Unit 1 (Ch 2-3, 4c) Neo-European Colonies
Spain
Encomiendas
Columbian Exchange
Mercantilism → Carribean
Islands for sugar
Mixing races → casta system
Direct gov. control
1. Distribution of wealth
2. Reasons to colonize
3. Economic structure
4. Role of religion
5. Role of government
6. Migrant population
Southern Colonies
Chesapeake Bay + etc
- Settled for economic
profit (sugar, tobacco,
rice, indigo)
New England
Joint-stock companies:
Virginia Company, British
Indian Company,
Came as mostly families
Indirect gov. control
Headright system →
indentured servitude
1. Jamestown
(Proprietary → Royal
colony--privy council
and governor) →
tobacco colony
House of Burgesses
2. Pilgrims and Puritans
(John Winthrop and
John Calvin’s
predestination) v.
Roger Willians
(Rhode Island +
religious tolerance)
and Anne Hutchinson
(power of grace above
covenant of works)
Salem 1692
Joint stock company
Molasses Act
Navigation Act
Salutary Neglect
Middle Colonies
NY, Pennsylvania, NJ,
Delaware
- Settled as home to
different origins
New Netherlands/ New
France
Jacques Cartier claimed St.
Lawrence River for France in
Quebec
King Louis XIV turned New
France into a royal colony
Banned Hugenotts and 45%
of wheat crops went to nobles
and the Catholic Church
Netherland (Dutch) prospered
via the Atlantic trade and
Indian Ocean Commerce with
E. India
Brutal in their fur trade
relationship with seizing farm
land, taking over native trade
networks, maiming, burning
New England Colonies
Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, New
Hampshire
- Settled for religious
 - Mostly single men - Disunity freedom away from
(affected by - William Penn granted the Church of England
Euro-primogeniture) proprietary from - Settings for Metacom
- Applied headright Charles II for (Wampanoag v.
system Quaker’s religious Puritan settlers) and
- Cash crop tolerance Puritan-Pequot
plantations - Quakers and - Iroquois Confederacy
- Navigation Act Protestant became clashed/played British
- Greater economic gap squatters → Walking against France
- Maryland with Purchase of 1737 - Came with families
Christian tolerance - No manors/instead led by Wintrope who
- Indian war in 1622 modest family farms imposed regulations
- Stono’s Rebellion in according to “City on
SC a Hill”
- Egalitarian
- Representativ
e
self-governme
nt with
Mayflower
Compact
Bacon’s Rebellion 1676: disgruntled yeomen farmers rebel → increase in African slaves
Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) King James and his Dominion of New England was overthrown
by William III of Orange and Mary
- John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government
South Atlantic System: Triangular trade involving Central South America, Southern colonies,
Coastal W. Africa, and Portugeses sugar-producing Carribean islands and Brazil.
- Caused decline of the Islamic trade/Sub-Saharan trade
- Middle Passage: ship route where slaves were transported

Unit 2 (Ch 4-6) From British Colonies to the Constitution of the New United States
(1754-1787)
British influence dominates New England with Enlightenment ideologies: Natural rights
philosophy and deism. Thus, the Great Awakening led by George Whitefield also occurs,
resulting in the divide between the Old Lights and New Lights (→ Christian universities).
Albany Plan of Union, drafted by Benjamin Franklin, was a plan to unite British colonies under a
centralized government, but it failed due to fear of states’ losing autonomy and Motherland
losing control.
The French and Indian War was a land/power fight between England and France, which led to
the end of salutary neglect and tensions to the spark of the Revolutionary war.
Importance of French and Indian War
1. Causation of series of acts
2. British blunder at beginning of war (shattered myth of invincible motherland)
3. George Washington learns strategical way to win war (circumstances of when to run
 away)

