EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems

Transmission Line Modeling

10/02/2012
Panida Jirutitijaroen
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

2/7/2012 EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen 1

 Detailed Syllabus
20/01/2012 Three-phase circuit analysis: Introduction to three-phase circuit. Balanced three-phase systems.
20/01/2012 Three-phase circuit analysis: Delta-Wye connection, Relationship between phase and line quantities
27/01/2012 Three-phase circuit analysis: Per-phase analysis, Three-phase power calculation
27/01/2012 Guest Lecture “Energy & Environment, Smart Grid & Challenges Ahead” by Prof. J Nanda (IIT Delhi,
IEEE Fellow)
30/01/2012 Generator modeling: Simple generator concept
03/02/2012 Generator modeling: Equivalent circuit of synchronous generators
03/02/2012 Generator modeling: Operating consideration of synchronous generators, i.e. Excitation voltage
control, real power control, and loading capability
06/02/2012 Generator modeling: Principle of asynchronous generators
10/02/2012 Transmission line modeling: Overhead VS Underground cable
10/02/2012 Transmission line modeling: Four basic parameters of transmission line
13/02/2012 Transmission line modeling: Long transmission line model, Medium-length transmission line model,
Short transmission line model
17/02/2012 Transmission line modeling: Operating consideration of transmission lines i.e. voltage regulation,
line loadability, efficiency
17/02/2012 Transformer modeling: Principle of transformer, Single-phase transformer
27/02/2012 Transformer modeling: Single-phase per unit analysis
02/03/2012 Per unit analysis: Three-phase transformer, Three-phase per unit analysis
02/03/2012 Per unit analysis: Review (if time permits.)

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 1st Mid-term Test
• March 5th 5:00pm to 5:45pm
• Materials (Lecture 1-5, Tutorials 1-3):
– AC circuit analysis
– Apparent power, power factor correction
– Three-phase voltage and current
– Three-phase complex power
• Format:
– 4 questions, closed book.
– 45 minutes.

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 Learning outcomes
Outline
References

IN THIS LECTURE

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 Learning Outcomes
• Explain basic operations of different
components in electrical energy systems.
– Identify advantages and disadvantages of
overhead transmission lines and underground
cables in terms of technical, social, and
environmental aspects.
• Formulate equivalent circuits of various
components in electrical energy systems.

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 Outline
• Overhead transmission line
• Underground cable
• Transmission line design consideration
• Four basic parameters of transmission line

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 Reference
• Pieter Schavemaker and Lou Van Der Sluis,
“Electrical Power System Essentials”.
– Chapter 3 The Transmission of Electric Energy
– Appendix E The Representation of Lines and Cables

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 Isolated grids
Advantage of Interconnected System

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSMISSION
NETWORKS

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 Isolated Grids
- Early electric power plants are built in a
remote area.
-By integrating these areas, the grid
became more stable and reliable.
-Economic operation, be able to
dispatch/use the cheap units.
-Safeguard during emergencies

Source:
http://www.edisontechcenter.
org/HistElectPowTrans.html
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 Advantage of Interconnected System
• Better system efficiency
– Allow different choices of energy source: wind, solar,
geothermal.
• Improve reliability
– In case some generator fail, the other can help to support the
system.
• Smaller frequency deviation
– When a load increases, an immediate reaction of a generator is
a drop in frequency because the mechanical torque can not be
adjusted instantenously. With interconnection, more generators
can share this effect which helps to alleviate the frequency drop.
• Cover large geographical area
– Integration of renewable energy sources.

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 (Future?) Electricity Grid in Asia Pacific
• Solar power, geothermal,
wind and wave energy
from Australia.
• Geothermal power of
Indonesia's volcanoes.
• Wind farm-lined in South
China Sea to China .
• Hydro power in Laos.
• Solar power in Thailand.
• Natural gas from Burma,
Malaysia, and Indonesia.
“The plan would entail building a 10,000-kilometer Source: The benefits of an intercontinental
energy grid by Stewart Taggart
long electricity transmission system stretching from http://www.sciencealert.com.au/opinions/2
Beijing to the Great Australian Bight.” 0092001-18696.html
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 US Electric Power Grid

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 Singapore Electric Power Grid
• Fully underground
cable.
• 400 kV grid
• 230 kV
Northern/Southern
block
– To alleviate power
quality issue.
• 66 kV/22 kV distribution

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 Solar that Floats on Water

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIBcQe5tbxU

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 Main features of a transmission line
Issues with overhead transmission lines

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE

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 Overhead Transmission Line
• Support structure
• Conductors
• Insulators
• Shield wires (earth
wire)

Source:
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/LandandDevelopment/
DDC/devnearohl_final/appendix2/
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 High Voltage Conductors

3M
Aluminum
Conductor
Composite
Reinforced
(ACCR)
Source: Source: http://www.faqs.org/sec-
http://www.realwire.com/release filings/091214/COMPOSITE-TECHNOLOGY-
_detail.asp?ReleaseID=13698 CORP_10-K/
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 Insulators
• Insulators are used to isolate the transmission lines from
the tower that is connected to ground.
• Traditionally insulators are made from glass or porcelain.
• For new technology, insulators are made from composite
materials

Source: Electrical Power System

Essentials by Pieter Schavemaker
and Lou Van Der Sluis
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 Shield Wires
Small lightening currents
can still hit the tower or the Protected against large
three-phase conductors. lightening currents.

