Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A City Through Time
A City Through Time
THROUGH TIME
ILLUSTRATION: STEVE NOON
London, New York,
Melbourne, Munich, and Delhi
DK India
Design Intern Shreya Sadhan
Art Editor Shipra Jain, Supriya Mahajan
Senior Art Editor Anjana Nair
Managing Art Editor Arunesh Talapatra
DTP Designer Anita Yadav
DTP Manager Balwant Singh
Picture Researcher Sakshi Saluja
Picture Researcher Manager Taiyaba Khatoon
13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001—187513—03/13
ISBN: 978-1-4654-0249-3
Discover more at
www.dk.com
CONTENTS
8–9 28–29
The story of a city The train station (1880)
10–11 30–31
The Greek colony (550 BCE) Steel and glass (today)
12–13 32–33
The temple (550 BCE) High-rise (today)
14–15
Citizens of Rome (120 CE) REFERENCE SECTION
16–17 34–35
The public baths (120 CE) Architecture through time
18–19 36–37
The medieval city (1250) Technology through time
20–21 38–39
The castle (1250) Work and play through time
22–23 40–41
Palaces and fountains (1650) Costume through time
24–25 42–44
The town hall (1650) Historical cities
26–27 45
The industrial port (1880) Index
THE STORY OF A CITY
Imagine a huge city. Its buildings light up the night sky. Beyond the city center are factories
and highways, airports and docks. Tall cranes rise into the sky. Sometimes builders dig up
ancient remains, such as Stone Age arrowheads or Roman coins. These show that people have
lived here for thousands of years. Some very old buildings still stand. The cathedral has
loomed above the rooftops since medieval times.
Why did people settle here so long ago, at the mouth of a river on the Mediterranean coast?
First, there was fresh drinking water. Fish could be caught in the sea. Later, people found that
wheat grew well in the soil. There was stone and timber for building. This was a good place
for traders to meet, too. Many sailed here from distant lands. The city grew rich and its
rulers became very powerful.
No matter how much the city changed, the people who lived there had the same basic needs
as those first settlers. They wanted fresh water, food, and shelter. They wanted to lead healthy
and happy lives. They wanted work, trade, and travel by land and sea. They wanted a city that
was organized and well run. If we could meet our ancestors, we would probably discover
that they were very like ourselves.
A roaming band of hunters spends each winter on the hill. The hunters spread out along the river banks. They shoot
They sleep in caves and paint pictures on rocks. They fish ducks using arrows tipped with tiny but deadly flints. The
in the river and make weapons of sharp flints and hard hunters have set up camp with tents made of deerskin
wood. They wear cloaks of animal skin and bone and timber poles. Soon, they will leave and search for
necklaces. Warriors paint their faces with red clay. new hunting grounds.
8
THE FIRST FARMERS TOMBS TO HONOR THE DEAD
(AROUND 6,000 YEARS AGO) (AROUND 5,000 YEARS AGO)
Now there are stone, timber, and thatch huts on the Slabs of rock are broken off the cliffs by the river. They
hillside all year round. This is a farming village. People are chipped into shape and hauled away with ropes. The
still hunt, but they no longer need to move in search chief of the tribe is building a tomb of earth and stone.
of food. The harvest gives them enough food for the He will be laid there when he dies. Everyone who sees the
whole year. tomb will honor his memory.
The villagers have learned to mine copper and to separate Merchant ships are drawn up on the beach below the
it from the rock by heat. They pour the molten metal settlement. The sailors are Phoenicians and Cretans,
into molds and make it into weapons and jewelry. from far to the east. They trade in glass beads, cloth,
These can be exchanged with other tribes in return timber, and wine from across the sea. Some of these
for food and other goods. foreign traders settle here.
9
THE GREEK COLONY (550 BCE)
Greek settlers built this city at the mouth of a river a hundred years ago. Merchants still sail from Greece
to trade in the market, but so do Phoenicians from Syria, Etruscans from Italy, and Celts from the lands
beyond the hills. They buy jars of the best Greek wine. The colony grows wheat and olives, and there are
plenty of fish in the sea. Sometimes the colonists attack passing ships and steal their cargo.
Temple
Outer sanctuary
Theater
Acropolis
Gymnasium
Athletes training
Country temple
Threshing
Quarry
Pottery
Landing stage
Olive groves
Wealthy merchant’s house
Women’s
Lessons quarters Shepherd
Kitchen
Bathroom Wheat harvest
Household
altar
Hoplites
Outer columns
Cornice (molding
surrounding pediment)
Architrave (horizontal
section resting on columns)
Capital
ALTAR AND TEMPLE (top of column)
Public ceremonies take place at the altar outside the temple. Private
worship may take place in the holiest part of the temple, the inner
sanctuary. It is a large dark hall, lit by flickering flames. There is a massive
statue of the goddess Demeter, holding fruit as a symbol of the harvest.
