
2
C W 2
and I D  n ox VGS  Vt 

2 L
1
I D   30 10  (2  1) 2
2
I D  150 A
W 
g mn  2 I D    nCox
 L n
g mn  2  150  5  60
g mn  300 A/V
G
 
Vin g mVin rds rds V0
 
V0
Gain 
Vin
V0   g mn Vin  rds  rds 
 g mn Vin rds
V0 
2
 g mn Vin rds  300 106  6 106
 Gain  
2Vin 2
Gain   900
Question 41
Consider the homogenous ordinary differential equation
d2y dy
x 2
2
 3x  3 y  0 , x  0
dx dx
with y(x) as a general solution. Given that
y(1) = 1 and y(2) = 14
the value of y(1.5), rounded off to two decimal places is __________
Ans. 5.25
d2y dy
Sol. Given, x2
2
 3x  3 y  0
dx dx
and y (1)  1, y (2)  14
Let x  et , t  log x
So, the given equation may be written as
D ( D  1) y  3 Dy  3 y  0
( D 2  4 D  3) y  0 …(i)
To find C.F.,
Auxiliary equation,
D2  4D  3  0
D  3,1
C.F.  c1 et  c2 e3t
y  c1 x  c2 x 3 …(ii)
Given, y (1)  1 , i.e. at x  1, y  1
1  c1  c2 …(iii)
Also, y (2)  14 , i.e. at x  2, y  14
14  2 c1  8 c2 …(iv)
From equations (iii) and (iv)
c1  2 and c2  1
 From equation (ii),
y   x  2 x3
 Value of y at x  1.5
y  1(1.5)  2  (1.5)3
y  1.5  6.75  5.25
Hence, y (1.5)  5.25
Question 42
A voice signal m (t ) is in the frequency range 5 kHz to 15 kHz the signal is amplitude modulated to
generate an AM signal f (t )  A 1  m (t )  cos 2f c t , where f c  600 kHz . The AM signal f (t ) is to be
digitized and archived. This is done by first sampling f (t ) at 1.2 times Nyquist frequency and then
quantizing each sample using a 256 level quantizer. Finally, each quantized sample is binary coded using
K bits, where K is the minimum number of bits required for the encoding. The rate, in Mbps (rounded off
to two decimal places), of the resulting stream of coded bits is ___________ Mbps.
Ans. 0.59
Sol. Given : The Spectrum of m(t ) is shown below
Expression of AN signal is given as,

f (t )  A 1  m(t )  cos 2fct
Where, f c  600 kHz
Since, the f (t ) is on AM signal the spectrum of f (t ) will contain two side band and carrier.
The spectrum of f (t ) is shown below.
The above spectrum is a bandpass signal, hence to calculate Nyquist rate we will apply following steps.
Step 1 : B  f H  f L  615  585  30 kHz
f H 615
Step 2 : K   20.5
B 30
Hence, K  20
2 f H 2  615  103
Step 3 : NR    61.5 kHz
K 20
Given that sampling frequency is 1.2 times of Nyquist rate so,
f s  1.2  NR  1.2  61.5  103  73.8 kHz
Number of Quantization levels L  256
To represent each quantized sample bit required will be
K  log 2 L  log 2 256  8
Bit rate is given by,
Rb  Kf x  8  73.8  103
Rb  0.5904 Mbps
Question 43
The quantum efficiency () and responsivity (R) at a wavelength  (in micrometer) in a p-i-n
photodetector are related by
  1.24    1.24
(A) R  (B) R  (C) R  (D) R 
1.24  1.24  
Ans. (A)
Sol. Responsively, wavelength and quantum efficiencies are related at
1.24 

 R

R
1.24
Question 44
In the circuit shown, if v(t) = 2 sin(1000 t) volts, R = 1 k  and C = 1  F, then the steady-state current
i(t), in milliamperes (mA), is
i
C

V ( t) R R
 C C
R
(A) 2sin(1000t )  2sin(1000t ) (B) sin(1000t )  cos(1000t )
(C) sin(1000t )  3cos(1000t ) (D) 3sin(1000t )  cos(1000t )
Ans. (D)
Sol.
i
i1 i2
R C /3
C /3 R
R
i2
C /3
  100 rad/sec
1
Z eq 
C
Y 