- Peace Treaty of Paris granted Britain over ½ of America, including French Canada,
territory east of the Mississippi River, Spanish Floridia, and recent conquest of Africa and
India.
- Royal Proclamation of 1763 declared Appalachian West was Indian’s territory and
off-limits for colonialists
- End of Salutary neglect
- Paxton boys (Scotish frontiers who fought for land with Native Americans)
- Regulators (landowners who called for fairer taxation, more western districts with
courts, and greater rep. In assembly.
With the end of salutary neglect, British monarchy imposed various taxations on British
colonies in America, ultimately causing the Revolution.
- Sugar and Stamp Act --initiated by British politician, George Grenville
- Stamp Act Congress (assembly of nine to challenge the constitutionality of
taxation) → repealed and Earl of Rockingham made the Declaration Act that
issued Parliament asserting its authority on colonists via binding law
- Sons of Liberty (Bostanians who violently adv)
- Quartering Act
- Townshend Act (taxes on tea, paint, glass, paper) → Non-importation movement and
Daughters of Liberty
- Boston Massacre was a 1770 street fight between patriot mob and a squad of British
soldiers. → Committee of Correspondence (to signal assemblies when threats to liberty
occurred like with the Tea Act of May)
- Tea Act May 1773 (EIC financed with lower priced tea) → Boston Tea Party → Coercive
Acts (1. Closed down courts (Justice Act), prohibited town meetings, new Quartering Act
that mandated new barracks for troops, closes down ports and annulled colony’s charter)
*targeted Massachuttes
- Continental Congress formed → emergence of American identity with formal boycotting
and organization issued official grievances that is going to be sent to Parliament →
requesting for representation and repeal of taxation
- Encourages colonies to organize their militias

Revolutionary War
British America

11 million 2.5 million

Wealth from South Atlantic System
Industrial Revolution
Loyalists and Indian coalition support
Philipsburg Proclamation (Black’s help in
exchange for their freedom)
Lacked strong central government
New Continental Army with 18,000 poorly
trained, inexperienced recruits
George Washington’s leadership
Familiarity with land
 Treaty of Alliance
Marquis Lafayette, French ally that persuaded
on America’s behalf to fight at Yorktown,
cornering Commander Cornwallis

British troops arrived at Concord to capture rebel leaders and military store of weapons and
ammunition → Lexington and Concord Battle
→ Second Continental Congress: organized the Continental Army to fight with George
Washington as a commander
→ John Dickson persuaded Congress to send George III the Olive Branch Petition:
plead with King to negotiate
→ Thomas Paine published “Common Sense” that promoted independence and
censured traditional monarchical power
= Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson on the foundation of
Enlightenment ideals of popular sovereignty (power of the electorate).
The Battle of Saratoga marked a turning point in RW with American victory, (leads to Treaty of
Alliance where France forms a secret loac with America to provide them gunpowder *boast in
ppl’s moral) but British retaliates with mercantilist blockade and there’s a financial crisis with
bonds/funding running out from wealthy. Furthermore, 12,000 soldiers were suffering at Valley
Forge from poor diet, cold weather, sickness, lack of proper clothing, etc.
- Prussian military officer, Baron von Steuben helped George’s army by instituting a strict
drill system, creating a disciplined force
The Battle of Yorktown was the last major battle with American victory, leading to the Treaty of
Paris.
- Granted Americans independence (land beyond the Appalachian Mountains and
freedom of navigation on the Mississippi River)
- British merchants allowed to collect pre-war debts
- Loyalists’ property returned and able to have citizenship

Building New Nation

States began to ratify their constitution and Founding Fathers come up with the Articles of
Confederation in 1777 that ratifies loose union in which each state retains its sovereignty,
freedom, and independence.
- Abigail Adams calls for equal rights for females and Judith Murray for women’s equal
opportunity to be educated for equal intelligence to be fostered
But the Shays Rebellion (resistance against American taxation that rose due to low funds bc of
British’s low-priced manufactures that were driving urban artisans and textile firms out of
business) and Newburgh Conspiracy
- Virginia's Plan devised by James Madison to establish national government, reject state
sovereignty over national authority, and propose a three-year election system with two
legislative body filled according to population
 - New Jersey Plan devised by to allow for states to have a unicameral body equally
representing states
- = Great Compromise of a Bicameral Congress with Senators and House of
Representatives + with checks and balances of multi-branched gov. (John
Adams)
- → Divide between Federalists and Antifederalists
- Federalists: advocated for strong, centralized government over state
power + used the “The Federalists” (85 essays by John Jay, Alexander
Hamliton, and James Madison) to justify the adv. And renounce poss.
troubles it could arise.
- Antifederalists: farmers and middle class who feared of centralized
tyranny in fear of emulating Britain and desired for state
individualism/power
- Ex. Patrick Henry
Unit 3 (Ch 7-10) The New Nation (1787-1844)

