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    David Lee's Cocaine Handbook - An Essential Reference PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ecdee Fts

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 207

    COCAINE

    HANDBOOK
    An Essential Reference
    TESTING FOR PURITY
    HEALTH RISKS AND SAFEGUARDS
    IMPROVING QUALITY
    INSIDE THE COCAINE TRADE

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    SUMMARY OF PURITY TESTS FOR COCAINE AND COCAINE WITH COMMON ADULTERANTS

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    The adulterated samples used to illustrate testing procedures were 75%

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    J52

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    sharp melting point at 186.5-188°C.


    COCAINE
    COCAINE
    HANDBOOK
    HANDBOOK
    Now that
    Now that itithas
    has come
    comeintointo everyday
    everyday use,use, however,
    however, it is it is
    important thatits
    important that itschemical
    chemical reactions
    reactions shouldshouldbe asbewell
    as well
    known known
    as as
    thoseofofquinine
    those quinine oror caffeine,
    caffeine, since
    since it is itnow
    is now liable
    liable to come
    to come underunder
    observation
    observation ininmedico-legal
    medico-legal investigations.
    investigations. It isItalso
    is also desirable
    desirable that that
    the physical
    physicalproperties
    propertiesof of cocaine
    cocaine salts
    salts should
    should be familiar,
    be familiar, so that
    so that
    purchasers
    purchasers maymaybebeonontheir
    their guard
    guard against
    against substitutions
    substitutions or or
    adulterations.
    adulterations.
    NOTES
    NOTES ON
    ONTTHE
    H E ALKALOIDS OF C
    ALKALOIDS OF COCA
    O C A LEAVES
    LEAVES
    A.
    A. B. Lyons, M
    M.D
    . D ..
    The American Journal
    The American Journal of
    of Pharmacy.
    Pharmacy.
    OCTOBER
    O C T O B E R ,, 1885
    1885

    Neither the
    Neither author nor
    the author the publishers
    nor the publishers condone
    condone or or
    encourage the
    encourage the possession,
    possession, use,use, or
    or manufacture
    manufacture of any
    of any
    illegal substances.
    illegal substances. The The material herein is
    material herein is presented
    presented
    for reference
    for reference and and informational purposes only.
    informational purposes only. The
    The
    author and publisher advise against any
    author and publisher advise against any application application
    of the procedures
    of the herein if
    procedures herein if they
    they involve
    involve breaking the
    breaking the
    law or
    law or any
    any hazard
    hazard toto persons
    persons and/or property. Some
    and/or property. Some
    of the
    of the procedures
    procedures documented,
    documented, especially
    especially those
    those
    involving volatile
    involving volatile solvents
    solvents or or concentrated acids and
    concentrated acids and
    alkalis may
    alkalis may be be extremely
    extremely hazardous.
    ha:zardous. The
    The reader
    reader isis
    cautioned
    cautioned not not to
    to perform
    perform any any of
    of these procedures.
    these procedures.
    The
    The procedures
    procedures described
    described should
    should only
    only be performed
    be performed
    under laboratory
    under laboratory conditions
    conditions by by professional
    professional chemists
    chemists
    operating
    operating under
    under thethe authority
    authority of of the
    the proper
    proper govern-
    govern-
    ment regulatory
    ment regulatory agencies.
    agencies.
    Sometimes wewe
    Sometimes areare attracted
    attracted
    to things
    to thingswewe mustmust avoid.
    avoid.
    Some things
    Some things in in
    /iflife cannot
    e cannot be explained,
    be explained,
    without
    without being beingdestroyed.
    destroyed.
    I
    I can
    can see
    see ititwhen
    when you you look
    look at at
    me,me,
    I
    I can feelititdeep
    can feel deep inside;
    inside;
    You'vemoved
    You've moved meme in in a hundred
    a hundred ways.
    ways.
    It cannotbe
    It cannot bedenied.
    denied.
    When it's
    When it'stime
    timeforfor meme to, go,
    to go
    it won't
    it won't be beofofmy
    my choosing.
    choosing.
    Even
    Even though
    though the theworldworld seems
    seems mademade
    of
    of winning,
    winning, and and of losing;
    of losing /
    There
    There isisa a price
    price I will
    I will notnot
    pay.pay.
    A price I'llbe
    price I'll berefusing.
    refusing.
    —David
    -David Lee
    9/22/44 - 1/12/80
    1/12/80
    COCAINE
    IIAXIMMMMv
    AN ESSENTIAL
    AN ESSENTIAL REFERENCE
    REFERENCE

    David L
    David ee
    Lee

    "Along with
    'i\.long with suitable
    suitable warnings
    warnings onon
    cocaine abuse
    cocaine abuse and
    and cautions about
    cautions about
    the dangers of
    tile dangers of certain procedures
    certain procedures
    illustrated herein, the
    illustrated herein, author
    the author
    supplies mud1
    supplies much soUd
    solid infonruitioo
    information
    on cocaine's
    on chemistry, the
    cocaine 's chemistry, the
    cocaine trade,
    cocaine and various
    trade , and various tedmi·
    techni-
    cal means of testing and purifying
    cal means of testing and purifying
    cocaine."—Library
    cocaine .''-Ubrary JJournal
    o urnal
    Copyright ©
    Copyright © 1983
    1983 by
    by What
    What lf?
    Iff AH
    All rights
    rights Library of
    Ljbya.ryof Congress
    Congress Cataloging
    Cawoging inin PubU
    Publication
    catioo
    reserved, including
    reserved, the right
    Including the right to
    to reproduce
    reproduce Data
    Data
    this book
    chis book or portions thereof
    or portions in any
    chcreof in any form
    form Lee, David,
    Lee, Sept. 22.
    19+4 Sept.
    David, 1944 Z2-10S0 Jan. 1112
    - 1980 Jan.
    whatsoeverr wichout
    what50e'Ve without written
    written consenc
    consent (except for
    {except for
    use by
    use by aa reviewer
    reviewer in
    in connection
    connection with
    with a review)..
    a review)
    Cocaine handbook.
    Cocaine handbook.
    Bibliography:: p.
    Bibliography p.
    Printed In
    Printed in the
    chc United States of
    United Scates of America
    America Includes indt"X.
    lndudcs index.
    Cocaine habit.
    I. Cocaine
    1. Cocaine. l.I. Tide
    habit. 12.. Cocaine:. Title.
    First Printing:
    Firsc Printing: Ocrober
    October l198!
    981 HV5810.L44
    H V58 10.lA4 362.2"93
    362 .2'93 8110865
    8:l- 10865
    10
    10 9 9 88 77 66 55 44 3 3 22 1I LSBN0915904-56-X
    ISBN 0-9 15904-56-X AACR2
    AAC R2

    The author's
    The author's gratitude
    gratitude muse
    must be
    be expressed
    expressed toto the
    the
    people
    ~pie at at And/Or Press whesc
    And/Or Press whose efforts, professional
    dforcs, professi o nal
    expertise and
    experrcise and mornl
    moral support
    support have
    have transformed
    cransfo rmed aa The publisher
    The publisher wouldwould like
    like to thank the
    co thank following
    the following
    handful of
    handful of cypewrittcn
    typewritten pages into aa thing
    pages into thing of
    of beauty.
    beauty. for thcic
    for their permission
    permission to to u~
    use these
    these marerials:
    materials:
    p. 1:
    p. 7: lIntroduction, copyright ©
    orrod ucaon , copyright © lyBi
    1981hy bv Mich
    Michael
    ad
    Aldnch.
    Aldrich.
    ProjectDinxror: SebastianOrfali
    Director:Scbasri.m
    P}'l)Jl'Cf Ortajj
    p. +3: Photo reproduced
    43: Photo courtesy of
    reproduced courtesy of Wide
    Wide World
    World
    Dcirlopmmial n11d
    Dm·lqp,11mrnl mid .Mm11,sn1pr
    Alnmiscnpt Editor
    Editor:·
    Photos.
    Phoros.
    Nicholas
    N1cho Haniel
    l:1,\fl:und p. +9: Comic strip,
    49: Comic strip, copyrigb
    copyrightt © 19n byGilbm
    11)77 by Gilbert
    CopyEd1111r:
    Clf/'Y Editor: JimJim Sehrciher
    d1rdbc r Shelronn and
    Shelto and Dave
    DaveSheridan;
    Sheridan; !Tom
    fromTbt TheAdvmtures
    Adventures
    Appendix Rrs,:_mr/1
    Appmdi,: Rcst-meli: Bclx-fkrrolcr
    : Belx Bcnolct of Fat
    of Fat Freddy
    Freddy's published
    Cat, publ
    's Cat; by Rip
    ished by RipOffPrcss,
    OtTPrcss,
    Cmvr Desurn
    Curr,· DrstmtnminndArtDotctim:
    Arr D11rmi111 : Inc., San
    Inc., San Francisco.
    Francisco.
    Carle ncSchn.1hel
    Carlcnt Sclmahel p. s+:
    p. (+: Tips
    Tips on on Hc:tlrh
    Health Care.
    Care, copyrighr
    copyright © 1981 1981 by
    by
    BurntDmnu.
    B(l(lk CaricncSchnabcl.
    Drnpn: Carlene Schnahcl, Snellen
    ucllcn Michael
    M Aldrich.
    ichacl Aldrich.
    F.lmcbaske.
    Ehn.cbuskc.M.wly Marlyn11Amann
    Amann p. 58:
    p. Doonesbury
    58: Doo comic srrip,
    nesbury comic strip, cop
    copyright
    yright ©© 1980,
    19S0,
    Diiurimns:; Phil
    Dmem11is Phil GJrtlncr
    Gardner., Carlene
    CarlcneSchnabel,
    Schnalx-1, G.B. Trud~u.
    G.B. Tnideau. Reprinted
    Reprinted withwith permission
    permissionof of
    Nicholas Fl.1md
    :,.!ichol:ts I '.iinc. I Universal
    Universal PressPress Syndicate:
    Syndicate.. All rights rcsavc:d.
    AJJrighr.s reserved,
    Cbim Drstmr
    Clwt Dcsitjti ,;;~
    C'Fimmrt: MartiCmig
    hnimc: Marti Craigof1,of Pre Print.
    n.,Print. p. (6: Cokc&Scx,copyright
    p. 56: Coke & Sex, copyright © © 1981
    1981 bybv Michael
    Michael
    (DOGnodchild
    Jon Gooifchlld .Aldrich.
    Aldrich.
    !t,,rrrup:Marlyn
    fhstritp: Amann. M.u-inn
    1\farl~,1Amann, MarianO'O'Brien. Phil
    lkic:n, Phil
    Gardner.. Sru
    G.1rdm.:r SallyTaback,
    lvTnback. Dr Carncrine Conner.
    hcrinc Conner. p. S7:
    p. Treatment of
    57: Trcatmcut of Cocaine
    Cocaine Overdose,
    Overdose, copyright
    c:opyright
    )f.t\
    avne- Osgood
    nc OsgooJ © 1981
    © by Michael
    1981 by Michael Aldrich.
    .Aldnch.
    T\pijftmpti\-
    I)'fKt!Jr»Pll) '' Acccm Acccn&tAlph.1l"K!t.
    & Alpha bet. Pre I Vint,
    Pn:Prim, AuroraAurora p.
    p. 59: Dr. McDopc's
    J9: Dr. Amazing Facts
    McDopc's Amazing cartoon,
    Faas c.irroon,
    "ftpcsenc-re.TBD
    ·1\1,c:;c.·rtl!rs. Typography
    TRD Typugr.iplw copyright
    co pyright © © l980 by R
    1980 by R.. Si.
    Sicgcl,
    cgcl, D. Sheridan, and
    D. Shcndan, and
    CtnrrTvpatrrnpIn:
    Co1\'1' 'lypqpnpl,:, Bvtrographics,:\urorn
    •: 1\.-rrogr.tph.ia.Aurora P. Ryan
    P. Rvan.. Used with pcnmssion
    Used with permission..
    Typesetters.TBI")
    1~1
    pcscrrc-rs,Tim ~Tvpographv
    ·pogrnph~· In
    In addition, we f;l'nrcfully
    :iddition., we gratefully acknowlcdj:lt:
    acknowledge the the
    ftikifiraiiiiMi:
    l~oofh-ndi1t11 Martha
    : Marth.i Bensun,
    Bc:mon. S.ivrc
    SJyn: Van
    V11n Young.
    \'oung. numerous contrsburions
    numerous contributions by by the
    the individuals
    individuals whose:
    whose
    lean H.a.sclnnc
    Jc3n Hasclnnc., Bchc Bcbc Rc:rmkt
    Bcrtokt.. Sara Schnim
    :tr.1 Sdunm work is
    work cited below
    is cited below the:
    the brief
    briefquorcs
    quotes usedused for
    for
    SayreVa
    Index:: S:IVl'I:
    fodrx Van Young
    n Youn~ reference chroughou
    reference throughoutt this this work.
    work.

    Neither the autho


    Neither authorr nor
    nor th
    thee publishers
    publishers condone
    condone or encourage
    encourage thethe possession
    possession,, use
    use,,
    manufacturee of
    or manufactur of any illegal
    Illegal substances. The matedal
    substances. The material herein
    herein ls
    Is pres
    presented
    enaed for
    reference
    referen ce and Informational purpose
    and Informational purposes only.. The
    s only The author
    author and
    and publish
    publisher
    er advise
    advise
    against an
    against any application of
    y appUcatioo of the
    th e procedures herein if
    procedures herein if they Involve breaking
    they involve breaking the
    the law
    law
    or any
    or any hazard
    hazard to
    to persons
    persons andand/or
    / or property. Some of
    property . Some of the
    the procedures
    procedures documented,
    docum ented,
    especially chose
    especially (hose Involving volatile solvents
    involving volatile solvents or
    or con
    concentrated acids and
    ce-ntrated acids and alkalis
    alkalis ma
    may y
    be extrem
    be extremely hazardous. The
    e ly hazardous. The reader
    reader isis cautioned
    cautJooed notnot to
    to perform
    perform any
    any of
    of these
    th ese
    procedures.. lb
    procedures The procedures
    e proc described should
    edur es described should onlyonly be
    be performed
    performed under
    under
    laboratory
    laborat o ry co nditions by professional chemists operating und e r th e authority ooff
    conditions by professional chemists operating under the authority
    the
    th e proper government
    proper gov ernm e nt regulatory agencies..
    regulatory agencies
    FOREWORD
    FOREWORD
    Off
    Getting Off

    Tunes have
    Times have changed since cbe die first
    first edition.
    edjtion. There is new
    evidence
    evidence that cocaine damages
    that cocaine damages the die heart interferes with
    heart and inrerlercs with
    nerve
    nm transmission in
    -c transmission indicating the
    in the brain, indicating d1c danger of even even
    low-level
    low-l cocaine use.
    evel cocaine use. Hundreds
    Hundreds of of users
    users :ire
    aa- calling
    calling m.--:i011cnc
    treatment
    programs every
    programs every day.
    day.
    In the context of
    ln or" today's
    today's "War on Drugs," Drugs, ' media crusad
    1
    crusad--
    ing, aa "crack''
    ing, "crack" crisis
    crisis (sec
    (sec Appendix
    Appendix D )),, a national national AIDS AIDS
    epidemic, drug
    epidemi½ drug tc testing, police crackd
    ting, police crackdowns,
    owns, and and children
    children rum-nam-
    ing in
    ing in parcncs,
    parents, ir'itss aa !or
    lot more
    more dangerous
    dangerous ro to usc
    use cocaj
    cocaine these
    n e these
    days.
    days.
    David Lee
    David Lee wrote thii- this hook spirit of consun,cr
    book in a spirir consumer protec-protec-
    tion, crying
    tion. trving to to cduc~te
    educate users users about how how co to minimize risks. In
    m.inirni.zcrisks. In
    diat same
    char same spirit.
    spirit, II ofter
    offer chi
    thiss advice:
    advice: ifif you
    you belicvr
    believein the intelli-
    the inrdli-
    gent usc
    gent use of dings, now
    of drugs, now is is the time co
    the rime to gee
    get off
    off cocaine.
    cocaine.
    If you have foll
    you have followed
    owed the healthhealth tips in tb..i.s
    this book and have have
    contained
    c:omni your habir
    ncd your habit within manageable limits,
    within manageable limits, yoll
    von arc
    are in the
    best position
    best position to togcr
    getoffoff. You can do
    You<."atJ do it
    it yourself.
    voursclf.
    The time to get off is BEFORE B E F O R E youvou havehave a major life life--
    threatening dependency,
    ch.rcatcning dependency, when when youvou still
    still have
    have d1e
    die willwill power,
    power,
    resources and
    resources and sclf-respc<..1'.
    self-respect to to say
    sav no.
    no.
    Start b~ bv· cutting your habit in half: half: rake
    rake one line instead
    instead
    two, or half a gram in d1e
    of cwo, die time you used to conswnc consume one
    gram.
    gram. This This strengthens
    strengthens your your ,vill
    will power
    power wd and ktslets you
    you regain
    regain
    control.
    control.
    If you
    [f vou arc
    are very
    very strong, the die nexr
    next step
    seepis to teach
    i to tt-ach vourselfto
    yourself to
    sav no when cocaine
    say cocaine is is available.
    available. l11i
    This is is done
    done i.n in private
    private bv b)'
    choosing
    d1oosing an :ictivir:yfor whid1 you usuaUylike a toot,
    an activity tor which vou usually like a root, and
    and
    di ling it
    doing it wid1out
    without raking
    taking aa toot even d1
    toot even though
    ough vou you still have some.
    till have ome.
    Hard?
    Hard? You bet.
    bet . As your nervous system readjusts
    nerY ous syst e m readjusts to lite
    life
    without coke, the greatest greatest temptation is to co have
    have just one toot
    to feci better. Don
    ro feel Don't ~t do ir,it, and
    and it
    it gets progressively
    gets progi:-cssivcl easier to
    y easier say
    cosay
    no. Flush
    no. Flush your sr.ash stash if the
    the ccmpcacion
    temptation gees gets too great.
    roo great.
    If you
    ff vou can do this d1is for r:w two weeks, you will
    o weeks, clear coca.i
    will dear cocainenc
    completely out of vour svstem. Expect to
    completelyom of your system..fa:pcccto fed chemicallypis.sed feel chemically pissed
    off: don't take
    off cakeitit out on yow·vour loved
    loved ones. A ggood o o d diet, \'irwun
    vitaminss
    (especially B-complex
    (especially B-complex),), e.xercise
    exercise,, and sleep will willhelp.
    Bv doing this
    B)' diis in private, vou pa-pare yourself
    you prepare yourself tor
    for turning
    mming
    down aa toot
    down coot when ir' it'ss offered
    ottered ro to you
    vou or at aa parry
    patty.. Amazingly,
    Amazingly, vou you
    find
    find diat vou don't
    that }'OU really
    don't reall want one.
    y wanr one. YYou look at
    ou look at your
    vour ashy-raced,
    ashv-faced,
    over-amped friends and
    over-amped friends and say,
    say, ""'N
    Noo d1anks
    dianks." ."
    The hardest
    TI1e part is re-aligning vour
    hardest parr your friendships.
    friendshjps. Some of of
    vour old friends will stop inviting you over.,
    your over, interpreting yow· your
    disdain for
    disdain for the drug as
    d1e drug as disdain
    disdain for tor diem.
    d1CT11. You will
    You will lose some
    lose some
    friends: ir"s
    friends: it's the
    the price
    price you
    vou pay
    pay for regaining your
    for regainiHg vour own life. Your
    own life. Your
    real friends
    real friends will be supporti
    will be supportive. ve.
    votive tried,
    If you\re cried.,bm but still are unable
    unable to to get
    gee off bv vourself,
    b~ yourself,
    no blame.
    no blame. CallCall one
    one of of the
    the hodines
    botlines or or treatment programs in
    c:reaancmprogmms in
    vour area (sec
    your area (see Appendix
    Appendix C), C), and
    and rake
    take their
    their advice.
    advice.
    The key to ro getting off off an anyr drug
    drug is to figure out
    co figu.re out what
    vou really wane
    you really want to do with )'
    co do vour
    <)ur life. Read Aleister
    life. RL-ad AlciscerCrowley's
    Crowley's
    novel. Diary
    no\'el~ Diary qf of AA DmgDmei Emd Bend ((1922), available in
    1922), avaifablc paper-
    in paper-
    back. And remember, the ability to say no
    back. And remember, the abili~, ro say no is the mo.rkof the is the mark of the
    connoisseur.
    connoisseur.

    MichaelR.Aldndi,
    Midmel R Aldnch, PhD
    PhD
    San Francisco,
    San Francisco,
    Novemberr 1986
    1'.lovembc
    TABLE OF
    TABLE O F CON1ENTS
    CONTENTS

    FOREWORD
    F O R E W O R D TO R.EVTSW>BDl'DON
    RE V I S E D E D I T I O N

    Getting O
    Getting f f by Michael
    Off Aldnch
    Midtad Akiridt
    INTRODUCTION
    INTRODUCTION Michael Aldrich
    by Mich.ad
    br AJdrich }111
    AOTHOR'S
    A U T H O R ' S l?R.B.PA
    P R E F A CE
    CE 17
    17

    C HAPTER O
    CHAPTER NE:
    ONE:
    Mama Coca
    Mama 23
    2.,
    C HAPTER T
    CF.lAPTER W O :.
    TWO
    The Alkaloids
    The Alkaloids 32
    C HAPTER
    CHAPTER THREE:
    THREE:
    Undet"Standlng the Cocaine
    Understanding Cocaine Trade 40
    40
    CHAPTER
    C H A P T E R FOUR:
    FOUR:
    High Cost of
    The ffigh o f Getting High
    Getting High 447
    Cocaine
    Cocaine and Health
    and He!lllh 447
    1
    Cocaine and Economics
    C.ocalnt:and E<.
    :onomic 62
    62
    Cocaine
    C..oca and the
    ine and Law
    the Law 63
    63
    CHAP'JliR
    C H A P T E R FIVE:
    FIVE:
    Adulterants
    Adulterants 70
    70
    CHAPTER
    C H A P T E R SOC;
    SIX:
    Testing
    Testing 76
    76
    On Location
    On Location:: n
    77
    Sensory' Tests;
    &!nSOI) Tests: t.ltth)il
    MethylBenzoaw;
    Benzoate; Solubility:
    Solubility; dorm:
    Clorox IIII;; Foil
    Foil Burn
    Bum
    Ac Home:
    At Home: 101
    IOI
    Melting Point:
    Melting Point; Cocaln~
    Cocaine Base Test
    BaseTesi
    In the
    In (he Jah
    tab J123
    23
    C o l o r Plates
    Color Plates 127
    127
    C H A P T E RR SEVEN:
    CHAP'l"E SEVEN:
    Purification
    Purification t146
    46
    The Acetont
    The Aceione: Wash
    Wash I147
    "I 7
    Crystallization:
    Crystallization : 155
    155
    Crystal Growth
    Cry!ltal Growth;; TheThe Chemicals: The Soln~nts;
    Olemlc-.tls: The Solvents; 111e
    The Aod
    Acid:; Surring
    Stirring;: \Xlhen
    When
    Is Crystallization
    Is C~ia Complete?:
    lll7.a1ion Comp lete?; Washing
    Washlng the
    1he Crystals;
    C~uls , Drying the Crystals
    Drying the Crystals
    Appendix A: DISCONTINUING
    AppcndixA: DISCONTINUINGCOCAINE
    COCAJNEABUSE
    ABUSE 173
    173
    Append!* B:
    Appendix B: LABS
    LABS 175
    175
    AppendLxC:
    Appcndix HEALTH CENTERS
    C: HEALTH CENTERS 179
    Appendix D:
    Appendix D: CRACK
    CRACK(GARBAGE
    (GARBAGEFREEBASE)
    FREE BASE)b}' MichaelAldrich
    byMichael Aldrich 192
    192
    Glossary
    Glossary 194
    194
    Index
    Index 197
    Bibliography
    Bibliography 203
    203
    BLACK &
    BlACK WHITE PHOTOGRAPHS
    & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHS

    P H O T O S t1-4:
    PHOTOS -4,
    Pieces and
    Pieces Duff
    and Duff 81-82
    81-82
    PHOTOS S-24:
    PHOTOS 5-24:
    Mlcrophotos of
    Micropbotos of Cocaine
    Cocaine and Adulterants
    and Adulterants 85-86
    83-86
    P H O T O S 2S-27:
    PHOTOS 25-27:
    Solubility Test
    Solubility Test 88
    88
    P H O T O S 28-62:
    PHOTOS 28-62 :
    Clorox Test
    Oorox Test 91-99
    91-99
    P H O T O S 63-64:
    PHOTOS 63-64~
    Burn Test
    Foil Burn Test 102-103
    102-103
    P H O T O S 65-69
    PHOTOS 6S-69
    Melting Point
    MeJting Point Test
    Test 105-109
    105-109
    P H O T O S 70-94:
    PHOTOS 70.9•i:
    Cocaine Base
    Cocaine Base Test
    Test 111-122
    111-12 2
    P H O T O ?S:
    PHOTO 95:
    Test Paper
    pH Test Paper 123
    U3
    P H O T O S 96-ID9:
    PHOTOS 96, 109 :
    Acetone Wash
    Acetone Wash 148-152
    14S-152
    PIIOTOS lift
    P H O T O S Jl 156:
    0. 136:
    Crystalllzation
    Crystallization 158-168
    158-168

