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DOI: 10.14483 / 16579089.11464

Twenty years of eradication of child labor in Colombia*

Twenty Years Eradicating Child Labor in Colombia
María del Pilar Jaramillo Mantilla1

To cite this article: Jaramillo, MP (2017). Twenty years Received: 15-January-2017 / Approved: 07-May-
2017
eradication of child labor in Colombia. Images
childhoods, 16 (1), 43-59.

Summary
This article presents a review of the policies
formulated and implemented since the mid-deca-da
1990 for the eradication of child labor in Colombia is
made; indicates their relative achievements and
impacts and their progressive qualification. Despite
the significant reduc-ing the number of children and
ado-lescents working, the problem is still very large.
The review of national statistics DANE for the years
2012-2016 evidence both achievements
limitations of the insti-tutional action. To conclude,
suggest possible the persistence and severity of the
problem of child labor-tions explained.
Keywords: child labor; domestic worker; Children's
rights; child protection; teenagers; occupation; workday;
income.[Thesaurus
Unesco: http://vocabularies.unesco.org/browser/thesaurus/es/
Tes-Auro ILO: http://www.ilo.org/inform/online-information-
resources/ terminology / Thesaurus / lang - en / index.htm]
Abstract
This article reviews the policies and im-plemented
Formulated since the mid-1990s for the eradication of
child labor in Colombia. It ITS Indicates relative
achievements and impacts, and quali-fication ITS
progressive. DESPITE significant reduction in the
number43of working children, the problem remains
very seri-ous. The review of national statistics of the
and National Administrative Department of Statistics for
the years 2012 to 2016 Evidences Both achievements
and Limi-tations of institutional action. In conclusion,
possible Explanations for the persistence and
seriousness of the problem of child labor are
Suggested.
Keywords: child labor; domestic workers; rights of
the child; child protection; teenagers; occupations;
workday; income.

* Review article derived from doctoral thesis, begun in 2002 and completed in 2013, child labor. The case of "El Prado" Bo-Gota, DC
(Colombia), supported by the University of Salamanca (Spain) and funding for 2012 and 2013 from the University Francisco José de Caldas.
Article written in 2016.
1 PhD in Social Psychology and Anthropology at the University of Salamanca. Professor at the Faculty of Science and Education, District