Unanimously elected to be the First President of US because of his 1) non tyrannical authority/
delegator 2) not associated to any party
- Judiciary Act of 1789: created the Supreme Court and smaller courts when necessary
- Ratified the Bills of Rights
- Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit (assumed states debt and redeemed war certificated
to have credit), Bank of the United States (Govt owned with private stockholders),
Manufacture (taxes in industries)
- Opposing Hamiliton’s plan → the First party system with Thomas Jefferson and
Madison leading the Jeffersonian Republician or Democratic-Republician Party
- Whiskey Rebellion in result of taxes on corn whiskey → unconstitutional
response of 12,000 militia troops v. Federalists
- Jays Treaty was a treaty between British and US that resolved issues that remained from
the Treaty of Paris and those that arose from British seizing American ships and residing
at American ports
- Proclamation of Neutrality during the French revolution
- Treaty with Greenville (allowed for western expansion into Ohio)
- George Washington’s Farewell Address
Federalist/ post Secretary of State
- Alien and Sedition Act that targeted popular Democratic Republican voices
- Naturalization Act: increases mandatory residing years from 5 to 14
- Virginia and Kentucky Resolution that stated that the Alien and Sedition act were
unconstitutional
- XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident between France and US that lead to the undeclared
France Quasi War

(Revolution of 1800) → Judiciary Act of 1801 where Adams places Federalistic

judges in the Supreme Court
Democratic Republican who believed in 1) less national power, 2) limited size of government, 3)
strict construction, 4) Limit military, 5) Against Midnight judges/ repeals part of the Judiciary Act
of 1801
- Alien and Sedition Act not repealed
- Decreases debt
- Lower excise taxes
- Louisiana Purchase
- Lewis and Clark expedition
- Aaron Burr against the Louisiana Purchase had a pistol duel with Hamilton and
killed him
- Embargo Act of 1807 die to impressment from Britain

Marshall and Court Decisions

- Marbury vs. Madison that allowed Supreme Court to announce a law as
unconstitutional
- McCulloch vs. Maryland that announced national bank does not have to pay taxes to
state
- Gibbon vs. Ogden that affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce
National Republican with the start of the Second Party system from Hartford Convention were
Federalists’s discontent from War of 1812 led to talk of succession.
- The Battle of New Orleans with US victory led to Post-War of 1812 Era of Good Feelings
- Treaty of Ghent signed between Britain and US
- Split of Democratic Republican party with National Republicans and Democrats

- Panic of 1819: the end of economic expansion that followed from victory in War of 1812
with bank failures and unemployment and ushered new financial policies
- Commonwealth System → by 1820 state government funneled state aid to private
businesses whose projects would improve general welfare
- Democratic Republican Culture arose with the idea of Republican motherhood
- Missouri Compromise (36,30) Maine -free
- Second Great Awakening → Protestanat religious revival paired with reform
- Emma Willford advocated for females’ higher education
- Lyman Beecher, well known Presbyterian preacher
- Richard Allen, bishop of African Methodist Episcopal Church who led protest of
3,000 African Americans to condemn colonization and claim citizenship
- American Colonization Society to redefine slavery as a issue
- American Industrial Revolution
- Their strategy against British competition was 1) improve upon British technology
and 2) gain cheaper source of labor
- Eli Whitney, key inventor of machine tools
- Waltham-Lowell System in Massachusetts and New Hampshire
- Market Revolution that was a series of gradual transformation where Americans
(yeoman farmers or skilled artisans) moved to urban cities.
- Transportation increased with National Road and Erie Canal/ Fulton’s Clermont
or American steamboat
- Industrialization brought expansion of middle class with comfortable materials,
increasing gap between rich and poor → disorder from urban workers with
robberies, alcoholics, brawls.
 - Led to Benevolent Empire to restore moral gov. of God
- American Temperance Society to curb consumption of alcoholic
beverages
- Resentment against immigrants (Germans and Irish) → nativist
movements
- Early stages of labor union, sectional differences, deskilling of labor, boom
and bust cycle

