Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
This chapter highlights related literature and studies that are relevant in
researches gained from books, magazines, journals, internet, and other electronic
sources, as well as a discussion of previous foreign and local studies on the topic.
Such related literature and studies provided information and background directly and
indirectly to the present problem which aided the researcher in conceptualizing the
RELATED LITERATURE
Foreign
Journalism is a form of writing that tells people about things that really happened,
but that they might not have known about already (Niles, 2007). Nonetheless, campus
journalism helps student become more aware of what's happening around them. They
learn how to become responsive and proactive citizens at a young age. Additionally, it
helps and trains students to become responsible. Student journalists are taught and
One of the lacking aspects of many journalism classes in many schools is the
ability to provide students with real-world experience. This is where a school newspaper
can come in. A school newspaper allows students to experience a variety of journalism
types and to gain real experience that not only looks good on a resume, but can build
confidence for any journalistic career. There are two classes of journalism that a
newspaper club can aid your students in learning: print journalism and photojournalism.
Within these classes, there are specific areas of specialty that can be incorporated into a
(MakeMyNewspaper.com, 2020).
According to Suycano (2016), Campus papers should instill among the student
which are unfavorable to the students, to the local community, or to the nation. However,
in doing so, ethics, responsibility, and limitations of freedom of press should guide them.
Related Studies
also known as the Campus Journalism Act of 1991. The law protects freedom of the press
at the campus level and promotes the growth and development of campus journalism as
ethical values.
According to Binoya (1999), Journalism is the art and science of writing for
newspapers, periodicals, radio, television, and online publications, enfolds timely and
factual reports of unusual or unexpected events, opinions, or situations that affect man
and his environment. These reports are gathered, evaluated, and published, broadcasted,
The effective and efficient management of a school paper is measured not solely or the
merit of a written master plan that predetermines a course of action to be pursued for
optimum results. It should likewise place a high premium on how the adviser assumes
truly regarding to both the teacher and the student. The mentor finds fulfillment in
asserts that campus journalism gives student journalists the opportunity to practice their
craft and share their thoughts and insights about certain issues, there are also other
reasons why it is important. The Campus Journalism Act of 1999 is An Act Providing for
the Development and Promotion of Campus Journalism and for other purposes.
The act is also meant to help students improve technical skills in journalism,
and promote social awareness. It is also a good venue for advocating educational
development, as well as for voicing out students’ rights and promoting their welfare.
Here are three important reasons why it should be implemented in schools and
educational institutions.
around them. They learn how to become responsive and proactive citizens at a young
age. Additionally, it helps and trains students to become responsible. Student journalists
2. Campus journalism provides students a voice. Student journalists can act as the
messengers of the student body. They can talk about issues, policies, and events that
are essential to both the student and the school administration. School publications serve
as a venue for students so their message can reach the proper school authorities.
Likewise, it is a way of bringing together and uniting the students, the faculty, and the
expression.
The student journalists are each given regular tasks – editing, writing, proofreading, and
headline writing, among others. As such, they are trained in various fields. Aside from
communication arts, these student journalists are also trained to manage the school
paper; something that they can put to good use after they graduate. The young journalists
also learn to delegate and to value teamwork. So, campus journalism actually trains them
Building the journalists of tomorrow. Given that journalism is one of the most
vital professions in any society, campus journalism is one of the most significant
endeavors in the country. It is where students get a taste of what it is like to write for their
school, their neighborhoods, their dreams and their hopes. It is, hopefully, what sparks
what these events mean, and make informed decisions. They also serve as watchdogs
of the government, keeping us honest and interpreting what we do for every Filipino. For
Handling this role is surely a gargantuan task, one that I believe every campus
journalist must understand from Day 1, despite the pressure it might put on them. I believe
these competitions must not remain as mere contests of skill and honor, but rather a
catalyst for the younger generation to appreciate what journalism is and make the media
A Very Special Task Called School Paper Advising. School paper advising is a
tough job, most of the time stressful and toilsome. More than these are the many concerns
of a school paper adviser such as trainings for writers, funds for school paper, and the
need to be in good terms with the school administrator. Beating deadlines also serve as
But why the desire for coming up with a good school paper remain in sight? The
reason is this: buried inside the ribs of a school paper adviser beats a passionate heart
for journalism.