Column
Life-size statue
of Demeter
Ox for sacrifice
Tiled roof
Triglyph Metope
(three-columned stone block) (space between triglyphs)
Statue of Decorative
Demeter frieze
Burning
brazier
Platform
Priests
Steps
Temple
Theater
Temple
Storehouses
Basilica (center for law and commerce)
Temple Business center Law courts
Forum
(public square) Water
Apartments fountain
Domus (house) of a
Cavalry wealthy merchant
Shrines
Aqueduct
Merchant ships
Thermae Ramparts Wheat fields
(public baths)
Furnace Watchtower Seating for women
house and children
Amphitheater
Forge and
armory
Domus (house)
Male spectators
Actor
Referee
Peddler
Patron
Foreign merchant
Flue
Vent
Frigidarium
Splash (cold room)
basin
Tiled roof
Slave
Toilets
Wrestling
Palaestra
Street (exercise yard) Weightlifting
gutter
Decorative pool
Sprinting
WATER SUPPLY
Water for the baths comes from Overground
springs in the hills. It is carried stream
to the city along aqueducts. Air Aqueduct
These might be channels or vents (man-made waterway)
pipes, above or below ground.
Some run alongside the road. Underground Roadside
Arches support an aqueduct if stream channel
it has to cross a valley.
Reservoir Toilet
RESERVOIR
The aqueduct water flows into Faucet Water
Furnace yard fountain Street level
a big reservoir (supply tank). It
takes a lot of water to fill the Flush pipe
baths and flush away waste.
Supply pipe
Instead of toilet paper, people
use sponges on sticks, which
Waste pipe
Bathers gossiping they wash clean after use. Waste Main sewer
water flows into the sewer.
Slaves
Stoker
Wood fuel
HOT WATER Bath in the caldarium
The hot water tank is heated (hot room) Water tank
by a duct that carries hot air
rising from the furnace. Cold water sinks Heated
Currents of hot water from water rises
Brick floor
this heated tank enter the
bath. As they cool, they sink Brick
and return to the tank, where Duct
column
they are heated again. Movement of heated air Furnace
Cathedral
Builders
Scaffolding
Common land
Spinster
Corn merchant Tailor
Wet nurse
Armorer
Tilers Washerwomen
Scribe
Roman ruins
Monastery
Monastery fields
Olive grove
City bridge
The count’s fields
Town hall
Weight master
Tavern Ironmonger Dye works Bakery
Banker Butcher
Poultry stall
Play
Eagle
tower
West
tower Crenel
Tax collection
Privies Weaving
(bathrooms)
Prison
chamber
Forge Laundry Workshops
Guard
room
Farrier Livery (caring
shoeing for horses)
Carpenters
horse
Well
Chapel
tower
King’s
River tower
tower
Chapel
Bedroom
Guard
room Great
hall
Kitchen Solar
(living room)
Ransomed
captive
Ladies’ Banquet
chamber
Buttery
(food
pantry)
Cellar
Weapons
Food deliveries training
Wild
bear
Inner
gate
Visiting nobles
Castle ruins
Palace
Cathedral
Monastery
Priest attending
the sick Bedchamber
Market
Artist’s studio
Hatter
Pewter
Alchemist goods Business meeting
Packhorses
Musketeers
East gate
Church
Hunting lodge
Warehouses
Town hall
Bridge
Hoist
Dressing room
Bedroom Wharf
Butcher
Dining room Needlepoint
Printing Meat
press inspector
Playing
Milk- bowls Pastry shop
maid Sedan chair Flower
seller
Goose girl
African Nun
merchants
Coach
Library
Banqueting hall
Servants
Clerks
Tax office
Kitchen Laundry
Guards
Town
clock
Court of law
Judge Spectators
Emergency Gallery
meeting Accused robber
Musketeers
Lockup
Protestors
Castle
Cathedral Palace ruins
being restored East gate
Museum
Town
square
Traveling salesman
Nanny Cab
Restaurant
Jewelers Needleworkers
Shoe Grocer’s
shine shop
Street
Omnibus sweeper
Jeweler’s shop Draper’s shop Coffee shop
Fruit
seller
Photographer
Barrow
Paper
Organ grinder Pie man
boy
Flower
seller
Steam
Velocipede Vegetable cart carriage
Coal cart
Park
Suspension bridge
Advertisements Street to the
new port
Family
apartment
Washing Cooperage
Brush (barrel making)
making Crane
Cloth hall
Weaving Shutters
Paddle
steamer
Barrels
of wine
Dray Bales of cloth
(sideless wagon)
Bakery
Wagon
Match Fishmonger
seller Textile workshop
Knife sharpener
Southern European
Railway Terminal
Glass roof
Storage
Rail yard
Clock
Ticket
seller
Cab stand
Buffers
Guard’s van
Newsstand
Ticket
collector
Flower Mail
Fruit seller
seller car
Iron
pillar
Cab
Cart
Corrugated Piston
iron roof
Rail yard
workers
Pistons drive the wheels Driving wheels
Freight wagon Cart
STEAM POWER
Fire heats the water until it turns to steam, which travels
along pipes in the engine. The force of the steam drives
rods called pistons. These turn the wheels of the
locomotive, which pulls or pushes the train.