Election of 1824 from Corrupt Bargain of 1824 with Henry Clay as Speaker collecting voted for
Adams against A. Jackson.
- Clay’s American System, Reestablishment of the US bank, and increases taxes on
imports to protect American business
- Tariff of 1816: high duties on imports of cheap English cotton cloth, allowing for NE
textile producer to control the segment of the market.
- South disliked new tariffs → Tariff of Abomination

Democratic
- Destroyed Clay’s American System
- Rejected national subsidiaries, including extensions for the National Road
- Tariffs of 1828 helped win presidency but let to political crisis
- South Carolina’s act of nullification (Ordinance of Nullification that argued that a
state has the right to void within its border a law passed by Congress
- Force Bill
- Revoted the rechartering bill → middle class glad of Jackson’s attack in corporate
privileged
- Jackson appointed Roger B. Taney to transfer fed. gov. silver/gold from Second
Bank to various state banks or Jackson’s pet banks
- Whigs Party arose (Third Party System) in 1833 in contest of Andrew Jackson’s
policies and high-handed, “kinglike” policies
- Indian Removal Act of 1830 that pushed Cherokees into reservation via Trail of Tears
 - Denied Worcester v. Georgia that declared Indian nations as distinct political
communities, having territorial boundaries in which their authority is exclusive
- 1830s most states allowed nearly all white men to vote
- Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis partly caused by economic policies of President
Jackson, who created the Specie Circular. (payment to government be in gold/silver)

Formerly part of the first statewide political machine that overtook NY legislature
- Called spoils system
- Supporters called Bucktail

- Led the Battle of Tippecanoe (For western settlement on Indian land) (the final catalyst
for War of 1812)

Unit 4 (Ch 11-15) Reform, Expansion, Sectionalism, and the Civil War (1800-1877)
Individualism: The Ethic of the Middle Class
Rapid Industrialization (rush of time in factory work) led to some Americans wanting out of the
traditional institution, ultimately leading to abortive attempts best described as them “screaming
at an abyss.”
- 1) Transcendentalism was an intellectual movement that emphasized the importance of
ideal world of mystical knowledge beyond immediate graph of sense. It challenged the
routined schedule of Industrialism.
- Rejection of Enlightenment ideas of rationale but embraced Romanticism or emotions
- Emerson argued that people were trapped by their inherited customs and institutions
(Industrialization) and should discover instead their original relationship with nature.
- Hence, Emerson formed Brook Farm, a communal experiment that failed due to
lack of farming skills. This led to Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller to accept the
reality of emergent commercial industrial order.
- Thoreau attempts to be “self-reliant” in nature in Warden.
- 2) Utopian experiments challenged sexual norms.
- Mother Ann and Shakers had the belief that Ann Lee was the reincarnation of
Christ and promoted common ownership of land.
 - Fourier had the idea of a socialist community where workers were liberated from
capitalist employes and would live in cooperative groups who would own property
in common.
- Oneida followed the footsteps of the Shakers, believing in the occurrence of
reincarnation of Christ.
- 3) Mormons (members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)
- Founder John Smith found a home for his religion in Missouri or “City of Zion”
- Brigham Young moved Mormons to Utah
Reforms arise with the Second Great Awakening in the early 19 century with Temperance
movement and American Colonization Society.

Slavery (in 1860s, only 25% of southern families owned slaves)

Upper South Lower south
Plantations were owned by Republican aristocrats
or rich slave owning families who lived
extravagantly with English customs. They feared
gov. Intervention with their slave property.