A school paper adviser is responsible for establishing an enjoyable activity for all
the members of his/her editorial board such as collecting, organizing and presenting news
in a manner that will likely teach a child the principles of journalism, which when taught
with the heart can be his guiding principles for life. And then there’s another reason: a
heart for journalism that beats for what is just and fair.
to educate and to provide the writers an opportunity to serve as the voice of the student
council. In here, he or she has that tough job of doing all these tasks on top of being a
teacher, a coach and a mediator between the school administrator and the first line of
warriors the student-writers. She/he is a model of ethics in writing and leads the editorial
board in planning the school paper. This includes idea generation from each of the writers
and beating deadlines to meet the goals set within the timeframe. He/she puts the team
together and designs the nitty-gritty of the campus paper, and then drafts the operational
plan. Once operational, he or she then leads and checks the staff whether they are on
the right track or not. A draft of the timeline may best help the writers and the adviser in
School paper management may seem too difficult and idealistic, but love for
journalism speaks and works for itself. After all the hard work is a rewarding masterpiece
of a school paper and a fulfilling relationship with the young writers. Challenging as it is,
but if we will be able to instill a sense of responsible spirits in the writers’ heart, then we
will fulfill our noble aspirations as school paper adviser (Galindo, 2016).
Teachers as Coaches and School Paper Advisers. Pingol (2018) The Campus
Journalism Act of 1991 had given birth to the much-anticipated competitions among
The district/ sectoral levels are a qualifying level for student journalists who would
like to compete in the division level of the conference which is a yearly competition in the
rudiments of journalism writing from news, feature and sports writing among others.
It is the enormous task of teacher coaches and school paper advisers to hone the
writing talents of the students in journalism as well as their creative and speaking skills in
training levels that teachers are in fact also honing their own skills. Journalism is a
different discipline. Teachers would need to browse upon materials as well as undergo
regular training to be able to re-echo journalism principles and hone the needed skills
among their pupils. All of which is daunting task not for the faint-hearted.
In the public schools, teachers are always faced by the problem of resources and
training to be fully able to equip the pupils. The need also to manage the school paper to
come up with regular issues is another matter entirely. But in an overall sense, the task
of managing and training are essential tasks to actually make students learn.
While there are now incentives for winners and trainers, the biggest boost are not
the rewards but the overall support of the school and the community. Training pupils and
managing a school paper is not just the task of one or two teachers but the responsibility
of stakeholders.
To meet the educational needs of the 21st century the teachers as trainers and
coaches of student writers must play a more dynamic role and become far more than an
administrator of top-down rules and regulations. Schools and their governing structures
must let school leaders lead in a systematic fashion and focus on the instructional and
learning processes and outcomes of their schools. Teachers could only be competent in
their teaching and training duties if all the needed support are given them.
One must not also forget that teachers and pupils should receive the same training
from experts in the field to be able refresh and add to their skill sets every year. Training,
teachers, and other educators are ought to give campus journalism a lift. The schools
could be a very good training ground or pool for future journalists or at least writers.
The advisory role is viewed as an additional load that does not pay. In return, some of
them do not give their all in working with the paper. Many of them concern themselves
only on coming out with a single issue of the school paper with minimum or no coaching
contacts anymore.
This is indeed a problem, which will especially surface if there are pupils and
students who wanted to learn how to write or be part of the school paper. There is a gap
between the clamor for learning and the available opportunities to inspire young writers.