Siding
Track
Passenger car
Coal tender
Driver Steam
locomotive
Platform
Second-class
car
Passengers First-class
car
Porter First-class
dining car
TV antenna
Hotel
Apartment building
Swimming pool
Gym
Tow truck
Apartments
Cell
phone
Waiter Motorcycle
Laptop computer courier
Neon sign Tourists
Businesswoman Telephone booth
Taxi
Train station
Theater
Apartment
Advertising screen building
Tennis
court
Monument
Articulated
bus
Bus shelter
Wharfs
Traffic
lights
Jogger
Refrigerated Train tunnel
Cyclist truck under riverbed
Fast food TV crew Delivery van
vendor
Mailbox
Underpass
Rollerblader
School trip
Graffiti
Skateboarder
Gym Instructor
SAVING ENERGY
Insulation, such as living tiles
of green grass on the roof,
Weights Exercise Rowing Treadmills prevent heat from being lost.
bikes machines Solar panels collect energy
from the sun. They trap heat
and use it to warm water.
Boardroom Files
Manager Bathrooms
Secretary DINING IN THE SKY
The rooftop restaurant has
one of the best views in the
entire city. It serves locally
produced food.
Air-conditioning vents Fire-extinguishing sprinklers
Computers
WORKING OUT
Office workers, who spend all
Advertising agency offices day sitting at a computer,
Public art
come to the gym on the ninth
Office lobby floor to get in shape.
OFFICES
Express Internal Office reception At the advertising agency,
elevator elevators people think up clever ways
Air-conditioning to sell cars, music, and all
external vents kinds of other products.
Hotel suite Hotel library
Receptionist
Atrium
GOING UP!
High-rises depend on elevators.
Movie
An express elevator whizzes
Businesswoman Tourists Hotel reception Escalator theater up the outside of the building
to the restaurant. The main
elevators are on the inside.
STYLISH HOTEL
Garden Sales assistant Boutiques Visitors come to the city for
business or to see the old
cathedral. Some of them
stay at this luxury hotel.
Canopy
Palm
trees LEISURE
Tower Boutiques sell expensive
Subway Lobby entrance clothes, handbags, jewelry,
entrance
and shoes. The movie theater
Potted
plants
shows the latest films from
around the world.
Street level Outdoor café
Front steps
SUBWAY
A network of underground
Physical plant subway lines runs under the
Escalator city. The trains are powered
by electricity. Passengers reach
street level by escalators.
Underground escalators
SERVICING THE
BUILDING
Subway tunnel The high-rise is connected to
Gas main citywide supplies of electricity,
Power cable water, and gas. The building
Water main depends on these for its
Subway train lighting, elevators, computer
Train systems, telephones, heating,
driver Passengers air conditioning, and kitchens.
33
ARCHITECTURE THROUGH TIME
Greek Roman Medieval
Acropolis: A rocky area of high Amphitheater: An oval or circular Battlements: The upper walls of
ground at the center of most building with seats for spectators. a castle or city defenses. They were
Greek cities. It was easy to In the center was an arena (area of used as a platform for fighting and
defend and was often the sand) where shows were staged. as a shield.
site of forts and temples.
Cathedral: The most important
Agora: The city center, made Christian church in a region,
up of a busy marketplace and and often the largest and
public buildings. most splendid.
Colony: A settlement built in City walls: Thick stone walls
another land. The Greeks built surrounded the whole city during
colonies throughout their history. medieval times. They were used
to defend the city from attack.
Column: A stone pillar designed The gates were closed at night.
to support a roof. Inside an amphitheater
Crenels: Gaps in battlement walls.
Gymnasium: An area for men and Arrows could be fired through the
Arches and domes: Strong curved
boys to exercise and play sports. crenels, or rocks could be dropped
structures that support themselves.
It was also a place for meeting onto the enemy below.
Engineers used them in buildings
and discussion.
and bridges.
Pediment: A triangular gable or
Basilica: A public building, used
roof end, often decorated with
to conduct law and commerce.
painted sculptures.