Tobacco, rice, and subtropical cash crops Cotton sugar

Daily tasks to accomplish → allows for free time if Gang-Labor system
finished More displacement of families due to land
More landless yeomen farmers expansion

Abolition movement is on the move: violence and passive advocacy. But again like “shouting at
an abyss,” only 10% of Northerners were abolitionists against the whole south, who justified
slavery with Christianity, pateralism (concept of fatherly benevolence), and fear of
ammalgamation or mixed race.

Violence Nonviolence

David Walker’s Appeal (written article that urges William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator 1831
for legal action against slavery) and formation of Anti-Slavery Society
Frederick Douglass, “What to the Slave is the
Nat Turner’s Rebellion (slave rebellion in VA)
Fourth of July?”
- Joins the Free Soil Movement in 1840
Black Protestantism from the Second Great
Awakening that focused on emotional conversion
because it was deemed more
and ritual baptism and avoided using biblical pragmatic and reasonable for change
reference for obedience to authority. to occur in that way
First Inaugural Address 1861 to Emancipation
Bleeding Kanas Proclamation showing the change of focus
Proslavery forced looted and burned free-soil town from prioritizing the preservation of the Union
of Lawrence to declaring moral, social reform.
- Started a guerilla warfare
John Brown slave revolt
 - Raids federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry
Elijah Lovejoy killed by proslavery mob

Women’s Suffrage precedes the abolition movement.

1848 Declaration of Sentiments
The Seneca Falls Convention

Sojourner Truth’s Post Civil War:

Ain’t I a Woman American Women’s Suffrage Association
1851 National Woman Suffrage Association

Dorothea Dix’s
improvement of
public facilities
and mental
hospitals.
Harriet Jacobs

Manifest Destiny (coined by O’Sullivan) caused America to expand its territory and issues with
it.

Event Description/Result
Oregon Fever In 1840s, Whigs called for American sovereignty over all of
Oregon calling for 54’ 40 or Fight
- Oregon Treaty with Britain for sole ownership of Oregon
at 49 parallel.
Annexation of Texas With the election of 1844, Polk elected favored expansionism →
Mexican War/ Treaty of resulting in prompting Mexico to war of 1836 with US for
Guadalupe Hidalgo annexation of Texas. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the
(1846-48) agreement that US would pay 15 million for ⅓ of its territory.
- With this territory, there was argument to whether it would
be a slave or free state → free soil movement (party that
opposed the expansion of slavery to prevent planations
from taking over.
Wilmot Proviso 1846 proposal by David Wilmost to ban slavery in territory
acquired from Mexican War.

California and With the election of 1848, Talyor was elected and advised
Forty-Niners Californiers to skip territorial phrase and apply for statehood in
LA where gold was found in Sacramento River.
- Native Americans pushed into five reservations

Compromise of 1850 Laws passed to resolve the dispute over the status of states
under the issue of slavery.
- California admitted as free slave
- Fugitive Slave Act
- With Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom, there
was a boost of anti-slavery advocacy
- Wisconsin Supreme Court declared FSA as
unconstitutional
- Personal Liberty laws that barred involvement in
turning in runaway slaves
- Squatter Sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico
*End of Whigs and - Resolved border dispute between Mexico and Texas
Election of 1852 with
Pres. Piercing

Gadsden Purchase Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, purchased land from Mexico
to build a Transcontinental Railroad on the US-Mexican border

Ostend Manifesto Plan to buy Cuba from Spain but opposed by Free-Soilers

Kansas and Nebraska Act Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to build
Transcontinental railroad. It repealed the Missouri compromise
and allowed for settlers to vote their status in slavery.
- Bleeding Kansas where proslavery southerners came
temporarily to vote → raid and burning of Kansas
anti-slavery advocates
- Brooks/Sumner incident of Senator Sumner giving a
 derogatory speech in response to Bleeding KA → Brooks
beating Sumner with a gold-tipped cane
- Ex-Whigs and Free-Soilers combined to form Republican
Party v. the Know Nothing Party was created to represent
anti-Catholics and anti-immigrants

In 1856, Pres, Buchanan was elected and though he was morally against slavery, he believed
that the Constitution restricted him from taking action against it.
Dred Scott v. Sandford case ruled that Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that the
gov. had no power to exclude slavery from territory. Dred Scott was not considered a free slave
because he was not a citizen as an African American. ee

In 1860s, Abraham and Douglas fought for presidency with series of debates. The Freeport
Doctrine was an argument presented by Douglas that territory’s residents could exclude slvaery
by not adapting laws to protect it.