I have this opportunity to deal with school teachers whose job descriptions include
advising the school paper staff. According to them, their greatest problem is time
But the way I see it, skills development is at the core of the problem. While the
public expects the teachers to mentor the kids on campus journalism, some if not most of
them lack the skills to write even the most basic form of journalistic practice, news writing.
classes in a practical way, that is, by selecting and training the mentors so they, too,
would be equipped.
RELATED STUDIES
Foreign
or administrative relationships, “the school newspaper staff can help influence and
improve public feelings by being aware of potential problems and responsibility explaining
A Study of the Status of School Newspapers in Virginia Public Schools. Gibson (1961).
Scholastic Press Association, Quill and Scroll) in addition to regional associations and
clinics (Southern Interscholastic Press Association, Virginia High School League, and
University of Richmond leigh School Newspaper Clinic), have given guidance and
encouragement to high school journalists. The press associations not only offer critical
services and ratings, but they also provide meeting places where advisers and staff
There is a wide range of difference in the status of new&- paper advisers in the
various schools of the state. Generally, in Groups I-A and I-B, the newspaper advisers
are teachers of ' English and journalism, while in Groups II and III. many of them ' ' ' - . - .
. teach subjects in the field of business education. . The reason -for the latter fact seems
to be that since the smaller schools have ... . ~ - mimeographed or duplicated publications,
teachers who are in a position to supervise typewriting are chosen as sponsors. In Group
I-A schools there is the greater incidence of extra pay for duties of sponsorship and
released time provided during the day for work on the newspaper.
Two major problems facing high school journalism today are the need for
journalism to be taught in more high schools and the need for well-trained journalism
teachers and newspaper sponsors. This situation is not unique in Virginia. Recent
research has indicated that the same problem exists throughout the United States.
II. CONCLUSIONS Based on research and study of the problem; the investigator
has arrived at the following conclusions: 1. The high school newspaper is a worthwhile
endeavor. 2. National, state, regional, and local press associations render valuable
services to high school newspaper staffs. 3. Newspaper ~sponsors in Group I-A and
Group I-B schools generally receive more recognition from administrators in that they are
given more time during the school day to supervise journalistic activities than the
order to have a good high school newspaper. s. The majority of high school newspaper
sponsors in Virginia feel that they are not qualified for the responsibility. 6. The percentage
7. Staff members selected by the sponsor are usually better qualified and will do better
Local
Laya et al. (2016) in Campus Journalism Related Factors and Journalistic Merits
of Student Publications in Selected Tertiary Schools in Davao City, stated that Campus
is fair, balanced and investigative. The study was conceptualized to identify the level of
journalistic merits of student publications and the level of campus journalism factors and
their relationship. The editorial board members of the thirteen colleges and universities in
Davao City were involved in the study. Results showed that the level of journalistic merits
journalistic freedom influence the volume of relevant articles and extent of implementation
of RA 7079 influence the recognition received by the student publication or its staff.
Tanodra (1992) revealed in her study that the greatest number of high school
paper advisers in Metro Manila ere not adequately prepared and trained in information
disenchantment among young workers. Campus journalist, to succeed in their craft need
to find an adviser who is determined to make jobs to make his work a happy growing
experience. School paper advising is a real challenge where problems encountered every
problems with their students’ staff, their fellow teachers and school administrator or
principal. Binoya (1999) indicates that the adviser’s number one mission is to inspire
young writers to give the school publication their best effort. These could be realized by
pursuing these goals. 1. Make school paper advising a more challenging task and perform
the job at high level of excellence. 2. Don’t make our staff for granted. Recognize that
follows: 1. Organize at the beginning of the school year and handle journalism classes
with above average intelligence and inclination to writing. 2. Organize the school paper
Administer division test in journalism, correct and report of such tests. 5. Read
7. Prepare daily lesson plans. 8. Prepare journalism exercises and instructional aids
materials. 9. Evaluate and record pupil performance in the journalism aids and materials.