Source: Electrical Power System Essentials

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 Galloping Lines
Conductor vibration
damper

Source:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ko4g
oyw1Q84&feature=related

Source: Electrical Power System Essentials

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 Severe Weather Impact on T-Lines

Severe weather swept through west

central Minnesota on Aug. 1, 2011.
The tower was designed to withstand
120 mph winds. The transmission line
operated reliably since it was energized
in 1978

2005 Hurricane Rita Damage to Gulf Transmission Lines

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 Environmental Impact
Something you don’t
see in Singapore.

These pictures are taken by my friend

(P. Boonyasiriwat), presented here with
his permission. He took them in Phuket
last September.

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 Underground cables
Types of underground cables
Issues with underground cables

UNDERGROUND CABLE

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 Underground Cable
• The main difference
between underground
cables and overhead
transmission line is that
for underground cable
the conductor must be
insulated from the
1938
ground.
G.B. Shanklin, engineer of the cable section
of the General Electric Company, points out
one of the three gas channels in a section
Source:
of gas-filled cable. http://scienceservice.si.edu/pages/014005.htm

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 Types of Underground Cables
• Two types of cables
• Pipe-type
– All three phase conductors are contained in one pipe.
• Self-contained
– Individual phase conductor in each cable.

Pipe-Type cable Self-contained cable

Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/understanding-underground-electric-transmission-cables

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 Types of Insulation
• Three main types of insulation
• Paper-Oil insulation
– High-pressure, fluid-filled pipe (HPFF)
– Self-contained fluid-filled (SCFF)
• Paper-Gas insulation
– High-pressure, gas-filled pipe (HPGF)
• Plastic insulation
– Solid cable, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)

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 High-Voltage Underground Cable
Source: Electrical Power
System Essentials by
Liquid Pieter Schavemaker and
channel Lou Van Der Sluis

6/10 kV cable
Solid cable,
Self Contained
cross-linked
Liquid-Filled (SCLF)
polyethylene
Cables
(XLPE)
Source:
220/380 kV cable
http://coppercanada.ca/
publications/pub21e/21 High Pressure Liquid-Filled Pipe-Type Cables (HPLF)
e-Section6.html
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 Singapore Underground Power Cables

Voltage Level 400 KV 230 kV 66 kV

Cable Type Single-core self- Single-core self- Single-core
contained contained
Insulator fluid-filled Either fluid-filled XLPE insulated
Polypropylene kraft paper insulated with copper
Laminated Paper or XLPE insulated conductor and
(PPLP) insulated with with copper seamless
copper conductor conductor and aluminium
and seamless seamless aluminium sheath
aluminium sheath sheath
Power rating 1000 MVA 500 MVA 100 MVA
Source: SP powergrid http://www.sppowergrid.com.sg/items2.htm

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 Underground Cable Construction

Source:
http://psc.wi.gov/thelibrary/pub
lications/electric/electric11.pdf

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 Issues with Underground Cables

Source: SP
Powergrid
“Working
together to
prevent cable
damage”

2/7/2012 EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen 30

 Underground Cable Damages

Source: SP Powergrid “Working together to prevent cable damage”

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 Cost Comparison
• Median ratio of underground to overhead costs*
– 3.8 to one at 115 kV
– 6.1 to one at 230 kV
– 8.5 to one at 345 kV
– 9.7 to one at 400 kV
• The ratio may go even higher for life cycle cost
that includes maintenance, outage repair costs.
Source: Report of the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission To the Governor and
The General Assembly of Virginia “Evaluation of Underground Electric Transmission Lines
in Virginia”, HOUSE DOCUMENT NO. 87 2006, available online http://jlarc.state.va.us/reports/Rpt343.pdf

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 Overhead/Underground Comparison
Overhead Lines
• Lower construction cost and
cable cost.
• Advantage of air for cooling
and insulation of the line.
• Vulnerable to strong wind
and severe weather.
• Negative visual impact.
• Easier maintenance/repair
work
Underground Cables
• Expensive pipe work and
cable cost (because of the
special insulations)
• Less vulnerable to the
severe weather because it is
buried underground.
• Environment and aesthetic
advantage.
• Tedious and costly
maintenance/repair work.