Civil War
What led to secession?

Differing view of slavery (north and south)

- Bleeding Kansas

Buchanan → Denial by Lincoln of the Crittenden Compromise to prevent slavery from being
outlawed and extended from MI Compromise to LA.
First Inaugural Address was spoken in friendly tone in intent to preserve Union → Olive Branch
North South

90% of industries King Cotton alliance with Britain

⅔ of population - Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln’s “Quick and Swift” method announced at war was about the issue
Anaconda Plan (to take MI River, block naval
of slavery and abolished it in the
ports, take capital)
Runaway slaves/ African American militia
South while keeping Border states
(Contrabands) (Missouri, Delaware, Maryland,
Government increases control Kentucky)
- Legal Tender Act of 1862 and authorized Lack of central power
150 million in paper money Anger against South plantation owners due to
- 40% tariffs drafting → massive desertion after Battle of
- Surpasses American System/ fund private Antietam
industries to create war materials
- Homestead Act to expand/cultivate
territory
- Suspends Habeas Corpus
- Military Draft → NYC draft riot
Series of Civil War battles
Fort Sumter Attacked by South led by Robert Lee

Antietam War Union victory that led to Emancipation but did not
end war bc McClellan’s soldiers did not chase
after retreating soldiers

Bull Run 1st Battle, won by South + Lincoln replaces

McDowll to McClellan

Vicksburg Got MI River

Sherman’s March Sherman leads meach from Atlanta to Savannah

targeting infrastructure using scorched earth
campaign

Appomattox courthouse Gentlemen’s surrender where Grant allows Lee’s

men to leave without much reparation

Reconstruction Period
13th Amendment that confirmed the verdict of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865.
Plans
Lincoln’s 10% 10% of state’s population had to pledge allegiance to Union

Davis Wade Bill 50% of state’s population had to pledge allegiance to Union and allow for African
American’s right to vote (Radical Republican)
Johnson’s Bill
Allowed for the readmittance of states in similar plan as Lincolns but also allowed
for the re-election of previous Confederate leaders and the rewriting of the
Constitution with Black codes (punished vague crimes of African Americans for
“vagrancy” or not having a working contract)

Enacted:
Freedman Bureau Agency that helped give provisions for refugees
and freedmen → reunited families and provided
supervision over contracts

Civil Rights Act of 1866 Gave citizenship to anyone naturalized or born in

14th Amendment US

Gave the ability to vote (not denied the right to

15th Amendment vote in accordance to color) + enabled AA to be
elected into office
- Hiram Revel (first AA elected into Senate)
Reconstruction Act of 1867 Made 5 military districts headed by an appointed
governor

Impeachment of Johnson Congress accused him of defying Tenure of Office

Act and acting as king in threatening to fire any
 cabinet member who opposed him

Grant Enforcement Act Fed. gove to suppress terrorist activities

Civil Right Act of 1875 Equal jurisdiction act
Scalawags: South sympathizers with Northerners and black freedman
Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South for economic profit

Decline of Reconstruction
(Panic of 1875) Supreme court declared that the 14th Amendment did not provide the right
Minor v. Happersett to vote (specifically aimed towards females)

Replaced slavery in form of exploitation system where AA worked on

Sharecropping plantations in return for shelter, food, and clothing. If the harvest was bad,
the Sharecroppers were sometimes in debt.