Cloacae: Drains and sewers built
Stoa: A building with columns
in many towns to carry waste and
and walkways, used as a
dirty water into the nearest river.
meeting place.
Domus: A house, often
Theater: An open-air arena with Medieval cathedral
designed around an open
rows of stone benches, arranged
atrium (courtyard).
in a half-circle and set into a
Loops: Narrow slits in castle and
hillside. Greek drama was Forum: An open square at the city walls, used for firing arrows
performed here. center of a Roman town. It at the enemy.
was a public meeting place and
surrounded by shops, temples, Merlons: Raised sections of
and public buildings. battlements. They provided
cover from attack.
Temple with columns Insula: An “island” or block of
housing within the streets of a Monastery: A building where
Roman town. In large cities, it monks lived and worshipped.
might be taken up by a tall, Many medieval monasteries
crowded apartment building. also served as libraries, schools,
or hospitals.
Villa: A large, grand home
built outside the town by
a wealthy Roman.
34
17th century 19th century Today
Coats of arms: Emblems used Botanical gardens: Gardens Elevators: Capsules that transport
by noble families since medieval whose gardeners collected plants people up and down tall buildings.
times. Coats of arms of families, for scientific study. Their new Elevators were essential for the
guilds, traders and craftspeople, greenhouses were made of cast development of skyscrapers.
and cities were often carved into iron and glass.
stone walls or displayed on flags, Escalators: Moving staircases
banners, and tapestries. Factories: Large brick buildings in large stores, shopping malls,
with tall, smoking chimneys. airports, and subways.
Factories and mills contained
machinery that produced steel, High-rise buildings: Tall
glass, cloth, and pottery on a buildings built around steel
large scale. frames. Their foundations are
embedded deep in rock.
Hospitals: New hospitals were
light and airy. Doctors and Pedestrian zone: An area in a city
nurses learned to keep patients center with streets people can walk
clean and free of germs. in, where no cars are allowed.
35
TECHNOLOGY THROUGH TIME
Greek Roman Medieval
Coins: Greeks were making Aqueduct: A stone channel or Candles: Candles made from
coins and trading with them pipe used to carry water. animal fat had been used for
from 595 BCE. A smith placed a lighting since Greek times.
disk of hot metal on a raised In medieval times, fine candles
metal pattern called a die. He were made from beeswax. Some
then hammered the disk to candles were marked in stages to
create a patterned coin. show the time they took to burn.
These were an early form of clock.
Metalwork: Greeks made bronze Roman aqueduct
from about 2900 BCE. They used Milling: The flour for the city’s
iron from about 1050 BCE for Cement: A substance made of bakers was produced by
swords, spears, ax heads, lime and sand. It has been used grinding grain between great
knives, and hammers. since 300 BCE as a kind of glue for millstones. In windmills, the
binding together stonework. wind power was used to turn
Pottery: The Greeks shaped clay millstones. In watermills,
pots on a wheel and heated them Concrete: A mixture of lime flowing water powered a
in an oven at about 1,000°F and ground rock, invented waterwheel, which provided
(540°C). They often painted around 55 BCE. It was cheaper the turning power. Mills were
scenes of gods and goddesses, and often stronger than stone. also used to press olives and to
or of everyday life on the pots. crush seeds to make oil.
Glass: The Romans were great
Transportation: The wealthy used glassmakers. They knew how
horses for travel. The poor used to blow hot glass into shapes Medieval
construction
mules and donkeys. Oxen hauled through a long tube. They made
wagons. Fast chariots were used bottles, jugs, and bowls.
for racing, but were no longer
popular in battle. Hypocaust: A central heating
system powered by a furnace. Hot
Triremes: Greek warships made air from the furnace passed under
of timber, with a crew of 200. the floors and behind the walls.
They were powered by three
banks of oars on each side. Iron: The most important metal
for the Romans. Smiths
hammered out tools, weapons,
Shipping: European merchant
armor, pots, and pans.
ships were small and clumsy,
Greek Pottery: The Romans had large with square sails. They traded
metalworkers pottery factories wherever there mostly in coastal waters. Later,
were good supplies of clay. There Europeans adopted rudders and
were big centers of production in triangular sails from the Arabs
Italy, France, and Germany. and Chinese. Then they could
make great ocean voyages.
Roads: The Romans built a road
system across Europe. The roads Tiles: In southern Europe,
were straight, well drained, and roofs were made of pottery
built on strong foundations. They tiles. They were less of a fire
were paved with stone slabs, hazard than the thatched roofs
gravel, or stone chippings. of northern Europe.