C
C 

3
Modified figure of figure (a),
i
i1 i2
R C /3
2sin1000t R C /3
R C /3
R 3R 3R
Z eq1   
jRC 3  j 3RC 3  j
1
3
3R 3R 6R
Z eq 2   
3 j 3 j 3 j
106
3 jRC  1000  3  1 103  1
3
2sin1000t 2sin1000t
i1   (3  j )
3R 3R
3 j
2sin1000t 2sin1000t
i2   (3  j )
6R 6R
3 j
2sin1000t 2sin1000t
i (3  j )  (3  j )
3R 6R
2 sin1000t  1
i (3  j )  1  
3R  2
2 3
i sin1000t   (3  j ) putting R  1 k
3R 2
i  sin1000t (3  j ) mA
i  3sin1000t  j sin1000t
i  3sin1000t  1900 sin1000t 
i  3sin1000t  cos1000t
Question 45
A random variable X takes values –1 and +1 with probabilities 0.2 and 0.8. respectively. It is transmitted
across a channel which adds noise N, so that the random variable at the channel output is Y = X + N. The
noise N is independent of X, and is uniformly distributed over the interval [–2, 2]. The receiver makes a
decision
 1, if Y  
Xˆ  
1, if Y  
where the threshold    1, 1 is chosen so as to minimize the probability of error Pr  Xˆ  X  . The
minimum probability of error, rounded off to 1 decimal place, is ________
Ans. 0.1
Sol. Given, Y X N
P(1)  0.2, P(1)  0.8
N is a uniformally distributed hence, the PDF of noise will be as shown in figure.
f N ( n)
1/4
n
-2 2
If binary 1 is transmitted X  1
Y  X  N  1 N
Ymin  1  2   1
Ymax  1  2  3
f ( y /1)
1/4
y
-1 3
If binary 0 is transmitted X  1
Y  X  N  1  N
Ymin  1  2   3
Ymax  1  2  1
f ( y /0)
1/4
y
-3 1
Using MAP criteria to find minimum probability of error,

 y  y
f    P (0)  f    P (1)
0 1
P(0)  P(1)  0.2
P(1)  0.8
æ yö 8
f ç ÷ × P(1) =
è1ø 40
æ yö 2
f ç ÷ × P(0) =
è ø
0 40
y
-3 -1 1 3
Optimum threshold  Vth  1 [Intersection point on X-axis]

 Probability of receiving 0 while 1 is transmitted
0  1
 y 
P   0
1
 As



f   dy  0
1 
Probability of receiving 1 when 0 is transmitted
1 1
P    2   0.5
0 4
f ( y /0)
1/4
P (1/0)
y
-3 -1 1
 Minimum probability of error,
1 0
Pe  P (0) P    P (1) P  
0 1
2 1 8
Pe     0
10 2 10
 Pe  0.1
Question 46
In the circuit shown, Vs is a 10 V square wave of period, T = 4 ms with R = 500  and C = 10  F. The
capacitor is initially uncharged at t = 0. and the diode is assumed to be ideal. The voltage across the
capacitor ( Vc ) at 3 ms is equal to _________ volts (rounded off to one decimal place).
Vs R
10
0 t Vs C Vc
T T
2
10
t 0
Ans. 3.3 V
Sol.
Vs
10
4 ms ec
3 msec
0 t
T T
2 ms ec
2
10
0  t  2 msec
Vi  10 V ( D  ON)
Vc (t )  Vc ( ) 1  e  t / RC     RC  5000 sec  5 msec
Vc (t )  10 1  e  t /5 
Figure at t = 2 msec
OFF
Vi  Negative Vc  Positive
Vc (t  2 msec)  10 1  e 2/5   10 1  e 0.4 
Vc (t  2 msec)  3.29  3.3 V

For 2 msec  t  4 msec diode will be off and can be replaced by open circuit, hence the capacitor will
hold its voltage.
So, VC (3 msec)  3.3 V
Question 47
Let h [ n ] be a length-7 discrete-time finite impulse response filter, given by
h [0]  4 , h [1]  3 , h [2]  2 , h [3]  1 ,
h [ 1]  3 , h [ 2]  2 , h [ 3]  1
and h [ n ] is zero for n  4 . A length-3 finite impulse response approximation g [ n ] of h [ n ] has to be
obtained such that