University of Bogotá. Email: jaramillomantilla@hotmail.com

 Maria PIlar Jaramillo Mantilla
Introduction
Child labor has probably existed since the origin of
societies. For centuries it was the equivalent of the
school, the mechanism through which children learned
alongside their parents or other teachers as learners,
the destre-wham necessary to carry out a trade. With
Ima the advent of the Industrial Revolution and the
ges introduction of public education, every time it was clear
rese
arch that the work of the children harmed them and the
whole society because they prevented a healthy
development and acquisition of knowledge and skills
necessary to function in work contexts winning in
complexity (Salazar, nd). Since the creation of the
International Labor Organization (ILO) in 1919, the
prohibition of child labor in-porated on the public
agenda of governments,
44 (Unicef), the protection of children and the
prohibition of child labor-ing became increasingly
im-portance. The Bill of Rights of the Child (UN,
1959) says, in its Principle 9: "children should not be
allowed to work before me-Nima age appropriate; in
no case it will be dedicated or permitted engaged in
occupation or em-ployment which would prejudice
his health or education or interfere with his physical,
mental or moral development ". In the following
decades they have been devel-oped national policy
instruments and in-ternational worldwide, as
denoting the Convention on the Rights of the Child
in 1989. The cooperation of the ILO and UNICEF
has managed in-corporated in legislation and
national policy strategies and programs to reduce or
eliminate child labor.
On the other hand, child labor is a complex
reality, is given in various sectors pro-ductive and
crafts, and includes modalities as di-similes as work
in domestic jobs, in mining, in informal trade in
agricul-ture and even illegal activities in some
countries and slave labor. Rela tively there benign-
modalities, as could be the participation
tion in domestic work for short times or
ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59
including paid work in light work that does not
impede study, making it difficult to accurately set
the limit of what is tolerable.
In the present text a cursory review of plans and
policies nationwide Orien-tados to the eradication of
child labor, since its inception in the mid-nineties of the
previous century ago. Examines, also, statistics born-
nal of the last five years to determine the most
notorious features of working children and their-gests
some explanations for the apparent paradox of the
persistence of child labor despite the enormous
quantity and quality Orien-tados efforts to eradicate it.
The information sources used are the texts of plans
and policies, statistical infor-month National
Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) and
text analysis of national public institutions or interna-
tional and specialists.
Twenty years of plans and policies for
the eradication of child labor in
Colombia
In Colombia and probably in other countries
progress in addressing the problem of child labor
has been slow, although it already has a tradition
of nearly a century of presence in the agenda of
public policies.
A study conducted in 2003 by the Ob-servatory
on Children of the Na-tional University of Colombia,
analyzes public policy until that year (Alvarez et al.,
2003). To re-señar the historical development of
state action, it is suggested that in principle the issue
was addressed as a matter of labor regulations in
the sector orbit of the Ministry of Labor: Garan-tizar
respect for the minimum age for linking work ,
prevent exploitation of children by working
conditions, long hours or low pay. From 1970,
shortly after the creation in 1968 of-lombiano Co
Family Welfare Institute, which Wakes-ta interest of
researchers and institutions in meeting various
aspects of the situation of children, including the
question of work,
 Vwenty years to eradicate child labor Colombia
rural areas (Gutierrez, 1984; Salazar, 1990) it is described as an
activity Gutiérrez (1984) denounces child labor in mining and one
Studies on child labortwo inno-vation and in the done on construction sites where the "help" of minors seems
field of public policies to reduce it, concentrate much definitive for the upkeep of the home. Knaul (1993) reveals the
institutional care over the last three decades of the theft as work activity performed by children living in Bogota
century: streets. Exploiting the-Boral of children in rural areas (Gutierrez,
1984; Salazar, 1990) it is described as an activity Gutiérrez
Interesting studies on child labor in Colombia, (1984) denounces child labor in mining and one done on
particularly in Bogotá, developed in the late seventies construction sites where the "help" of minors seems definitive for
Muñoz and Palacios (1978) who note that minors the upkeep of the home. Knaul (1993) reveals the theft as work
worked-res mostly perform outside the home and some activity performed by children living in Bogota streets. Exploiting
receive remuneration in kind, mainly girls. The National the-Boral of children in rural areas (Gutierrez, 1984; Salazar,
Planning Department (DNP) (1980) reviewed the 1990) it is described as an activity
situation of child labor in the capital's northeast.
Zambrano (1980) demonstrates the reality of child labor
unpaid and invisible both par-te family and by society.
Ayala (1982) analyzed the situation of elementary 2 child labor will be understood in the text according to the ILO definition: "Any
work that deprives children of their childhood, po-tential and their dignity, and
students and job performance, contrasting the work as that is harmful to their physical and psychological development. Thus, it refers
belonging to public or private school; encontran-do a to work that: is dangerous and preju dicial to-physical, mental or moral welfare
of the child; interferes with their schooling by: depriving them of the opportunity
variety of work performed by children in long hours and to attend classes; They are forcing them to leave school prematurely or requiring
some trend trades by gender. Aldana (1983) asks about them to combine study with hard work and time consuming (ILO, nd). This
definition is compatible with using the DANE for the statistical measurement of
labor participation of children schooled-two denotes that
the phenomenon: "All children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years of age who
a higher proportion of girls tra-down at home and in during the reference week participated in the process of production of goods and
services,
hazardous conditions regarding children working outside
the home in service sector, industry and trade. Gutiérrez
(1984) denounces child labor in mining and one done on
construction sites where the "help" of minors seems
definitive for the upkeep of the home. Knaul (1993)
reveals the theft as work activity performed by children
living in Bogota streets. Exploiting the-Boral of children in
rural areas (Gutierrez, 1984; Salazar, 1990) it is
described as an activity Aldana (1983) asks about labor
participation of children schooled-two denotes that a
higher proportion of girls tra-down at home and in
hazardous conditions regarding children working outside
the home in service sector, industry and trade. Gutiérrez
(1984) denounces child labor in mining and one done on
construction sites where the "help" of minors seems
definitive for the upkeep of the home. Knaul (1993)
reveals the theft as work activity performed by children
living in Bogota streets. Exploiting the-Boral of children in
rural areas (Gutierrez, 1984; Salazar, 1990) it is
described as an activity Aldana (1983) asks about labor
participation of children schooled-two denotes that a
higher proportion of girls tra-down at home and in
hazardous conditions regarding children working outside
the home in service sector, industry and trade. Gutiérrez
(1984) denounces child labor in mining and one done on
construction sites where the "help" of minors seems
definitive for the upkeep of the home. Knaul (1993)
reveals the theft as work activity performed by children
living in Bogota streets. Exploiting the-Boral of children in