What about electrical properties?

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 Transmission line services

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tzga6qAaBA&feature=related

2/7/2012 EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen 34

 Resistance
Conductance
Inductance
Capacitance

FOUR BASIC PARAMETERS OF

TRANSMISSION LINES

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 Resistance and Conductance
• Resistance
– Voltage drop along the line
from resistive loss
– This effect can be represented
by a resistor along the line.
• Conductance
– Leakage current through
insulators which allows the
current to pass the tower to
the ground.
– This effect can be represented
by a conductance from a line
to the ground.

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 Inductance and Capacitance
Source:
http://www.tp
ub.com/conten • Ampere’s Law
t/neets/14182
/css/14182_12 – Current passing through
1.htm
a conductor creates
× magnetic field around it.
– This gives inductance
property.
• Gauss’s Law
● indicates the positive – Electric charge is a
●

current is directed out of

plane of the paper.
source of electric fields.
× indicates the positive – This gives capacitance
currents is directed into the
plane of the paper.
property.
You will learn more about these properties in EE2011.
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 Corona Discharge
• When the electric field strength is high, air might become
electrically ionized and conduct.
• This is called a ‘corona’ effect and can be represented by
a conductor from the line to the ground.
• The power loss due to this effect is call corona loss.

Source: Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bw7C-

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLrP9mck7eM&feature=related Mdwq38&feature=related
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 How to Reduce Corona Effect?
• Corona effect is caused by electric fields.
• Recall Gauss’s Law “Electric charge is a source of electric
fields”
• If the current pass through only one conductor per
phase, electric charges on each line will be quite high.
• We can reduce electric charges in each conductor by
sending electricity through bundles of conductors per
phase.
• Not only that we can reduce the electric fields, the
thermal capacity of each line can be reduced because the
current per conductor per phase is smaller.

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 Transmission Line Parameters
• R from Ohmic losses
– Types, sizes of conductor determine resistance value.
• G from insulator leakage current and corona
losses
– Types, number of insulators determine conductance
value.
• L from magnetic field and C from electric field
– Conductor spacing, bundling, determines magnetic
and electric field strength
• All these values can be measured.
In theory, we can derive these values, more details in EE2011.

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 Single-Phase Single-Line Model

One current-carrying
conductor L R
•
×
G C
●

Ground

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 Single-Phase Two-Line Model

Mutual Capacitance

Mutual Inductance

Source:
http://www.mathworks.com/help/toolbox/physmod/powersys/ref
/power_lineparam.html#bqs3dxu

• When there is more than one phase, there will be coupling effect
from magnetic field and electric filed.
• This effect is represented by ‘mutual’ inductance and ‘mutual’
capacitance in the conductor model.
• The magnitude of mutual inductance and capacitance depends on
the distance between conductors.
2/7/2012 EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen 42
Three-Phase Line, Bundled Conductors
Source:
http://www.
mathworks.c
om/help/too
lbox/physmo
d/powersys/
ref/power_li
neparam.ht
ml#bqs3dxu

• Unbalanced system

Three-phase line causes coupling effect of the magnetic field

and electric field among three phase conductors. This is
represented as unbalanced capacitance and mutual inductance
among the three phase conductors.
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 Transposition
Source:
The coupling effect is caused by asymmetric
Electrical distance between phase conductors.
Power Simple solution  Make the distance between
System
Essentials phase conductor equal.
by Pieter
Schavema
ker and ab ac bc
Lou Van
Der Sluis
bc ac ab cb ac ab

By transposing the line, we can reduce (or

eliminate) the coupling effect between
phases from both magnetic field and
electric field.
This means that we can now use one conductor model to
analyze three-phase line.
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 Per Phase Conductor Model
• We can now use the per phase conductor model to
describe the circuit model of each phase in three-phase
circuit.
L R Series Impedance (Ω/m)

G C
Shunt Admittance (S/m)
• These parameters are given as per unit length of the
transmission line.
• We will use this information to derive an equivalent circuit
of the transmission line.

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 150 kV Line/Cable Parameters
Overhead Transmission Line Underground Cable
• R = 0.125 Ω/km • R = 0.12 Ω/km
• XL = 0.425 Ω /km • XL = 0.166 Ω/km
• C = 7.7 nF/km • C = 210 nF/km
• 130 MVA rating. • 135 MVA rating.

The main difference in electrical properties between

overhead transmission lines and underground cables.

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Line/Cable Magnetic Field

Source: http://
Underground cable seems to filter the magnetic field better than jlarc.state.va.us/reports/
overhead line in a longer distance from center of Right-of-Way. Rpt343.pdf

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 Why Three-Phase? (again)

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 Next Lecture
• Transmission line modeling
– Short-transmission line model
– Medium-transmission line model
– Long-transmission line model

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