36
17th century 19th century Today
Lenses: Curved pieces of glass Aircraft: Balloons carried the CCTV: Closed-circuit television
used in microscopes, which first air passengers in the 1780s. (CCTV) cameras operate in
made small objects look bigger, The first powered airships were city centers. They record traffic
and telescopes, which made flown in 1852. movements and any crimes
distant objects look nearer. or accidents that may occur
Bicycles: The first bicycle was on the streets.
built in 1839. Air-filled rubber
Scientist tires appeared in 1888. Computers: Offices began to
with a
telescope use big computers in the
Cars: Gasoline-driven cars were 1950s. The first personal
invented in Germany in 1885. computers appeared in 1975.
Within 30 years, new streets The international computer
and roads were built, traffic network known as the
lights and speed limits were Internet began
introduced, and exhaust fumes in 1987.
polluted the air.
Steamships: Iron ships driven
Muskets: Guns that needed to by propellers date from 1843.
be rested on a support to be Steamships allowed reliable,
fired. They took a long time to fast travel across the ocean.
load. The gunpowder was set
Street lighting: Gas street lights
off by a shower of sparks.
appeared in Europe in 1814.
Springs: Well-made metal springs The first street with permanent
had an impact on the way devices electric lighting was in the French
were made in the 1600s. Small city of Lyon, in 1857.
Computers
springs were used in making
Telephones: Exchanges were
better clocks and guns. Big metal
opening in European cities by
springs were used in building Mobile phones: The first cell-
1879, changing the way people did
horse-drawn coaches. The springs phone service started in the United
business and enjoyed themselves.
cushioned passengers against States in 1984. Since the 1990s,
bumps in the road. they have changed the way
people communicate.
Weather instruments: New
A street with gas street
instruments were invented to light and a bicycle
Plastics: Cheap, light,
measure different kinds of artificial materials that
weather. The thermometer can be molded into any
measured temperature and the shape. They are used
barometer measured air pressure. to make packaging, clothing,
When air pressure is high, the eyeglasses, furniture, and
weather is fine. Barometers helped countless everyday objects.
people forecast the weather. The
first weather stations kept daily Prestressed concrete: Used
records from the 1650s. in skyscrapers, bridges, and
overpasses, this material is set
around tense steel wires for
extra strength.
37
WORK AND PLAY THROUGH TIME
Greek Roman Medieval
Drama: The first Greek plays Army: The army was organized Knights: Horseback soldiers
were performed as part of into 28 legions, which were groups who became powerful in the
religious festivals. Only men of 5,500 professional soldiers. The Middle Ages. They took oaths
were allowed to act. They wore soldiers had to be Roman citizens. of loyalty to a lord and had to
masks that showed characters serve him when called upon.
or feelings. Boardgames: The Romans They were supposed to follow
liked to play board games and a code of honor.
Games: Athletic contests held gamble with dice.
in honor of the gods. Events Pilgrimage: A journey to a
included running, wrestling, Bread supply: Cities imported sacred place made for religious
throwing the discus, and chariot grain each year to feed their reasons. Pilgrims traveled
racing. Winners received prizes citizens. Donkeys turned across Europe to pray at
and glory in their hometown. millstones, which ground the famous shrines or churches.
grain into flour. Loaves were They wore badges to show
Philosophy: Philosophers tried baked in big ovens and some where they had been.
to answer questions about the were given to poor people at
world in a scientific way. They public expense. Players: Traveling actors who
also discussed questions of performed plays from wagons
right and wrong. or on the steps of cathedrals.
The plays were about the lives
Politics: The study and practice of saints or events in the Bible.
of government. The word comes They featured comic scenes
from the Greek for city, “polis.” and special effects.
Some cities were ruled by kings,
some by assemblies of citizens.
Slavery: Greek society relied
on slaves to do the hard work
without pay.
Bakery
Warfare: Male citizens served in
the army for part of the year and Chariot racing: Four horses
during wartime. normally pulled each chariot.
Winners could make a fortune
in prize money.
Farming: Many retired soldiers Traveling players
owned small farms outside the
Slaves serving at a banquet city walls. Most farms had
vegetable plots, fruit trees, Troubadours: Poets and
and beehives. Richer people musicians in southern Europe
owned country estates with who wandered from castle to
larger farms and orchards. castle. They would praise the
local ruler and sing of love.
Medicine: Roman doctors knew
little science. However, some of Weight masters: Officials who
their herbal potions worked, and watched market traders to make
surgeons knew how to mend bones. sure they did not cheat by selling
underweight goods.
38
17th century 19th century Today
Actresses: Women could now Bargees: Men who sailed barges Jogging: Many people like to go
act on stage in many countries. along the rivers and canals of for a jog in the park before they
They became popular, like Europe. Barges were like the go to work, or at lunchtime. It helps
today’s movie stars. semi trucks of their day, them stay in shape.
transporting industrial goods.