Hayes vs. Tilden was a controversial election that was settled with Hayes
Election of 1876 receiving the winning votes for a military withdrawal of troops in the South
Compromise of 1877 military troops out

Redemption Democratic seats were overtaking the majority in Congress due to the
economic depression of 1873-78 and Whiskey Ring corruption of Rep.
party of gov. agents/politicians evading taxes for Grant’s reelection
campaign

Klu Klux Khan White supremacy group that acted in violence towards AA via tarring,
lyching,

US Supreme Court decision that limited protection of the 14th Amendment

Slaughterhouse Cases in that national citizenship did not uphold virtue of state citizenship

Supreme court announced that AA and whites can be “equal but separate,”
Plessy vs. Fergurson allowing for segregation and Jim Crow Laws

US vs. Kirikshank
Private groups are not under US control

Unit 5 (Ch 16 - 20) The Close of the Frontier, the Industrial Age, and Progressivism
(1854-1917)

With the end of the Civil War, the US economy ushered a boom for big companies, leading to
immigration of labors and union workers.
Issues
- Management Revolution with new modes of production, distribution, marketing,
extending their reach to new advertising industry, mail-order catalog, and department
stores
- Vertical and Horizontal integration
- Predatory Pricing
 - Frederick Talyor’s scientific management
- Deskilling labor and mass production
- Gustavus Swift (meatpacking industry)
- Andrew Carnegie (steel industry)
- Caregie’s “Gospel of Wealth” asserted that although the wealth gap
increased, the overall wellbeing increased for all
- Vs. “Progress and Poverty” that declared that as luxury increases, poverty
will worsen underneath
- J.P Morgan (investor and takes over Carnegie’s steel industry)
- John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil industry, horizontal)
-
- Monopolies → captain of industry
- Exploitation of laborers
Old immigration (1840-50) New immigration (1860-1920)
North/Western Europeans like Germans and East/South Europe with Poland, Italians,
Irish Greeks, Asians

Labor Organizations
Urban Industrialization
Knights of Labor
- Unskilled and skilled
- Womens and blacks included
- Attempting to radically change laws
American Federation of Labor (led by Samuel Gompers)
- Exclusive of only skilled white men
- Attempted to negotiate with factories themselves
Agrarian West
Grange Movement of less organized action among farmers in boycotting the middle man’s
work
Greenback Labor Party in response to Grange
Farmers Alliance arose in replace of Grange with Populist Party supporting it in leg.

Government Response
- Hatchet Act → provide gov. funding for agricultural research
- Interstate Commerce Act that created ICC for investigation of railroad rates and
regulate over companies hand over their workers (Wash vs. Illinois that declared fed.
government had authority over interstate commerce)
Labor Strikes
- Great Railroad Strike
- Haymarket Riot
- Homestead Strike
- Pullman Strike

American foreign policy

 - Burlingame Treaty that allowed for US missionaries to reside in China and set official
terms for Chinese laborers to emigrate
- Seward’s Icebox was the purchase of Alaska
- Treaty of Kanagawa allowed for US ships to refuel at two Japanese ports (opened by
Matthew Perry)
- Gold Standard switched to attract foreign investments
Western Expansion with Manifest Destiny →
Leading to conflicts with Native Americans
- Sand Creek Massacre (in fear of NA without US militia) → Fetterman Massacre
- Wounded Knee Massacre (due to Ghost Dance Movement)
- Battle at Little Big Horn → victory of NA during US attempt to remove Sioux to
reservation
- Grant→ Indian assimilation = Indian Boarding Schools and Dawes Severalty Act
Leading to the Federal government making incentives for w. Settlement.
- Homestead Act of 1862 gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicants who
improved and occupied
- Morrill Land Grants
- Massive subsidies to build transcontinental railroad
- Munn v. Illinois affirmed that states could regulate key businesses
- Transcontinental Road was built to transform American capitalism with new
markets growing
- Gov-supported bonanza farms (worked by large machinery)
- General Mining Act that authorized the prospecting mining for economic minerals in fed.
land
- Yellowstone National Park
- (early predicted but denied by Congress) John W. Powell led an expedition East and
proposed the government to develop water resources, build dams and canals to support
agriculture.

- With this came the immigrants (Chinese), Wild West (gamblers, prostitutes), decline of
buffalo, Mormons → Emmeline Wells who organized pressure for Utah to grant suffrage

With the rise of US domestic power, there arose reforms.