2
E (h, g )  

H (e j  )  G (e j  ) d 
is minimized, where H (e j ) and G (e j ) are the discrete-time Fourier transforms of h [ n ] and g [n] ,
respectively. For the filter that minimizes E ( h, g ) , the value of 10 g [ 1]  g [1] , rounded off to 2 decimal
places, is _______.
Ans. –27
Sol. 
Given : h[n]  1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1



2
E (h1 , g )  

H (e j  )  G (e j  ) d  … (i)
From parseval’s theorem, Energy of any sequence x[n] is given as

 
1

2

2
x[n]  x(e j ) d  … (ii)
n  2 
Comparing (i) and (ii)

E[ h, g ]  2  h[ n]  g[ n]
2
… (iii)
n 
Let x[n]  h[n]  g[n]

For energy of x[n] to be minimum, the three point approximation g[n] of 7-point sequence h[n] should
be

g[n]  3, 4,3


[ g[n] should be equal to h[n] at points where h[n] has maximum values, such that h[ n]  g[ n] is zero
at these points]
Hence g[1]  3, g[1]  3
 10 g[1]  g[1]  10  (3)  3  27
Method 2 :
Given h(0)  4, h(1)  3, h(2)  2, h(3)  1, h(1)  3, h(2)  2, h(3)  1

2
E (h, g )  

H (e j  )  G (e j  ) d 
For E (h, g ) to be minimum

dE (h, g )
0
d

d 2

d  
H ( e j  )  G (e j  ) d   0
Therefore, H (e j  )  G (e j  )
 h  n   g  n  only for n  1, 0 and 1 as g  n  is 3 point approximation of h  n  .
Hence, g  n   3, 4, 3
So, 10 g  1  g 1  10  ( 3)  3   27

Question 48
The block diagram of a system is illustrated in the figure shown, where X(s) is the input Y(s) is the output.
Y (s)
The transfer function H ( s )  is
X (s)
s
X (s )    1 Y ( s)
 
  s
1
s
s2  1 s2 1
(A) H ( s )  (B) H ( s) 
s3  2s 2  s  1 s3  s 2  s  1
s2  1 s 1
(C) H ( s )  (D) H ( s ) 
2s 2  1 s  s 1
2
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given block diagram is shown below,
s
X (s )    1 Y ( s)
 
  s
1
s
Solving the blocks in parallel and taking two summing points for the first adder, the equivalent block
diagram is
X (s) - 1 s2 + 1 1 Y (s)
S S s+ =
- s s s
Solving minor feedback loop,

s2  1
s s2 1

s2  1 s2  s  1
1
s
X (s) s2 + 1 1 Y (s)
S
s + s +1
2
s
Finally transfer function is given as

s2  1
G(s) s ( s 2  s  1)
H ( s)  
1  G ( s) H ( s) s2  1
1
s ( s 2  s  1)
s2  1 s2  1
H ( s)  3 2 
s  s  1  s 2  1 s 3  2s 2  2
Question 49
Consider a six-point decimation-in-time Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm, for which the signal-
 j 2 
flow graph corresponding to X [1] is shown in the figure. Let W6  exp    . In the figure, what should
 6 
be the values of the coefficients a1 , a2 , a3 in terms of W6 so that X [1] is obtained correctly?
x [0] X [0]
x [3] X [1]
-1
x [1] X [2]
x [4] X [3]
-1
x [2] X [4]
x [5] X [5]
-1
(A) a1  1, a2  W62 , a3  W6 (B) a1  1, a2  W62 , a3  W6

(C) a1  1, a2  W6 , a3  W62 (D) a1  1, a2  W6 , a3  W62
Ans. (C)
Sol. To find 6-point DFT of x[n],
Input sequence x[n] is devided into 3 sequence of two samples each.
N  pq
6  3 2
p  3, q  2
x[ n ]   x (0), x (1), x (2), x (3), x (4), x (5)
f1 ( m )  x[3m ]   x (0), x (3) 

DFT
 F1 ( k )
f 2 ( m )  x[3m  1]   x (1), x (4) 

DFT
 F2 ( k )
f 3 ( m )  x[3m  2]   x (2), x (5) 