    C O L O R PI.ATES
    COLOR PLATES

    PtATF
    PLATES.S 1-6:
    1-6:
    Coca Plant
    Coca Plant and
    and Leaves
    Leaves 129-131
    129-131
    PLATES 7-32i
    PU.TES 7-321
    C.ocalne in Various
    Cocaine in Various Forms
    Forms 132-141
    132-141
    PLATES 35.56:
    PLATF.S~3-~,
    Results of
    Results of Melting
    Melting Point
    Point Tests
    Tests 142-143
    142-143
    PIATF.S 57-68:
    PIATES S7-68 :
    Resolts of Foil
    Results of Bum Tests
    Foil Burn Tests 144
    144
    CHARTS, DIAGRAMS,
    CHARTS, DIAGRAMS, AND
    A N D BOXES
    BOXES

    (HART:
    OtA.RT:
    Summary of
    Summary of Purity
    Purity Tests
    Tests for Cocaine with
    for Cocaine Common Adulterants
    with Common Adulterants (inside
    ( Inside front
    B O X .,
    BOX ro"cr)
    «
    \ in Mariani
    Vin Marian! Testimonials
    Testimonials 26
    26
    BOX:
    BOXt
    Essentials for
    Essentials for Cultivation
    Cultivation of Coca
    Coca 28
    28
    C H A R T ::
    OIART
    Species of c.oca
    Species of Coca and Their Characteristics
    and Their Characteristics 30
    30
    DIAGRAM:
    DIAGRAM:
    The
    The Cocaine Mole .cule-Its Structure
    Cocaine Molecule—Its Structure and
    and Its
    Its Decomposition
    Decomposition 34
    34
    C H A R T ::
    OfART
    Primary Coca
    Primary Alkaloids and Their
    Coca Alkaloids Their Properties
    Properties 38
    38
    DIAGRAM:
    DIAGRAM:
    Cocaine Trade
    Cocalne Trade Hierarchy
    Hierarchy from
    from Parm
    Farm to
    to Consumer
    Consumer 45
    45
    CHART:
    OlART,
    Treatment for
    Treatment for Cocaine
    Cocaine Reactions-A
    Reactions—A Summary
    Summary 51
    51
    DIAGRAM:
    DIAGRAM:
    Damage to
    Damage to the
    the Nose
    Nose Must
    Must be Mended Surgically
    Mended Surgically 53
    53
    BOX:
    BOX:
    Tips o
    Tips onn Health Care
    Health C.are 54
    54
    BOX:
    BOX:
    Coke &
    Coke & Sex
    Sex 56
    56
    BOX:
    BOX,
    Treatment of
    Treatment of Cocaine
    Cocaine Overdose
    Overdose 57
    B O X ::
    BOX
    Opinions
    Two Opinion s 61
    61
    C H A R T ::
    CHART
    Overview of
    An Overview of Cocaine Laws and
    Cocaine Laws and Penalties
    Penalties for
    for the
    the 50 States
    States 64
    64
    CHART:
    CHART,
    Adulterants Found
    Adulterants Found in
    In Cocaine—Frequency
    Cocaine-Frequency of Appearance
    of Appearance 73
    73
    C H A R T ::
    CHART
    Solubilities of
    Solubilities of Cocaine and Com.moo
    Cocaine and Common Adulterants
    Adulterants 89
    89
    C H A R T ::
    CHART
    Melting Points
    Melting Points of
    of Cocaine
    Cocaine and
    and Common
    Common Adulterants
    Adulterants 107
    107
    C H A R T,
    QIAR T:
    Cocaine Base
    Cocaine Base Test:
    Test: Problems
    Problems and
    and Remedies
    Remedies 113
    113
    DIAGRAM:
    DIAGRAM:
    Cocaine Solubility-lo
    Cocaine Solubility—In Addie
    Acidic and
    and Basic
    Basic Soludoos
    Solutions 154
    154
    C H A R T ;1
    OIAR1'
    Crystallization of
    Crystallization of Cocaine
    Cocaine Hydrochlodde:
    Hydrochloride: Problems
    Problems and
    and Remedies
    Remedies 1!
    156
    INTRODUCTION
    INTRODUCTION
    by M i c h a e l R.
    b y Michael R . Aldri c h , , Ph.D.
    A l d r i ch Ph.D.

    The life
    The life of
    of aa drug
    drug taker
    taker can be aa happy
    can be happy one:-,
    one, oror it
    it C'all
    can bebe
    one of
    ooe of suffering
    suffering and
    and misery:
    misert : it depends on
    ic depends on the
    the user's
    user's
    knowledge..
    knowledge
    fames Lee,
    James Lee,
    Underworld of
    U11derworld the East, 1935.
    oftheErui,

    Cocaine
    Cocaine isis a dangerous
    dangerous drug. It is nott marijuana.
    is no marijuana.
    Cocaine has its o
    Cocaine w n karma
    own karma of mental
    mental and and physical effects:
    phys ical effeccs:
    improperly used, it
    improperly used, it can lead to severe
    lead to severe nose, heart, and
    and
    respiratory problems. It can cause
    respiratory problems. cause sudd
    sudden death.. Whether
    en death Whether
    these sobering
    these sobering realities
    realities occur
    occur or not not isis up
    up to
    to the user. The The
    drug itself can't
    drug can t decide whether
    whether it. it will
    will be
    be used
    used wclJwell or
    or
    doesn't
    badly, and the drug doesn 't care.
    Mo reover, cocaine is perhaps the most "positively
    Moreover, "positively
    reinforcing"
    reinfor drugs.. Lab monkeys
    cing" of drugs monkeys will will kill themselvess
    kill themselve
    trying to get it. The difference bcrween
    trying between a monkey
    monkey and and a
    human in diis
    human this regard
    regard isis that the humanhuman can be very dis-
    about what gets put
    criminating about into his or her system
    put into system..
    Firstt by asking questio
    Firs questions,
    ns, then making subtle distinc-
    th en by making distinc -
    tions and
    tions and choices
    choices,, the human
    human can become become a connoisseur.
    connoisseur.
    Connoisscurship
    Co nno isseurshi p means paying paying attentio
    attention. n . Connois-
    C,onnois-
    seurship
    sem personal health care, w
    ship is a yoga of personal i l l power,
    will power, andand
    moral responsibility.
    responsibility. Th.is
    This is more than than just
    just sta
    status-seeking,
    tu s-see.king,
    and much
    and much more
    more than
    than the ability
    ability to to identi
    identify different prod
    fy different prod--
    perform
    ucts or perfo simple
    rm simp tests of product
    le tests purity. Ultimately,
    product purity. UlrimaceJy,
    connoisseurship means
    connoisseurship saving your own
    means saving own life.
    purpose
    The purpo se of this bookbook is conswner
    consumer protection,
    protection,
    which begins
    which begins with quality concro
    wit h quality control. 1978, the U.S.
    l. In 1978, U.S. gogov-
    v-
    12 Introduction
    lntmducti on
    ernmem cstiniatcd
    ernmcnt estimated thar that 6.5
    6.5 million Americans
    Americans had had tried
    tried
    cocaine, and
    cocaine, and that
    that number
    number has probably
    has proba tripled by
    bly tripled now.
    by now.
    But most conswners
    Bue consumers have never never seen real cocaine.
    cocaine.
    Pure cocaine
    Pure cocaine is the the Hol
    H o l yy Grail. lr It sparlcJes
    sparkles like the the
    snow. It
    snow. It goes
    goes in in easy
    easy inin the
    the nose. Ir It docsn,t
    doesn't burn.
    burn. SoonSoon
    you feel no no pain. That's sweet cocaine.
    pain . That's cocaine.
    Pure cocaine,
    Pure cocaine, in in its water
    water-soluble
    -solub le hydrochloride
    hydrochloride (salt) (salt)
    form,
    fom,, is much much easier
    easier on on thethe nose
    nose than the the aduadulterants,
    lterams,
    other coca alkaloids
    other alkaloids,, and
    and residues
    residues of of acids and
    and sosolvents
    lvents thatthat
    usually
    usual accompany it in
    ly accompany in the
    the illicit marker
    market.. ToT o begin
    begin the the
    process of
    process o f caring
    caring for your only
    for your only no nose,
    se, search forfor the
    the pedi
    pedi--
    gree: aa lineage
    gree: lineage of o f growers,
    growers, refiners, importers,, and
    refiners, importers and dealers
    dealers
    w h o would
    who would rather rather raise the price than
    the price than cut
    cut thdiee product.
    product .
    Unfortunately, such aa _pedigree
    Unforrunately, pedigree is is very hard
    hard to find. Even
    to find. Even
    dealerss cannoroftcn
    dealer cannor often get get unaduJrcratcd
    unadulterated cocaine. So So finaJJy,
    finally,
    even in
    even in thethe best
    best o off worlds,
    worlds, the consumer is on
    the consumer on hishis ow own.n.
    Hence the
    Hence the need
    need forfor this
    this book.
    book.
    Alchemy' lives! In
    Akhem} In thi
    thiss audaceous
    audaceous new vo volume,
    lume, DavidDavid
    has corrected,
    Lee has correct ed, revised,
    revised, andand added
    added muchmuch newnew informa-
    informa -
    tion to
    tion ro his his Cocaine
    Cocaine Consutner's
    Consmner'sHandbookHandbook (And/ (And/Or Press,
    Or Press,
    1976). David devoted
    r976). David devoted the the last three years of o f his
    his life to to
    checking and
    checking and re-checking
    re-checking these these procedures,
    procedures, and and dieddied of of
    cancer befo
    cancer before the new edition
    re the edition wentwent to to press. Because of o f his
    efforts, thethe secrctS
    secrets of o f cocaine alchemy
    alchemy are now revealed for
    first time
    the firSt time in in public print.. How
    public print H o w to to test aa sample
    sample for
    adulterants and
    adulterants impurities; how
    and impurities; how to to remove
    remove themthem;; how how to to
    transform sm:ct
    transform street grit
    grit into
    into pearl. Such detailed
    pearl. Such detailed technical
    technical
    information
    in formation is is d1c
    the .rim
    sine qua
    qua ,umnonof o fcocaine
    cocaine connoi
    connoisseurship,
    sseurs hip ,
    and David Lee's legacy ro
    and is David to the world
    world..
    However, the
    However, the warning
    warning at at the
    the beginning
    beginning of o f this bookbook
    is n
    noo joke: aU all procedures
    procedures involving
    involving flammable
    flammable subs substances,
    tance s,
    especially vo
    especially volatile
    latile solvents
    solvents like ether ether and acetone, should
    and acetone, should
    done o
    be done only by aa skilled chemist in
    nly by in aa real laboratory.
    labo ratory . The The
    finest, purest cocaine
    finest, purest coca ine is worthless
    worthless if you>re you're not around to
    not around to
    enjoy it.it .

    Understanding the
    UDderstanding the alchemy
    alchemy that
    that produces
    produces cocaine is
    just the beginning o f connoisseurship. lro
    just the beg innin g of con noisseurship. Ironically, most
    nicaJJy, mo st
    consumers don't
    conswners don't like pure
    like pur e cocaine -— it's "'
    "too strong"' and
    too strong' and
    causes tccth-grinding
    teeth-grinding wi wircdncss incredibly small
    rcdness unless incredibly
    doses are
    doses arc used.
    used. The
    The ideal
    ideal natural
    natural dose
    dose of
    o f cocaine isis that
    that
    deliv ered
    delivered by chewing
    chewing coca leaves — tiny amount
    leaves- a riny amount released
    hi traduction
    /11trod11ction 13

    slowly
    slowly and steadily
    and stead into the
    ily into the system along along with aa nice nice
    complement of vitamins and minerals. If
    comp lement of vitamins and minerals. If someone is not
    is not
    getting off on on oneone or or two
    two half-inch
    half-inch (s milligram) lines,
    (5 milligram) lines, thethe
    coke
    coke is cut and sniffing
    cut and sniffing more
    more simply means means sniffing more more
    cue. W
    cut. i t h uncut
    With uncut cocaine, the optimal dose is at
    the optimal at least halfhalf
    and perhaps
    and perhaps one-founh
    one-fourth the the size of o f aa usual line. In In these
    these
    circumstances,
    circumstances, laying laying out out tintiny tines is aa source of
    y little lines of
    pride,, not
    pride not of o f embarrassment.
    embarrassment. IItt says, in in effect, that it' it's the
    s the
    real thing.
    real thing.
    The key key roto successful cocaine use use is to U S E IT
    to USE IT LESS
    LESS
    T H A N YOU
    THAN Y O U WANT
    W A N T TO. T O . Put
    Put another
    another way, "moderation
    "moderation
    in aJJ
    in all things" is the the way
    way to to protect
    protect oneself against cocaine
    onesclf against cocaine
    abuse. This
    abuse. This takes
    takes real
    real will power, which
    will power, which begins
    begins by turning
    by ruming
    down aa pretty
    down pretty white
    white powder
    powder when when oneone knowknowss it's been
    been cut cut
    to smithereens, and
    to smithereens, and by by using
    using a.neut
    uncut cocaine unbelievably
    cocaine unbelievably
    sparingly.
    sparing ly. Eventually, as David Lee Lee points
    points out,out, if co con-n-
    sumers refuse to
    sumers to buy
    buy or or use adulterated cocaine, dealers
    use adulterated dealers
    will be
    will be forced
    forced to to offer aa cleaner product. Connoisseurship
    product. Connoisseurship
    is the
    the only real leverage leverage a consumer
    consumer bas has inin the illicit
    the iUicic
    market. If enoug
    market. enough h consumers become become connoisseurs
    connoisseurs and and
    maintain high
    maintain high stanstandards
    dards of o f quality
    quality in their purchases,
    in their purchases, thi thiss
    will ripple all
    will aU the
    the wayway back through the the market to South
    to South
    American cocales
    American cocales and and refineries where cocaine
    refine ries where cocaine is first
    is first
    manufactured.
    maoufacrured.
    The natives
    natives o off Andean
    Andean America
    America long long ago
    ago discovered
    discovered
    that
    that cocaine
    cocaine (in (in coca)
    coca) is is helpful
    helpful wben
    when working
    working or or traveling
    traveling
    at high
    at high altitudes where oxygen
    oxygen pressure
    pressure is
    is low.
    low. In tin
    ln tinyy
    doses,
    dose it stim
    s, it stimulates
    ulates the central nervous
    the central nervous system, espcciall>'
    especially
    the
    the electrical activity of
    clccrricaJ activity o f the brain and
    the brain and the the cardiovascular
    cardiovascular
    and respiratory systems,
    and systems, w without
    ith out damaging
    damaging bodi bodily tis-
    ly tis-
    sues."
    sues .* ItIt increases
    increases the th e metabolism
    metabolism enoughenough to to ward
    ward off the
    extreme exhaustion and
    extreme and nausea (mountain sickness) that
    (mo untain sickness) that
    people fed
    people feel when
    when depn deprived
    vcd of o f oxygen.
    oxygen. Wh When pure cocaine
    en pure cocaine
    hydrochloride,
    hydrochloride , i11 instead
    stead of o f coca,
    coca, isis used
    used at at altitudes below
    altitudes below
    about 12,000 feet, the drug instantly
    about u,ooo feet, the drug instantly boosts all bodily boosts all bodily
    systems
    systems just just as
    as it would
    would at high altitude.
    at high altitude. ThisThis is the
    the source
    source

    * Sec
    1t: S. J.
    Sec S. J, Mule,
    Mule, ed.,
    ed.. Cocaine: Chemical
    Cocaine: Chemical,, Biologual Clinical, SociRI
    Biological,, Clfoicnl.,Social m1d
    and
    Treatment Aspects, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1976.
    n·eatm~mA.speas , CRC Press, Cleveland, 1976.
    14 tritroductiott
    lntrorlucti on
    of the euphoria and
    the euphoria and increased
    increased vigor
    vigor that desire.
    that users desire.
    This additional
    This additional energy
    energy is rarely expended
    expended by contem--
    by contem
    porary cocainists
    porary who use
    cocainisr.swho use it
    it as aa party
    party drug rather
    rather than
    than aa
    work drug.
    work Here the
    drug. Here energy is cycled even faster
    the energy faster with big big
    doses repe.ated
    doses repeated fairly frequently. It
    fairly frequently. It builds
    builds up until
    up rapidly until
    it
    it peaks, which is the
    peaks~which state sought
    the state sought by by users. After that
    users. After that thethe
    energy drains away
    energy drains away until the consumer
    until the consumer has aa strong
    strong urge
    urge -—
    sometimes an
    sometimes an "uncontrollable
    "uncontrollable" craving — for another
    » craving-for another hit.
    hit .
    This mini-cycle
    This mini-cycle ofo f reward
    reward and and sag, reward
    reward and and sag~
    sag, con-
    con-
    stantlyy reinforces
    stantl reinforces the
    the user's desire for more
    user's desire more.. "Psychological
    "Psyc hological
    dependency"
    depcodency,, is the the moral
    moral trick,
    trick, the
    the sudden
    sudden curve at at the
    the
    end of
    end o f the tunnel o
    the tunnel off rewards.
    rewards. Self
    Self co
    control
    ntrol is the
    the only
    only way
    break the
    to break The ability
    the cycle. The ability to
    to say
    say NO
    N O is
    is die
    the mark
    mark o off the
    connoisseur.
    real connoisseur.

    In the
    In excitement of
    the excitement o f sweet
    sweet cocaine, people people tend tend to to
    ignore
    ign ore thethe signals of o f stress
    stress that
    that their
    their body
    body is is ggiving them.
    iving them.
    The reward-and-sag
    The reward-and-sag cycle cycle leads to to increased doses and and
    moree frequent
    mor frequent use use of o f the
    the drug
    drug.. Tolerance
    Tolerance buildsbuilds up up.. To
    To
    recapture the unique
    recapture the unique grace of
    of a first hit,
    hit, users snort more
    snore more
    and more,
    and more, or or turn
    tum to injecting it
    to injecting it oorr smoking
    smoking freebase.
    frcebase.
    When the the patty's
    party's over and and they can can't get to
    't gee to sleep, they they
    drink alcohol, take a downer,
    drink alcohol, downer, or or smoke a lot lot of
    o f weed
    weed.. In In
    the morning they
    th e morning the y feel utterly crummy, and
    utterly crummy , and reach for an-
    for an-
    other hit
    other hit to starr the
    to start the cycle again.
    again.
    If cocaine is used used in in this
    this manner
    manner for for days
    days,, weeks, or or
    months,
    month s, all all the
    the systems involved
    involved in in the
    the energy
    energy boost are are
    stressedd and
    severely stresse and often
    often damaged.
    damaged. The The chronic
    chronic coke
    sniffer is an
    sniffer an easy
    easy prey
    prey for for bacterial
    bacterial infections
    infectio ns in tbc the nose
    nose
    throat because the
    and throat the proper
    proper flow of o f mucus on on these vital
    these viral
    membraness is disrupted.
    membrane disrupted. Cocaine
    Cocaine is aa srrong
    strong vasoconscric-
    vasoconstric-
    tor: it constriccs
    tor: it constricts the blood vessels
    the blood vessels which supply ox-ygen oxygen co to
    living tissues such
    living such as the the septum.
    septum. This This causes
    causes an an ulcer
    which
    which may wear wear right through and
    right through and peperforate
    rforate the cartilage.
    the cartilage.
    N o t just
    Not just cuts, but cocaine itself damages
    curs, but damages the the nose when
    nose when
    snorted: lidocaine,
    snorted: lidocaine, procaine,
    procaine , andand caffeine are even even worworse.se.
    Moreover,l the
    Moreover cardiovascular system is stressed and
    the carcliovascular and
    may
    ma suddenly rnalfuncrion
    y suddenly malfunction,, causing
    causing aa heart attack. Smok- Smok-
    freebase is
    ing freebase is especially
    especially dangerous
    dangerous in in this
    this respect.
    respect. Cocaine
    Cocaine
    increases
    incr eases the die heart
    heart rate
    rate and
    and blood
    blood pressure,
    pressure, so so people
    people with
    heart problems
    heart problems o orr high bloodblood pressure should not
    pressure .should not useuse
    cocaine
    cocai ne at all. Finally,
    ar all. Finally, cocai
    cocaine locally as an
    ne acts locally an anesthetic
    anesthetic
    Introduction
    /nt roductio11 15
    blctcking nerve transmis
    by blocking transmission,
    sio n, and simultaneously over-
    and simultaneously over-
    stimulates
    stimulate s the sympathetic nervous system; synaptic
    S)rmpatheti c nervous system ; synaptic
    messages
    me get garbled
    ssage s gee garbled or not not scmsent,, resulting
    resulting in anxietyanxiety,,
    paranoia,
    parano i.a, poor judgment, and
    poo r judgment, and tactile oorr auditor) (rarelyy
    auditory (rarcl
    1

    visual)) hallucinations.
    visual hallucinations. While While the brain brain is frenzied
    frenzied,, the the
    nerves and
    ne rves and muscles controlling
    conrrolling the heart and lungs
    and lungs may be
    be
    anesthetized and
    anesthetized and these
    these vital oorgans simply
    rgans simpl stop function-
    y stop
    ing. In an ooverdose
    ing. situation, which
    verdo se situation, which usually happens happens so so
    fast that nothing can be done
    that nothing done about
    about i:r it at home
    home,, delirium
    delirium,,
    respiratory
    respiratory depression, gasping for air, convulsions,
    depression , gasping convu lsions, and and
    unconsciousness followed
    unconsciousness followed by death from from respiratory fail-
    ure
    ure may
    ma y result. This is
    result . This is the wrong
    wrong way way to to use cocaine.
    cocaine.
    A less
    A less hannful
    harmful way way forfor the
    the consumer
    consumer to to use cocaine
    cocaine is is
    to pay close
    to close anentioo
    attention to bis his body
    body and and mind, his pocket-
    hi.s pock-et-
    book and his productproduct.. Real cocainecocaine is preferable
    preferable to to curs.
    cuts.
    The user
    The user i.hould
    should buy less less than
    than hehe cancan afford. If there
    afford . lf there is anyany
    reason to
    reason to sus
    suspect that coke
    pecr that coke is not pure,
    is noc pure, it it can
    can bebe tested or
    tested or
    sent to
    sent co a lab. DrugD r u g Enforcement
    Enforcement Administration
    Administration rules
    prevent
    pre vent drug analysis labs
    drug anaJysis labs from
    from revealing
    revealing the percentage
    percentage of of
    purity of
    purity o f a samp
    sample, le, but
    bur they can state state what other chemicals
    other chemicals
    arc in it. Impuritie
    are Impuritiess can be removedremoved .first;
    first; then
    then thethe cocaine
    cocaine
    can be
    can diluted with
    be diluted with aa relatively
    relatively harmless
    harmless adulterant
    adulterant likelike
    mannitol. A t least the
    rnann.icol. At least rhe user will
    will then know cxaedy what
    know exactly what
    hhe's
    e's putting into his system.
    putting into system.

    D o n ' t snort
    Don't snort freebasc
    freebase -— it it's not water
    's not water so soluble and will
    luble and will
    just
    ju st act like a clod of dirt
    di.rt in your nose. share David Lee'ss
    your nose . I share David Lee'
    aversion
    ave frcebase smoking
    rsion to freebase smoking and and don
    don't recommend it co
    't recommend to
    anybody.
    anybody. Though Though the fuse first bit
    hit can be qujtc quite a rush
    rush,, char
    that
    feeling is impos
    feeling impossible to recaprure
    s ible to recapture in succeeding
    succeeding hits hits,, and
    the danger
    th e danger of overdose is ever-present.
    ovcrdosejs eve r-present. The same applies to
    same applies
    injecting it.
    injecting it. Injecting
    Injecting street
    street cocaine
    cocaine is absolutely crazy
    is absolutely crazy -—
    imagine putting
    imagine putting quinine
    quinine,, takum
    talcum powder,
    powder , or borax i:n
    or borax in your
    your
    heart and
    heart and brain.
    brain. Smoki
    Smoking freebase is
    ng freebase is as dangerou
    dangerouss as
    injecting the hydrochloride
    injecting hydrochloride.. A substance
    substance when when smoked
    smoked
    enters the brain
    enters brain more
    more rapidly
    rapidly than injected substance
    than an injccred substance;;
    and the blood flow dilutes
    th e blood dilutes an injected dose as it circula circulates,
    tes,
    smoked do
    while a smoked dose se is less diluted. Smoking freebase
    diluted. Smoking freebase andand
    injecting the hydrochloride
    injecting hydrochloride arc are the worst
    worst alte alternatives
    rnati ves to to
    snorting in
    snorting in terms
    terms of health
    health.. AA user
    user whose
    whose nose nose isis worn
    worn out
    can switch
    can switch to tooting under
    to tooting under the the tongue
    tongue or or dissolving
    dissolving aa
    16 hitraductitm
    fntrodm :ti o 11

    pinch
    pin ch ooff cocokeke (o.os-o.io
    (0.05-0. gram)) in a glass
    10 gram glass of \.wine
    -\line and
    drinking it. Though
    drinking Though the effects effects of oral ingestion arc some-
    o raJ ingestion some-
    what different,
    what different, the high high can be quit quitee superior.
    superio r.
    When working
    When behind cocaine, connoisseurs
    wo rking behind connoisseurs do it no
    more
    mo than three time
    re than timess a day, to build up up a gentle plateau of of
    stimulation
    stimulation like that provided
    that pro vided by coca. Personally, I
    l find a
    cup
    ca p ooff coffee in the morning morning and and anocher
    another in the che early
    afternoon a mllch
    afternoon much bett better stimulus
    er stimulu s for work.
    wo rk.
    Connoisseurs
    Co nnoisseur s wh who parry with cocaine
    o party cocaine treat it like a
    g u e s t — a temporary visitor, not resident.. They become
    guest-a tempor ary visitor, nor a resident become
    consciously
    co nscio usly aware aware of how how much takes to get chem
    much it taices them
    high -— this
    high dlis varies with indi individuals
    viduaJs -— andand stop
    stop there. The They y
    recognize
    recogn ize the excitement of o f sweet cocaine and and take ir it easy.
    easy.
    They aren't
    aren't greedy,
    greedy , and and don't
    do n't show off abo aboutut how much
    they
    they can toot. Soon thef
    can toot. they'll what level is optimum
    ll discover what optimum
    for them,, and
    for them ang howhow to maintain that
    to maintain th at level with progres-
    with progre s-
    sively smaller,
    smaller , not larger, doses. They set set a rime
    time limit:
    "Ok y , rm
    " O k aay, I'm going
    go ing to to geeget high until until midnight
    midnight,, burbut th that's
    at's
    enough.
    enough . ThereThere's 's always a next time." time."
    abstinence greatly
    Temporary abstinence gready increases
    increases the power
    powe r of of
    the
    th e next high high.. Between
    Betwee n parties,parties, connoisseurs
    conn oisseur s go withoutwithout
    cocaine,
    coc aine , and space coke sessions sessions weU well apart.
    apart. They pay
    attention
    attention to that feeling
    co that revulsion for
    feeling of revulsion for cocaine
    cocaine that that
    chronic users
    chronic users often
    often get: it means means it's time co to stop usingusing
    coke
    coke for for a while.
    while . OnlO n l yy if
    if the laglag is present cancan the
    the body and and
    mind resro
    mind restore themselves
    re them selves to normalnormal heaJth;
    health; andand only
    onJy then
    then is is
    reward worthwhile. Connoisseurs
    the reward wo rthwhile . Co nnoiss~urs go easy and
    easy and live.