Courtiers: Nobles who spent Office workers: Workers who sit
most of their time in the royal Factory workers: People poured at desks, use computers, and talk to
court. They hoped to gain into cities in search of work clients on the telephone.
favors from the king. in factories. Work was poorly
paid, dangerous, and unhealthy. Parking enforcement: If you
Guards: Men with muskets Many campaigned for better park in the wrong place, a parking
or pikes who formed companies working conditions. enforcement officer may give you a
to protect important people parking ticket. You may have to pay
or to keep order in cities. Industrialists: Factory owners a fine, or have your car booted
who bought and sold shares in or towed away.
companies. Some became so rich
that they never had to work.
Lamp lighting: Gas lamps on
city streets had to be lit one
by one at nightfall.
Popular songs: Songs that
became well known by being played
in music halls, opera houses, and
Printing press dance halls. Families sang them Road transportation
Printing: Printing presses were at home, at the piano.
now common in Europe. They Road transportation: Semi trucks
replaced scribes who copied books take goods all the way across
by hand. Presses printed pamphlets Europe by road. The containers in
and books. If these criticized the the back are all the same size, so
king or the church, the printer they can stack neatly.
was thrown in jail.
Sports stadium: Thousands
Science: Scientists studied the of people gather at stadiums
stars. Doctors discovered how the to watch sports. Some of the
human body works. Some science biggest are built for the Olympic
was still mixed up with superstition. Games, which are held every
Alchemists tried to find out how to Opera house four years.
make gold and how to live forever.
Television: Most homes have
Tax collectors: Officials told by Sports: Cycling, rowing, lawn televisions, which pick up
the king to collect taxes. They tennis, gymnastics, archery, programs with a cable or
often took much of the money soccer, boxing, and billiards a satellite dish. Televisions
for themselves and became all became popular across show news, game shows, drama,
very wealthy. Europe during this period. music, and sports.
39
COSTUME THROUGH TIME
Greek Roman Medieval
Armor: Soldiers shielded their Armor: Soldiers wore upper Armor: Knights wore tunics
head and cheeks with crested body armor of overlapping and leggings made of chain mail.
bronze helmets. They wore a bronze plates, which were Soon, knights began to strap metal
solid bronze cuirass—a combined strapped together, or a mail plates over their mail for extra
back- and breastplate. Bronze shirt of interlaced iron rings. protection. On top, they wore a
greaves (shin guards) protected light tunic called a surcoat.
their legs.
Crowns: Kings wore crowns
Chiton: A long linen tunic worn as signs of royalty. Other
by men and women. It was joined royal symbols included rings,
over the shoulders and needed gloves, cloaks, swords, and
no fastenings. staffs called scepters.
Hairstyles: Women wore their hair Hose: Linen or wool leg coverings,
long, often in ringlets. Some tied similar to tights. They were
their hair with nets or ribbons. Men tucked into pointed boots or
wore their hair short and curled. shoes of soft leather.
Armor Toga
Headwear: Some women Religious dress: Priests wore long
covered their heads with veils robes. Bishops wore pointed hats
or cloaks. Men went bareheaded, Cosmetics: Women liked to wear called miters. Monks shaved their
but sometimes wore pointed makeup. Powder was made from heads. Each order of monks had
woolen caps or straw sun hats chalk and eye shadow from ash. its own dress, or habit.
with big brims. Lipstick was made from red
ocher (clay) or wine dregs.
Peplos: A woman’s long
woolen dress. It was gathered Palla: A long shawl worn by
at the waist and fastened at the women and draped around the
shoulder with brooches. head and shoulders.
Sandals: Both women and men Stola: A long dress worn by
wore sandals made of leather. women over an undertunic.
Men sometimes wore boots.
Toga: A white robe of heavy
wool. It was the formal wear Knights in armor and surcoats
of important men. The most
important men wore togas with Tunic: A loose, sleeveless top,
a purple border. usually reaching the knees or
the midthighs. In the year
Working dress: Workers and 1250, men’s and women’s
slaves wore simple woolen or dress was based upon a tunic
linen tunics, which allowed design. Noblemen, merchants,
them to move freely. and lawyers wore a long costume,
while working men wore a
Wreath: A crown of laurel short costume, which was
leaves worn on the heads of more practical.
emperors, successful athletes
Greek soldiers in at the games, and soldiers
bronze armor
honored for their bravery.
40
17th century 19th century Today
Breeches: Short pants fastened Cotton: A material imported Jeans: Heavy cotton pants
just below the knee. They were to Europe in the 1800s and that were first made for workers
fashionable for men from about woven into cloth at large, in the United States in the 1870s.