DFT
 F3 ( k )
N 1
X  k    x (n) WNkn
n 0
q 1 q 1 q 1
X  k    x ( pm) WNpmk   x ( pm  1) WN( pm 1) k   x ( pm  2) WN( pm  2) k
m0 m0 m 0
2 2
j 3 m j m
W N
pm
W 6
3m
e 6
e 2
 W2m
1 1 1
 X  k    f1 ( m) W2km  W6  f 2 ( m) W2km  W62  f 3 ( m) W2km
m0 m0 m 0
X [ k ]  F1 ( k )  W6k  F2 ( k )  W62 k F3 ( k ), k  0,1, 2 5

1
F1 ( k )   f1 ( m ).W2km
m 0
F1 (0)  f1 (0)  f1 (1) F1 (1)  f1 (0)  f1 (1)
x (0)  F1 (0)  W60 F2 (0)  W60 F3 (0)
x (1)  F1 (1)  W61 F2 (1)  W62 F3 (1)
x (2)  F1 (2)  W62 F2 (2)  W64 F3 (2)
x (3)  F1 (3)  W63 F2 (3)  W66 F3 (3)
x (4)  F1 (4)  W64 F2 (4)  W68 F3 (4)
x (5)  F1 (5)  W65 F2 (5)  W610 F3 (5)

2
j 6
W66  e 6
 1  W60
W68  W66  W62  W62
W610  W66  W64  W64
Also, F1 (k )  F1 (k  2)  F1 (k  4)
F1 (0)  F1 (2)  F1 (4)
F1 (1)  F1 (3)  F1 (5)

So x(0) x(5) are given as
x(0)  F1 (0)  F2 (0)  F3 (0)
x (1)  F1 (1)  W61 F2 (1)  W62 F3 (1)
x (2)  F1 (0)  W62 F2 (0)  W64 F3 (0)
x (3)  F1 (1)  W63 F2 (1)  W60 F3 (1)
x (4)  F1 (0)  W64 F2 (0)  W62 F3 (0)
x (5)  F1 (1)  W65 F2 (1)  W64 F3 (1)

Hence butterthy structure for N  6 is given as
F1 (0) 1
f1 (0)  x(0) X [0]
F1 (1) a1  1
f1 (1)  x(3) X [1]
1
F2 (0)
f 2 (0)  x(1) 1
W6
F2 (1) a2=
f 2 (1)  x(4)
1
2
6
W
F3 (0)
=
f3 (0)  x(2)
3
a
F3 (1)
f3 (1)  x(5)
1
Hence, x (1)  F1 (1)  W61 F2 (1)  W62 F3 (1)
So a1  1
a2  W61
a3  W62

Question 50
In the circuit shown, V1  0 and V2  Vdd . The other relevant parameters are mentioned in the figure.
Ignoring the effect of channel length modulation and the body effect, the value of I out is ______mA
(rounded off to 1 decimal place).
Vdd
W W
1 0 1 0 W /L  40
L L
I out
Vdd V1 W
5
W
5 V2
L L
1 mA
W /L  2 W /L  3
Ans. 6
Sol. Given circuit is shown below,
VDD
I5
T3 T5 T7
W W W
= 10 = 10 = 40
L L L
T4 T6 I out
W W
VDD V1 =5 =5 V2
L L
1mA
I2
W W
=2 =3
L T2 L
T1
Transistors T1 and T2 are forming current mirror circuits with different W/L ratio, hence current through
transistor T2 is
3
I 2  1mA  1.5 mA
2
As V1  0 hence T4 is OFF. So, total current I 2 is coming from the series combination of transistors T5
and T6 .
So, I 5  I 2  1.5 mA
From the figure, if current through T5 is 1.5 mA then current through T7 i.e. I out will be four times of it,
as W/L ratio is four times.
 I out  4  1.5  6 mA
Question 51
In the circuit shown, the breakdown voltage and maximum current of Zener diode are 20 V and 60 mA,
respectively. The values of R1 and RL are 200 Ω and 1 kΩ , respectively.
R1
Vi +_ RL
What is range of Vi that will maintain the Zener diode in ‘on state’?
(A) 18 V to 24 V (B) 20 V to 28 V (C) 22 V to 34 V (D) 24 V to 36 V
Ans. (D)
Sol.
Given : R1  2000  0.2 kΩ