    Michael R. Aldrich, PhD.


    Mi&haelR.AJdrich, PhJ>.

    Francisco
    San Fra m:isco
    October 1980
    October 1980
    A U T H O R S PREFACE
    AUTI-IOR'S

    W h e n the
    When the Cocaine
    Cocaine ConsuConsumer's Handbook was
    mer's Handbook was first
    written, in the
    written, i.0 the fall
    fall o
    off l97S,
    1975,1 firmly believed that
    I fum.ly th at the cocaine
    cocaine
    market had
    market had peaked.
    peaked. More M o r e and
    and more,
    more, independent
    independent entre- entre-
    preneurs were being squeezed out o f the
    preneurs we re be ing squeezed out of the cocaine black
    market larger o
    market by larger organizations
    rganizations w whose
    hose widening control
    wide ning control
    soon
    soo n extended
    exte nded from
    from the the coca fieldsfields ooff South
    South America
    America to to
    the scrcets
    streets ofo f maoy
    many United
    U n i t e d States
    States c:irics.
    cities. AsA s with
    with anyany
    monopoly,
    monopo the result of
    ly, the o f the
    the illicit cocaine trade being being
    channeled thr
    channeled through
    oug h aa fewfew large
    large organizations
    organizations (instead(instead ofof
    small-time operators)
    many small-time operators) was was aa radical
    radical dropdrop io in quality
    quality
    accompanied by a steep
    accompanied steep climb
    climb in in price.
    price . Whereas high
    quality
    quality cocaine was at one
    ar ope time available to the
    to consumer,
    the consumer,
    the illicit market
    market has has detdeteriorated
    erio rated to to thethe point
    peint where the the
    consumer is fortu
    consumer fortunate what be
    nate if what he buys is so% cocaine.
    is so% cocaine.
    The dangers
    dangers o off this marke
    marketr condition
    condition are are quite
    quite obvi-
    ous. If cocaine ingested
    ous. ingested by by the consumer is Jes
    the consumer less
    s than
    tban 50%
    pure,
    pu what else is he
    re, what he consuming?
    coo.suming?- When When the consumerr
    the consume
    could obtain
    co uld obta in high quality
    q:uality illicit cocaine, he he could
    could be be rea-
    sonably certain b
    son ably cctrtain how
    ow h€ he wo
    would uld be be affected and and of o f the risks
    ingesting this
    involved in ingesting this illegal substance.
    illega l subs tan ce. However,
    H owever,
    when the
    when the cocaine
    cocaine bashas been adulterated,
    adulterated, it it becomes increas-
    becomes increas-
    difficult for
    ingly difficult for the
    the consumer
    consume r to to be
    be aware of o f what
    what risks
    18 Preface
    Preface

    may be involved.
    may involved. In addition, he has
    In addition, bas been defrauded
    defrauded o off his
    money. What
    money. What is is the consume
    consumerr to to do?
    A parallel
    A parallel exists bcnveen
    between the the state
    state ofo f che
    the present
    present
    cocaine market
    cocaine and the
    market and marijuana market
    the marijuana market o off the
    the lace
    late 1960s
    1960s
    and '^os which may
    '70s which provide some
    may provide some insight
    insight into
    into the prob-
    the prob-
    and a clue
    lems and clue coto aa po
    possible solution.. In the
    ssible solution the 1960s mari-
    1960s mari-
    juana was
    juana was available from several foreign
    from several sources. The
    foreign sources. The
    quality was
    quality was high and the
    high and the price
    pricess were
    were low.
    low. As the the demand
    demand
    began
    began to to exceed
    exceed thethe supp
    supply, importing larger
    ly~ importing amounts of
    larger amounts of
    marijuana became neces
    marijuana became necessary.
    sary. The
    The emphasis
    emphasis rapidly shifted
    rapidly shifted
    from quality
    quality to quantity in
    ro quantity in order
    order to to meet thethe demand.
    demand. In Io
    Operation Intercept,
    1969, Operation
    1969~ Intercept, later
    later called
    calJcd Operation
    Operation Coop· Coop-
    eration,
    eration, waswas .iinstituted
    nsriruted between
    between the the United
    United StatesStates and
    and
    This attempt
    Mexico. This attempt to ro curb
    curb the the How
    flow of
    of illegal marijuana
    illegal marijuam
    these two
    between these two countries
    countries was a prime prime factor in putting
    purring
    the small-time
    small-time smuggler
    smuggler out o ut ooff business.
    business. TheThe larger
    larger organ-
    organ-
    izations had
    izations had means
    means o off avoiding the the legal problems and and
    were soon soon in in total conrrol
    control of o f rhe
    the market. Marijuana had
    market. Marijuana had
    become big big business,
    business, and and asas long
    long asas ic
    it continued
    continued to to sell
    sell
    there
    there was little
    was littl e reason co to be
    be concerned
    concerned with with trivial matter
    matterss
    such ~ as quality
    quality or die hcaJth
    or the health hazards caused by bv herbicides
    like Paraquat
    like Paraquat.. The The consumers>
    consumers' only recourse was
    only recourse was ro
    to retrain
    refrain
    from using
    from using marijuana
    marijuana,l and,and, though
    though some did did,, the
    the majority
    o f people
    of people accepted the the change. It was was a sellers'
    sellers>market,
    market ~ at
    ar
    consumers' expense.
    the consumers' expense.
    A
    Att about
    about this time, smaU
    this rime, small amounts
    amounts of of domestically
    domcsci cally
    grown marijuana
    grown marijuana were available, bur
    were available, but were
    were considered
    considered
    inferior in
    inferior quality. A
    in quality. A tew
    few pioneering
    pioneering cultivators, mostly in
    cultivators, mostly in
    H a w a i i and
    Hawaii and California, developed
    California, develop ed strains of o f marijuana
    marijuana
    which rivaled or
    which or even surpassed the th e finest foreign
    foreign smstrains.
    1ins.
    As consumer
    As awareness increased, homegrown
    consumer awareness homegrown rapidlyrapidly
    changed
    changed from from a di.n:dirt)'
    y word
    wo rd toto a preference. Across Across the
    U n i t e d Scares,
    United States, inspired
    inspired consumers of o f marijuana
    marijua na began
    cultivating their
    cultivating their own
    o w n strains.
    strains. The
    The U.S.
    U . S . cultivator
    cultivator becan1e
    became
    an important
    an important source source ofiUegaJ
    o f illegal marijuana~
    marijuana, and and today is d1e
    toda y it is the
    foreign var
    foreign varieties
    ieties which meet with market marker apat apathy
    hy andand
    skepticism.
    skeptici sm.

    virtuallyy impossible for


    While it is virruaJl for U.S. cultivators
    cultivators to
    grow enough
    grow enoug h coca toto produce
    produce enougenoughh cocaine to meet
    eocaiae co meet the
    the
    demand, the
    demand, the consumer
    consumer sti stillll has
    has the power to
    the power to force
    force the
    cocaine black market to ro raise thethe quality.
    qua lity. Since the sup-
    the sup-
    Preface
    Preface 19
    pliers of
    o f illicit cocaine have not taken it upon themselve
    themselvess to
    provide an unadulterated,
    provide unadulterated, properly refined produce, product, thethe
    consumer
    co nsumer mu must o w n stand
    se set his ow standards and reject
    ards for quality and
    those
    th products which do no
    ose products notr meet
    meet these stand
    standards.
    ards. Many
    consumers
    cons learning how
    um ers are already learning how toto avoid adul
    adulterated
    terated
    cocaine and and are using simple techniques to
    using simple techniques co remove adul-
    whichh are
    terants wnic arc present o orr further crudee product.
    furth er refine a crud prod uce.
    In this
    ln way, the informed
    chis way, consumerr has an alternat
    informed consume alternative
    ive to
    inferior quality
    inferior quality coca
    cocaine.
    ine. O n l y through
    Only alternatives
    thro ugh alternati the
    ves will the
    the consumer
    th e co nsumer have the means means and and desire to say no to to
    unscrupulous
    un scrupul ous dealers who who continue
    continue to sellsell a product
    product no
    matter what
    matter what its contents
    conte nts may be. be. As more andand more adul-
    terated
    ter ated cocaine is rejected
    rejected at the marketplace,
    marketplace, thethe suppliers
    supplier s
    will
    will be forced to
    be forced provide a saleable
    ro provide saleable prod
    product. book is
    uce. This book
    dedicated
    dedicated to providing
    to pro viding the information
    information which necessary
    which is necessary
    to
    ro give
    give the consumer
    the cons umer these alternatives.
    these alternati ves. It is my hope that
    hope that
    flow of
    a free _flow o f truthful
    truthful info
    information
    mmtion can and and will
    will restore
    restore
    some
    so semblance of
    me semblance o f integrity
    integrit y toto aa market
    market rarely
    rarely noted
    noted for
    for
    these
    the qualities.
    se qualities.

    January
    January 1980
    L980
    I
    COCAINE
    HANDBOOK
    An EssentialReference
    AnEssential Reference
    Mamma Coca
    Mamma Coca Presenting
    Presenting the
    the ""Divine
    Divine Plant"
    Plant " to
    to the
    the
    Old World
    World [Etching
    [Etching by Robida from
    by Robida from the
    the 1904 French
    190 4 French
    Edition of
    Edition ofWW.. G.
    G. Mortimer's
    Mortimer's History ofCoca].
    History of Coca].
    Chapter One
    Chapter O n e

    M a m a Coca
    Mama Coca

    . . . coca
    ... coca isis an
    an imcgra.l
    integral part
    part of
    of the
    the 1Indians' way oflltc.
    ndfans' W3)' oflifc, deeply
    deeply involved
    involved \\/ith
    with hi.
    his traditions,
    s craditie his rdigion,
    n~ his religion,hi:;
    his
    work
    wock and and hl.s
    his medicine
    medicine.. To
    To dcuy
    deny rhc
    the use
    use ofcoca
    of coca to
    to the Indianss is
    cht lndlan is as
    as serious
    serious a:1-djsrcg:
    disregard
    ,rd tor
    for human
    human rights
    rights asas
    would be
    would be anan :1ttcmpc
    attempt to
    to outl;1,w
    outlaw beer
    beer in
    in Gcmlan
    Germany, coffee in
    y, coffee in th
    thee Near
    Near Eas.t
    East or
    or 1;><:rcl
    betel chewing
    chewing in in lndin.
    India.TheThe
    recent attempts
    rcccnr attcm to sw
    prs co suppress
    pprw and and conrrol
    control the use of
    the use of coca
    coca can
    can bebe interpreted
    interpreted only
    en1yasas the
    the latest step in
    klrest step in the
    the
    white man's
    white man's attempt
    attempt co
    to aexterminate the fodian
    cconinat c the Indian way
    way oflifc and make
    ef fifeand make him
    him completely
    completely dependent
    dependent on on the
    the
    alien society
    alien society andand eco110my
    economy which
    which hashas gradually surrounded
    gradually surround him.
    ed him.
    Richard T.
    Rid1ard T. Marrin,
    Martin,
    Economic
    .E comJ1ili Botany,
    cBot1111 1970.
    y, 1970.

    Coca is nor
    Coca not cocaine. For cenruries
    cocaine . For centuries prior
    prior to th
    die isola-
    e iso la-
    tion o f cocaine as coca
    ci0n 0f coca's most active ingredient,
    's rnost ingredient, the Indianss
    th<;Indian
    who lived
    who on the
    lived on the easte
    eastern
    rn slopes of the Ande
    Andess in Bolivia and
    in Bolivia and
    Peru
    Pera chewed the leaves as a way of life. Their
    che'yVedthe Their know
    knowledge
    ledge ofof
    the plant'ss virtu
    th e planr virtues was passed on
    es was on from
    from generation
    generation toto gen-
    gen-
    eration
    eratio wad of mouth.
    n by wad mouth.

    Coca
    Coca is consumed
    consumed by chewing chewing the the leaves
    leaves with a pinch pin ch
    o
    off lime prep
    prepared
    ared froFromm calcinated seashclls
    cak inate d seashe or plant
    lls or plant ashes.
    ashes.
    Prior
    Pri or to
    to adding
    adding the the lime, the the leaves are clkwed
    chewed to to moisten
    moisten
    and b£eak
    and break them,
    th em, as wellU as
    as we as remove th the
    e stalks
    stalks and and ststrings.
    rings.
    Then the lime is added pind, pinch by pind, pinch witil
    until the proper
    proper
    mixture is achieved.
    mLxcure achieved . T The wad of
    he wa~ o f leaves
    leaves isisthen
    then kept
    kept rela-
    rela-
    tively
    tivci y still between the
    betwee n th e teeth and
    and cheek; it is sucked on
    on
    rather than cb(twed.
    chewed. The The amount of o f lime usedused is critical to
    the taste and to to the
    the concentration
    concentrati o n o off alkaloid
    alkaloid released.
    released, 1tIt is
    is
    common practi
    still a common practice for a mother
    ce for mother to to inrroduce
    introduce her her
    young to the
    yow~g the coca
    coca experience
    experienc~ by preparingpreparing the wad of
    the wad of
    leaves ·iin
    leaves her mouth
    n her mouth and and then
    dien transfecrring
    transferring it to to th
    the mouth
    e mou th
    o f bcr
    of her child.
    ch ild. InIn this way, the
    thi s way, proper
    the prop amount o
    er amount off lime will
    will be
    be
    present
    pre sent in in the firstt wad
    the firs. wad of o f le;ives
    leaves the the child uses, uses1 which
    wb.ich
    ensures th
    ensures thatat the first experience
    the first experie nce with coca will will be be a positive
    a positi ve-
    24
    24 Coca
    Mama Cnca

    one. Since lime is caustic,


    one. caustic, an excess will burn burn the mouthmouth..
    Without any
    Without any fonnal
    formal knowledge
    knowledge of chemistry,
    chemisrry , these Indianss
    these Indian
    were extracting the alkaloids from the leaves
    were extractin g th e alkaloids from chc leaves by making by making
    cc • them alkaline
    alkaline.. The
    Thevy knew that the lime
    lime was
    was the mechanism
    " ... .. . certain coqueros,
    certa.tn coqueros, them knew th at the the mechanism
    eighty years of
    eighty o f age
    age by which
    by which ab absorption
    sorption of of the
    the alkaloids
    alkaloids could
    could be be conrro
    controlled.
    lled.
    and over,over, andand yet
    yet Thus,, if
    Thus if while
    while chewing
    chewing the leaves alitt
    the leaves a little
    lc too much alkalo
    too much alkaloidid
    capable of
    capable o f such was
    was released, one had
    released , one had oonly
    nly to ease up
    to case up on
    on thethe lime
    lime and
    and let
    let
    prowess as
    prowess young
    as young the sa
    the saliva wash out
    liva wash out some
    some of of the
    the excess
    excess lime
    lime intointo rhe
    the stom
    stom--
    men in
    men in the
    the prime
    prime of of ach. The lower concentration of time would
    ach. The lowe r co ncentration of Lime would rcsulr in result in aa
    life would
    life would be be proud
    proud slower absorption of alkaloids. Interestingly,
    slower absorption of alkaloids . Interestingl y, cocaine alka-cocaine alka-
    o f." loid co
    loid content was not
    nrent was not the
    the prime
    prime factor
    factor inin choi
    choice o f leaves.
    ce of leaves.
    of.''
    The Indians consistently chose leaves with a lower cocaine
    Or.. Hip<Slito
    Dr Hipolito Unanuc, 1794,
    UMnuc , 1794, The Indian s co nsistentl y cho se leaves with a lower cocaine
    co mmentin g on
    commenting the aphro- content but a high concentration o f sweet, aromatic com-
    on chc aphro - co ntent bur a h.igb concentration of sweet, aromatic co m-
    disiacc value
    disia va lue ot"
    of the
    the coca
    coca pounds which gave the wad of coca better flavor.
    pound s which gave the wad of coca better flavor.
    plant (in
    plane ( in RR.. T
    T.. Martin
    Martin,,
    1970).
    1970).
    Over the years Sou South
    th American lodian
    Indianss have
    have found
    found
    the
    the leaf beneficial
    beneficial in numerous
    numerous ways. Aside from irs its abiJjcy
    ability
    to clt-ar
    clear the mind
    mind,, elevate
    elevate mood
    mood,, and make energyenergy avail-
    avail-
    able, it appears
    appears toro exert
    exert good influences
    influences on many
    many physical
    physical
    functions. For example
    function s. For example,, it
    ir tones strengthens
    tone s and srrengm entire
    ens the entire
    tract,, probably
    digestive tract probably enhancing assimilation of
    enhancing the assimilario.n of
    foods.
    foods . A hot water infusion
    infusion of coca sweetened
    sweetened with a little
    raw sugar (called agm lie coca
    agua de ) isisan
    coca) anexcellent
    excellentremedy
    remedy forfor
    indigestion stomach ache
    indig estio n and stomad1 ache d1at
    that was widely used even by
    non-Indians throughout
    through out South America until relatively relatively
    recently.
    recen tly.

    Coca appears
    Coca appears ro
    to maintain
    maintain the
    the teeth
    teeth and
    and gums
    gums in
    in aa
    good state of
    good state of health; it keeps
    health ; it keeps teeth white. The
    teet h whire. leaf is
    The kaf is
    rich in vitamins,
    rich in particularly
    vitamins , panicaJarJ y thiamine, riboflavin, and
    thiamine , riboflavin, and
    C. An average
    C. Ari average dail
    daily dose of
    y dose of coca leaves (two
    coca Jcavcs (two ounces)
    ounces )
    ssupplies art Indi
    uppli es an Indian
    an of the High
    of the High Sierra
    Sierra with
    with mu
    much of his
    ch of his
    daily vitamin
    daiJ}' vitamin requirement.
    requirement. Coca appears ro
    Coca appears ro have
    have aa
    beneficial influence
    bcncfic:ial on respiration,
    influen ce on and is
    respiration , and is said
    said to
    to effect
    effect
    rapid cur
    rapid cures
    es of altitude ssickness.
    of alrirudc ickness. IrIt also rids the
    also rids blood
    the blood
    of toxic
    of toxic mcrabolirc
    metabolites,s, especial
    especially uricc acid
    ly uri acid.. Indi
    Indians say
    ans say
    that regular use of coca promotes longev
    th ar regular use of coca promotes longevi ty as well. ity as well.
    According
    According to Indian tradition,
    ro Indian coca was
    tradit ion, coca was aa gift from
    gift from
    heaven
    heaven to ro better the lives
    better the of people
    lives of people on on earth
    earth..
    (From Andrew Weil's
    (From Andrew Weil's "The
    "The Green and The
    Green and The Whfrc,"
    White," p. jj4>
    33+,
    The Coca
    Tiu Leaf and Cocni11e
    CucaLcafn.nd Cocaine Papers
    Papers))

    cocaine use started in


    The story of how coca and cocaine
    Europe and North America
    America is related
    related in many
    many ways to its
    ways to
    Mania
    Moma Coca
    Coca 25
    25
    traditional
    tradit ional use by the South American
    American Indians
    Indians.. Most
    Most early Coca is esteemed
    Coca esteemed by by
    commercial products were made from
    commercial prodm."t.S from the whwhole
    ole coca leaf. the Indians
    Indians as an
    Europe, Angelo
    In Europe, Mariani produced
    Angelo Mariani produced a coca wine which aphrodisiac,
    aphrodisiac, and is
    gained wide
    gained popular acceptance. John
    wide popular John Styth
    Styth Pemberton
    Pemberton,, a reputed to
    reputed to insure
    insure
    pharmacist in Georgia,
    pharmacist Geor:gia, developed
    developed in 18861886 a tonic soda
    soda longevity with
    longevity with
    water as a temperance
    water temperance drink (non-alcoholic)
    drink (no n-alcoholic) which
    which he un impaired sexual
    unimpairedsexu.al
    Coca-Cola. Both products
    called Coca-Cola. products were sold as elixirs andand powers.. Nineteenth
    powers Nineteenth
    positive benefits to good
    the positive benefits to good health were dicir advertised
    their advertised century observers
    century observers
    features. A host
    fearures. host of similar
    similar and
    and even stronger
    stronger products
    products commented on
    commented on the
    the
    appeared o
    appeared onn the
    die ma
    market abuse
    rket and the abu purified cocaine
    se of purified cocaine incredible longevity
    incredible longevity
    became a media
    became media sensation.
    sensation. Cocaine was removed from
    removed from of some
    of some Ecuadorean
    Ecuadorean
    Coca-Cola in r903,
    Coca-Cola 1903, and in 1914 cocaine became
    1914 cocaine- became illegal in
    in Indians, with
    Indians, with life
    life
    the U.S.
    the U.S. spans stretching
    spans stretching up up to
    to
    100 years or more.
    100 years or more.
    Although
    Althe ugh coca is native roto Pena
    Peru md
    and Belivia.
    Bolivia, it has
    Eleanor Carroll, NIDA
    Eleanor NIDA
    been successfully cultivated
    been successfully cuJtivated in a variety
    variety of climates and
    climateS and Res. Monograph
    Res. Monograph 13,13,1977-
    1977.
    countries inducting
    countries including Colombia,
    Colombia, Jamaica.
    Jamaica, Ecuador, Brazil,,
    Ecuador, Brazil
    Chile, Java, Ceylon,
    Chile, Java, Ceylon, India.
    India, France, and
    and the United States.
    United States.
    F o r further
    For inibrmation
    fu.rther inform ation on the cultivation
    cuJtiv-ation of coca, sec
    coca. see
    Mama Coca
    Mama O,ca by Antonil , published By
    Antonil, published by Hassle Free Press
    H assJc Free Press
    (London),
    (Lendon), Chapter Six.