exercised within the family, socially acceptable
da, but performed in subhuman conditions.
Knaul and Castillo (1994) note that children
work as errand boys or messengers for their
own families. Flórez, Knaul and Mendez (1995)
They wonder how many and where children work
I
and young Colombians. Response evidence
gacmágenesió
the magnitude of the problem and the difficulties of
cuan-
fication of the working children. Florez
and Mendez (1998) speak of the downward trend
f e
o v
child and youth work in Colombia during the
ti
n
s
1992 to 1996, indicate that one out of every fifty
has five urban children and one of every eleven
rural children from seven to eleven years, is working
(Jaramillo, 2013, p. 72).
Successive governments include the issue of
child labor and overall concern
development of children in their respective plans
developmental. Improve the institutional
framework and le-
gal for treatment. But especially in the
1990s are circumstances that re-
show considerable progress: the new Cons-
ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59
tution 1991 makes development plans
binding commitments of the ruling, instead
simple rhetorical exercises. Welcomes your text
an updated treatment of the concept of
Children as citizens and subjects of rights. With
that foundation and technical assistance both
UNICEF and the ILO, which had created the Pro-
ma International Labor Eradication
Children (IPEC), formulated the "First Action Plan
the eradication of child labor (1995-1998) ".
ni
the Interagency Committee was created to eradicate
tion of Child Labor and the Protection of Young
Worker, rector work in the field of infant-ju-
venil, for the formulation and development of
policies and programs leading to the eradication
the participation of children at work
and protect and improve working conditions
Young (Alvarez et al., 2003, p. 36).
At the end of the decade, in 1999 he signed the
Con-
venio 138 of the ILO on the "worst forms of TRA
Children under Plan II "and in January 2000,
launched"
action for the elimination of child labor. "
Four
.
Five
 Maria PIlar Jaramillo Mantilla
These plans were great efforts to ge-nerar
interagency coordination and mobilize resources
and actions of institutions and general society both
nationally and regio-nal level. Analysis of plans by
Alvarez et al. (2003) details the achievements and
constraints in implementing the plans. To
summarize the achievements analysis suggests:
Some progress in the implementation of
national plans:
Images research
• Production of a large number of mate-rial
awareness.
• Visibility of the issue of children, girls and
young workers for ins-tutions and
organizations.
• Advance information available on mag-tude
and characteristics of child labor.
• Creating some departmental committees.
• Training health officials, work, family welfare
and governorates.
46 • Building a consensus table no-DICAL on the
issue of child labor.
• Ratification of Conventions 138 and 182 of
the ILO.
• Signing of the Declaration of Cartagena de
Indias for the Eradication of Child Labor.
• Development and systematization of
intervention projects (Alvarez et al., 2003, p.
65).
Institutional and opinion on the problem of child
labor mobilization in evi-dence put the
shortcomings of the information availa-ble for
planning that goes beyond indicative targets.
Despite several signifi-cant and case studies,
local scope or sec-torial general statistics
presented at the national gaps. DANE
cooperation with the ILO, significantly improved
the information available from the National Survey
of Children's Tra-under.
The report presents the results of the National Child
Labor Survey 2001, DANE describes the origin of the
survey: "In the effort to obtain of syst-matic manner the
information required to advance
ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59
elimination of child labor, meanwhile the ILO
established worldwide Program Informa-tion Statistics
and Monitoring Responsible Child Lock-jo (SIMPOC),
which aims to 'provide countries with an instrument to
obtain and analyze da- cough, plan activities against
child labor and evaluate the results achieved with the
implementation of the program. ' " The result of the
cooperation of DANE and SIMPOC, as well as several
specialists met-tions that had been made was the
Survey Characterization of the population between 5
and 17 years in Colombia, was obtained
[…] necessary information about children involved
in economic and non-economic activities and population-
economic and features socioe-general of all children of
school age and, for those who work, working conditions,
safety and health issues (with emphasis the type,
frequency and severity of injuries or diseases), and the
reasons they have to work. The survey also identify
charac-teristics demographic and socioeconomic of pa-
dres of any lower group of 5 to 17 years of age, since
there is correlation between them and the incidence of
child labor (DANE and ILO, 2001).
This survey, known under the acronym ENTI was a
milestone of great importance and meant modernizes-
tion of statistical records on children, need had been
repeatedly warned by researchers as Salazar (1996,
2000). From this survey modules were introduced so-
bre child labor in household surveys and formulated a
"III Plan for the eradication of child labor" in force from
2003 to 2006, in 2011 he conducted a second survey
and the field of national plans formulated in 2008 the
national Strategy to Prevent and Eradicate the worst-
mas for Child Labor and Protect Young Work-dor
2008-2015.
The III Plan recognizes the progress of the two
an-teriores and made explicit based on the leccio-
tions of these. Seeks to include the problem of child
labor in territorial development plans; incorporate
the eradication of child labor in politics to eradicate
poverty; improve the
 Vwenty years to eradicate child labor Colombia

knowledge of special situations where children
work; and generally make-pacio city is the area of
coordination and policy.
In this III Plan conditional cash transfer
program "Families in Action" was introduced as a
strategy is-pecífica against child labor, to
actions of institutions such as ICBF, Mystery
Labor and many mayors and governors as well
as international organizations.
2015 marked the twenty years of policies
public for the eradication of child labor
which have been briefly outlined in lines

I
area, but although it has been reduced, work

encourage school attendance. It consists of above. Nobody could deny the enormous amount
granting subsidies conditioning them assistance

i
n
ó
i
s
e
n
e
g
á
m
c
a
g
of effort and resources used in this ta-
to health controls or in the case of school

of
attendance at school. Children still there. Its size in absolute numbers
Program evaluation, published by ILO / IPEC