1520 until full-length pants industrial textile mills. They are now worn by ordinary
became more popular during men and women around the world.
the 1800s. The name “jeans” comes from
the Italian city of Genoa, which
Children’s dress: Babies were produced the cloth.
tightly bound in bands called
swaddling clothes until they were Sportswear: Special fibers and
six weeks old. Boys and girls then clothes are worn for many sports.
wore pinafores (long dresses). Some clothes are worn every day,
Boys started to wear breeches such as sneakers, baseball caps, or
Dressed for a stroll
at six years old. soccer jerseys.
Dresses: Crinolines (full-skirted
Fans: In southern Europe, women’s petticoats) were in Suit: A matching jacket and
fashionable ladies carried fashion in the 1850s. In the 1880s, pants for men, or a matching
beautiful fans made of silk or women wore narrower skirts with jacket and skirt or pants for
ivory to keep themselves cool a bustle (a pad or frame inside the women. It is formal wear for
in the heat of summer. skirt) at the bottom. business or special occasions,
often worn with a shirt and tie.
Military dress: Most soldiers Footwear: Shoes and
wore only a breastplate and ankle-length and knee-length Sunglasses: Dark glasses
helmet over their normal clothes. boots were made of polished were invented in 1885 and
Uniforms were beginning to be leather with buttons as fasteners. remain fashionable today.
worn by the 1660s and 1670s.
Hats: Men wore top hats Synthetic fibers: Man-made
Petticoats: In the early 1600s, (tall black hats with a narrow clothing fibers, such as nylon
full skirts were draped over hoops brim). Women wore bonnets or Lycra.
worn around a woman’s waist. In decorated with ribbons.
the 1650s, these were replaced by T-shirts: Cotton shirts with
stiff petticoats. Trousers: In the 1800s, men began short sleeves worn by men and
to wear trousers (long pants), rather women. Many are printed with
Wigs: In the late 1600s, men than breeches and stockings. designs or slogans.
and women took to wearing curled
wigs, even if their hair was still in Uniforms: Soldiers wore crisp
good condition. uniforms in bright colors.
Police forces wore uniforms,
as did firemen, nurses, school
children, and orphans.
Modern dress
Waterproof clothes: Waterproof
clothes were made from cloth
and rubber in the 1830s. The
inventor’s name, Macintosh,
was given to all raincoats.
17th-century fashion
41
HISTORICAL CITIES
While our city was expanding on the Mediterranean coast in Europe, other urban
centers were developing all over the globe. The first cities appeared in the Middle
East and the biggest one today is in Asia. Here are some of the greatest cities in
the history of the world. Some were capitals of powerful civilizations, whereas
others were centers for trade, culture, and learning.
The Colosseum
was a great
Rome (c. 100 CE)
amphitheater According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BCE. In
built in the
1st century CE
509 B, Rome became a republic and was ruled by elected officials.
The city expanded its territory and by the 1st century CE, Rome
was the capital of an empire stretching across most of western and
southern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Ruled by an
emperor, Rome was now the largest and richest city in the world.
The emperors filled the city with magnificent public buildings.
42
Tikal (c. 200)
Tikal was a capital city in the ancient Maya civilization (in modern-day
The Tikal Temple I Guatemala). From 200 CE to 900 CE, it was one of the most important
is 154 ft (47 m) high
cities in the Maya region, politically, economically, and culturally.
During its peak, it was filled with grand palaces and temples.
However, the city was often at war, and when it was defeated
many of its monuments were burned down. By the 10th
century CE, the city was more or less abandoned.
43
Delhi (c. 1550)
The city of Delhi is one of the oldest inhabited
Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi cities in the world. It has been the capital of
is an example of Mughal
architecture numerous empires and been invaded, destroyed,
and rebuilt many times. In 1526, Delhi became
the capital of the Mughal Empire. The capital
was moved to Agra in 1606, but was returned to
Delhi in 1648 by the emperor Shah Jahan, who
rebuilt the city once more.