1. Anti-slavery ( there was race riots--racial conflicts--in the city)
- Tuskegee Institute to teach vocational learning and Booker T. Washington’s
“Atlantic Speech
- WEB DuBois set up the National Association of the Advancement for Colored
People and advocated for the Niagara Principles that declared equal treatment ...
2. Suffrage
- National Association of Women Suffrage Association
- Mueller vs. Oregon shortened women’s working hours
3. Urban sins
 - Social Gospel of helping resolve social issues of alcoholism, economic inequality,
slums, racial divisions, crimes
- Mutual Aid Societies
- Hull House led by Jane Addams
- Yellow Journalists
- Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” → Pure Food and Drug Act
- Jacob Riss, “How the Other Side Lives”
- Steffen’s “The Shame of the City” (political machines)
- Women’s Christian Temperance Union led by France Willard
- National Consumers League that encouraged women to buy that supported
equal and fair working laws → “people’s lawyer” = Louis Brandeis
- Louis Sullivan’s Chicago School buildings
- Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire → reforms

With the Gilded Age leading to the Progressive Era, presidents start to take initiative
- Pendleton Act to eliminate spoil system
- Signed the Interstate Commerce Act
- Sherman Antitrust Act → no legal restraint of trade

Roosevelt after McKinley supported fair and equal commerce/ company laws
- In response to the Coal Strike of 1902, he threatened companies to nationalized them
- Created Bureau of Corporations to investigate business corporations
- Dissociation of Standard Oil
- Roosevelt’s plan was the Square Deal for conversation of nature, consumer’s protection,
and control of corporation
- Led to Newlands Reclamation Act that allowed for fed. gov. to sell public land for funds
for irrigation plans + national park
- States were brought to reform by recall and referendum
Taft
- National Child Labor Committee worked to ban child labor and hired Lewis Hine to
photograph the conditions of mines and mills children worked
- Mann Act

Robert Lafollete - Wisconsin Republican governor brought into execution the Wisconsin Idea
where there would be more government intervention in the economy with the assistance of
experts, progressive economists.
- Initiate
- Referendum (voting for laws)
- Recall (bad gov)
Big Bill Haywood headed the radical labor militancy, Western Federation of Miners, and created
the Industrial Workers of the World movement (IWW) in intent to get rid of capitalism via
launching a general strike.
 - John J. McNamara carried out a bombing incident that resulted in receiving attention like
the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire did.

The Election of 1912 had four candidates: Republican Taft, Progressive Roosevelt, Socialist
Debs, and Democratic Wilson
- Roosevelt’s New Nationalism proposed for radical reform with government intervention
- - fed. child labor laws, labor rights, bational minimum wage for women, suffrage,
- Progressive Party
- New Freedom was similar to Roosevelt’s but promoted economic and political liberty
instead of collectivism.

Wilson
- 16th Amendment of progressive taxes
- 17th Amendment of senators being elected
- Federal Reserve Act to not be backed by commercial banks
- Clayton Antitrust Act that gave justice courts more power against trusts and monopolies
- Federal Trade Commision received power to cease or desist anti competitive practices
and investigate companies.

Colombian war of independence

Josiah Strong
Onely Note → Monroe Doctrine/ Settle border dispute with Venezuela
USS Maine sunk/ White man’s burden/De Lome letter (Cuban officier belittled McKinley) -> War
of 1898 for military base in Cuba
American exceptionalism (1890)
- Teller Amendment declared no intentions to occupy Cuba
- Platt Amendment gave America the right to interfere in Cuba
- Treaty of Paris 1898 → Phillipines, Guam, Puerto Rico to US
- Emmilio Aguinaldo led Filipino rebellion
- Cuba = protectorate
- Guam/Puerto Rico = colony
- Insular Cases
Open Door policy 1899 → Boxer Rebellion 1900 for Second Open Door policy
Roosevelt Corollary → announced ability to police Carribean/ against Euro interference

WW1 from telemann telegraph, lusitania sunk, sussex pledge,

Sedition Act
Espionage Act
National War Labor Board
Food Administration
Four-Minute men
War Industries Board
Committee on Public Information