10. Train contestants for decision, regional, and national contest in journalism.
11. Set up timetable for the production and distribution of the school paper. 12.
Copy read article for the publications. 13. Type corrected articles submitted by the staff
members. 14. Work with the staff and layout of the school paper. 15. Submit articles and
pictures with the corresponding picture to the printer. 16. Proof-read typeset materials
and follow up production of school paper at the press until its completed. 17. Take picture
of significant activities in the school and in the community. 18. Accompany the staff
members in the survey of the school and community resources and activities in joining
journalism contests and conferences, and in going to and from the press and in awarding
ceremonies. 9. Prepare with the staff the dummy and headlines of the school paper. 20.
Prepare pictures for the publication, cropping, caption writing, indicating printers’
directions.
21. Verify through research and interview facts reported in articles submitted by
the staffers. 22. Prepare financial reports on expenditures from paper subscription funds
after every issue. 23. Keep and update school morgue and file of exchanges. 24. Prepare
financial reports on expenditures from paper subscription funds after every issue. 25.
Take charge of and be responsible for all books, property and equipment issued for the
use of journalism classes. 26. Keep and update school paper morgue and file exchanges.
27. Execute and submit a clearance form issued by the Journalism and School Paper
services at the end of the school year and upon going maternity leave, sabbatical leave,
study leave, resignation, retirement, and transfer to other office, school, division or
change of assignment. 28. Submit file copies of every issue of the school paper to the
office of the Journalism and School Paper Services 29. Executive and submit
performance rating together with the worksheet. 30. Exert all effort and implement all
possible means to improve instruction, develop right values, and accelerate performance.
31. Any change in assignment, all books and other staff property should be turned over
Pan (1990) in Incompetence of Newspapers Advisers, has listed down the major
among those that affect the teachers of journalism and advising of school paper.
teaching load as some of the problems encountered by the teacher adviser. Oliva (1999)
mentioned that campus journalism should be included in the public secondary curriculum.
He also suggested that school administrators should give their full support in promoting
campus journalism because it is where our future writers will get motivated. He also
suggested that school paper advisers should start to educate students abut consequence
The lack and the needs to have better (trained) advisers Consequently, Roque
(1972) stated that the task of putting out a school publication requires not only the ability
to write effectively but also the ability to plan, finance, and manage the campus paper. He
believes that one who undertakes the writing of a guide for teaching journalism should
include the various details that go into managing a school paper as well as offer helpful
editorial tips in ranging from the development of the papers format to writing and
He believes that a good school newspaper of journalism could take up the choice
and training of the staff, how to prepare the budget, how to plan and layout, copy read,
developing and printing pictures, style books production and relationship between the
Sicat (1988) believes that responsible leadership is naturally developed among the
students as they come to know their duties and responsibilities to themselves and others.
He added that like any other teacher in the school, the school paper adviser must
know the many behaviors of students in the organization that affect the daily climate He
should be the one who helps the students move toward self-direction. While assisting the
needs and problems of the students, good rapport and empathy are stimulating
development of desirable habits, skills and display of favorable attitudes and appreciation.
Complimentary to educational attainment are the fruits of competence and
creativity but dedication is one’s commitment. Attitude and values towards work are the
story factors on how to measure the performance of a school paper adviser. Important
Writing Skills Considering that the teachers play a vital role in bringing along the language
arts to the mind of the learners, the teacher according Vile (2008:1) should involve setting
The teacher has to determine the teaching style, the approach to be used, the
method and the classroom techniques, procedures and activities to be used in the
classroom. The classroom then must create a conducive atmosphere that is geared
meaningfully in the second or foreign language. Thus, implying the use for communicative
Kinsella (1981) stated that the inability to spell correctly and confidently is one of
the most serious problems in writing for many people. If language is incorrect, then what
is said is not meant. If what is said is not meant, then what ought to be done remains
undone (Jean Wrynick, 1986) Velmonte (1980) pointed out to attain success in speaking
or writing in any language, one most first have something to say; one has to know how to
The developmental advising model holds that the academic advisor and the
the participants. As in all endeavors that are primarily human relations, there are
developmental process that assists students in the clarification of their life/career goals
and in the development of educational plans for the realization of these goals. It is a
ongoing, multi-faceted, and the responsibility of both student and advisor. The advisor
course and career planning and program progress review, and an agent of referral to
Burton and Wellington (1998) epitomize developmental advising when they say,
“A developmental model of advising permits the advisor to help the advisee focus, through
self-reflection, on interests and goals.” This allows the advisor and the advisee to work
shares many virtues with developmental advising and yet takes developmental
advisement one step farther. While developmental advising has the broad goal of
personal growth, teaching as advising specifically focuses on enhancing student learning
(Lowenstein, 2005).