    Off the
    O die various
    various species
    species ooff coca,
    coca,only two two have
    have been
    been
    primary so
    used as primary sources
    urces ooff cocaine, and it is these upon upon
    which
    which we will w i l l focus.
    focus. Erythroxylum
    Erythroxylum cocaJ calledHuanaco
    coca,called Huanaco, , isis
    primarily
    primarily cultivated
    cultivated on the eastern
    eastern slopes of the Andes Andes in
    Bolivia and Peru. Ics Its grcenish-co
    greenish-colored leaves are clliptically
    loredJeavcs elliptically
    shaped
    shap parallel longitudinal
    ed with parallel longitudu1al lines on Qn the unders
    undersideide-ofof
    the leaf. It has has a haylike odor. The plant grows well
    haylike odor. The plant grows well in
    altitudes between
    altirudes between 500-1500
    500-1500 meters
    meters where the climare climate is
    favorably tropical,
    favorably high in rainfall,
    tropical . high rainfall, moderate in tempera--
    in tempera
    ture, and
    ture, and the
    th e soils are mineral rich and welldrained.E.
    mineral rich well drained. E. coca coca
    important commercial species
    is the most important species of and is
    o f coca and is
    used to make
    used make the majority of the world's world's cocaine.
    cocaine. In .Pe~ Peru,
    leaves from
    the leaves from E. E. coca represent95%
    coca,represent 95% ofof the
    the total
    total annual
    annual
    crop. As with the othe otherr varieties coca, the
    varieties of coca. the alkaloid
    alkaloid concon--
    tent
    te nt is variable
    variable bothboth in amonnt
    amount and compositio
    composition, depend--
    n~depend
    ing on where it is grown.
    jng grown. A variety of E. £ . cocacalled
    calledIpadu
    Ipadu
    or An1RZ0nian
    Amazonian coca coca isiscuJtivatcd
    cultivated ininthe
    the western
    western Amazon
    Amazonofof
    Brazil, Colombia, and and Peru.
    Peru. This variety is propagated by
    is propagated A Little Coca
    A Coca Picker
    Picker (by
    (by
    cuttings rather than seeds,
    cuttings seeds, and
    and prefers moderate rempcra-
    prefers modc:a·acc tempera- Brcttcs, Historyof
    Brettcs, from H'tstoryof
    tures and
    rures well-drained
    and well-' drained soils. The plantplant itself isis taller and
    taller and Coca) VV.C Mortimer)
    Coca, W.G. Mortimer)
    (Continued on
    (Contll\ued page29)
    anpage 291
    Advertisement
    Advertisement for forVin
    Vin We arej justified
    We are usti!iedinin
    Mariani,
    Mariani , Paris,
    Paris, c. 1890.
    c. 1890. saying:
    saying:
    Angelo Mariani
    Angelo Mariani marketed
    marketed Never has anything
    Never has anything
    this stimulating coca-leaf
    this stimulating coca-leaf been so
    been so
    wine, highly recommended
    wine, predecessor
    predecessor to to highly recommended
    and
    coca-based soft drinks,
    coca-based soft for
    drinks, for and
    every trial
    physicians and
    physicians and fashionable
    fashionable every trial
    proves
    connoisseurs alike.
    connoisseurs alike. Its
    Its exact
    exact proves
    its excellence.
    its excellence.
    recipe was aa closely
    recipe was guarded
    closely guarded
    secret, but Mariani
    secret, but Mariani received
    received
    and
    and published twelve
    published twelve
    volumes
    volumes of of testimonials
    testimonials to to
    its tonic virtues
    its tonic virtues from
    from many
    many
    notables,
    notables, including
    including Jules
    Jules
    Verne,
    Verne, Sarah
    Sarah Bernhardt,
    Bernhardt,
    the
    the Czar
    Czar and Czarina of
    and Czarina of
    Russia, Thomas
    Russia, Edison,
    Thomas Edison,
    and Queen
    and Queen Victoria. Pope
    Victoria. Pope
    Leo XIII
    Leo XIII awarded Mariani aa
    awarded Mariani
    Gold Medal
    Gold Medal for this elixir
    for this elixir
    made
    made from the Divine
    from the Divine Plant
    Plant
    of
    of the Incas.
    the Incas. Size of R
    Size Regular
    egular Bottle,
    (about
    {ab
    Bot tl e, half
    17 oun
    ou t 17 ounces).
    litre
    half litre
    ces).
    Never sold
    Never so ld in bulk—too guard
    in bulk-t
    substitution.
    against
    g uard again
    sub stitut ion.
    st

    YIN M
    VIN ARIANI
    MARIANI
    Nourishes
    Nourishes - Fortifies
    Fortifies
    Refreshes
    Refreshes
    Digestion -« Strengthens
    Aids Digestion Strengthens the System.
    System.
    Unequaled
    Unequaled as a tonic-stimulant
    tonic-stimulant for fatigued
    fatigued or
    overworked Body
    Body and Brain.
    Brain.
    Prevents Influenza and
    Prevents Malaria, Influenza Wasting Diseases.
    and Wasting

    TESTIMONIAL Q
    TESTIMONIAL U O T E S FROM
    QUOTES FROM
    T HE M
    THE A R I A N I ALBUM
    MARIANI A L B U M 1884-1913
    1884-1913
    Thomas
    Thomas Alva Alva Edison.
    Edison.
    " M o n s i e u r Mariani,
    "Monsieur M a r i a n i , I take pleasure iinn sending
    sending
    y o u one o
    you off my
    m y photographs
    photographs for publication im n
    y our A
    your l b u m . Yours
    Album. Y o u r s very truly."
    truly."

    Camille F
    Camille lammarion ((an
    Flammarion an astronomer
    astronomer who founded
    founded
    the French Society of Astronomers).
    the French Astronomers).
    ""Solar
    S o l a r rays in
    i n bottles."
    bottles."
    27

    Charles Goun()d (composer o ff sym


    Gounod (composer symphonies
    phonies and
    operas).
    operas).
    "To my good
    " T o my g o o d friend
    friend Mariani,
    M a r i a n i , beneficial revealer
    revealer
    o f this admirable
    of admirable coca wine
    wine fromfrom Pe~P e r n , which has
    has
    often restored
    so often strength."
    restored my strength. »

    Cardinal Lavigerie
    Cai·dinal Lavigerie..
    " Y o u r coca from
    "Your f r o m America
    A m e r i c a gave m
    myy European
    European
    priests
    priests the strength
    strength to civilise Asia and
    civilise Asia and Africa
    A f r i c a.,,
    ."

    PopeLeo
    PfJpe Leo XI11
    XIII sentsent aa go
    gold medal ro
    ld medal to Mar
    Mariani through
    iani thro ugh
    aC Cardinal
    ardinal with th thee follow
    following letter:
    ing letter:
    " R o m e , January
    "Rome, January 2z,, I898 H i s Holiness
    1898.. His Holiness has deigned
    h.as deigned
    t o commi
    to c o m m i sssion
    s i o n me
    me to to thank
    thank the the distinguished
    distinguished
    d o n o r in
    donor i n His
    H i s holy
    holy name,
    name, and and toto demonstrate
    demonstrate His His
    gratitude i n a material way as well.
    gr atitude.in a material way as well . His Holiness H i s Holiness
    doess me
    doe me the honour o
    the honour off presenting
    pre senting M Mr.r . Mariani
    Mariani
    with a
    with a gold
    g o l d medal
    m e d a l containing
    containing H Hii ss vene
    venerable
    r able
    coat-of-arms.",,
    coat-of-arms.

    William McKinley .(President


    WilliamMcKinley (President of the United
    United Stat States).
    es).
    ""E
    E xxecutive
    e c u t i v e Man
    M a n sion
    s i o n,, Washington, June 1+,
    Washington , Jun e. 14, 1898. 1898.
    M y dear S i r , Please accept
    My dear Sir, Please accept thanks on the Pr esi-thanks o n the Presi-
    dent's behalf
    dent's behalf and and ono n my
    my oownw n for
    for your
    your courte
    courtesy sy in
    in
    sending aa case
    sending case ooff the the celebrated
    celebrated V Vint n Mariani,
    Mariani,
    w i t h whose
    with whose tonic tonic virtu
    virtues es II am
    am already
    already acquaint
    acquainted, ed,
    and w i l l be happy to avail
    and will be happy to avail m yself of in the myself o f i n the future
    future
    as occasion
    as occasion may require. Very
    may require. Very truly
    truly youryours, John
    s, John
    A d d i son
    Addi s o n Porter,
    Porter, Secretary
    Secretary to to the President."
    th e Pre sident .,,
    Augttste
    A Rodin.
    u.gmtcRodin.
    ""To
    T o Mariani
    M a r i a n i ,, w
    who
    h o spreads
    spreads coca. Your
    Y o u r ffriend
    r i e n d.»
    ."

    Jules V Verne.
    ernc.
    " SSince
    i n c e a single bottle of
    single bottle o f MarianPs extraordinary
    Marian.i's extr aordinary
    coca wine w i n e guarantees
    guar antees a lifetime
    lifetime ofo f a hundred
    hundred
    years, I shall be obliged to
    year s, I shall b e obliged to live until the live until the year
    year
    22700!
    70 0 ! WellW e l l ,, II have
    have no
    no objection
    objections! Y o u r ss very
    s ! Your very
    g r a t eefull
    grat f u l ly."
    y."
    28
    28 Mamaa Coca
    MCJm Coca

    E S S E N T I A L S FOR
    ESSENTIALS F O R CULTIVATION
    C U L T I V A T I O N OF
    O F COCA
    COCA

    The temperature
    The temperature in in which Coca is
    which Coca is situation, and
    situatio~ and thot:ajth
    though the
    the leaves
    leaves may bebe
    grown
    gtown mustmust be equable, of
    be equable, of about i8° C
    abo ut 18° C.. more prolific, they
    mor.c prolinc, they have
    have not
    not the
    the delicate
    delicate
    (64-4°
    (6+<4- F-)-
    ° F.) . If die mean
    I f m
    mean exceeds
    c
    exceeds zo"
    20° C. C. aroma of choice
    aroma choice Coca.
    Coca.
    F.),
    (68° E the plant
    •.), the plant loses strength
    strength and
    and the
    the *# ** #•
    ~ assumes aa dryness
    leaf assumes dryness which always in-
    which always in- A peculiar earth is
    A pccu.liac required for
    is required for the
    the
    dicates that
    dicates that itit is
    is grown
    grown inin too
    too warm
    warm aa most favorahle
    most favorable cultivation
    cultivation of of Coca,
    Coca, oneone
    rrich
    ich in in mineral
    mineral matter,
    matter, yetyet free
    free from
    from
    limestone, which
    limestone, which is is so
    so detrimental
    detrimental that that
    even when
    even when it it is
    is in the subsn-at.um
    in the substratum o off aa
    vegetable soil
    vegetable soil the shrub grown
    the shrub grown over over itit
    W U J be stunted and the foliage
    will be stunted . and the foliage scanty. scanty.
    While the
    While the young
    young CocaCoca plants
    plants may thrive
    may thrive
    best
    best inin aa light, porous soil,
    light, porous soil, such
    such as thatt in
    as tha in
    the warmer
    the wanne r valleys, the full
    valleys, the full grown
    grown shrub
    shrub
    yields aa better
    yields better quality
    quality of o f Jeaf
    leaf when
    when
    grown in clay.
    grown in clay.
    *# *» *»
    This, commonly mixed with
    This, commooJy organic
    with organic
    matter and
    matter salts from
    and salts from the
    the decaying
    decaying vege-vege-
    tation, or
    tation; or that
    that o off the
    the trees
    trees burned
    burned to to
    make
    make aa clearing
    clearing,, affords
    affords what
    what might
    might be be
    termed aa virgin
    termed virgin earth-ten-a
    earth—terra fr411chc
    franche oi, ou
    normals—which requires no
    nomuue-which requires no addition of addition of
    manures for
    manures invigoration. In
    for invigoration. In the
    the conser-
    conser-
    vatory it
    vatory it has been found,
    has been alter careful
    found, after careful
    cxper.imentatio~ that a mixture of
    experimentation, that a mixture leaf
    of leaf
    mould and sand—tern de bruyerc,
    mould and sand -te r7'cde bruym, forms forms
    the best artificial
    the best artificial $Oil
    soil for
    for the
    the Coca plant.
    Coca plant.
    Aside from
    Aside from an an appropriate
    appropriate soil that that is is
    well drained,
    well drained, there
    there isis another
    another important
    important
    clement
    clement to to the best growth
    the best growth of of Coca,
    Coca, and
    and
    that is
    that is a
    a humid
    humid,a~osphcrc.
    atmosphere. Indeed,Indeed, io in
    the heart
    the heart of
    of the
    the montana
    mo.ntaiia it it is cither hazy
    is either hazy
    or drizzling
    or drizzling during
    during so some portion of
    me portion of the
    the
    day throughout the year,
    day throughout the year, the intense the intense
    glare of
    glare o f the
    the tropical
    tropical sunsun being usually
    being usually
    Young coca plants,
    Young showing fibrous
    plants, showing root.
    fibrous roor. masked by banks of fog, so that
    m.askcd by banks of fog, so that it would it would
    —Conservatory
    -Comcn:,ato ofMariani.
    ryofM"ritmi (from
    . (from seem
    seem that one living here is dwelling in
    that one living here is dwelling in
    Mortimer,, Hi#
    Monimer History
    qryofofCoca
    Coca.)
    .) the clouds.
    thedouqs.
    Mortimer, Historyof
    Mortimer, ofCoca
    Coca. .
    Mama Coca 29
    29

    Few recall to
    Few recall what
    to what
    extraordinary degree
    extraordinary degree

    COCA-COLA
    COCA-COLA
    Americans were
    Americans
    to cocaine
    to
    of the
    of the century.
    attached
    were attached
    cocaine around
    around the
    century. Coca-Cola,
    the turn
    Coca-Cola,
    turn

    SYRUP *AND*
    SYRUP, AND *EXTRACT.
    EXTRACT. of course,
    of course, was was originally
    originally
    indebted
    indebted to to the
    the cocaine
    cocaine
    For Soda
    For Soda Water
    Water and
    and other
    other Carbonated
    Carbonated Beverages.
    Beverages. base
    base of its syrup
    of its syrup for the
    for the
    pause
    pause that refreshed. But
    that refreshed. But
    This "INTELLECTUAL BEVERACB"
    Thia "INTELLECTUAL BEVERAGE" and TEMPERANCE
    T&!IIPEIIANCJ: itit was
    was just
    just one
    one ofof aa host
    host ofof
    DRINK contains the valuable
    DRINK contains valuable TONIC
    TONIC and NE.RYE STIM-
    NERVE STIM-
    elixirs,
    elixirs, tonics, patent
    tonics, patent
    ULANT
    ULANTproperties
    properties of the Coca plant
    plant and Cola (or Kola)
    nuts, and makes
    (or Kola)
    medicines
    medicines and and just plain
    just plain
    nuts, and makes notnot only
    only aa delicious,
    delicious, exhilaratin~,
    exhilarating,
    refreshing and
    refreshing and invigorating Beverage, (dispensed
    invigorating Beverage, from
    (dispensed from
    soda pop
    soda pop available
    available over over
    the soda
    the soda water
    water fountain
    fountain or
    or in
    in other
    other carbonated
    carbonated bever-
    bever- the counter and
    the counter and through
    through
    ages), but a
    ages), but a valuable
    valuable Brain Tonic, and
    Brain Tonic, and aa cure
    <ure for all
    for all the
    the mail that carried aa
    mail that carried
    nervous affections —
    nervous affections SICK HEAD-ACHE,
    - SICK H&AD-ACHE, NEURALGIA,
    NEURALGIA, powerful
    powerful coke coke kick.
    kick.
    HYSTERIA,
    H &C.
    MELANCHOLY, &c.
    -YSTERIA, MELANCHOLY, Koa-Kola, Kola-Ade,
    Koa-Kola, Kola-Ade,
    peculiar flavor of COCA-COLA
    The peculiar C O C A - C O L A delights every
    delights every Koca-Nola, Cafe-Coca
    Koca-Nola, Cafe-Coca
    Compound, Celery
    Compound, Cola,
    palate; is dispensed from
    palate; it ia from the
    the soda fountain
    fountain in same
    manner as any of the
    the fruit syrups.
    Celery Cola,
    fruit syrups.
    Coke Extract,
    Coke Extract, D Dr.r . Don's
    Don's
    /,!/.[l}J~, K o l a , Vani-Kola
    Kola, Vani-Kola
    •-(r* Chemist, <V
    --E"Chmlat.~ Compound Syrup,
    Compound Syrup,
    Sole Proprietor,
    Sole Proprietor,Atlanta,
    Atlanta,GLGa. Rococola, Wiseola—all
    Rococola, Wiseola-all
    were
    were beverages containing
    beverages containing
    Advertisement for
    Advertisement for spring
    spring 1887.1,049 gallons
    1887. 1,049 gallons
    cocaine that
    cocaine that were were
    commonly availableavailable at at the
    the
    were sold that year. (John Graff, High
    were High Times,
    Times, commonly
    grocery
    grocery store.store.
    1977•)
    1977.)
    Jerry Carroll,
    Jerry Carroll,
    (Continued ffrom
    (Continued r o m page 25)
    25)
    New West,
    New 1980.
    West, 1980.
    more spindly
    spindly than Huanaco
    Huanaco and has weak branchesbranches and
    relatively large elliptical
    relatively elliptical leaves
    leaves which
    which are
    are blunt
    blunt or rounded
    rounded
    at the apex. Its underside
    underside lacks
    lacks the characteristic
    characteristic parallel
    lines. Amazonian
    Amazonian cocacoca contains very little true cocaine
    cocaine and
    is primarily chewing by the people who cultivate
    primarily used for chewing
    it.
    it.
    Erythroxylum novogranatenseis native to Colombia,
    Erythroxylum novogranatense Colombia,
    Venezuela,
    Venezuela, and parts of Central America. In Colombia,
    Central America. Colombia, it
    grows
    grows iinn the Sierra NevadaNevada de Santa Marta
    Marta and in the
    rugged mountains o
    rugged mountains off Cauca
    Cauca andand Hucha.
    Hucha. This
    This species
    species is
    is
    highly
    highly resistant to drought
    drought and prefers a hot, dry habitat.
    habitat.
    It is
    is a
    a bushier
    bushier plant
    plant than
    than E.
    E. coca, with smaller,
    coca,with smaller,narrower,
    narrower,
    and
    and thinner
    thinner leaves
    leaves which
    which are bright
    bright yellowish
    yellowish green in
    color rounded at
    color and rounded at the apex. Its leaves
    the apex. leaves contain large
    amounts of
    amounts o f methyl
    methyl salicylate
    salicylate which
    which give wintergreen
    give it a wintergreen
    odor. However, its
    odor. However, its true
    true cocaine
    cocaine content
    content isis much
    much lower
    than
    than that of E. coca.InInColombia,
    E. coca. Colombia,where
    wherecoca
    cocacultivation
    cultivationisis
    30
    30 Mama Coca

    SPECIES THEIR CHARACTERISTICS


    SPECIES OF COCA AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

    Genus, Species
    Genus, Species ERYTHROXYLUM
    E COCA
    R Y T H R O X Y L U M COCA ERYTHROXYLUM
    E R Y T H R O X Y L U M NOVOGRANATENSE
    NOVOGRANATENSE
    Varieties
    Varieties coca
    coca ipadu novogranatense
    novogranatense truxillense
    truxillense

    Origin
    Origin montaria
    montana region
    region of
    of western A
    western Amazon
    m a z o n of
    of Colombia, Venezuela
    Colombia, Venezuela desert coast
    desert coast of Peru
    eastern Andes:
    Andes: Ecua- Brazil, Colombia,
    Brazil, C olombia, Central America,
    and Central America, and in adjacent
    adjacent arid
    arid
    dor, Peru, and Bolivia,
    dor, Bolivia, and Peru Sierra Nevada
    Nevada de valley of the Rio
    valley Rio
    mainly between
    mainly between Santa Marta
    Marta and Maranon, Truxillo
    Maranon, Truxillo
    500-1500m
    500-1500m mountains of
    rugged mountains region on the north
    region north
    Hucha
    Cauca and Hucha coast of Peru

    Description of
    Description of pointed leaves,
    pointed leaves, tall, spindly
    tall, spindly shrub
    shrub plant with
    large bush plant with up to 3 m tall tall with
    with
    plant and/or
    plant and/or parallel longitudinal
    parallel longitudinal with long
    with long weak
    weak small, narrow, thin,
    small, narrow, thin, multiple trunks
    multiple trunks reach-
    reach-
    leaves
    leaves lines on leaf under-
    under- branches
    branches and rela- and bright
    bright yellow-
    yellow- 4 c m in diameter
    ing 4cm diameter;;
    sides tively large elliptical
    tively elliptical green leaves which
    which branches
    branches are dense
    leaves which
    leaves which are are rounded
    rounded erect
    erect and spread
    spread leaves
    leaves
    blunt or rounded
    blunt rounded at narrowly
    narrowly elliptical
    elliptical toto
    the apex; flowers
    apex; flowers oblong—lanceolate
    oblong-lanceolate
    have a shorter
    shorter 20-65mm
    20-65mm long; medium
    long; medium
    flusher pedicel
    flusher pedicel and to light
    light green above
    markedly denticu-
    a markedly denticu- green to glossy
    pale grnen
    late staminal tube
    stamina! tube green beneath
    beneath and
    only short
    only short styled
    styled midrib fluted
    midrib fluted withwith
    morphs
    morphs slight medial ridge
    slight medial ridge

    Odor grassy
    grassy or haylike
    haylike wintergreen
    wintergreen wintergreen
    wintergreen

    Climate
    Climate favorable
    favorable tropical
    tropical does not like
    like hot,
    hot, seasonably
    seasonably dry
    dry has been cultivated
    cultivated in
    environment with
    environment with intense heat or
    intense or habitat
    habitat resistant
    resistant to
    to arid, desert
    arid, desert climate
    climate
    rainfall, moder-
    high rainfall, moder- poorly drained
    poorly drained soils,
    soils, drought
    drought montana
    and wet montaria
    temperatures and
    ate temperatures short-lived
    short-lived habitat of C
    habitat olombia;
    Colombia
    well drained
    well drained mineral
    mineral even more tolerant
    tolerant
    rich soils;
    rich soils; moist cool
    moist cool drought; prefers
    to drought; prefers
    desert conditions
    desert conditions

    Adaptabi Iity
    Adaptability very little
    little very little
    little will
    will survive
    survive under
    under a wide
    wide range of environ-
    environ-
    mental
    mental conditions
    conditions.. Resistant
    Resistant to drought
    drought..

    Means
    Means of seeds
    seeds cuttings
    cuttings seeds
    seeds seeds
    seeds
    propagation
    propagation

    Commercial uses
    Commercial uses most important com-
    important com- used for chewing
    chewing illegal
    illegal in CColombia
    olombia; principal
    principal variety
    variety used
    mercial
    mercial species
    species pro-
    pro- grown
    grown illegally
    illegally for
    for in beverage industry
    industry
    viding
    viding by far the
    the coca chewing
    chewing andand owing to its high con-
    owing con-
    supply of
    largest supply of cocaine
    cocaine production
    production tent of essential
    tent essential oils
    oils
    coca leaves and and flavors—several
    flavors-several
    cocaine; 95
    cocaine; 95%% of hundred tons
    hundred tons exported
    exported
    crop
    Peru's crop to N . Y . for
    N.Y. for preparation
    preparation
    of extracts,
    extracts, used in in
    making Coca-Cola
    making Coca-Cola

    % Alkaloids
    Alkaloids 0.5-1.0
    0.5-1.0 unknown
    unknown 1.0-2.5
    1.0-2.5 1.0-2.5
    1.0-2.5

    % Cocaine
    Cocaine of total
    total 70-90
    70-90 very little
    little 20-50
    20-50 20-50
    20-50
    alkaloid content
    alkaloid content
    Mama
    M Oku
    cmu1 Coca :H
    illegal, illicit crops o
    iJlegal, iUicic off E. IUJvog
    novogranatenst
    nma tense are arc culti
    cultivated
    vated for
    local chewing and and for for illicit cocaine manufacture.. While
    cocaine! manufacture While
    tiiis species has
    chis species has shown great great adaptabitiry
    adaptability' to to other climates,
    othe r climates,
    it has also been found that
    been found the alkaloid
    th at the compositionn and
    alkaloid compositio and
    quantirv will vary
    quantity van' with the th e climate and and soil. An A n ex:imple
    example of of
    this
    tl1is is Java
    Ja va coca, which was adapted
    which was adapted from E. nomgratta--
    £ . mn]()grana
    U n t i l World
    tense. Until World War War II II,, this variety provided
    prov ided most o f
    the rawraw m materials
    aterials forfor the
    the wow o rld
    r l d'ss supply
    supply of of pharmaceutical
    pharmaceutical
    cocaine.
    cocain e. WhileWhile its its alkaloid
    alkaloid cont content ent is even higherhigher in Java
    than in Colombia,
    Co lombi a, its ics true
    crue cocaine
    cocaine co content much lowe
    nrenr is lower. r.
    O n the
    On the desert coast of o f Peru
    Peru and and in in th
    the adjacent
    e adj acent aridacid
    valley of
    valley o f the Rio R i o Mara.ii6o,
    Marandn, a variety of o f E.
    £ . novog, ·anatense isis
    novogranatense
    grown. It has
    grown. hits been nam named Trujillo afte
    ed Tmj'illo afterr the
    the region in in Peru
    Peru
    where itit is grown. grown. The The leaves o off E. novogrrmatensevar.
    E. novogranatcmc var.
    truxillensc
    LruxiUenseprovide provide oonly nJy 5% s% of o f Peru
    Peru's annual harvest,
    's annual harvest, and and
    most
    mo st o off this is exporte
    exportedd co to the United States for
    the United use as
    for use as aa
    flavoring
    flavori ng agent agent in in Coca-Cola.
    Coca-Cola. The The remaining
    remaining leaves are are
    locally con consumedsumed ((chewed)
    d\cwed ) by nativess who
    by native who value them them for for
    their
    th eir ggreat
    reat aromatic
    aromati c qualities
    qualities and and palatabiliry.
    palatabili ty.
    £. novog,-am1t
    E. novograitatensc ensevar.var. truxillensc
    cruxillcnse has has been cultivated
    been cultivated
    in both
    both ar arid and wee
    id and wet climates
    climates with great great success. Its Its adapt-
    adapt-
    ability
    ab and resistance to drought
    ility and drought arc arc even
    even greater
    greater thanthan Co-Co-
    lombian
    lo mbian coca, coca, sin since
    ce it actuallyy prefers
    ir actuall prefers desert conditions
    conditions..
    plants arc
    The plants are pro
    propagated
    pagated by by seed
    seeds and may
    s and mav growgrow as as cal
    tallI as
    as
    meters
    3i met with multiple
    ers with multiple trunkstrunks reac reaching centimeters in
    hing 44 centimeters in
    diameter. Th
    diameter. The e leaves arcare narr
    narrowly elliptic
    ow ly ellipti to ooblong,
    c to 20-65
    blong, 1.0-65
    millimeters
    millimeters long, long, and
    and 10-25 millimeterss wide.:
    10-25 millimeter wide.. The
    The topsi
    topsides
    des
    are medium to
    are medium to light
    light green
    green in in color
    color and and pale green under-
    green w1der-
    neath.. The
    nc:ath The midrib
    midrib is Bar flat with
    with a sligh
    slightt medial
    medial ridge.
    Chapter Two
    Chapter Two