44
INDEX
A F musicians 10, 15, 31, 38 musketeers 22, 23, 25
advertising 26, 27, 31, 32 farming 9, 11, 15, 19, 38 musketeers 22, 23, 25 Roman 15, 38, 40
ambulance and paramedic 30 fashion 26, 28, 30, 40–41 muskets 37 sports 10, 11, 16, 23, 31, 38,
amphitheater 15, 34 Forum, Roman 14, 34 39, 41
apartment buildings 14, 27, 30, 31 N steam power 29, 37
aqueducts 15, 17, 36 G nanny 26 Stone Age 8–9
architecture glossary 34–35 gardens 21, 33, 35 New York 44 street sellers 23, 26, 27, 31
Athena 12, 42 gladiators 15 19th century 16–29, 35, 37, street sweepers 26, 31
Athens 42 glass 15, 28, 30, 36 39, 41 subways 30, 31, 33, 44
athletes 10, 11, 38 gods, Greek 12–13
goose girl 23 O T
B graffiti 14, 31 offices 22, 24, 32, 39 tax collection 20, 25, 39
Baghdad 43 Greeks 10–13, 34, 36, 38, technology glossary 36–37
bakeries 15, 19, 27, 38 40, 42
P telephones 30, 37
palace 22, 35 television 30, 37, 39
basilica 14, 34 guards 20, 21, 25, 39
paper boy 26, 27 temples 10, 11, 12–13, 14, 42, 43
baths, public 14–15, 16–17 gymnasiums 10, 30, 31, 32, 34
parking enforcement 39 theaters and drama 10, 14, 31, 34, 35
bicycles 26, 31, 37
H parking lot, underground 33, 35 actors and actresses 15, 19, 22, 39
bishops 18, 40
hair 30, 40, 41 peddlers 15, 19, 23 Greek drama 38
blacksmith’s forges 10, 15,
high-rise buildings 32–33, pedestrian zones 31, 35
19, 20 medieval players 19, 38
35, 44 philosophy 10, 38
bridges 15, 23, 27, 30, 31, 35 Thebes 42
horses 19, 20, 22 photographer 27
builders 18, 31 Tikal 43
hospitals 26, 30, 35 pilgrims 19, 38
tiles 18, 36
C hotels 26, 33 police 27, 31
toilets 14, 16, 17, 20, 32
cabs, horse-drawn 26, houses 11, 14–15, 18, 22, 23, Pope 18
Tokyo 44
27, 28 26, 34 port 26–27
tombs 9, 44
castle 19, 20–21, 22, 34 hypocaust 16, 36 postal service 29
tourists 31, 33
cathedral 18, 22, 26, 34 pottery 11, 36
town halls 19, 23, 24–25
cement and concrete 36, 37 I priests 13, 22, 40
trade 9, 10, 26, 43
central heating 16, 17, 36 industry and factories 26–27, printing 23, 39
transportation 14, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27,
Chang’an 43 35, 39 prisons 20, 21, 25, 27, 35
30–31, 36, 37, 39
Christianity 18, 22 inns 22, 23, 35 protestors 23, 24–25
see also railroads
cloth 14, 15, 19, 22, 26, 27 iron 19, 28, 36
coats of arms 21, 35 R U
commuters 30 K railroads and stations 27,
Ur 42
Constantinople 43 kings 19, 40 28–29, 44
costume 40–41 knights 19, 20–21, 38, 40 restaurants and cafés 26, 30, 32 W
count 19, 20, 21, 23 Romans 14–17, 34, 36, 38, 40 walls, city 15, 18, 19, 34
courier 30, 31 L Rome 42 water supply 17, 26, 33
cutpurse 23 lawyer 18 weaving 11, 20, 27
lighting, street 26, 27, 37, 39 S weight masters 19, 38
D London 44 science 23, 37, 39
women 11, 14, 26, 40, 41
Delhi 44 17th century 22–25, 35, 37,
workers 14, 19, 26, 39
Demeter 12, 13 M 39, 41
dentist 23 markets 10, 14, 19, 22 sewers 26, 27, 34, 35
doctors 15, 38 medieval era 18–21, 34, 36, 38, 40 ships and boats 9, 23, 27, 31, 36, 37
drains 26, 27, 34 merchants 9, 11, 14, 22, 18, 19, 23 shopping malls 31, 35
metalworking 9, 36 slaves 10, 11, 15, 16, 38
E milling 27 solar panels 31, 32
energy saving 32 monasteries 19, 22, 34 soldiers 11, 19, 27
elevators 33, 35 monks and nuns 18, 22, 40 armor and uniforms 40, 41
escalators 31, 33, 35 mosaics 17, 43 knights 19, 20–21, 38, 40
CREDITS
DK would like to thank: The Publisher would like to thank 42 Getty Images: De Agostini (crb); All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Philip Steele for the original text, the following for their kind Adam Woolfitt / Robert Harding For further information see:
Matilda Gollon for additional permission to reproduce their (bl). 43 Corbis: Danny Lehman (tl). www.dkimages.com
text, Philip Parker for historical photographs: Getty Images: Dea / A. De Gregorio
consultancy, Jenny Sich for (cr); Chinese School (clb); Dea / J. E.
a=above, c=center, b=below, l=left, Bulloz (br). 44 Corbis: Andrea
proofreading, and John Searcy
r=right, t=top Jemolo (r). Getty Images: Danita
for Americanization. Delimont (t); Rory Gordon - Michael
Ramage (bl)
45