est
weight and percentage are lower than for twenty

(2006) notes that the program had a positive impact
on school attendance but much less on child labor,
being more significant for children from 10 to 13,
who on young people from 14 to 17. no obs-tante,
the program had an impact on the reduction of
working hours per month, but not on the walkout.
Anyway, given the decline in hours worked
investigates state-mers are hopeful that, eventually
the program will lead to the abandonment of labor
and the elimination of child labor.
In addition, the evaluation reveals a tremendous
amount of local level efforts-Departmental and
municipal levels, both in the field of inter-agency
coordination as the accio-educational purposes to
families and generally the most diverse forms of
action. There is no doubt that this plan, as above,
achieves substantial institutional and social MOVI-
tion.
The fourth plan, ie the National Strategy to Prevent
and Eradicate the Worst Forms of Child Tra-low and
Protect Young Workers 2008-2015, lives up to being
preceded by three plans and more than a decade of
efforts insti-tutional . Its institutional design takes into
account the lessons learned from past experiences,
focusing as it did the third in the worst forms of child
labor, it attaches great import-cia educational options
and understanding of the family as the subject of the
shares, It is focusing on the fight against extreme
poverty. We do not have Teni-access to a
comprehensive assessment of the strategy whose final
date was 2015, but you can find documentation on the
validity and permanence
nv
i
years but remains a major problem.
Then we will see some trends
most notorious child labor in accordance with the
DANE statistics of the last five years.
Child labor trends between 2012 and
2016
Total volume
On August 24, 2012 Portfolio magazine published
ed a story about Main-increase
res workers according to statistics
DANE. Note the newspaper said: 47
In two years, when the economy has had
remarkable growth rit-mos, relief in unemployment
and drop in rates of poverty and indigence, 416,000
children between 5 and 17 years reached the labor
market until completing 1,466,000 in 2011, ie cre-tio
39.5 percent.
This increase in child labor occurs pe-sar
campaigns to eradicate this form of occupation, and
healthy economic times would lead to think about a
drop in occupation of these children and adolescents.
By contrast, the rate recorded a real shot, going
from 9.2 percent in 2009 to 13 percent in 2011, which
is a cause for alarm for Colombian society, said the
director of DANE, Jorge Bustamante, to give co-nocer
yesterday overview of child labor in the country.
Here he was reviewing what was stated by the
director of DANE in presenting the results of the
National Survey of Child Labor (ENTI) 2011,
developed by DANE, the Ministry of Labor and the
Colombian Institute of Family Welfare

ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59

 Maria PIlar Jaramillo Mantilla

(ICBF), with support from the National Planning results of the 2011 survey and suggests an
Department (DNP) and the International Labor answer to the striking increase in the rate of child
Organization (ILO). labor:
Table 1 shows the evolution of the rate
child labor from 2001 to 2016. The figure Between 2005 and 2009 comparable periods in-
between 2009 and 2011 shows It does indeed tre itself, the rate of child labor had a positive
investigation

you a significant increase, as evidenced variation going from 16% to 13.6% in 2007 but is
DANE and he quoted by the newspaper. The alarm reversed in 2009, when it reaches 15.5%. The latter
expressly impact is presumably associated with the
da was fully justified. However, in the international economic crisis that spurred the exit to
following years, the rate returned to a level the labor market of different mem-bers of
It could be considered normal if it was not a households, including those under 18 (pp. 4-5).
exabrup-
Images of

to be considered normal to one of the realities

The international economic crisis that mentions
Painful country. The case is not followed au-
the text corresponds to the recession as Algu-nos
menting and instead has shown some decrease
ranges from 2008 to 2015; began in the United
tion, still very slight as to be considered
States and its effects are still felt and the global
satisfactory.
economy has not recovered. It is said to be the worst
economic crisis since the Great Depression of 1929
Table 1. Participation rates in child labor, the national total.
and there is a lot of literature and discussions about
Population between 5 and
17 years. it. As it regards Co-lombia, a publication of the Bank
of the Republic (Arango, Parra and Finch, 2015)
work rate studies the relationship between the business cycle
Year Number
childish
48 2001 12.9 1409777 and the labor market. Its authors say that the last
2003 10.8 1180864 two periods of economic recession occurred
2005 8.9 999895 between di-cember 1997 and June 1999 and
2007 6.9 786567
between January 2008 and March 2009. The effect
2009 8.9 1050147
2011 13,0 1465031 of recessions is summarized by Arango, Parra and
2012 10.2 1,160,000 Finch (2015 ) as follows:
2013 9.7 1,091,000
2014 9.3 1,039,000
It is that labor participation in Aumen-ta
2015 9.1 1,018,000
contractions while the OCU-pation rate falls. The sum
2016 7.8 868516
of these two facts unambiguously predicts that
Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. recessions unemployment rises. In particular, the
GEIH-2016-ENTI 2011. unemployed, rather than the candidates, always
increase in the momen-tos of crisis; ie, layoffs and
What happened between 2009 and 2011 that reintegration market seem to be the most regular
could cause this so noticeable change? It is difficult, events during periods of crisis. Wages and hours
to say the least hazard a guess conclu-yente to this worked fall in recessions while underemployment per
question. But perhaps the answer should be sought hour, increases. The ratio asala-riados a population of
by questioning the assertion that "the economy has working age constitutes a key variable for the study of
had no-tables rhythms of growth, unemployment the cycle phases as always contracted during recesio-
relief and falling poverty rates and extreme poverty"; nes (p. 2).
ade-plus upward trend is already noticeable from
the period 2007-2009 and not only between 2009
and 2011. Taking as a starting figure of 2007, the
increase is much higher than expressing the
newspaper. The Ministry of Labor (2012) analyzes
the
ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59
 Vwenty years to eradicate child labor Colombia