    The Alkaloids
    The Alkaloids

    Very little
    Very known about
    little is known about the
    the physiological
    physiological activity of the
    the associate alkaloids of the
    the coca plant,
    plant, and still
    less about
    about their
    their effects in combination.
    combination . The necessity of looking into
    into the possible importance
    importance of these
    other compounds
    other compounds is is emphasized
    emphasized by the
    the fact that Indian will frequendy
    that an Indian frequently reject the bitter
    bitter coca leaves with
    with
    the highest
    highest percentage
    percentage of cocaine in favor of the sweeter leaves which
    the sweeter which are richer
    richer in
    in the more
    more aromatic
    aromatic
    alkaloids.
    alkaloids.
    Richard
    Richard T. Martin
    Martin,,
    Economic 1970..
    Botany, 1970
    EconomicBotany,

    Cocaine is is only
    only one of the alkaloids contained in the
    leaves
    leaves of the plant Erythroxylum coca.
    Erythroxylum Varyingamounts
    coca.Varying amounts ofof
    several other
    other similar alkaloids willwill also be present, depend-
    depend-
    ing on the particular
    ing particular species of coca
    coca which
    which is used, where it
    is grown,
    grown, and the manner by which which it is refined.
    M o s t uncut illicit cocaine
    Most cocaine will
    will consist primarily
    primarily of of
    three
    three or four four alkaloids; these include: cocaine,
    these include: cocamine
    cocaine, cocamine
    (truxillines), cinnamylcocaine,and the hygrines.
    (truxillines), cinnamylcocaine, hygrines.InIn addition,
    addition,
    benzoylecgonineisis found
    benzoylecgonine found inin minute
    minute quantities
    quantities or
    or in
    in larger
    larger
    amounts when
    amounts when the cocaine
    cocaine has decomposed. Tropacocaine
    Tropacocaine
    is rarely present in South AmericanAmerican coca
    coca but does occur
    significantly
    significantly in Java coca.
    in Java
    As
    As well as the alkaloids whichwhich naturally coca,
    naturally occur in coca,
    mixed alkaloid cocaine will
    alkaloid cocaine ecgonine.As
    will often containe ecgonine.
    with benzoylecgonine,
    benwylecgonine, ecgonine is producedproduced when
    when the co-
    caine has decomposed.
    decomposed. This can happenhappen intentionally,
    intentionally, but
    but
    usually caused by attempting
    is usually attempting to force
    force a higher yield from
    leaves, paste, or base.
    the leaves,
    cocaine, used in medicine as a
    Licit pharmaceutical cocaine,
    manufactured legally -under
    local anesthetic, is manufactured under optimum
    optimum
    laboratory conditions.
    laboratory conditions. In this process
    process all alkaloids which
    can be converted
    converted to cocaine
    cocaine are used. This includes three three
    The Alkaloids
    77Je Alkaloids 33
    alkaloids whic
    alkaloids which ecgonine
    h have ecgoni .ne at the core of d1cirtheir momole-
    le-
    cule;
    cu cocaine
    lc: coca {methyl
    ine (meth benzoylecgonine),
    yl bcnzoylccgonine cinnamylcocaine
    ), cinnamylcocaine
    (methyl cinnam
    (methyl cinnamylecgonlne),
    ylecgoni.ne), and coccocamine
    amine (methyl truxil-truxil-
    loylecgonine). molecules are
    loyle cgo nin c). The molecules arc split
    split into
    into their
    their main
    main
    parts, the ecgonine
    pans, ecgonine portio
    portion saved, and
    n save~ and the rest
    rest eliminated
    eliminated..
    Once isolated,
    Once ecgonine may be synthet
    iso lated, the ecgonine synthetically con-
    ically con-
    verted
    verte benzoylecgonine).
    d to cocaine (methyl benzoylecgonine ).
    The advantage of this process is a highe
    Th e advantage higherr yield of of
    cocaine
    coc from coca which
    aine from which co
    contains predominatelyy cocaminc
    ntain s predominatel cocamine
    oorr cinnamylcocaine.
    cinnam ylcocaine. The disadvantage of
    The disadvantage of ththee process
    process isis
    that it is
    chat is technica
    technically demanding and
    lly demanding requires e.xacting
    and requires exacting tech-
    tech-
    nique,, spec
    nique special
    ial chemicals,
    chemica ls, and sophisticated laboratory
    and sophisticated laboratory
    equipment.
    equipment.

    ecgonine
    The ecgo conversion
    nin e conver has been used by
    sio n process has
    chemists
    chemists since 1885 but virtually unknown to
    1885 but is virtuall y unknown to ththe "cooks"
    e «coo ks"
    or
    of South America who
    South America who make most ooff the illicit cocaine.
    cocaine.
    Prior co
    Prior to its
    its discovery,
    discover)', cocaine was was refined inin much
    much thethe
    same way chat
    same that is
    is used by
    by illicit manufacturers todav-. Whil
    manufacrur ers today While e
    both techniques begin with the extraction
    both techniques begin with the cxt:raction of of all
    all alkaloids,
    alkaloids,
    illicit pr
    the illicit process
    ocess (when properly conducted) seeks to
    properly conducted) to elim-
    dirn-
    all alkalo
    inate all alkaloids
    ids but The pharmaceutical
    but cocaine. 11,c process
    pharma ceuti cal process
    eliminates
    eliminat es on only those alkaloids
    ly chose alkaloids which
    which cannot
    cannot be
    be made into
    made into
    cocaine.
    cocai ne .

    It sho
    Ir should pointed oout
    uld be pointed thatt only
    u t tha ecgonine
    on ly the ecgonine
    process
    pr ocess willwill to totally eliminate
    tally elimin ate ththee related
    related alkalo
    alkaloids that
    ids so chat
    the only alkaloid
    alkaloid at the end end is cocaine. The illicit illicit process
    process
    w i l ll always
    wil always leave
    leave traces
    traces of the other alkaloids. Wher
    other alkaloids. Whereas
    eas
    pharmaceutical cocaine
    pharmaceutical cocaine hydrochloride
    hydrochloride will be 89.27% 89.27%
    cocaine
    cocaine ba base weight,, illicit
    se by weight mixed-alkaloid
    illicit mixe cocaine
    d -alkalo id cocaine
    hydrochloride
    hydr o chlori de will rarely rarely bebe more
    more than 80% cocaine base.
    than 80% base.
    When
    When the i llicit proces
    the illicit processs is used
    used on species of coca coca which
    which
    have high high coconcentrations
    ncentrations of oother alkaloids,
    th er alkalo ids, the amount of of
    cocaine base base may drop drop to 50% or low
    co so% lower.
    er.
    When discussing
    When discussing the th e illicit process,
    process, it is is importan
    importantt toto
    consider
    co nsider the conditions
    th e conditi under which
    ons under which it it is
    is performed
    performed.. The The
    illicit pr
    illicit processor
    ocessor rarely has has access co to the wide wide range of of
    quality
    qu ality chemicals available in
    chemi cals available in the
    the UnU n iited
    t e d Scates
    States and
    and
    Europe.. The
    Europe The process
    process is carried out
    is carried out by "coo"cooks" who know
    ks~' who know
    little about
    little chemistry and
    about chemistry and rourindy
    routinely use substi
    substitute solvents
    tut e solverus
    The Alkaloids
    7be Alk aloids

    Chemical
    Chemical Structure
    Structure of Cocaine
    Cocaine

    Cocaine J [
    • i

    The cocaine
    The cocaine molecule
    molecule Is
    is made
    made up
    up of
    of three
    three building
    building blocks. If chemical
    blocks. If conditions become
    chemical condluons become
    loo acidic or
    too actdtc or 100
    too basic
    basic the cocaine molecule
    the cocaine molecule readily
    readily breaks
    breaks down
    down rnto
    into these
    Ihese three
    three pieces.
    pieces .

    Decomposition
    Decomposition of Cocaine
    Cocaine

    E = Ecgon1ne
    B = Benzolc acid E
    M = Methyl alcohol
    B

    E E

    Ecgonine
    7 Benzoylecgonine
    B
    ~
    Methyl

    8
    Benzoi
    Benzoic c acid
    acid
    alcohol
    The Alkt1/oltls
    7be Alkaloids 35
    chemicals, de
    and chemicals, depending
    pending on on what available. (This
    wh at is available. (This
    w o u lld
    wou d be impossib
    impossible when usin
    le when using
    g the pharmaceutical
    ph armace utical
    process).
    process ). When the Colom Colombian bian
    As a South
    South American
    American "cook" said, " A
    "cook" once said, l l you
    All you need
    need cook saw the
    cook saw the
    to make
    make cocaine is three buckets buckets and
    and rwo sheets.", Many
    two sheets! Many sophisticated
    sophisti cated lablab hehe
    actually use this
    cooks acrually method. The
    thi s method. The wor
    work done in make-
    k is done make- "all you need to
    said "all to
    laboratories more
    shift laboratories more remin
    reminiscent o f kirchcns,
    iscent of kitchens, andand th
    thee make
    mak cocaine is three
    e cocaine three
    sheetss (co
    sheet (complete multiple kilos) are often
    mplete with multiple often hung
    hung on a bucketss and
    bucket and twotwo
    clothesline to
    clothesline dry in the sun.
    co dry sun. Time is o off the essenc~
    essence, and sheets."
    shee Once
    ts ." On in th
    ce in thee
    never knows
    one never knows when
    when a cocaine kitchen may ha\le
    kitchen may have to bebe remote mountain
    remote mountainss of of
    moved ar
    moved at a moment's
    moment' s notice. Lengthy proce
    notice. Lengthy procedures
    dures arcarc ab- Central Ameri
    Central America ca wewe
    breviated co
    breviated to meet this
    this criterion and qquality
    criterion and uality is often
    often sacri- ran out of filter
    ran paper
    filter paper
    ficed in the proceprocess.
    ss. while preparing
    whilr~ E~paring to to
    crystaiize
    crys · a batch. We We
    There
    The re are three kinds o
    are three off labo
    laboratories
    ratories w which
    hich deal with
    deal with went into
    went into town
    town,,
    different parts o
    different parts off the procedure.
    procedure. The The pasta lab Labis usually
    usually rented
    re. hotel roo
    n ted a hotel room,m,
    located
    loca ted at oorr near the growing
    growing area and and is usedused to to extract
    extract stole the sheet
    stole sheets and
    s and
    all the alkaloids
    aJl alkaloids in in the form of
    the form o f aa water-sol
    water-soluble paste.. Thi
    uble paste Thiss headed
    headed back to the the
    crude cocaine
    crude cocaine sulfate,
    sulfate, called pasta, is less bulky
    is far Jess bulky than the
    chan the hills where
    where we we
    leaves themselves,
    leaves themselves , and the extraction procedure
    the e~ttacrion procedure and and labo-
    labo - finished the
    finished the jojob.
    b.
    ratory requirements
    ratory requirements arc are simple enough
    simple enoug to be performed
    h to performed by Colombian
    Colombian C<x>k
    Cook
    growers.
    the coca growe rs. (It
    (It takes ioo 100-150 kilos of
    - rso kilos o f dry
    dry leaves to to
    produce o
    produce one
    ne kilo ooff dry
    dry pasta.)
    pasta. ) AilA l l that
    that is is required
    required is to to
    soak the dried Leave
    the dried leavess inin water,
    water, add add a st.mag
    strong alkali like lime lime
    alkaloids,, and
    to release the alkaloids solvent like
    and stir in a solvent like kerosene
    kerosene
    or
    or gasoline which will disso
    gaso line which dissolvelve the alkaloids while remain-
    the alkaloids
    ing separate
    ing separate fromfrom the water.
    wate r . TheThe water
    water is drained oout
    is drained the
    ut the
    bottom o
    bottom off the
    the container
    container and and the gasoline is poured
    the gasoline poured out out the
    the
    top. Once
    top. Once the the gasoline
    gasoline has separated,
    has been separa sulfuric acid
    ted, sulfuric acid isis
    added to precipitate
    added precipitate the alkaloids. T
    the alkaloids. Thehe precipitate,
    precipitate, called
    separated fro
    pasta, is separated from m the
    the gasoline
    gasoline by filtration
    filtration and
    and put
    put
    out in the sun to dry dry.. (lo
    (In .Bolivia,
    Bolivia, where the predominantpred ominant
    alkaloid is is cocaine,
    cocaine, hydrochloric
    hydrochloric acid acid is often
    often substituted
    substituted
    for sulfuric acid, and
    for sulfuric and the resultant hydrochloride is the
    resuh:ant hydrochJoride the
    finished product.))
    finished product.
    The
    T he drydry pasta
    pasta is usua usually tannish brown
    lly rannish brown,, th thee color
    color
    coming from
    coming plant material,
    from plant material, dirt,dirt, ere.
    etc. IItt usually contains
    contains all
    compounds which
    compounds which will precipitate with lime and
    wiU precipitate and dissolve
    disso lve
    gasoline. If a stronge
    in gasoline. strongerr alkali is used, used, moremore compounds
    compounds
    will be present
    will present..
    The next step
    The step ofo f the process is to convert convert th thee pasta toto
    base. T This
    his is usually donedone in in a baselab locatedininCo
    lab located Colombia
    lom bia
    36 thee Alkaloids
    11, Alkaloids

    and
    and isis a very critical
    critical pan
    part ofo f the procedure
    procedure since it deter-deter-
    mines
    mines the amount and
    the amount and proportions
    proportions of o f different
    different alkaloids
    alkaloids
    which will
    which will be
    be present
    present inin the
    the firushed
    finished prodm
    product. Parts of
    ..1:. Parts o f th
    this
    is
    look at the techniques
    A look techniques conversion
    conve are routinel
    rsion are routinely y left
    left out due to
    out due to the
    the time involved,,
    rime involved
    of the "cooks."
    of "cooks." weight
    we losses, and
    ight losses, and potential
    potential risk to the
    risk to the cocaine.
    cocaine. WhenWhen
    properly performed,~ the
    properl y performed the conversio
    conversion n to
    to base
    base will eliminate
    will eliminate
    "They were
    ''They crystallizing
    were crystallizing cinnamylcocaine and the
    die hygrincs
    hygrincs,, asas well as most
    most organic
    organic
    several kilos
    several and
    kilos and c:::i
    n.namykocaine and wclJas
    discovered
    discovertd they didn)t didn't impurities.
    impurities.
    have aa bigbig enough
    enough
    container. II was
    container. was sent
    sent outout
    to get
    to get itandcamc
    it and came back back
    with a a large
    large plastic
    plastic The conversion
    The conversion is properlproperly performed by dissolving
    y performed dissolving
    with
    garbage can.
    garbage can. They
    They gotgot toto the pasta
    pasta in water
    wacer and adding sulfuric
    and adding sulfuric acid to further
    further acid-
    work
    wo and II got
    .rk and got laid
    laid back.
    back. ify the solu
    ify solution. Potassium permanganate
    tion. Potassium permanganate is added added to the
    Screams drew
    Screams drew meme toto the
    the solution, causing it to mm
    solution, turn a violet
    violet color.
    color. This
    This oxidation
    oxidatio n
    laboratory where the
    laboratory where the process does not
    proc ess do.es not appreciabl
    appreciably y affect the cocaine, but
    affecrthe but the oils
    oils
    South American
    SouthA01er chef had
    ica11chef had
    his foot in the can trying and impuritit:s
    and impurities are arracked
    attacked almostalmost immediately.
    immediately . TI,eThe criti-
    criti-
    his foot in the can trying
    to plug die hole that
    that thethe cal part
    cal part ooff the process is deciding
    the process deciding whenwhen to stop
    stop the action
    the action
    to plug the hole
    ether ate througii die of
    of the permanganate by adding
    permanganat e adding an alkali. If If the decision
    decision isis
    ether ate through the
    plastic and his assistant made too early,
    made early, the rcsuJraru
    resultant basebxsc will contain
    contain moremore im-
    im-
    plastic and his assistant
    was scooping up the flood
    was scooping
    off the rug back the flood
    upinto the purities and
    purities and other
    odier alkaloids;
    alkaloids; if the decision
    decision is made too too
    off the rug
    trash can. We had to the
    back into hold late, some cocaine will be destroyed
    Late, some destroyed by the permanganate.
    permanganate.
    trash
    back the can.owner
    We bad of tothehold There is
    There hardly an expecieoced
    is hardly experienced cook who who has not not overoxi-
    overoxi-
    back
    house as we cut upcbe
    the owner of the dized the pasta
    d.ized pasta at one timetime or another. Never
    o r another. Never waswas it more
    more
    house
    rug, but as the chefup
    we cut the
    managed
    rug,
    to but the90%
    recover chefofmanaged
    the true
    rrue that
    that "close
    "dose only countss in horseshoes."
    only coW1t horseshoes."
    coke."
    to recover 90% of the The owners
    The owners of o f the pasta
    pasta are not involved
    are not involved forfor die
    the fun
    fun
    coke.'' o f it
    of it -— their
    their purpo
    purpose se isis toto make monemoney. y. The
    The loss of of a
    Manuel the
    M:10ud the Mule
    Mule quantity
    quanti ty ofo f cocaine dll.t:
    due to overoxidation of
    ro overoxidatioo o f th
    thee pasta is
    hardly an
    hardly an effective
    effea:ivc means
    means of o f increasing
    increasing the profit, so, more
    the profit, more
    often than
    often than not,
    nor, this part of
    this part o f rhe
    the process is eliminated. Whv
    is climinared. Why
    take the chance when crn:aine will sell anyway!
    when the cocaine anyway?

    Pasta which
    Pasta which is converted
    converted to base without
    to base· being
    without being
    oxidized with_
    oxidized with permanganate
    permanganate rardyrarely results in cocaine hy- hy·
    drochloride
    drochJocide which
    which is over
    over 60%
    60% cocaine
    wcai ne base. Cocaine
    base. Cocaine
    hydrochloride made
    hydrochloride properly oxidized
    made from properly oxidized base
    base may
    may be be
    much as 82%
    as much base.
    82% cocaine base.
    The last step of
    The o f the process
    pro cess isis co
    to convert
    convert die to
    the- base to
    "crystal,"
    "crysta thee South
    l,» th South American
    American termterm for cocaine hydro-hydro-
    chloride. Th
    chloride. This usually done
    is is usually done in a crystat
    crystal lab located in
    lab located inoror
    near a major city i n Colombia.
    city in Colombia. The The base is dissolved
    dissolved in
    ether, and hhydrochloric
    ydrochloric acid is is added
    added to precipitate the
    precipitate the
    The Alkal
    The Alkaloids
    oids 37
    37
    hydrochloride crystals. These
    cocaine hydrochloride These are collected by fil- fil-
    tration
    tration andand are then dried. It
    d1cn dried. It is rare for th.is
    this process
    process to
    co be
    performed with Jess less than three
    three kilos, and and as many fifty
    many as fifty
    may
    may be done at one time. The crystallization
    crystallization is perfor
    performed
    med
    as quickly as possible, taking as little little as fifteen
    fifteen minutes
    minutes
    where a more professional
    where: professional procedure
    procedure mightmight take hours
    hours..
    Since most illicit
    Since illicit cocaine is made the quick quick way,
    way, with
    with
    thee emphasis on quantity,
    th quantity, it ofte
    oftenn contains an alkaloid
    proportion similar
    proportion similar to that
    that whwhich
    ich existed in the leavesleaves
    themselves. This is not necessarily
    necessarily bad because most con-
    cocaine seem to
    sumers of cocaine to prefer
    prefer the mellower high high of of
    cocaine to
    mixed-alkaloid cocaine thee speedy but clear high of the
    ro th
    ppharmaceutical
    harmaceutical pproduct.
    roduct. One mu must st remember that, in
    rememb er thar,
    medicine, cocaine
    medicine, cocaine is used as a local
    local anesthetic;
    anesthetic; the presence
    o f other
    of other alkaloids makes
    makes it less effective
    effective as such. However,
    However ,
    To date, so
    To date, some fourteen
    me fourteen
    when the cocaine is used as a recreational drug,
    when drug, the same
    alkaloids have
    alkaloids have becobeen
    reasoning may not hold
    reasoning hold true.
    true. isolated
    isolated from varieties of
    from varieties of
    Aside from cocaine, the alkaloids
    Aside which are of the
    alkaloids whid1 the plant.
    the plant.
    consumer are coca.mine
    most interest to the consumer ccK^urunc and and the hy- Pharmacologists
    Pharma cologists have
    grines. This is of course due
    grincs. due to the large amountamount of these burdened us
    burdened with the
    as with. the
    substances
    sub arc present in illicit
    stan ces which are cocaine.
    illicitcocaine. notion that drug
    notion that drug plant
    plants s
    must owe
    most owe their properties
    their properties
    to aa sing
    to single "active
    le «active
    principle" that
    principle " d1at can can be
    be
    Cocaminc* ((truxilline)
    Cocamioc* truxilline ) was first discovered in wbat
    was .first what isolated, synthesized,
    ISOia ted, syn th esized,
    was then called Trujillo
    Trujillo coca and and was for many years studied,
    stu and administered
    died, and administered
    in pure form.
    io pure form. Th.is This notion
    notion
    confused with cocaine
    confused cocaine due to the remarkabremarkable
    le similarities may be helpful to to
    may be helpful
    betweenn the cwotwo and the difficulty
    difficulty in separating them. Its pharmacologists
    betwee them . Its pharmacol ogists in in
    chemical
    chem formula
    icaJ fomm close to d1at
    la is very dose that of cocaine, the main making their experiments
    making their experiments
    difference being the kind of acid which which is produced
    produced when
    when simpler,, but
    simpler but it.is
    it is
    disastrous to to the rest of us
    molecule decomposes
    the molecule decomposes. . Cocaine decomposes to methyl methy l disastrous the rest
    because it leads us away
    of us
    alcohol, benzoic
    alcohol, benzoicacid, andecgoo.ioe,
    acid,and ecgonine, while
    whilecocamine
    cocaminc breaks
    breaks becaose it leads us away
    from natural green
    d o w n to methyl
    down methyl alcohol, ecgonine.
    truxillic acid, and ecgo
    alcoho l, trttxilli& This
    nine. This from naturaJ
    medicines green
    in the direction
    difference
    diffe rence results in an alkaloid
    alkaloid which
    which is considerably less of white powdersdirection
    medicin es in the with far
    of whitepotentials
    higher powders with for far
    active ththan
    an cocaine, with little or no anesthetic
    anesthetic value and
    value and higher
    abuse. potentials for
    distinctly different
    distinctly different psychoactive qualities. Cocamine acts abuse.
    Andrew Weil,
    Andrew Weil,
    The M arriqge
    TIJc 1mingeof ofthe
    die S1111
    Sun a11,t
    and
    Moon,
    M O'On 1080.
    1 1980.