areas such as career planning and study skills, in addition to courses and class schedules
(Crookston, 1972).
Effective teachers and effective advisors exhibit many of the same characteristics,
knowledge and skills. C.C. Ryan (1992) and Drew Appleby (2001) compares the two:
Effective Teachers teach students how to evaluate information and provide regular
their progress toward personal, educational and career goals and provide timely
feedback, reinforce learning that has taken place and applaud student successes
While instructors are responsible for individual courses, an advisor’s domain is the
Just as teaching has learning outcomes, so should advisement. Lifelong skills such
"Advising is the intersection of the teaching/learning experience" (Miller & Alberts, 1994,
p. 44).
Crookston’s (1972) theory focuses on the relationship between the student and
advisor and also the roles for each. Bloom’s (2008) Appreciative Advising approach also
emphasizes the importance of relationships and seeking holistic understandings of
personal experience.
Vygotsky (1978) believed that each student operates within a range of ability and
that educators would best facilitate learning by presenting students with work that
challenges without overwhelming them. If work is too easy the student will be bored, while
if the work is too difficult the student will not have the intellectual tools necessary to learn
anything from attempting the work. Vygotsky’s work focused on learning and cognitive
development in children; however, his insights can be successfully adapted and applied
John Dewey (1938), in his work Experience and Education, emphasized the
importance that previous experience and prior knowledge play in the development of new
experiences when providing academic guidance. Taking the time to understand the life
exhaustion, and lethargy. Therefore, stress can influence people in every age, sex, race,
and situation and can result in both physical and psychological health (American
received mental tension. In other words, stress means readjustment of individual with new
situations and conditions. Whenever a change occur in life, individual is confronting with
(Seyle, 1956). This reaction occurs through the interaction of a stressor, an external
Conceptual Framework
for campus journalism. Its premise answers why the researcher is motivated to conduct
Determining proper ways to manage campus journalism led the researchers to intensify
the value of the study as it resembles a huge part of their concurrent lives.
The variables that will be used in the study will be reflected in the research
paradigm wherein the first box presents the profile of the respondents. The second box
contained the perception to journalistic workload, the activities, programs and projects
Perception to journalistic
Profile of the Respondents
workload
a. Age
A. Books
https://www.makemynewspaper.com/journalism-and-a-school-newspaper-club
Robert Niles, http://www.robertniles.com For McKinley Elementary, Pasadena, Calif., March 2007
Building the journalists of tomorrow - Harold E. Clavite https://pia.gov.ph/features/articles/1016522
Laya, Mona & Aleria, John Rey & Laroya, Jan. (2016). Campus Journalism Related Factors and
Journalistic Merits of Student Publications in Selected Tertiary Schools in Davao City. UIC
Research Journal. 19. 10.17158/473.
January 2016
C. Unpublished Materials
D. Electronic Sources
https://www.makemynewspaper.com/journalism-and-a-school-newspaper-club
Theoretical framework:
https://www.missouristate.edu/policy/Op3_26_4_AdvisingTheories.htm
https://nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Academic-Advising-Today/View-Articles/Key-Theories-of-
Lev-Vygotsky-and-John-Dewey-Implications-for-Academic-Advising-Theory.aspx