Labor participation means the he-cho that people
leave to find work, if they do not find are aspiring, if
they become unemployed, they are unemployed. In
the crisis increases the unemployed and applicants do
too. The measure suggested by Arango, Parra and
Finch (2015) relate to employees working age
2016, in a condition that is by no means
permissible.
It should be noted here that there is a difficulty with the
data, warned by the same DANE: the above statistics
from 2001 to 2009 are not comparable with statistics from
2011 onwards due to methodological changes Enter-two

I ion imágenesgacde invest

population as recession indicator includes at least
statistically the most significant part of child labor is
considered as age population working (PET) for over
12 years. In this regard, one of the anticipated effects
of the crisis is the output of a large number of children
in the labor market. Thus the situation noted by the
magazine Portfolio (2012) by the directors of DANE is
not so surprising.
Furthermore, the extended period illustrated in
Table 1, child labor has declined markedly in two
stages, in 2007 before the onset of the crisis
mentioned in previous lines and -more recent data
in 2016 . continuing this trend is desirable, but it is
impossible to predict what will remain. Social
exclusion and poverty, the aftermath of the armed
conflict and large social ills such as drug trafficking,
sexual exploitation of meno-res, the use of children
in illegal mining remain at 7.8% of the country's
children - according to figures from
design samples and research instrumen-tos. This
problem, which becomes more noticeable as the
information is more desagre-gada, leading some analysts
to clarify that it is not possible to determine to what extent
increases or decreases between 2009 and 2011 due to
real changes or changes methodological.
Distribution by geographical area and gender
According to DANE, Colombia's total population by
2016 was 47'540.354 per-Sonas, of which 77%
were in municipal fits-waxes and the remaining 23%
in smaller centers and rural villages scattered. This
classified-tion can assimilate the notions of urban
and rural. Colombia's population has been pre-
dominantly urban. According to this trend, children
between 5 and 17 years, children and adoles-
Centes (NNADD) are for the same 2016 a total of 49
11'126,198, ie 23.4% of the total population. In this
header proportion it decreases slightly and is 22.4%,
while in ru-ral areas the same rate will be 27.8%.
This means there is higher proportion of NNADD in
rural areas.

Table 2. child labor by geographical area and gender.

Town center and rural

national Total headboards
dispersed
mens Women mens Women mens Women
2012 795902 363896 394711 243564 401191 120331
2013 735566 355508 364522 234616 371043 120892
2014 695180 343996 345941 230967 349239 113029
2015 694496 323908 337121 211366 357375 112542
2016 598382 270,336 293779 170665 304603 99671

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2015.

ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59

 Maria PIlar Jaramillo Mantilla

Table 3. child labor by geographical area and gender. Percentages.

Town center and rural

national Total headboards
disperse
d
mens Women mens Women mens Women
2012 68.6 31.4 61.8 38.2 76.9 23.1
2013 67.4 32.6 60.8 39.2 75.4 24.6
2014 66.9 33.1 60 40 75.5 24.5
2015 68.2 31.8 61.5 38.5 76.1 23.9
Images research

2016 68.9 31.1 63.3 36.7 75.3 24.7

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2016.

In all the years observed, men in the labor market
more women are linked. The proportion of the
national total is close to 70 men for 30 women out of
100 NNAD working. If HEADER-ras, ie urban areas
are broken, growing proportion
50 women, although men are still the majority. In
rural areas, however, be seen Vuel-dominant
male bonding work and the proportion of female
child labor is reduced.
In line with the national trend, in absolute
numbers the population of NNAD lock-ers
decreases, but the proportions are preserved
percen-tual almost equal in the five years
observed.
Children and adolescents
The age group between 5 and 17 years is divided into
two segments for statistical and legal purposes: from 5
to 14 and 15 to 17. The first would be children and
adolescents seconds. The law states
the possibility that the authorities grant to work au-
thorization adolescents from 15 years. It is clear that
most labor capacity for development and greater
autonomy makes them more susceptible to labor
relationship.
Between 2012 and 2016 the total population of 5
to 14 years increased from 8,671,652 to 8'536.079,
and the population aged 15 to 17, went from
2'660.284 to 2'590.119. This tendency to slow and
gradual decrease corresponds to the demographic
transition. The country is starting to travel the
Aumen-to both relative and absolute of older age
groups and decreased in absolute terms and
relative weight of young groups; However, in the
medium term children and young people remain Jo-
largest segment of the population. In the first group,
of 5 to 14 years, the rate of work (TTI) is 4.6%, while
in the second group amounted to 24.4%. Which
means that four teenagers Colom-bian one works.
This figure reveals very clearly the seriousness of
the situation.

Table 4. Child labor rates by age groups and geographic areas in 2012 and 2016.

Total headboards Town center and rural

2012 2016 2012 2016 2012 2016
5 to 14 years 5.9 4.2 4.0 2.5 eleven 8.7
15 to 17
years 24.3 19.8 19.6 15.9 37.6 31.7

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2016.

ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59

 Vwenty years to eradicate child labor Colombia

The downward trend in labor rates (TTI)
equally affects both age groups and geographical
areas.
The main problem of Tempra-na linking the work is
its impact on oportunida-des education by NNAD, ie on
the process of human capital formation with the
The adolescent workers in these circum-
ences, is part of a whole even more complex,
which is often not perceived from the point of view
studies on child labor, which tend
to look at the problem in a somewhat one-sided,
and socially undesirable activities, which is

I
dren and girls younger age at 14 years,

consequences this has for their oppor-tunities future, should discourage and even suppress. While this
either because away and excluded from education, or approach may make sense in the case of ni-

i
n
ó
i
s
e
n
e
g
á
m
c
a
g
because it hinders proper Rendi-ment. In the total

of
population of 5 to 17 years of school attendance is teenagers are entering a situation
90.3%, slightly higher in urban areas (91.7%) and It characterized by decreasing its op-

ti

v
n
e
s
slightly lower in rural areas (86.4%). But the population Dades personal development that could beat them
of workers NNAD schooling is reduced to 67.2% a better place in the labor market and on them
attendance in the national total, which corresponds to growing pressure for early connection to
70.6% in urban areas and 63.3% in rural areas. work.
Lack of educational opportunities can de-Berse
many factors, not simply refers to young people forced The working conditions of NNAD
to work and leave the studio-ban. We can mention, The ILO has introduced the concept of work de-
among others, the distance between the place of cente to emphasize that there is a human right
residence and school, difficulties to pay the transpor- critical to work, not of any kind, but
te, lack of school places, low academic achievement under specific conditions of dignity.
NNAD workers are par-te a range conditions and both
personal shortcomings as they become ejectors family Productive work with fair pay, 51
and institutional education. Si-tuations especially those Safety in the workplace and social protection
affecting adolescents who are in the final years of their for workers and their families, better prospects
training cycle, because as secondary raw-ria and basic for personal and social development, freedom to
education coverage is high. It is expected that at 15 They express their concerns, organize and par-
years young is concluding basic education (ninth ticipen in making decisions that affect their
grade) but from this point, the average education in lives and equality of opportunity and
recent years to obtain a bachelor's degree, signi-cantly treatment for women and men (2007, cited by Zorro
decreases in their coverage. According to an official and Patino, 2013, p. 119).
document of 2014:
Decent work is an objective which
In 2012 the NER (net enrollment rate) in urban areas for You can support the social and labor policy un-
secondary education level was 78.9% and rural 54.8%. At a perspective of human development, ma-
the level of I-day rates for urban and rural areas were 47.8 Nera more comprehensive than the elimination of
and 24.9%, respectively. At both levels, the DIFF-cia rates child labor
between urban and rural area is greater than 20 percentage child, expanding educational coverage or
points (Conpes and DNP, 2014, p. 18). the generation of jobs, because in-
Tegra them all.
This concept, although it is valid as a principle
for the entire population and as an ideal
foundation
labor policy, it is especially important
for young people who are starting their entry
workplace and whose trajectory will depend on the
most cases, the conditions of its in-
Initial gration. Have you made that initial insertion
NNAD status of workers? It means that

ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59

 Maria PIlar Jaramillo Mantilla

an advantage or otherwise? Becomes greater co-
nition and lack statistical accuracy, but we can say
without fear of mistake, that income to work in
conditions of child labor carries a high probability of
prolonging the conditions of poverty and exclusion.
investigation
and social security. If the three lower pay ranges
add up, ie from ½ minimum wage to any
compensation, we will have 82% of the national
total and 89% in rural areas. In the headwaters of
the situation it is not much better and reaches

Occupational positions population 76%.

NNAD workers of 2016 are shown in
Table 5. Workdays
45% of the national total and 57% in In relation to revenues are working hours. The
rural areas work without pay. the independent number of weekly hours worked can be seen in
Images of

earrings, meanwhile, in this population are with
full assurance informal salaried jobs and what
They are also in a very large proportion. Nothing
further from the notion of decent work.
Remuneration
An additional indicator of informality are the
labor income as can be seen in Table 6.
All are below a minimum wage
which is an indicator of informality. in these
52 conditions is unlikely to be protection
Table 7 for the year 2016.
Long hours, more than 30 hours are common
(36%), but dominated by short days, less than 15
hours. The overall picture that these data show is
the work of low productivity, very bad Remu-
nerados and conditions of informality. In short,
child labor in the way given in Colombia, besides
being in itself a denial of the rights of NNAD, it is
completely opposed to the idea of a decent and
dignified work.

Table 5. Population 5 to 17 operating according to occupational position 2016.

Concept national Total % headboards Rural

Population 5 to 17 years working 1018404 100 548487 100 469918 100
twen
Employees 291172 29 197258 36 93915 ty

independent 273167 27 164190 30 108977 2. 3

Four.
Unpaid workers 454065 Five 187040 3. 4 267025 57

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2016.

Table 6. Population 5 to 17 years working as labor income ranges received last month.

Concept national Total % headboards % Rural %

Population 5 to 17 years working 1018404 100 548487 100 469918 100
Without compensation or gain 479194 47 202948 37 276245 59
¼ to SMMLV 223277 22 144740 26 78537 17
¼ to ½ SMMLV 131765 13 72442 13 59323 13
twen
ty- eleve
More than ½ SMMLV 168378 17 117075 one 51303 n
no reports 15,790 two 11,282 two 4,508 one

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2016.

ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59

 Vwenty years to eradicate child labor Colombia

Reasons to Work
Why they work the NNAD? The ob-held information by
DANE child labor includes subjects reasons adduced
to work. Table 8 presents the results for 2015.
The two main reasons are: helping fa-milia and
have their own money in every year from 2012 to
which may or unpaid and showing NNAD linking the
labor market, this measure corresponds to the
traditional analysis of labor issues. Has been
introduced as se-Gunda has to do with the use of
time and determines whether the NNAD ha-cen
household chores in the home and how much time

I ion imágenesgacde invest

2015 this trend is preserved; no em-ever, it is
striking that in urban areas tend to predominate
having money itself, factor of autonomy and
empowerment of NNAD fren-te to household, while
in rural areas dominated economic responsibility
towards the family.
devoted to it. If you spend 15 hours or more a week,
domestic work, which by defini-tion is unpaid, it is
included in a measure according-da expanded
work. It is considered that this dedication to
household chores is a burden that can have serious
effects on NNAD to hinder or replace the study.

Housework
Measurement of child labor in the household surveys
used two complementary measures: the first is the
work or occupation itself,

Table 7. Population 5 to 17 years according to weekly working hours.

53
Concept national Total headboards Rural
Population 5 to 17 years working 1018404 100 548487 100 469918 100
Less than 15 hours 396172 39 216238 39 179932 38
15 to 29 hours 254989 25 131034 24 123955 26
30 hours and more 366659 36 200628 37 166029 35
no reports 586 0 586 0 - -

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2015.

Table 8. Population 5 to 17 years working as reasons why it works.

Concept national Total headboards Rural

Population 5 to 17 years working 1018404 100.0 548487 100.0 469918 100.0
Should help with household expenses,
111453 10.9 56,810 10.4 54,643 11.6
help afford the study
Because the work is so, it does honored
126264 12.4 55,625 10.1 70640 15.0
and away from vices

Must participate in economic activity

346993 34.1 143993 26.3 203001 43.2
of the family

He likes working to have your own money 393544 38.6 264699 48,3 128845 27.4

Another reason 40,150 3.9 27,360 5.0 12,790 2.7

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2015.

ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59

 Maria PIlar Jaramillo Mantilla

According to Table 9, the total NNAD under the
concept of child labor is extended 1,395,777
(Reátiga, 2013, p. 14) 3.
As shown in Tables 9 and 10, the number of men
working practically du-plica the number of women. But
when it comes to household chores the number of
women is considerably higher than that of men. The
trend continues with little variation over the five years
reviewed. It can hardly be attributed to extreme poverty
dedication of girls to these tasks. What it seems to
have here is rather a cultural pattern. Moreover, as it
Images research
additional revenue explaining the linked-ing the
work of one and other.
The issue of work and household chores by
gender provides an interesting look if viewed des-
this urban-rural perspective. If this geographical
distribution by sex is observed, ras-gos that
reveal aspects of both the labor market and
cultural patterns surrounding the work of the
NNAD appear.
The situation changes when it comes to the
reali-zation of household chores.

regards the Remune-rado work, men who are more
fre-cia linked to it, but so does a number of women. In
this case it is much more likely to be poverty and the
need for
Within the tendency for relapse household chores
preference over girls, you can see-is that in rural areas
the proportion is even higher. The number of NNAD
making trades in Co-lombia 6'640.461 is distributed in
3'153.583 (47.5%) men and 3'486.878 (52.5%)
women. What kind of trades carried out by gender?

Table 9. Work and trades at home by gender. Population 5 to 17 years. Total national.
54
Performs household chores for 15 hours or
working more
Year Total
mens Women Total mens Women Total
2012 795902 363896 1'159.798 149795 484986 634781 1'794.579
2013 735766 355508 1'091.274 120909 458089 578998 1'670.272
2014 695180 343996 1'039.176 99604 412788 512392 1'551.568
2015 694496 323908 1'018.404 118127 429027 547154 1'565.558
2016 598382 270,336 868718 116988 410071 527059 1'395.777

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2016.

Table 10. Work and trades at home by gender. percentage ratio.

Performs household chores for 15 hours or
working more
Year
mens Women Total mens Women Total
2012 69 31 100 24 76 100
2013 67 33 100 twenty-one 79 100
2014 67 33 100 19 81 100
2015 68 32 100 22 78 100
2016 69 31 100 22 78 100

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2016.

3 Reátiga mentions that in 2002 published by Unicef, using data from 1996 said: "In Colombia more than 2,500,000 children work. Of this total, 1'700.000 are
teenagers between 12 and 17 years and 800,000 are children aged 6 to 11 years. 80% work in the informal sector. 323,000 children are working in domestic
service in private households. " UNICEF figure does not include those who work in the home that surely would raise the total above 3,500,000. Things have
changed in twenty years, the population has grown and the number of child workers has declined. However, we are still far from something that could be called
eradication.

ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59

 Vwenty years to eradicate child labor Colombia

Table 11. Household chores for 15 hours or more.