    +* Coaunine
    Cocaminc (tmxillinc:)
    (rruxilline) is
    is acmally
    actually aa group
    group of
    offive compounds with
    five:compounds with the
    the
    same molecular
    same molecular com~ition
    composition but
    but slight
    slight dilfccenccs
    differences in geometry (stereo-
    in geometry (s.crco-
    isomers). The
    isomcrs). The ch.cm1caJ
    chemical behavior
    behavior is
    is therefore
    therefore complex
    complex because
    because tia group
    group
    of compounds
    of compounds is involved.
    is involved.
    S8 7TK' Alkaloids
    11Je Alkaloids

    PRIMARY COCA ALKALOIDS


    ALKALOIDS
    AND
    AND THEIR
    THEIR PROPERTIES
    Melling
    Malting 08C)ompositlon
    Decom position
    Doscrrpdon
    Description Point Products
    oc Products
    °C

    Cocaine
    Cocaine colorless
    colorless crystals
    crystals or white
    while 96-98
    96-98 ecgonlne
    ecgonine
    crystelline
    crystalline powder wlth
    with ,no
    no methyl alcohol
    methyl alcohol
    odor
    odor and sllghtly bitter
    and slightly laite
    binar taste benw,cacid
    benzoic acid

    Cocamine
    Cocatnine white amorphous p0wder
    white amorphous powder 80 ecgonine
    ecgonine
    (Tru.xilllnasl
    (Truxillines) with
    with dirty
    dirty odor
    odor and very
    and wary methyl
    methyl alcohol
    alcohol
    bl'ltar
    bitter taste truxilllc
    truxillic acid
    acid

    Cin1111mvlcocaine colorless noedlos


    Cinnamylcocaine needles 121
    121 ecgonlne
    ecgonine
    methyl
    methyl alcoh61
    alcohol
    clnnamlc acid
    clnnamlc acid

    Hygrlnes
    Hygrines colorless, volatile
    colorless, oil with
    vola(lle oil with 193-5bp" hygric
    193-Sbp• hygrtc acid
    an-urine-like
    cat-urine-like odor and verv
    odor and very
    bitter
    bitter tsste
    taste

    Tropacoca ine
    Tropacocaine needles 49 bllnzoic
    benzoic acid
    acid
    Atropine
    ,J,troptoe

    Benzoytecgonlne
    Benzoylecgonine colorless
    colorless crystals,
    crystals, ortho-
    art he- 86-92 ecgonlne
    ecgonine
    rhombic
    rhombic prtsm:s
    prisms or nl!f!dles
    needles benzolc
    benzoic acid

    Ecgonine
    Ecgonine crystals,
    crystals, monoclinic
    monocilnic pr isms
    prisms 198
    19S

    'boiling
    •boflfng point
    polm

    had read
    I had read in the the the muscular
    on the system while
    m uscuJar system while cocaine
    cocaine a~ acts oonn the
    the nervous
    nervous
    literature
    literatur that the
    e that the system.
    sys Cocaminc
    tem . Coc aminc is amorphous
    is amorp hous ((noncrystalline),
    noncry stal line ), and and
    smell of dirty
    smell dirty sox in whenn present
    whe present with
    with cocaine
    cocaine will
    will lessen its crystallinity
    crystallinicy andand
    cocaine indicated
    cocaine indicated the the diminish
    dimini brilliance. The
    sh its brilliance. The taste ooff cocamine
    cocam.ine is more bitter
    is more bitter
    presence of cocamine
    presence coca.mine than cocaine, with
    than cocaine., or no numbing
    with little or numbing effect. The The effects
    and/or hygrine.
    and/or hygrine. o
    off consuming
    consuming cocai cocaine which has
    ne: whid1 has a significant amount amount of of
    Imagine my surp
    Imagine surprise
    rise cocamine will more physical
    will be more physical in narurc,
    nature, Lacking
    lacking the clar-
    when Cruel
    when Raoul
    Cruel Raoul o f cocaine.
    ity of cocaine. [tIt may actually
    actually seem to cause drowsiness.
    drowsiness.
    came
    came over pulled
    over and pulled The hygrines were
    The thought of
    were first thought o f as
    as aa decomposition
    decomposition
    out his stash carefully
    stash carefull y product produ
    product produced ced during
    during thethe manufacture
    manufacture of o f cocaine.
    cocaine.
    concealed in his dirty
    concealed dirty They are in factfact a natural component
    compo nent of the coca coca leaf and
    begged to keep
    sox. I begged keep may present in
    may be prescoc in quantities
    quantities as great j o % of
    grea't as 30% o f the total
    rota l
    the
    the sox, to no avail. alkaloid con
    alkaloid content.
    tent TheThe presence
    presence ofo f hygrine
    hygrine in iJJicit
    illicit cocaine
    cocaine
    David Lee
    Duvid Lee often due
    is often due to the the manufactur
    manufacturer's desire to
    ers desire co increase th thee
    weight the cocaine.
    weigh t of the cocaine. In oorder
    rder for
    for hvgrine
    h ygrinc to precipitate at
    tO precipitate
    the same rime
    ·chc same time as cocaine,
    cocaine, an
    an excess of o f hydrochlori
    hydrochloricc acid
    The Afk,1loids
    11.,e Alkaloids 39
    must be be used.
    used. ThiThiss often results
    results inin partial decomposition
    decomposition
    o f the cocaine
    of cocaine molecule.
    molecule. (If (If the extra acid is not not used,
    used, most
    most
    o f the
    of the hygrine
    hygrine willwill remain
    remain in the solution
    in the solution from from which
    which thethe
    cocaine has been removed.) The cocaine decomposition is
    cocaine has been removed.) The cocaine decomposition is
    the reason
    the reason thatthat anan overabundance
    overabundance of o f hygr..ine
    hygrine is is usually
    usuaUy
    accompanied by
    accompanied bv benzoylecgonine
    benzoylecgonine and and ecgon.ine.
    ecgonine. A A sweet
    sweet
    smell, reminiscent
    smell, reminiscent o off wintergreen,
    wintergreen, is is also
    also caused
    caused by by the
    the
    breakdown, not by the
    breakdo\vn, not by the bygrinc. hygrine.
    The hygrine
    The hygrines are colorless,
    s are colorless, volatile
    volatile oils whichwhich arc are
    extremely alkaline
    extremely alkaline aadand possess
    possess aa very bitter taste
    very bjttcr taste.. They
    The y dodo
    not dull
    nor the appearance
    duLI the. appearance o off the
    die cocaine
    cocaine as will cocaminc,
    as will cocamine,
    but they
    bur they will increase its
    will increase tendency to
    irs tendency. to attract
    attract moisture
    moisture fromfrom
    die air. Since they possess little or no psychoactive
    the air. Since they possess Little or no psychoactivequali- quali-
    ties of
    ties o f their
    their OW1½
    own, they will merely
    theyw.iH merely lessen
    1.essen thethe stimulation
    stimulation of of
    cocaine.
    coca ine . The excess hydrochloric
    The excess hydrochloric acid~ acid, added
    added when
    when ·thethe
    hygrine was
    hygrioe was ,precipitated
    precipitated,, is is very
    very .irritating
    irritating to to the
    the nasal
    Aasal
    membrane s. When the nose neutralizeS the excess acid,
    membranes. When the nose neutralizes the excess acid, the
    the
    hhygrine
    ygrine becomes insoluble in
    becomes insolupk in water
    water and and is poorly ab-
    is poorly ab-
    sorbed, so
    sorbed, so it
    it further
    further irritates
    irritates the
    the nose.
    nose.
    Significant
    Signific_ amounts of
    ant amounts o f cocamim:
    cocamine and and hygrine
    hygrine arc arc
    found in
    fouad in the
    die leaves
    leaves ofof Etythroxyl"m
    Erythroxylum 1wll0g,11,nate11se.
    novoaranatemc. While While
    thev may be
    they may be present
    present in in other
    other species
    species of o f coca,
    coca, the amount
    the amount
    will be
    wiU be minure
    minute by by comparison.
    comparison. It It isis therefore
    therefore logical
    logical toto
    assume that
    assume that mixed-alkaloid
    mixed-alkaloid cocaine containing large
    cocaine contafoing large
    amounts of
    amounts o f these
    these alkaloids
    alkaloids originated
    originated in in Colombia
    Colombia or or Peru.
    Peru.
    Chapter Three
    Three

    Understanding the
    Understanding the Cocaine
    C o c a i n e Trade
    Trade

    Despite repeated
    Despite repeated half-hcartc::d
    halt-hearted govc.mrnc:ar
    government arrempts
    attempts co prohibit new
    to prohibit newplanting andcotoencourage
    p!antingaud encouragesewing
    sowingofof
    substitute crops,
    subsritutc: crops, tb.c
    the cvcr-growingdcmao
    ever-growing demand forthe
    d for rawmate!rial
    theraw materialoftbe
    o f the"champagne
    "champagneefdrugs"
    of drugs"isis spreading
    spreading
    coca farming across
    coca farming across stonymo
    stony mountain
    uncain sides, freshlycleared
    sides, freshly clearedjungle,
    jungle,and
    andeven
    evenacross
    acrossthc:-chnvi.ng
    the thrivingcoffee
    coffeeandand
    citrus farms
    cirrus farms of
    of tbl!
    the Bolivian
    Bolivian Yungas,steaclily
    Yungas, steadilybei,1g choppeddown
    bcMgd1oppcd downcotomake
    makeway forthe:
    wayfor the more
    more profitable
    profitable
    coca bushes.
    coca bushes.
    Timothy Ross,
    Timoth~: Ross,
    Times,
    LA Tin1es 1081.
    , r981.

    M o sstt cocaine consume


    Mo consumers agreement that
    rs are in agreement that it has
    become increasingly
    become increasingly cufficult
    difficult to obtain high qual
    to obtain qualityity illicit
    cocaine.. Pric
    cocaine Priceses have risenrisen,3 quali
    quality ty has
    has dropped,
    dropped, and and the
    alternatives
    alternati ves areare few. WhileWhile thisthis is due
    due toco aa variety
    variety of cir-
    cumstances,, the cocaine marke
    cumstances market, t, like odier,, is governed
    like any other governed
    by the
    by the laws of o f suppl
    supply and demand.
    y and demand. When When the th e demand
    demand
    greatly
    greo:1t:l exceeds th
    y exceeds thee supply, it becomes
    becomes a selle-sellers' market, a
    rs' market~
    condition
    co nditi o n which
    whid1 rarely benefits the consumer.
    th e conswner.
    The amount
    The arnowit of o f illicit cocaine
    cocaine which is co consumed
    nsumed
    annually
    annuall y inin the
    the United States has
    Umted States increased
    has incc-e ased dramatically
    dramaticall y in
    the past s years and
    the past and th thee demand
    demand put on suppliers
    put on suppliers has risenrisen
    accordingly.. Nowhere
    accordingly Nowhere is this more widd widelyy felt than dian in
    Soud
    Sou thi America
    America where where the coca leaves
    the co~a leaves which
    which produce
    prodm :e the
    cocaine
    cocaine are are grown
    grown.. The The need
    need for larger quantities
    for larger quantities of of leaves
    leaves
    from whicwhich h cocaine
    cocaine can can be made prompted increased
    made has prompted increased
    production
    coca producti throughout
    on thr o ughout Sou South America.. Cultivation
    th America Cultivation
    has extended
    has extended to to remote
    remote areasareas wruth
    which for for various
    various environ-
    environ -
    mental reasons
    mental reasons wer weree never
    never considered
    considered p. prime sources of
    rimc sources of
    leaves. TheThe result
    result ooff manges
    changes in in climate.
    climate andand soi
    soill conditi
    conditionso ns
    o
    onn coca js is usually aa lowering
    lowering of o f the
    the cocai
    cocainene cocontent and an
    nt ent and an
    increased conc~t
    increased concentration
    ration of o f the related alkaloids
    the related alkaloids.. ThThee sup-
    sup -
    pliers are
    pliers are largely unaware of
    largely unaware o f these
    these chachanges and most
    nges and most dondon't't
    Understanding th
    UrulerstmuJl11g tin'
    e Cocaine
    Cocalne Trade
    n·ade 41

    really
    really care. InIn the
    the kitchens
    kitchens of Colombia,
    Colombia, "If its an alkaloid,
    an alka.loid,
    itss cocaine
    ic. cocaine," and that's
    ," and that..
    that's that

    It requires
    Ir requires 100100-150 kilos of
    - 150 kilos dry leaves to
    of dry to produce
    produce one
    one
    o f dry,
    kilo of dry, high
    high quality pasta. The
    quality pasta. The extreme
    extreme difference in in
    volume makes ir
    volume it far more practical
    practical for the pasta to
    for the to be made
    be made
    at or
    ar or near the the growing
    growing areaarea.. Most
    Most often,
    often, itit is
    is the Janner
    fanner
    himself
    him who performs
    self who performs thisth.is ssimple
    imple process. A A small
    small harvest
    harvest
    may
    may yield as little
    little as an ounce of
    an ounce o f pasta.
    pasta. AA larger
    larger harvest
    harvest
    may yield
    may yield perhaps
    perhaps aa pound
    pound.. Either
    Either way, itit is hardly' C!Iloug
    is hardl) enough h
    to satisfy
    to satisfy those hungry gringo
    those hungry gringo noses.
    noses.

    Every
    Every few few months,
    months , the the ten
    ten or or twelve farmers who
    twe lve fam1ers who
    comprise each growing
    comprise growing area will will be be visited
    visited by a g11 guia
    ,ia
    (guide). This person
    (guide ). Th is person is usually
    usually o f the same nationality as
    same nationality
    faimers, and
    the farmers, and jr
    it is his
    his job
    job to to obtain
    obtain the the pasta from the the
    entire area and
    entire and sell itit to
    to aa buyer.
    b11yer Theguide
    . The guidewill
    will often
    often meet
    meet
    the buye
    the b u v c r (usualJy
    (usually ila Colombian
    C o l o m b i a n ) at the Peruvian
    ar the Peruvian/ /
    C o llombian
    Co o m b i a n border
    border andand escort
    escort h himi m co
    to and
    and from the the
    growing area area.. Th.e
    The buyer
    buyer willwill rarely attempt
    attempt to go directly
    to go directly
    to die farmers, whose
    the fanners, whose loyalty
    loyalty is to their o
    to d1eir w n kind. A
    own ny
    Any
    infringement on
    such infringement on thethe guide's
    guide's "territorial
    "territorial rights
    rights"" is
    sufficient ground
    sufficient ground to to eliminate
    eliminate the buyer buyer..

    The buyer usually


    buyer usualJ y represents
    represents one one of o f the larger
    the larger
    organizations in
    organizations in Co
    Colombia.
    lombia . HeH e obtains
    obtains thethe pasta
    pasta,, usually
    usually
    more than three
    no more three kilos per trip,
    kilos per trip, and
    and transport
    transportss itit to
    to aa base
    base
    somewhere
    lab somew
    lab in Colombia.
    here- in Colombia. Other Other buyers
    buyers whowho represent
    represent
    the same organization
    the same organization wUL will bring
    bring their
    their pasta
    pasta toto the
    the same
    same
    base lab.
    base The pasta
    lab . The pasta is combined
    is comb with little
    ined with litde regard
    regard co to var-
    var-
    iances in quality or origin, and is made into
    iances in quality or origin , and js made into base which base which
    may then be
    may then be transported
    transported to to aa crystal
    crystal lab located in
    lab located or near
    in or near
    one o f the
    one of the major
    major cities in Colo
    cities in Colombia.
    mb ia.

    The crystal lab


    The receivess base
    lab receive base from
    from many
    many base
    base labs.
    labs. The
    The
    bases are
    bases are combin
    combined (regardless o
    ed (regardless off qualitative differences)
    qualitative differe nces)
    and crystallized.
    and crystallized. This
    This resultant
    resultant cocaine hydrochloride is
    cocaine hydrochloride is
    not from
    not from Co Colombia,
    lombia, andand it's
    it's really
    really nor
    not from
    from Peru
    Peru oorr Boli
    Boli--
    via either.
    via either. Its
    Its origin would more
    origin would more accurately
    accurately be termed
    termed
    Potpourri since
    Potpourri since ir
    it involves
    involves thethe materials
    materials andand labor
    Labor o off as
    as
    many as 2000
    many farmers, 2200
    2000 farmers, 00 guides, 200 200 buyers,
    bu yers, w20 base
    base
    42
    42 thulerstanding thee Coct1i11e
    U11dersltmdi11~ tb (sicuine Trade
    Trade

    labs, and
    Jabs, and several crystal labs-all labs — a l l this
    this before
    before entering
    entering the the
    United
    U States..
    nitcd States
    "Stick
    "Stick a a pin almost
    almost The
    T ile majority
    majority of illicit cocaine which
    of illicit which is sm smuggled into
    uggled into
    anywhere in
    anywhere in the
    the South
    Sou th U . S . A . comes
    the U.S.A. comes from from Potpourri.
    Potpourri. IItt arrives by by air or sea
    sea in
    American map
    American map and and yo youu hit
    hit massive
    mass loads weighing
    ive loads weighing as much much as 3001 0 0 kilos.
    kilos. ln In such
    such large
    aa plan
    plantation,
    tation. oror aa shipments there are
    shipment s there arc always variations
    variations in quality.. The
    quality The
    laboratory, or
    laboratory, or a a grass
    grass
    warehouse or or an whiter coca.in¢
    whiter cocaine is is considered
    considered to be the purest and
    the purest and will
    will go go
    warehouse an airstrip,"
    airstrip/ '
    aa U.S.
    U.S. State
    State Deparoncot
    Department for the highest
    for highest priceprice.. Distributo
    Distributors rs in the United States
    the United States a.re
    are
    narcotics specialist told
    narcotics specialist told usually
    usual required to
    ly required to take
    take a certain number of the discolored
    certain number discolored
    me with pessimistic
    me with pessimistic kilos in
    kilos in order
    order to obtain obtain so some "better"• product
    me of the "better' product..
    hyperbole. "'There
    hyperbole. "There is is When .sscientific
    When cientific testing
    resting is used, it is often found found that whiter
    that whiter
    probably
    probab nothing
    ly nothin short of
    g short of
    communist revolution or necessarilyy mean better
    does not necessaril better..
    communis t revo luti o n or
    nuclear obobliteration smuggler
    uggler usually
    usually deals with as people as
    Uteratioo that
    The sm as few people
    nuclear that
    will stop i t . " . . . possible.. He
    possible H e seUs
    sells or or fronts his rus merchandise to ro a select
    will stop it." ...
    number
    number ooff who wholesalers
    lesalers whowho deal in variousvarious pans parts of the
    . . . Co
    ... Conntinent
    tin en t-wide-
    -wide country.
    co untry . ThcTheyy tratravel
    vel to
    to the cocaine's
    cocaine's port entry,, usually
    port of eorry usually
    coca
    cocaine ine produ
    production now
    ctio n now Florida,, to
    Florida ro inspect
    inspect die load and
    the Joad and arrange tor transportation
    for tran spo rtation
    totals more
    totals more than 100 tons
    than 100 tons of dieth e cocaine to to their distribution area.
    thei r distribution area. Since many kilos
    aa year,
    year, with
    with local
    local
    consumption
    co nsumptio n and and are likely
    arc likely to involved,
    to be invo lved, ththee load
    load is rarely examined
    examined except
    confiscations accounting
    confiscations accounting for aesthetic properties
    for its aesthetic properties (look.
    (look, smell, and and taste).
    raste). TheThe
    for less
    for than aa quan-cr.
    less than quarter. wholesaler knows that there
    wholesaler there wiUwill be variations
    variations in qualityquality
    More than
    More than two-thirds
    two-thirds of of from
    from bag to to bag
    bag andand he is rarely allowedallowed to choose choose the
    exports go to the
    exports go to the Uni ted United
    States, but European kiloss he
    kilo prefers.. More
    he prefers M o r e oft
    often not, it's all or
    en than not, nothing at
    or nothing at
    States, but European
    demand is
    demand is climbing
    climbing
    all.
    steadily.
    stea dil y. Once
    On ce the coca cocaine arrived at a safe
    ine has arrived safe house in the the
    Timothy
    Tim Ross,
    oth}' Ross, wholesaler's territory
    wholesaler's territory,, it is weighed, inventoried,
    is weighed, inventoried , and and per-
    LA Times,
    LA 1981.
    Times,1981. hapss given
    hap given its examination. This may range
    its first close examination. from
    range from
    careful analysis of qquality
    a careful uality ro to a simple foil bum bum testtest.. AA
    measure
    me asure of the prod product's often de
    ucr's value is often determined
    termined by how how
    manyy times
    man rimes ir it can be be cut and still be
    cut and saleable.. Up
    be saleable U p to this
    this
    point,
    point , if th thee cocaine has been cut, it was
    been cut, was usually done done
    without the
    without knowledge of
    the knowledge o f the people
    people in charge. It is often often
    workers
    workers witiiin within the oorganization
    rganization who will attempt
    who will attempt to make
    to make
    little extra by clilutiQg
    a little dilutigg the cocaine with a sub substance
    stance of of
    value. Jr
    lesser value. It is
    is therefore
    therefore not uncommon
    un common for a load load whwhichich
    has
    has been inspected in
    been inspected in Flo
    Florida
    rida to changed by
    to have changed by the time
    time
    it reaches
    it rea destination..
    ches its destination
    A wholesaler rarely sells less than
    A wholesaler than a kilo at a time, time,
    usually more
    usually mo re and and ro to several major distributors
    distributors.. The smug-
    ggler, wholesalers,
    ler, who lesalers , andand major distri distributors
    buto rs are the upp upper er
    echelon
    eche lon of o f the cocaine business. The The volume of product product
    theyy handle
    the handle is ofte oftenn too great great coto permit
    permit eitheeitherr g grading
    rading or or
    43

    Allan Pringle,
    Allan Pringle, drug
    drug
    enforcement officer,
    enforcement officer, holds
    holds
    package of
    package cocaine.
    of cocaine.
    Oakland Tribune
    Oakland Tribune10/20/80.
    10/20/80.
    (Courtesy of Wide
    (Courtesy of World
    Wide World
    Photos)
    Photos )

    "We
    "We have someone
    someone
    adulteration. While kilos may be
    adulteration. be as different as night
    night and jump on $500,000
    jump $500,000
    day they are just more productsproducts toto sell
    sell and
    and are all handled
    handled bond
    bond almost
    almost every
    every
    in the same way; poured poured from bag to to bag like sacks o
    like sacks off flour
    flour week. When
    week. When
    with little
    little regard
    regard about
    about spilling or exact
    exact weights.
    weights. somebody can
    somebody can put
    put up
    up
    F r o m the
    From the major distributors
    distributors on,
    o n , cocaine
    cocai..,e dealers are are $500,000 or
    $500,000 or $1
    $1
    hard to
    hard to characterize since they come from all walks of o f life. million
    million bond
    bond straight
    straight
    M o s t use
    Most use it
    it themselves but but deal primarily to to make money
    money cash, that's a clue
    cash, that's a clue
    addition to
    in addition to earning
    earning what
    what they use.use. In In general,
    general, the the anybody can
    anybody see:
    can see:
    smaller the the volume
    volume a quantity
    quantity dealer handles,
    handles, the
    the further
    further We're
    We're never going to
    never going to
    d o w n the
    down the line hehe isis and the more likely
    and the his product
    likely his product has has see that
    see that guy
    guy again.
    again.
    been adulterated.
    adulterated. Assistant U.S.
    Assistant U.S. Attorney
    Attorney PatPat
    T o the gram
    To gram buyer
    buyer of cocaine, it it is his connection
    connection who who Sullivan -afte
    Sullivan — afterr aa suspect
    suspect of
    of
    is the source. While quite quite detached
    detached from the politics of the
    politics of the aa $9
    $ 9 million
    million (874
    (874 pounds
    pounds ofof
    cocaine
    cocaine base) arrest had
    base) arrest had
    larger cocaine trade,
    larger trade, his
    his customers still
    still depend
    depend on him for
    on him posted
    posted bond
    bond ofof $1 million in
    $r million in
    information
    information regarding
    regarding the the nature
    nature and purity of
    and purity o fthe
    theco- co- cash. The suspect
    cash. The suspect did
    did notnot
    caine.
    caine. Often,
    Often, the
    the source
    source isis as
    as uninformed
    uninformed as as the customer,
    the customer, appear
    appear for trial. A
    for trial. APP Miami
    Miami
    and
    and since
    since hehe is
    is likely
    likely to
    to have
    have aa financial
    financial interest
    interest in
    in the
    the sale, 1980.
    1980.
    44
    44 Understanding the
    Understanding the Cocaine Trade
    Trad e

    he may be the least interested


    interested in passing
    passing along meaningful
    meaningful
    information about the cocaine
    information cocaine.. An A n unscrupulous
    unscrupulous source
    may find that he can increase his profits profits by adulterating
    adulterating or
    lightweighting the cocaine. The consumer who
    lightweighting who has no al- al-
    Can anything
    anything be done done ternative may find
    ternative find each purchase to be an expensive lesson.
    to end this
    this sorry cycle The type of source which is most often encountered encountered
    of bad cocaine,
    cocaine, bad by the gramgram buyer
    buyer ofo f cocaine is the dealer-user.
    dealer-user. This
    bargains and bad person
    person defrays the cost of o f consuming
    consuming cocaine
    cocaine by selling
    selling
    karma? Legalization
    karma?Legalization moderate
    moderate quantities.
    quantities. Contrary
    Contrary to the media image of of a
    would do it, but that cocaine dealer, the dealer-user is usually usually far from
    from being a
    step is hardly
    step hardly "superfly."
    "superfly many cases he may be a marijuana
    ." In many marijuana dealer
    imminent. A
    imminent.A w h o occasionally
    who occasionall y sells cocaine. This This person
    person normally
    normall y
    consumer boycott,
    consumer boycott, a makes money
    money selling
    selling marijuana,
    marijuana, but tends to take cocaine
    refusal to buy
    buy as his profit
    profit on cocaine transactions.
    transactions. The successful
    successful dealer-
    adulterated crap,
    adulterated user must
    must usually
    usually make
    make aa quick
    quick turnover
    turnover in in order
    order to to avoid
    would
    would stopstop it
    it too.
    too. consuming
    consuming more than than just the the profit.
    profit . Where
    Where this this is not
    is not
    that this is a
    Not that possible,
    possible, thethe cocaine
    cocaine is often
    often adulterated
    adulterated so so as
    as toto avoid
    avoid aa
    prospect either,
    likely prospect either, loss.
    loss.
    but it would work.
    work.
    Dealers, after all, are
    Dealers, The most common
    common purchase made by the dealer-user
    merchants, and if
    merchants, is one-quarter
    one-quarter ooff one ounce, 77 grams. This is broken broken downdown
    their customers won't
    customers won't into grams and
    into and half-grams which are usually usually packaged in a
    buy inferior goods,
    goods, hand-folded
    hand -folded envelope called a bindle. bindle. The selling
    selling price is
    they'll soon make variable
    variable andand is rarely concurrent
    concurrent with quality, quality, but the
    that something
    sure that something typical dealer-user will will try
    try to make one to 22 grams on the
    better is
    better is available. purchase
    purchase ooff a quarter-ounce.
    quarter-ounce. If If the cost of the 77 grams is
    Richard
    Ri chard Ashley,
    Ashley, 600 dollars,
    600 dollars, and
    and the dealer-user wants to make 22 grams, he
    High
    Hig h Times,
    Ti mes, must sell the
    must remaining grams for
    the 55 remaining for the
    the 600 dollars he paid
    600 dollars
    1979
    1979- . for
    for the
    the quarter-ounce.
    quarter-ounce . The The result
    result isis aa gram
    gram price
    price of 120
    of 120
    dollars.
    dollars. Often, lightweighted in order
    Often, grams are lightweighted order to in- in-
    crease
    crease the
    the profit.
    profit. The "nine-tenths
    "nine-tenths of o f a gram per gram"gram" isis
    very common. Applied to
    common. Applied sale of
    to the sale of 55 grams,
    grams, thethe result isis
    an
    an extra
    extra one-half
    one-half gram
    gram to to snort
    snort oror sell.
    sell. The
    The best
    best way
    way for
    the gram buyer
    the gram buyer toto avoid
    avoid being
    being cheated
    cheated is is to
    to understand
    understand
    precisely
    precisely what
    what he he is
    is buying.
    buying . "Don't
    "Don 't be afraid to to ask!" isis
    sound
    sound consumer
    consumer advice.
    advice.
    The consumer
    consumer should
    should understand
    understand that constant inges-
    tion ooff cocaine
    cocaine can
    can impair judgment. When this
    impair the user's judgment.
    is
    is combined with poor
    combined with poor integrity,
    integrity, the
    the result
    result is often overly
    is often overly
    adulterated cocaine. A dealer in this condition
    adulterated cocaine. A dealer in this condition is more is more
    likely to make
    likely to make aa questionable
    questionable purchase
    purchase inin order
    order to
    to maintain
    maintain
    his
    his oown
    w n supply.
    supply . The
    The cocaine
    cocaine may sell slowly,
    may sell slowly, forcing the
    forcing the
    COCAINE TRADE
    COCAINE HIERARCHY FROM FARM TO CONSUMER
    TRADE HIERARCHY 45
    45
    (THE HISTORY
    (THE H I S T O R Y OF
    OF A H
    HYY PPOT
    OTHHET
    E T IICA
    C A LL 300-KI
    3 0 0 - K I LLO
    O SHIPMENT)
    SHIPMENT)
    FARMERS: Cultivate
    , FARMERS:
    / Cultivate coca,
    coca, har
    harvest
    vest & & dry
    dry
    /, leaves
    leaves,, and
    andmake
    makthee the
    pastapasta.
    . Every Efew
    verymonths
    few m , onths,
    / as many
    as manyasas2000 200farmers
    0 farme(working
    rs (workise
    ngparately)
    separately)
    ' will useaatotal
    will use total of 45,0kilos
    of 45,000 00 kilos of dried
    of dried leavesleaves
    to to
    m ake approx
    make approx. 375kilo
    . 375 kilos
    s ofofpa
    psta-which
    asta—whichwillwill
    eventually
    eventua become tthe
    lly become he hypothetical
    hypothetica 300-kilo
    l 300-kilo
    shipment. One
    shipment. Oneaverage
    averagefarmer's
    farmer'yie
    s ldyield of pasta
    of pasta
    would be
    would beless
    lessthan
    than
    20020 0 grams.
    grams.