RL  1 kΩ
I 2( Max )  60 mA
v2  20 V
Vi  ? (For zener diode in ON state)
I in  I z  I L (Fixed)
I in MAX  I 2 X  I L
I inMIN  I 2min  I L
Vz  20 V
V0 20
IL    20 mA
RL 1
Vin (max)  Vz
I in Max   60  20
R1
Vin (Max)  20
 80
0.2
Vin (max)  20  16
Vin (max)  36 Volt for Vin (min)
So, I 2(min)  0
I in (min)  0  20
Vin (mi n )  Vz
 20
R1
Vin (min)  20
 20
0.2
Vin (min)  4  20
Vin (min)  24 V
So, Vin (min)  24 V Vin (max)  36 V
Question 52
A Germanium sample of dimensions 1 cm  1 cm is illuminated with a 20 mW, 600 nm laser light source
as shown in the figure. The illuminated sample surface has a 100 nm of loss-less Silicon dioxide layer that
reflects one-fourth of the incident light. From the remaining light, one-third of the power is reflected from
the Silicon dioxide- Germanium interface, one-third is absorbed in the Germanium layer, and one-third is
transmitted through the other side of the sample. If the absorption coefficient of Germanium at 600 nm is
3  104 cm 1 and the bandgap is 0.66 eV, the thickness of the Germanium layer, rounded off to 3 decimal
places, is ____________ m .
20 mW, 600 mm
1 cm
1 cm
Silicon dioxide 100 mm
Germanium T
Ans.
Question 53
Consider a unity feedback system, as in the figure shown, with an integral compensator K / s and open-
loop transfer function
1
G(s)  2
s  3s  2
Where, K  0 . The positive value of K for which there are exactly two poles of the unity feedback system
on the j -axis is equal to ________ (rounded off to 2 decimal places).
X (s )  K
 G( s) Y (s )
 s
Ans. 6
Sol. Given :
K
Integral constant 
s
1
G(s) 
s  3s  2
2
k k 1
G '( s )   G ( s)   2
s s s  3s  2
k
G '( s) 
s  s  3s  2 
2
k
C f  1  G '( s )  1 
s ( s  3s  2)
2
 s 3  3s 2  2s  k  0
So, It is given that exactly two poles on j axis that means marginal stable system
Third order cubic and all the sign are same
So, EP  IP
k 6
Question 54
In an ideal pn junction with an ideality factor of 1 at T  300 K , the magnitude of reverse-bias voltage
required to set 75% of its reverse saturation current, rounded off to 2 decimal places, is ______ mV.
k  1.38 1023 JK 1 , h  6.625 1034 J-s , q  1.602 1019 C
Ans. 36
Sol. Equation of diode current
I D  I 0 (eV / VT  1)
Given,   1
I D   75% of I 0
3
I D   I0
4
By using equation,
3
 I 0  I 0 (eV /10.026  1)
4
 0.75 I 0  I 0  I 0 eV /0.026
I 0  1.386  0.026  36 mV
Question 55
It is desired to find a three-tap causal filter which gives zero signal as an output to an input of the form
 j n   j n 
x  n   c1 exp     c2 exp  
 2   2 
where c1 and c2 are arbitrary real numbers. The desired three-tap filter is given by
h  0  1, h 1  a, h  2  b
and h  n   0 for n  0 or n  2
What are the values of the filter taps a and b if the output is y  n   0 for all n, when x[n] is as given
above?
n0
x n  
y n  0
h n  1, a , b
(A) a = –1, b = 1 (B) a = 1, b = 1 (C) a = 0, b = 1 (D) a = 0, b = –1