And dispersed rural population

national Total headboards center
mens Women mens Women mens Women
2012 149795 484986 107769 304570 42.025 180.415
2013 120909 458089 85433 267755 35.476 190.334

I ion imágenesgacde invest

2014 99604 412788 70729 251683 28.875 161.105
2015 118127 429027 75,024 269571 43.103 159.456
2016 116988 410071 81815 260868 35173 149203

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2015.

Table 12. Household chores for 15 hours or more. Percentages.

And dispersed rural population
national Total headboards center
mens Women mens Women mens Women
2012 23.6 76.4 26.1 73.9 18.9 81.1
2013 20.9 79.1 24.2 75.8 15.7 84.3
2014 19.4 80.6 21.9 78.1 15.2 84.8
2015 21.6 78.4 21.8 78.2 21.3 78.7
2016 22,2 77.8 23.9 76.1 19.1 80.9

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2015.

55

Table 13. Population 5 to 17 years doing crafts at home.

Concept Total mens Women

To wash 29.8 20.9 38.0
Iron 3.5 2.2 4.7
Cook 21.8 13.2 29.7
Care for young children or sick or disabled persons, household 12.4 9.2 15.3
Serve the home garden, breeding and care of animals 9.5 10.4 8.6
Running errands or markets 78.6 83.0 74.6
Cleaning and home maintenance 83.9 78.8 88.6
Others 2.4 2.5 2.3

Source: calculations based on statistics from DANE. GEIH-2015.

The difference of the work done by GENE-ro is that in
the city they do errands or shopping and field serve the
home garden, breeding and care of animals; in co-Cinan
minimum size or care for other household members;
while they are engaged in cleaning and maintaining their
homes, caring for young children or sick,
cooking, washing and ironing clothes. In rural areas the
animal care and agricultural activities are mostly
performed by men, although not exclusive to women who
in rural areas cater simultaneously and spacious working
hours both household chores and agricultural labor
(Jaramillo, 2013, p. 74).

ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59

 Maria PIlar Jaramillo Mantilla
It is not difficult to see reflected in this distribution
traditional gender roles. Prune-mos not forget that
whatever the offi-cio, the dedication of more than 15
hours a week is a heavy burden for NNAD and a
serious obstacle to their schooling.
Ima Why does not eradicate child lock-jo?
ges It is very difficult to answer this question. The fact is
rese
arch that despite the magnitude of the efforts deploys-dos
interventions of various kinds, child labor continues to
have a very high level. Institutional in-tervenciones
usually have a focus on restoration of rights, working
with children and adolescents who are at work and
offer them Educa-tion, with different methodologies,
some very exi-tosas. Moreover, preventive action and
social programs aimed at families focali-zan extreme
poverty through subsidies and alleviate their situation
and provide them with services. All this
56 it's very good. But the question remains. Child
labor, as pointed out all
analyzes on the subject, is, in a large proportion, a
survival strategy by families. Social programs aimed
at families in extreme poverty are taken into account
this factor, but as a researcher, Exis-ten "families
who do not meet the criteria for consideration
beneficiaries of the condi-amateurs subsidies and
that, paradoxically, must continue notes striving to
achieve a basic income of sub-sistence with the
workforce of their sons and daughters "(Fábregas,
2015: 149-150).
A very significant portion of job creation in
Colombia corresponds to infor-mal employment.
ILO, based on Household Survey indicates that in
2012 56% of employment was infor-mal nonfarm
(ILO and Forlac, 2014). Although the context is a
report on the progress of formalization, which lama
attention is that more than half of employment is
informal. Youth employment as noted above,
according to the this-dísticas is predominantly
informal.
To this must be added that labor reforms of the
early 2000s, in order to reduce labor costs
ISSN 1657-9089 • Vol 16, No 1 (January-June 2017). pp. 43-59
the sense of lowering firing costs and in-troducir
forms of contracting without cost-les works by way
of outsourcing, boosted job insecurity jobs of low
quality and short duration; low job security and
Desco-nition of the rights of workers. This situation
puts families in vulnerable not necessarily run-
spond with extremely poor.
As pointed out Fábregas (2015):
The extent of the deficit of decent work in Co-
lombia is reflected in the absence of basic rights so-
cial workforce as a result of the labor reforms; an
adequate work-ment of labor markets depends on the
fact that a large part of the population can enjoy such
rights. For reasons such as this it is that the enactment
of policies aimed at creating decent work represents
the essence of social policy (p. 160).
Perhaps the biggest difficulty is that much of the
prevention of child labor does not have to do directly
with child labor policies but by creating a protective
environment for children, youth and families, to
achieve stop or slow the steady flow of children into the
lock-jo. You may guarantee stable and decent work
fairly paid for heads of households, have an impact on
the decrease of greater than direct action child labor.
In conditions where households whose fits-za abound
family is a woman, policies to Garanti-zar equal
opportunities, pay and remove gender discrimination
can have a similar effect. In the words of Fábregas
(2015), the question is not so much poverty as uneven-
ness. The latter is a concept that has to do with
opportunities in various fields of life so-cial. In their
removal may be the key to greater achievements in the
eradication of child labor.
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