    \ I / ,.""
    ,.""
    ^GUIDES:: Each
    ,.GUIDES
    >' 10-12
    o
    Each native
    10-12ffarmers
    ne (usually)
    one
    nativeguide
    armers ofofhis
    hisown
    (usually)Colombian
    large organization
    large
    guidebuys
    Colombianbuyer
    organization.. HHee also
    buypasta
    ownnationality
    buyerepre
    alsooften
    s pasfrom
    nationality
    andan
    se
    ta from
    dllssells
    to to
    r representing
    sentinga a
    oftenescorts
    escortsthe the
    buyer ttoo and
    buyer and from
    from the growing area
    the growing area as his
    as his
    presence therewithout
    presencethere withouta guide
    a guidwould
    e wonot
    uld be not be
    tolerated
    toleratedbybythethelocals
    locals.
    .
    l.tJ.slAllAJ.Jt.tJ.slAUJJ
    » . ........ BUYERS: Buy
    BUYERS: Buy pasta
    pasta from
    from their
    their guides
    guides and
    and
    \\^ I/ transport
    transport itit to
    located
    to their
    their organization'
    somewhere in
    located somewhere
    s base
    organization's
    in the
    the Col
    base lab
    ombian
    Colombian
    lab

    A
    ''''''''l /J
    countryside..
    countryside
    .. .. BASE LABS: Convertpastato cocainebase. Approx
    . 1.25kilosof
    £^ £^ --BASE LABS: Convert pasta to cocaine base. Approx. 1.25 kilos of
    pastaare neededto makeonekiloof base,so375kilosof pasta will
    !I yield about300 kilosof base.
    pasta are needed to make one kilo of base, so 375 kilos of pasta
    4 yield aboutLABS:
    ------CRYSTAL 300 kilos of base.
    Basefrom eachof 3-5baselabsIs receivedbya
    ]T - - - - CRYSTAL
    crysta l lab inLABS: Baasemajor
    or near fromColombian
    each of 3city
    -5 band aseislabs is received
    converted to by
    /V 1\ J\ crystal lab in or near a maOne jor Ckilo,
    olomorbia n city andofisbase
    converted t
    L J / i L \
    ^
    i crystal
    crystal
    produce
    (cocaine
    (cocai
    hydrochloride).
    ne hydrochloride).
    900-1100 gramsof cocaine.
    produce 900-1100 grams of cocaine.
    1000 grams,
    One kilo, or 1000 grams, of base w
    will

    z /
    Z f"1il
    F B I ________ - - - - - - SMUGGLER:
    SMUGGLER: It will take the yields ofshipment.several crystal
    It will take the yields of severalcrystallabsto
    labs to
    0
    0 I 1.111.J
    ^^tJ " accumu
    accumul late the300kilosofonesmuggler's
    ate the to 30the
    0 kilos Hewillarrange
    ...I
    I its transportation U.S.,ocontacting
    f one smuggl asfewer'speople
    shipment. He will
    aspossible in arrang
    oj
    u.l
    :::c t1 ' transportation
    doing
    ts

    so,but usually to working


    the U.Sin., contacting
    collusionwith asthe fewperpeopl e as possible
    son managing in
    1 I doing so, but usually working in collusion with the person managing
    (.)
    O
    u.l / IIJ IIJ __________
    » wholesale operations here.
    wholesale operations here . . . .
    £j
    0::: y I V.
    '-. WHOLESALER:: Usually
    --wHOLESALER Usuallysellssellsmult1ple-k1lo
    multiple-kilolotslots atthe
    atthe point of entry
    pomtofentry
    Q.
    u.l
    ll. J*
    / t "X to
    to aaselect
    selectfewfew madistributors
    major jor distributors whow ho transport
    transport their purchases
    their purchases to t
    £j \ Ill IIJ Ill Ill IIJ....
    yjj jjj U j Uj ^ their areas
    areasofofbusiness.
    business.
    ........
    ll.
    :::> their

    ~
    V ^^^MAJOR
    MAJOR DISTRIBUTORS:
    DISTRIBUTORS: Usual ly buy mul tiple kilos
    kilosand
    andsellsell
    / l
    Usually buy multiple
    \^ singlekilos.
    single kilos.ItIist at
    is this
    at this
    levellevel thatbegin
    thatcuts cutstobegi
    benintroduced,
    to be introduced,
    andthe and
    t X process isisgenerally
    process generallyrepeated
    repeatedat every
    at every
    levellevel, resulting
    , resulting in declining
    in declining
    quality eachtime
    qualityeach time.
    .

    ----------- DEALERS:
    DEALERS: A Att this stage, an
    this stage, an indeterminate
    indeterminate
    series oftransaction
    seriesof transactions cantake
    s can takeplaceplace in which
    in which
    each purchaseisissmaller:
    eachpurchase smaller: single
    single kiloskilos to pounds,
    to pounds,

    / ! \ to quarter-pounds,
    to quarter -pounds , tto
    adulterations atateach
    adulterations
    with aapurchase
    with
    o ounces
    ounces (with
    eachstep).
    purchasebybthe
    step),
    y the
    (with po possible
    ssible
    endineventually
    ending
    dealer/user.
    dealer / user.
    g eventually

    DEALER/USER:: Buy
    ---------DEALER/USER Buyssananounce
    ouncor
    e less
    or less
    at a at a
    time. Sells
    ls totopopossibly
    time. Sel ssibly 4-84consumers
    -8 consum(or ersother
    (or other
    dealer/users)
    dealer/users) inin grams
    grams andandhalf
    hal-f-ororquarter-
    quarter-
    g rams to
    to cover
    cover thethe costs
    costs ooff his own
    / ! ~
    grams
    consumpti on.
    consumption.
    his own

    ,,. CONSUMER:
    CONSUMER:The Theconsumer
    consumeusually
    r usually
    buysbuone
    ys one
    gramororless
    ,."" gram lessforfor
    perpersonal
    sonal use. use. Bypoint
    Bythis this, the
    point, the
    _,. 300-kilo
    300-kilo shi pment h
    shipment haass been
    been adulterated
    adulterated so so
    heavily that itit consists
    heavilythat consists ooff 2,500,000 grams
    2,500,000 grams
    whi ch contain
    which contain onlyonly 12
    12% % cocaine,
    cocaine,andandcost
    costat at
    least $100each
    least$100 eachforfora total
    a total of $250,000,000-
    of $250 ,000,000-
    OR N
    0R EARLY
    NE ARLY $1000
    $1000 PER PER GR GRAM
    AMOF OFACTUACTALUAL
    COCAAINE!
    COC INE!
    46 [/mlerstandiag
    Umlersu mdln g the Cocaine Trade
    Cocnh,e 1i·ade

    dealerr to
    deale to aduJterate
    adulterate the product .in
    the product in order
    order to to Jower
    lower the the
    selling price
    selling price oror to
    to make
    make up up for what has
    for what has been
    been consumed.
    consumed .
    the consumer
    If the consumer finds finds that
    that he he isis dissatisfied
    dissatisfied with
    with hishis
    source,, a determination
    source determination sbouJd should be made made as co to whether
    whether the the
    source lacks
    source integrity or
    lacks .integrity or expertise
    expertise.. A A copy
    copy of o f this book
    this book
    should correct
    should correct aa lack
    lack of o f expertise.
    expertise. A lade lack ooff integrity
    integrity cancan
    only
    on ly be corrected by
    be corrccred by finding
    finding another
    anodier source
    source forfor cocaine
    cocaine..
    O
    Onn a more
    more positive
    positive notenote, the dealer who
    the dealer who has consis-
    has consis-
    tently
    tently treated
    treated his customers
    customers with respect respect andand consideration
    consideration
    supplying a good
    by supplying good product
    product at fair weights
    ac fair exhibits good
    w~ights exhibits good
    integrity.
    integrity. WhenWhen suc such integrity is displayed
    h integrity regularly, the
    displayed rcb,ularly, che
    consumer
    consumer is more likely to be treated consistendy in
    more likely co be treated consistently in this
    fashion. However
    fashion. However,, the the narure
    nature of o f the cocaine tradetrade dictates
    dictates
    consumer policy of
    a consumer o f occas
    occasionally double-checking the
    iorrally double-checking the
    source. If there
    source. diere is aa discrepancy
    discrepancy,, the should feel
    the buyer should free-
    feel free
    to infom1
    to infomi the die seller
    seller and
    and discuss
    discuss the the transaction.
    transaction . The The seller
    seller
    will almost
    will always attempt
    almost always attempt to satisfy' aa regular
    ro satisfy regular customer
    customer
    who approaches
    who approaches him in aa reasonable
    reasonable manner.
    manner.
    Perhaps one
    Perhaps one ofo f the most
    most important
    important o off the
    the unwritten
    unwritten
    laws ofo f the
    die cocune
    cocaine trade
    trade concerns
    concerns Cocaine
    Cocaine Karma
    Karma.. Succe
    Success ss
    the cocaine
    in the cocaine business
    business is oftenoften dependent
    dependent oon how aa seUer
    n how seller
    treats
    treats his customers. A person
    his customers. person whowho misrepresencs
    misrepresents aa prod- prod-
    uct is likely
    uct likely to caught
    to be caug at his own
    ht at own gamegame.. While
    While adultera-
    adultera-
    tion
    tion or lighrweighting
    o r lightweig hcing may bring bring moremore immediate
    immediate rewards,
    rewards,
    the
    th e long-term effects arc
    long-term effects are apt
    apt to
    to be more negative
    negative.. O Onn thethe
    other hand,
    other hand, honehonest dealers tend
    st dealers tend co to att
    attract honest
    ract hon custom--
    est custom
    ers. They may may make
    make less money money per per transaction,
    transaction, but they
    bur they
    tend to
    tend to be around
    around aa lot longer.
    lot longer.
    C h a p t e r Four
    Chapter Four

    The High Cost of Getting High

    cocaine to a man already wise, schooled


    Give cocaine schooled to the world, morally forceful, a man of intelligence
    intelligence and
    self-control. Ifhe
    self-control. If he be really master
    master of himself, it will do him no harm. know it for a snare;
    harm. He will know snare; he will
    beware repeating such experiments
    beware of repeating experiments as may make; and the glimpse
    as he may glimpse of his goal may may possibly even spur spur
    him to its attainment
    attainment by those
    those means
    means which God God hashas appointed
    appointed for His saints. But give it to the clod, to to
    the self-indulgent,
    the self-indulgent, to the blase
    to the blase -— to to the
    the average
    average man,
    man, in
    in aa word-and
    word—and he he is
    is lost.
    lost. He
    He says,
    says, and
    and his
    his logic
    logic isis
    perfect:This
    perfect :This isis what
    what II want.
    want. He He knows
    knows not,
    not, neither
    neither can he know,
    can he know , the
    the true
    true path;
    path; and the false
    and the false path
    path is the
    is the
    only one for
    only one for him
    him.. There
    There is·
    is cocaine
    cocaine atat his need,, and
    his need and he
    he takes it again
    takes it again and
    and again.
    again. The contrast between
    The contrast between hishis
    grub life
    grub life and
    and his
    his butterfly
    butterfly life
    life is
    is too
    too bitter
    bitter for
    for his
    his unphilosophic
    unphilosophic soul soul to
    to bear; he refuses
    bear; he refuses to take the
    to take the
    brimstone
    brimston with the
    e with the treacle.
    treacle.
    Aleister Crowley,
    Crowley,
    Cocaine, 1918.
    Cocaine, 1918.

    There is little need to enumerate


    There enumerate the attractive aspects
    aspects
    ooff cocaine. The increased use of cocaine by people from
    every
    every walk ooff life
    life provides ample evidence of the existence
    existence
    o
    off its positive
    positive qualities.
    qualities. In fact, the positive aspects
    aspects are so
    distinctive
    distinctive that
    that the negative aspects
    aspects are often unrecog-
    unrecog-
    nized, misunderstood, or
    nized, misunderstood, ignored. Nonetheless
    or ignored. Nonetheless negative
    negative
    aspects do exist, and an understanding
    understanding o off their nature and
    a practical
    practical knowledge
    knowledge of o f how to compensate for them them
    should
    should be foremost
    foremost in the minds o f all
    minds of all cocaine users. Since
    cocaine use over bothboth short
    short and extended periods
    periods can lead
    to many health
    health problems,
    problems, this will
    will be discussed next.

    Cocaine and Health


    Cocaine Health

    Cocaine is a stimulant
    Cocaine stimulant ooff the central
    central nervous system.
    It is legally classified
    classified as a Schedule II drug
    drug with an accepted
    medical use ((as as a topical
    topical anesthetic) and a high
    high potential
    potential
    for abuse resulting
    resulting in psychological
    psychological dependence. The be-
    havioral effects
    havioral o f cocaine
    effects of cocaine vary
    vary with
    with purity,
    purity, dosage,
    dosage, and
    the way it is taken.
    taken. The route
    route ooff intake is very
    very critical
    48 '/1JeHigh Cost
    The H(C!,hCost of Getting
    Getting Higb
    High

    regarding
    rega rdin g time, e.g.,
    e.g., shooting oror base snort-
    base smoking vs. snort-
    ing or
    ing or taking
    taking aa pill
    pill.. When
    When (~
    "snorted" the initial effects are
    snorted '' the
    its pharmacologic
    In its pharmacologic almost u:nmediacclywith
    felt almost immediately with thethe full taking about
    full effects taking about 1L5S
    action, cocaine,
    action, cocaine, minutes to
    minutes co develop.
    develop. TheThe heart rare
    rate increases
    increases asas does body
    does body
    perhaps more
    perhaps more than
    than temperature,, respiratory
    temperature. respiratory rat~,
    rate, and bloo
    blood pressure. Mc.otal
    d pressure. MentaJ
    any
    any other of the
    other of the alertness .increases
    alertness increases a.ad
    and the appetite is depressed
    the appetite depressed.. A feeling
    recognized
    recognized o
    off paysicaJ
    physical and
    and mental
    mental well-being predominates.
    we U-bei.ng predominate s.
    psychoactive drugs,
    psychoactive drugs, Depending on
    Depending on the
    the individual
    individual,, these
    diesc effects may may last
    reinforus and
    reinforces and.boosts
    boosts for as littl
    for little as 20
    e as minutes or
    20 minutes or as lo long
    ng as as 22 hhours.
    ours. AsAs th the
    e
    what we
    what recognize as
    we recognize as stimulative eff~
    stimulative effects wear
    wear off,
    off, depression
    depression may set set in. Blo0d
    Blood
    the highest
    the highest pressure and
    pressure and heart raterate ddrop
    rop to to aa lower
    lower rate than th.at
    rate thru) that
    aspirations
    aspirations of of which existed prior to ingestion. The stronger the initial
    w bi cb existed p rior to ingestio n. The stro nger th e initial
    American initiative,
    American initiative, stimulation,
    stimulatio the more pronou.Qced
    n, the pronounced w will
    ill be the
    the ''"crash."
    crash .'' In
    fo
    energy, frenetic
    energy, frenetic fact, the
    fact, contrast is so
    the contrast so great that the user is
    th at the is often
    of.teninclined
    achievement, and
    achievement, and to counteract it
    to counteract it by ingesting more cocaine.
    ingesting more cocaine.
    ebullient optimism
    ebullient optimism
    ((even in the
    even in the face
    face ofof Prolonged use
    PrQlongcd use of
    of cocai,oe
    cocaine can lead to
    can lead to many health
    man y health
    great odds).
    great odds). O On n the
    the problems.
    prob Physically,
    lems . Physicali the cbmni
    ,y, the chronicc user may exper
    user may experience
    ience
    coin's
    coin 's darker side of
    side of hyperstimulation,, headach
    byperstimulacion headaches, irregular respiration,
    es, nausea, irregular respiration,
    course are
    course are anxiety,, and
    an.xiety possibly
    and possib ly convulsions.
    coJ)vu lsions . Over
    Over anan exte
    extended
    nded
    exhaustion, paranoia,
    exhaustion,paranoia, period
    period ofo f time,
    time, cocaine use can can lead
    lead to infections,
    to infectio digestive
    ns., digesti ve
    violence.
    and violence. disorders,, severe weig
    disorders weight malnutrition,
    ht loss, malnutrition and chronic
    , and chronic
    G. R
    G. R.. Gay :md
    and D.
    D . S. Inaba
    Inaba insomnia. The
    insomnia. T h e user may also be
    user may be faced with many many psy-
    psy-
    (in Mule, 1976).
    Mule , 1976 ). chological prob
    chological problems, including paranoid
    lems> including paranoid delusions,
    delusions, hnllu-
    hallu-
    cinations,
    c;i nati o ns, anxiety,
    anxiety, depression,
    depression, and and confusion
    confusio.p inin the
    the
    ddecision-making
    ecisioa- mak.ing process. Concen Concentration, comprehension,
    tr ation, compre hension ,
    and reaction
    and reaction ability may all all be mark
    markedly impaired..
    edly impaired
    While cocaine is
    While not phys.
    is not physically addicting,
    iu"lUy add icting , itit is
    is very
    very
    habit forming. The
    hab it forming. T h e term psychogenetic
    psychogenetic dependence
    dependence is is
    often used to
    often used to describe
    de-scribe this
    this condition. Although there
    conditio n. Although there is no
    is no
    physical
    ph y sical dependence resulting
    depe nd ence resulti in vio
    ng in violent physical reaction
    lent physical reaction
    to withdrawal, the
    co wirhdrawaJ, the user thinks he has
    thi·nks he has a physical need for
    a physical for
    the drug. Th
    th e drug. Thee duference
    difference isis a fine line; if
    a very fine consumer
    if the co nsumer
    carried
    carr the
    ied th e habit
    habit to extremes, the
    co ex:rremes, die distinction
    distinction between
    between aa
    real and
    real and imimagined
    agined addiction
    addiction maymay no.t
    not bebe too
    too relevant.
    relevant,
    Cocaine certainly
    Cocaine certainl y affects judgment as
    affeccs judgment as to
    to what is is real
    real or
    or
    imagined, and
    imagined, and all
    all co
    consumers
    nsumers shoshould keep this
    uld keep this inin mind.
    mind.
    Periodic abstinence
    Periodic abstinence is byby far
    far the
    th e best means of o f coun
    coun--
    teracting
    teracting these effects. 1n
    th ese effects. In the
    the absence ofof abstinence, ot other
    her
    measures mu
    measures must be taken
    st be taken.. A A balanced
    balanced diet
    diet is
    is extremel
    extremely y
    important, and
    important, and although
    although the user may
    the user may not
    not feel
    feel like
    like eating
    eating,,
    so
    50 The High Cost of
    71Je Gelling H(e,b
    Of Getting High

    he must force himse


    mu st force himself eat. T
    lf to cat. The
    he first bite is the harde
    hardest.
    st.
    Cocaine
    Coca burns up
    ine use burns up energy
    energy arat an cxrrcmdy
    extremely rapid
    rapid race,
    rate,
    Cocaine ad
    Cocaine addiction
    diction differs
    differs and energy levels muse
    and must be maintained.
    maintained. Liquid
    Liquid intake
    intake is very
    from opiate
    from opiate addiction,
    addiction,
    and from
    and from alcohol
    alcohol and and important cocaine
    important since cocai ne use dehydrates body. Taking
    deh ydrates the body. Taking
    barbiturate addiction,
    barbiturate addiction, in in vitamins,
    vitamin especially B, C and
    s, especially and E,E , will
    will help
    help to co counteract
    wn eract
    at least
    at least two
    two respects.
    respects. A A cocaine's1s tendency
    coc::tine tendency to deplete
    deplete thi.:m.
    them. Cocaine
    Cocaine is is 3a stress-
    stress-
    cocaine user,
    cocaine even after
    user , even after producing
    producing drug, and even even occasional
    occasional users
    users find
    find that high
    that high
    prolonged use
    prolonged use of large of large
    doses,, docs
    docs not,
    not, if if bodily
    bodily levels of vitamin B
    vitamin B complex help cope with this
    doses
    deprived
    de,privcd of his drug,
    of his drug, stress.
    sr.ress.
    suffer from
    suffer from aa dramatic
    dramatic
    withdrawal crisis
    withdrawal crisis like
    like Many people
    Many people find the need
    find the need to to balance
    balance the cocaine
    the cocaine
    alcoholic delirium
    delirium
    alcoholic
    tremens or or like
    like thethe opiate stimulation
    sti mularion withwith sosome kind ooff depressant.
    me kind Often, this
    depressant. Often, this
    trcmcns op iate depressant
    depressant willwill be alcohol. This
    This can
    can bebe dangerous
    dangerous if alco-
    if alco-
    withdrawal syndrome.
    withdrawal syndrome.
    be alcohol.
    The physical effects of hol intake
    hol intake isis substiruted
    substituted forfor water intake.. If
    water intake If the
    the bod)
    bodyr isis
    The ph)•sical
    cocaine effects ofare
    withdrawal
    cocaine dehydrated,, ako
    dehydrated alcohol is more
    hol is more easily
    easily and
    and rapidly
    rapidly absorbed
    absorbed
    minor, twithdrawal
    his has led many arc
    minor. Th.is bas led
    authorities, mistakenly, to many into the
    imo the bloodstream.
    bloodstream. In excess,
    excess, this
    chis can result in
    can result in alcohol
    alcohol
    authorities,
    classify cocaine mistakenly,
    as a oo poisoning. H
    poisoning. If the
    the consumer
    consumer insists
    insists oonn drinking
    drinking alcohol,
    alcohol,
    classify cocainedrug.
    nonaddicting as a drinking extra
    drinking extra liquids
    liquids (wa
    (water) can lessen
    ter ) can lessen the
    the toxic
    toxic effect
    effect of
    of
    nonaddicting
    However, cocaine drug.
    the alcoho
    alcohol.l.
    withdrawal is ine
    However , coca
    characterized
    withdrawal is by a Cocaine
    Cocaine overdoses
    overdoses have have been know
    known to occur
    n co occur on
    on
    profoundizcd
    cbara'-"ter by a
    psychological amounts of as little as
    amowlrs as 0.20
    0.20 gram.
    manifestation— logical
    profound psycho
    depression
    manifcstation — for - wh ich The mo
    The most common
    st commo n method
    method of of ingesting
    ingesting cocaine
    cocaine is is by
    by
    cocaine itself
    dr.prcssio11 - forappears
    whic h to
    the useritself
    cocaine to bea.the onlyto
    ppcars inhalation.
    inhalation. This This is accomplished
    is accomp chopping or
    lished by chopping or screening
    screening
    remedy;
    the user tococaine
    be theaddiction
    only the coc
    the cocaine into aa fine
    aine imo fine pow
    powder and sniffing it into
    d er :ind die nasaJ
    inro the nasal
    in this respect
    remedy; cocaine resembles
    addicti on passages through
    passages through aa strawstraw or or from
    from aa very
    very small
    small spoo
    spoon.n.
    tobacco addiction
    in this respect more
    resemb les " S nnorting»
    us o r t i n g " is
    is a very
    verv efficient means of inrroducing
    introducing cocaine
    cocaine
    closely
    tobacco than it resembles
    addiction more into the
    into bloodstream because
    the bloodstream because the the inner
    inner nose
    nose membranes
    membranes
    opiate
    closely addiction
    than it resemb or les
    alcoholism.
    opiate addictiThe on or arc lined with
    are lined with tiny blood
    blood vessels. Cocaine entering the
    Cocaine entering
    compulsion
    alcohol to resume
    ib'ID.The nose
    no will sett
    se will settle
    le on th thee stick.y
    sticky walls
    walls of the mucous mem mem--
    cocaine
    co mp~i ison very strong.
    to resume branes where
    branes where ir ir will
    will disso
    dissolve almost immediately.
    lve almost immediately. It It can
    can
    coca mc ,s verystrong. then be be abso
    absorbed
    rbed through
    through the the capillary walls, into the
    wa lls, into the
    E.M.. Bn:chcr,
    EJ\1 Rrccher, bloodstream and
    bloodstream and on co to the
    the brain.
    brain .
    and [llicit
    Licit rmd IllicitDrugs,
    Drugs, 1972.
    197 2.
    The cocaine tor.ally
    The totally numb
    numbss th thee area, and
    and the nasal
    membranes shrink as their
    membranes shrink their blood
    blood supply
    supply dimjnishes
    diminishes.. Since
    Since
    cocaine constricts
    cocaine constricts the flow
    flow of blood in
    blood in the vein (vasocon-
    (vasoco n-
    strictor),
    strictor mucous
    ), the mu membranes will demand
    cous membranes demand the bloodblood
    which has beenbeen withheld
    withheld as soonsoon as the drug wears off.
    th.c drug
    The nose soo
    The soon becomes co
    n becomes congested, sneezing
    ngested, and sneez and head
    ing and head
    symptoms are
    cold sym ptoms arc likely to follow. Any
    ro follow. Any cocaine which
    which
    remains undissolved
    remains undi ssolved in the nose can cause burns burns and
    and sores
    sores
    The High Cost of Getting High
    1be 51

    TREATMENT INTERVENTION
    TREATMENT FOR
    INTERVENTION FOR
    COCAINE REACTIONS, A SUMMARY
    SUMMARY

    (This chart
    (This chart was originally published
    was originally published as a guide
    as a guide for
    for health-care
    health-care
    professionals in
    professionals in dealing with cocaine
    dealing with cocaine overdose.)
    overdose.)