Ans. (C)
 
j n
x  n   c1 e
j n
Sol. Given, 2
 c2 e 2
x  n   c1  c2
x  1  j  c1  c2 
x   2    c1  c2 
x 1   j  c1  c2 
x  2    c1  c2 
Given h  0  1, h 1  a, h  2  b
Output y  n  is given as

y  n   h  K  x n  K  …(i)
K 

y  0   h  K  x K 
K  
As h  n  is ‘0’ for other values of n, except n  0,1 and 2, hence

y  0  h  0 x  0  h 1 x  1  h  2  x   2
y  0  1(c1  c2 )  a  j (c1  c2 )   b   (c1  c2 ) 
At a  0 and b  1, both real and imaginary parts of y  0 are 0 and hence y  0 is 0 at a  0 and b  1 .
From equation (i),

y 1   h  K  x 1  K 
K  
y 1  h  0 x 1  h 1 x  0  h  2 x   1
y 1  1  j (c1  c2 )   a  c1  c2   b  j (c1  c2 ) 
y 1 is zero at a  0 and b  1 .
Similarly we can check for y  2 .
Hence, the values of a and b for which y  n  is zero for all values of n is a  0 and b  1 .


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PAGE GATE 2019 [Forenoon Session]

1 Electronics & Communication Engineering

Q.1 to Q.5 Carry one mark each

Panel (b) Panel (c)

Q.1 to Q.25 Carry one mark each

0  GCD of  01 , 02 , 03 

Substituting value of E  X  in equation (i),

Given f c  50 kHz , k p  10 rad/V

(i ) max  2  50  103  10   2  103  120  103 Hz

(i ) min 90 103 3

Hi-Z represents high impedance state.

Limits : x  y, x   and y  0, y   tracing the limits we get

Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

(A) Q, R, P (B) R, P, Q (C) Q, P, R (D) P, Q, R

Time period at Q3  3 times the time period of clock.

(A) No change in the Noise Margin (B) N ML increases and NM H decreases

VS1 VS2 VS3

= 2 (Area of closed curve)

v pz  4.5  108 m/sec

Differentiation both sides

Taking antilogarithm both sides

(A) 3.89 (B) 5.25 (C) 4.50 (D) 2.81

c (t )  1  e nt  n te nt (for CD system)

So, for 0.94 test should be less than = 5.8 sec.

I sat  800  3.45  10 7  10 (5  0.7) 2

I sat  800  3.45  10 6  4.32

(C) A  0 A0 (D) A0 A0

function of LTI system is

So, from transfer function

X (t ) and Z (t ) are uncorrelated.

RY ( )  E  X '(t )  Z (t ) X '(t  )  Z (t  )

RY ( )  E  X '(t ) X '(t  )  E  X '(t ) Z (t  )   E  Z (t ) X '(t  )   E  Z (t ) Z (t  ) 

RY ()  RX ' ()  RZ () … (ii)

Power in Y (t ) is given as area under the power spectral density function.

Constellation diagram is shown below.

But for binary ‘0’, basis function is given as, E  2 (t )

Hence equation (iii) will be,

Constellation diagram is shown below.

d min  EEb  Eb  Eb ( E  1) … (iv)

nCox  100 A/V 2 Vtn  0.7V of nMOS

Vin g mVin rds rds V0

Expression of AN signal is given as,

Using MAP criteria to find minimum probability of error,

Optimum threshold  Vth  1 [Intersection point on X-axis]

Vc (t  2 msec)  10 1  e 2/5   10 1  e 0.4 

Vc (t  2 msec)  3.29  3.3 V

From parseval’s theorem, Energy of any sequence x[n] is given as

Let x[n]  h[n]  g[n]

For E (h, g ) to be minimum

So, 10 g  1  g 1  10  ( 3)  3   27

Solving minor feedback loop,

Finally transfer function is given as

(A) a1  1, a2  W62 , a3  W6 (B) a1  1, a2  W62 , a3  W6

f1 ( m )  x[3m ]   x (0), x (3) 

f 2 ( m )  x[3m  1]   x (1), x (4) 

f 3 ( m )  x[3m  2]   x (2), x (5) 

X [ k ]  F1 ( k )  W6k  F2 ( k )  W62 k F3 ( k ), k  0,1, 2 5

F1 (0)  f1 (0)  f1 (1) F1 (1)  f1 (0)  f1 (1)

x (0)  F1 (0)  W60 F2 (0)  W60 F3 (0)

x (1)  F1 (1)  W61 F2 (1)  W62 F3 (1)

x (2)  F1 (2)  W62 F2 (2)  W64 F3 (2)

x (3)  F1 (3)  W63 F2 (3)  W66 F3 (3)

x (4)  F1 (4)  W64 F2 (4)  W68 F3 (4)