    Nervous
    Central Nervous Circulatory Respiratory
    Respiratory
    Phase
    System
    System System
    System System
    System

    Early
    Early Excitement; appre-
    Excitement; appre- varies; prob-
    Pulse varies; prob- Increased respira-
    respira-
    stimulation
    stimulation hension; other
    hension; other ably will
    ably will slow
    slow tory and
    tory rate and
    symptoms
    symptoms of of emo-
    emo- (Usual) elevation
    elevation depth
    depth
    tional instability
    tional instability in blood
    blood pressure
    Sudden headache
    Sudden headache in blood
    Fall in blood pres-
    Nausea, vomiting
    vomiting sure may occur
    occur
    ""Twitchings"
    T w i t c h i n g s " of
    of Pallor of
    Pallor of skin
    skin
    small muscles,
    muscles,
    particularly of
    particularly of face,
    face,
    fingers
    fingers

    Advanced
    Advanced Convulsions
    Convulsions (tonic
    (tonic Increase in
    in both
    both Cyanosis, dyspnea,
    Cyanosis, dyspnea,
    stimulation
    stimulation and clonic)-resem-
    clonic)—resem- and
    pulse rate and rapid (gasping or
    rapid or
    bles grand mal
    mal blood
    blood pressure irregular) respira-
    irregular) respira-
    seizure
    seizure tion
    tion

    Depression
    Depression Paralysis of
    of muscles Circulatory
    Circulatory failure
    failure Respiratory
    Respiratory failure
    failure
    Loss
    Loss of
    of reflexes
    reflexes No palpable
    palpable pulse Ashen-gray
    Ashen-gray
    Unconsciousness
    Unconsciousness Death cyanosis
    cyanosis
    of vital
    Loss of vital functions
    functions Death
    Death

    TREATMENT OF THE
    TREATMENT THE "CAINE" REACTION
    "CAINE" REACTION
    1. Administration
    Administration of oxygen;
    of oxygen; by
    by positive
    positive pressure and
    and artificial
    artificial respiration
    respiration if
    necessary.
    Trendelenburg position
    2. Trendelenburg position (head down).
    down) . Wrap arms and
    and legs
    legs if necessary to
    to
    central return
    increase central of blood.
    return of blood.
    Inject small amounts
    3. Inject amounts of of short-acting
    short-acting barbiturates
    barbiturates (e.g., 25-50 mg sodium
    25-50 mg sodium
    pentothal) if convulsions
    pentothal) convulsions are
    are present. May be
    present. May be repeated,
    repeated, but
    but gently. not
    gently. Do not
    force general depressant effect
    force to point
    effect to point of
    of no
    no return.
    return. [Note:
    [Note : diazepam
    diazepam
    (Valium)
    (Valium) is more commonly
    commonly used today.]
    today.]
    Administer intravenous
    4. Administer stimulants for
    intravenous stimulants cardiotonic effect
    for cardiotonic effect (e.g.,
    (e.g., phenyle-
    phenyle-
    phrine
    phrine 10-20 mg).
    10-20 mg).
    5,
    5. Keep patient
    patient cool, and keep crowds
    cool, and crowds away.
    away.
    6. General
    General muscle relaxants
    relaxants may
    may bebe given (e.g.,
    (e.g., curare,
    curare, succinylchol ine) to
    succinylcholine) to
    facilitate administration
    facilitate of positive-pressure
    administration of positive-pressure oxygen.
    oxygen.
    7. Continuously
    Continuously monitor vital signs.
    monitor vital
    Other
    Other than purely
    purely supportive
    supportive respiratory
    respiratory measures, resuscitation
    resuscitation efforts
    efforts should
    should
    be carried
    carried out
    out only
    only in
    in controlled situations (ambulance,
    controlled situations (ambulance, hospital)
    hospital) and by
    and by
    experts.
    experts.

    Gay, Sheppard, Inaba; International


    Sheppard, and Inaba; Journal
    International Journal oi Addiction
    of Addiction 8(6), 1027-42,
    8(6), 1027-42,
    1973.
    1973.
    52 The Higb
    71:,eHigh Cost of Getting
    netting J-ligb
    High

    which can
    whkh can eventually lead co
    cve.nrually lead to degeneration
    degeneration oo ff the mem
    mem--
    brane or
    brane or eat
    eat dirough
    through the itself. This
    the cartilage irself. This may be
    "Prolonged use of cocaine
    «Prolonged cocaine prevented
    pr evented bybv periodically
    periodically cleaning
    deaning the
    the nose with somesome
    gives the
    gives the nose
    nose aa diffused
    diffused
    augmentation of
    augmentation of volume
    vo lume type o f
    type of nasal douche.
    douche . Several home recipes for douching
    douching
    and aa dull
    and dull bbluish paleness,
    luish palene ss, arc popular,
    are popu lar, but
    but none arc more
    none are effective than that used by
    more effective
    as if
    as if made
    made of of geJatin
    gelatin or or Michael Aldrich.
    Michael AJdrich. (See
    (Sec '"T
    T iips
    p s on HeaJth
    Health Care.") more
    Care .'~) The more
    putty. At
    putty. At the tip of
    the tip the
    of the cleaning, the
    efficient the deaning, the less the
    the chance nasal damage
    chance of nasal damage..
    nose
    nose there is freqcntly aa
    there is freqenrJy
    rounded dividing
    rounded dividing line,
    line, The smoking
    Tbe smoking of freebase
    freebase cocaine is is aa relatively
    relatively new
    and the
    and the wings
    wings of of the
    the nose
    nose phenomenon in
    phenomenon in the
    the United
    United States
    States which
    which has been rising in
    are slightly swollen.
    are slightly swollen. The The popularity at an alarming
    popuJarity alarming rate. "Freebase"
    "Freebase" is the alkaline
    alkaline
    slang expression
    slang expression used used by by
    sniffers to to describe the form ooff cocaine, the alkaloid
    alkaloid itself.
    it.self. When an alkalialkali like
    sn.i.ffers describe the
    shape of of such
    such aa nose
    nose ammonium hydroxide
    ammonium hydroxide is added
    added to to a water solutisolution
    on ofof
    shape
    compares it to the shape cocaine
    cocai ne hydrochloride,
    hydrochloride, the the cocaine (base) is freed
    freed from the
    from the
    compares it to the shape
    of the buttocks. Sniffers HC1 molecuJe
    HCI molecule.. lt It may then be separated
    separated from the water by
    of the buttocks.
    recognize Sniffers
    each other
    recognize each
    easily in this way, andother filtration or extraction
    .filtration extraction with
    with a so solvent petroleum
    lvent like petroleum
    easily
    cocaine th.is way,
    in dealers and
    spot ether.*
    eth er.* M oost s t freebascrs choose the excracrion
    freebasers choose extraction method
    method
    coca.inc dealers spot
    prospective clients. The because
    becau decreases the drying
    se it greatly decreases drying rime
    time while
    while a1Jowing
    allowing
    prospective
    wings of the clients. The
    nose, which
    wings of theturned
    nose, which thee user to create bcautifuJ
    th beautiful formations
    formations of crystals. With With
    arc slightly up, arc
    arc slightly in turned aesthetics on the decline:,
    cocaine aesthetics decline, ththis becomes a process
    is becomes process
    constantly up, arc
    movement.
    constantly
    The nostrils inarc
    movement.
    dilated which can bring
    wltich bring back some visual
    visual aesthetics,
    aesthetics, increasing
    increasing its
    and surrounded
    The by a pink
    nostrils arc dilated appeal.
    appeal
    border
    and about oneby a pink
    surrounded
    millimeter
    border about wide,
    onewhich Freebase is
    Freebase is usually consumed
    consumed in a water pipe which whid1
    gives the impression
    millimeter wide, whlclt of a
    designed for the smoking
    has been specifically designed smoking of oils. The The
    constantly
    gives blocked nose,
    the impression of a
    'astonishedblocked
    constantly nose, nose,
    1 bowl of
    bowl o f the pipe
    pipe is designed
    designed to to accommodate multiplemultiple
    'plugged nose.*"
    'astonished nose, ' levels o f stainless steel screens
    levels of screens.. The base is placedplaced on on the
    the
    'plugged nose .' ,, top scree
    top screen, melted to an oil,
    n, melted o i l , and
    and then heated slowslowlyly while
    Bonvicini,
    Bon air is drawn
    vicini , drawn through
    through the ste stem and into
    m and into the mouth
    mouth.. Some-
    Some-
    quoted b)'
    qaoccd by Leon
    Leon Naranson
    Natansontimes a rumrum-soaked
    -soaked ({IJI
    ISl proof) burning cotton
    proof) burning cotton ball is used
    ((I9J6).
    1936 ). heating
    for he ating the base. The water water pip pipes
    es have
    have the smoke pass
    Coca Leafand
    CoenLeaf andCocaine
    Cocaine
    Papers,
    Papers 197$.
    , 1975. through
    through water
    water prior
    prior to
    to entering
    entering the stem.
    stem . This cools and and
    smooths
    smooth s outout the while acting as a kind of 6Jtcr
    the smoke while filter for
    .impurities. Often, the base is not
    impurities. Ofren, directly.
    not heated dire glass
    ct ly. The glass
    bowl is heated
    bowl from the side
    heated from side with a gas rorch torch in order
    order toto
    minimize match
    minimize match or lighter fume inhalation
    or lighter inhalation.. Th.is
    This also helphelpss
    (Continued
    (Continued on poge
    page 66)
    56)

    ** A
    A less
    less pure:
    pure base
    base is
    is sometimes
    sometimes made
    made by
    by dissolving
    dissolving the:
    the cocaine
    cocaine hydro-
    hydro-
    chloride in
    chloride in waccr,
    water, making the solution
    ma.kingd1c solution alkaline
    alkaline (sodium
    (sodium bkarbonate
    bicarbonate is is
    the alkali most
    the alkali most often used), and
    Ottenused), and hearing the mixture
    heating the mixrurc until
    until all
    all the
    the water
    water
    has evaporated. The
    has cvaporarcd. The waxy
    waxy base
    base which
    which is
    is produ
    produced
    ced contains the added
    contains the: added
    alkali and
    alkali and the
    the same
    same adultcranrs
    adulterants and
    and Impurities
    impurities as
    as did
    did the
    the original
    original
    cocaine.
    cocaine.
    DAMAGE TO THE NOSE
    NOSE MUST
    MUST BE MENDED SURGICALLY
    SURGICALLY

    Window: Cocaine
    Window: Cocaine
    can eat
    can eat right
    right
    through
    through thethe septal
    septal
    membrane of
    membrane the
    of the
    nose, creating
    nose, creating first
    first
    ulcerations, then
    ulcerations, then aa
    hole
    hole big enough to
    big enough to
    put aa ffinger
    put inger
    through.
    through.

    £:. .,,,,
    must
    ,.
    Coke surgery:
    Plastic surgeons
    Plastic surgeons
    must repa
    repair
    injured septum
    Injured
    the
    ir the
    septum byby
    pulling mucous
    pulling mucous
    membrane
    memb across
    rane across
    the septal
    the septal window
    window..
    Afterward, no
    Afterward, no
    "" .... .. she
    she was young, she
    was young, she was
    was beautiful, and
    beautiful, and more coke-ever.
    more coke—ever.
    she
    she had had aa dime-sized hole between
    dime-sized hole between her
    her
    nostrils from
    nostrils endless
    from end cocaine snorting..."
    less cocaine snorting ... "
    Her,ry
    Henry POS1, York Milgazll"l8,
    Post, New York Magazine, 1978
    1978
    TIPS O
    TIPS ONN HEALTH
    H E A L T H CARE
    CARE

    Cocaine connoisseurs crush,


    Cocaine connoisseurs chop, or
    crus h, chop, or high-potency
    high-potency mioc.ral mineral taken twice daily
    taken twice daily is is
    screen the
    screen the coke
    coke to to a
    a fine powder, and
    fine powder, and use alio advised."'
    use also advised." If If you
    you havehave aa sudden
    sudden crav- crav-
    small do
    small doses—aiming
    ses-aiming it high
    it high up up inside
    inside ing for peanut
    ing for peanut butter
    butter duringduring or or after
    after aa
    the nasal
    the cavity.
    nasal cavity. coke session, it
    coke session, it may
    may be be a sign that
    a sign that youryour B B
    Beyond that,
    Beyond that, health
    health care care consists
    consists of vitamins are
    of vitamins a.re depleted.
    depleted. The The B B complex
    complex
    three simple
    th.re.c simple rules rules.. Fi.est,
    First, don't
    don't neglect should be
    neglect shoald be taken
    taken with food, and
    with food~ and metabo
    metabo--
    eating, even
    eating, even if if you
    you're
    ' re not hungry.. This
    not hungry This lizes rapidly,
    lizes rap idly, so take more
    so take more than than so 50 mg.
    mg.
    also means
    also means keeping
    keeping your your levels
    levels of bodily daily
    of bodily daily if you're d.
    if you're doing
    oing aa lot lot of
    of cocaine.
    cocaine. The The
    fluids up
    flu.ids up toto parpar by by drinJcing
    drinking plentyplenty of of way
    way to gauge this
    to gauge this is is to
    to keep
    keep your your pisspiss
    water or fruit juices
    water or fruit juice s (not alcohol). (not alcohol). yellow. Vitamin A should
    yeUow. Vitamin A should be taken spar be taken spar- -
    Cocaine—especially if
    Cocaine-especially if you're also smok
    you>rc also smok-- ing ingly because it's
    ly because it's easy
    easy to to overdo
    overdose (nau-
    se (nau-
    ing marijuana-dries
    ing marijuana—dries up up thethe membranes
    membranes s~ sea, diarrbcra,
    diarrhoea, chills).
    chills).
    on which it is placed, and
    o n which it is placed, and also dries up also dries up Vitamin B,
    Vitamin 100 to
    £ , 100 400 IU
    to 400 IU daily
    daily,, seems
    seems
    bodily fluids
    bodily generally.. Without
    Bu.ids generally Without ade- ade- to help spruce
    to help spruce up up your cardiorespiratory
    your ca.rdiorespkatory
    quate food
    quate food and and Bu.ids,
    fluids, youryour body cannot system.
    body cannot system. ActingActing as as aa vasodil
    vasodilatorator and and mild
    mild
    function normally . The exhaustion that
    function normally. The exhaustion that diuretic, it
    diuretic, it lowers
    lowers blood blood pressure
    pre ssure and and
    most
    mo st users
    users feelfeci after
    after aa cocaine
    cocaine run run is is the
    the helps repair damaged
    helps repair damaged tissues tissues by by enrich-
    enrich-
    signal that you should let that wonderful ing the blood's oxygen supply. If you
    signal that you shouJd let that wonderful ing the blood's oxygen supply. If you
    machine—your body—recuperate with smoke anything—tobacco, marijuana,
    machine -yo ur body-recuperate with smoke an~ tobacco, marijuana,
    the basics of sleep, food, and water. or freebase
    freebase—take vitamin vitamin E E to
    the basics of sleep, food, and water. or to protect
    protect
    Secondly, take
    Secondly, take youryour vitamins.
    vitamins. The your lungs. Also be
    The yo ur lungs. Also be aware that ferrousaware that ferrous
    extra stress
    extra stress thatthat cocaine
    cocaine causes causes in in your sulfate, aa form
    your sulfate, form of iron often
    of iron often foundfound in in
    energy and
    energy and life-support
    life-support systems systems quickl quickly multiple-vitamin formuJas,
    y multiple-vitamin formulas, destro destroys ys vi-
    vi-
    depletess your
    deplete your vitamin
    vitamin levels. levels. The
    The coca coca tamin
    tamin B. E. Use
    Use aa formula
    formula that contains
    that contains
    plant itself offers a clue to the vitamins iron as
    plant itself offers a due to the vitamins iron as ferrous fumaratc or glucoo~tc. ferrous fumarate or gluconate.
    and minerals
    minerals appropriate
    appropriate for for use
    use with Learning to use vitamins is almost as
    and with Leaming to use vitamins is almost as
    tricky as learning to use drugs.
    cocaine.
    cocaine. OneOne hundred
    hWldred grams grams of Erythroxy-
    of E,ytl1ro. 9- tricky as learning to use drugs.
    lum coc
    lum coca providesmore
    a provides morethan thanthe thedaily
    daily A program
    A program of of daily
    daily exercise,
    exercise, good good diet
    diet,,
    Recommended
    Recommended Dietary Allowance
    Dietary Allowance of of and vitamins will
    and vitamins will help
    helpflush toxic chem-
    flush tox.ic chem-
    vitamins A,
    vitamins A, Bl Bi,, and
    and E, E, calcium,
    calcium, iron, iron, icals from
    icals from youryour syst system em and,
    and, as as aa bonus,
    bonus~
    and phosphorus,
    and pho sphorus , as well as as well as aa healthy
    healthy willwill ma.kc
    make cocaine
    cocaine more more effective
    effective the the next
    next
    complement of
    complement vitamin C,
    of vitamin C, most
    most of of the
    the B B time
    time it it isis consumed.
    consumed. But But if you neglect
    if you neg lect
    complex, iodine, magnesium,
    com ,p lcx, iodine, magnesium, zinc, zinc, cop- this .hcaJthy
    cop- this healthy regime,
    regime, coke coke simsimply adds to
    ply adds to
    per, and sodium. (Duke, Aulik, and the poisons that accumulate in your sys-
    per , and so dium . (Duke, Aulik , and the poisons that accumulate in your sys-
    Plowman, Harvard Botanical Museum tem, and makes you feel lower, not
    Plowman, Harvard Boranical Museum tem , and makes you fccJ Jower , not
    Leaflets 24 (6), 1975). These arc the ele- higher.
    Leaflers 24 (6), 1975 ). The
    ments which must be replaced if you use se arc the ele- higher .
    ments
    cocaine. which must be replaced if you use
    Thirdly, clean
    Thirdly, dean yo your nose without
    ur nose without fail fail
    cocaine. after every
    every cokecoke session
    session (not (not after every
    after after every
    "Vitamin C,
    '<vitamin 1,000 mg
    C, 1,000 mg.. A.M. and and P.M. toot). The
    P.M. toot). The nosenose is is the respiratory sys-
    the respiratory sys-
    (time release),
    (time release), is strongly
    strongly recommended,
    recommended, tem's tem's natural
    natural air air conditioner.
    conditioner. As As airair
    along with
    along with aa stress
    stress B B complex,
    complex, so so mg.," flows up
    mg.," Bows up through
    through the the nostrils
    nostrils and and downdown
    Earl MinddJ's
    saysEarl
    says M indell'sVitamin
    Vitamin Bible
    Bibt.e through the
    (Rawson,through
    (Rawson, the phar~
    pharynx, larynx, larynx, and and tra-
    tra-
    Wade, N.Y.,
    Wade, N.Y., 1979) 1979)- . "A " Agoodgoodmultip
    multiple- chea, it
    le- chea, it passes
    passes overover mucous membranes
    mucous membranes
    vitamin
    vitamin and and mineral
    mineral tablettablet as as well
    well as as aa which
    which warm warm it, it. and
    and catch foreign parti-
    catch foreign parti-
    cles to
    cles to purify
    purify it, it, on
    on its way to
    its way to the
    the lungs.
    lung s. Or you
    Or you can open up
    can open up a
    a capsule of vitamin
    capsule of vitamin
    Cocaine when
    Cocaine when snorted
    snorted tries
    tries toto follow
    follow the the with aa razor
    E with razor blade.
    blade. Some
    Some people
    people prefer
    prefer
    same ro
    same route but gets
    ute but gets dissolved
    dissolved almost almost in- in - aa lanolin
    lanolin-petrolatum
    -petrolatum oiotmeot ointment of of thethe
    stantly on
    stantly on the
    the membranes,
    membranes, entering entering the the kind
    kind uused sed for
    for diaper rash,, but
    diaper rash but this
    this isis too
    too
    blood stream th.cough
    blood stream through the the many
    many tiny tiny ves-
    ves- heavy for
    he~vy for more
    more thanthan occasional
    occasional use use in the
    in the
    sels of
    sels of the
    the membranes.
    membranes. At At the same time
    the same time,, nose.
    nose.
    cocaine restricts
    cocaine restricts thesethese blood
    blood vessels
    vessels and and If your
    If your fingers
    fingers are are large,
    large , useuse a cotton
    cotton
    anesthetizes the
    anesthetizes cilia wb.ich
    the cilia which keepkeep the the mu-
    mu- swab for
    swab for the
    the application:
    application; most most people
    peopJc
    cous blanket
    cous blanket movingmoving back back over
    over the the mem-
    mem- will find
    will this preferable.
    find this preferable. You You cancan use
    use the
    the
    branes. Thus the membranes dry out and
    and tip of your
    your little
    littlefinger
    branes. Thus the membranes dry out
    stop functioning,
    functioning, leading leading very very quickly
    quickly to to
    tip of finger ifif it's
    it's small
    small,, cl~clean,
    stop and
    and notnot jagged.
    jagged. Dab Dab some
    some E E ooil on the
    il on the
    dryness, crusting, and ulceration in your verycarc/11/ly
    carefully
    dryness , crusting, and uke.ration in your
    nose. Every
    Every timetime you
    swab
    swab or or fingertip
    fingertip and and Pery andand
    nose. you take
    take aa toot
    toot you you areare slowly
    s/uwt stickit itupup
    y stick. yournose.
    your Gently
    nose.Geml wiggle
    y wiggle
    turning your your a.ir air conditioner
    conditioner off'. off. Unless it so the
    tu.ming
    you help restore this necessary
    Unles s
    function, it so the oil coats the
    oil coats the membranes
    membrane s on on all
    all
    you help restore thjs nccessuy function, sides. Repeat
    sides. Repeat the the procedure
    procedure in the same
    in the same
    you render yourself susceptible to nag- nostril, making sure sure that
    that you you lubricate
    lubricate
    you render yourself susceptible to nag - nostril, making
    ging colds, bacterial infections, and a the entire inner rim of the nostril and thethe
    ging
    host of corespiratory
    lds , bacterial infections, and a
    diseases. the entire inner rim of the nostril and
    host of respiratory diseases. little pocket near the tip
    Little pocket near the tip of your nose. of your nose.
    Do thethe same
    same for for the
    the other side, glance
    glance in
    There arc
    There are twotwo stepssteps to cleaning your
    to cleaning your Do other side, in
    the mirror, smile smugly, say "next
    nose
    nose andand reviving
    reviving your your air conditioner.
    conditioner. the mirror , smi le smugly, say " next
    time," and go to bed. Don't worry if
    First, make
    First, make aa weak weak saline
    saline solution
    solution in in a a time, » and go to bed. Don't worry if
    your nose starts feeling stuffy again: it's
    glass with
    with 1'/* teaspoon salt in in a cup of of your s feeling stuffy again: it'tos
    glass / ~ teaspoo n salt a mp your nosemucous start membranes beginning
    warm water.
    warm water . Pinch Pinch your your thumbthumb and and your m u cous membranes beginning to
    revive. The tingling in your nose should
    forefinger together
    forefinger together and and pour
    pour aa littlelittle of of revive. The tingling in your no se should
    vanish by the time you fall asleep.
    this solution
    this solution over over them.
    them. Raise Raise this this to to vanish by the time you fall asleep.
    your nostrils
    your nostrils and and sniff
    sniff gently
    gently so so aa tepid
    tepid perforated septum
    A perforated septum is is more
    more oftenoften
    salt spray
    saJt spray is is spread
    spread over over the the membranes
    membranes caused by
    caused by clumsy
    clumsy attempt
    attempts to clean
    s to clean the the
    inside.. Alternatively,
    inside Alternatively, poor pour some some into into nose than
    nose than by by cocaine.
    cocaine. The The nosenose needs
    needs
    your cupped palm. Close
    your cupped palm. C lose one nostril and one nostril and time to to recover
    recover fromfrom thethe irritation
    irritation of of a.ny
    any
    time
    inhale through the other
    in h ale thro u gh the other until water until water foreign substance put in it.
    it. As
    As with
    with co-co-
    washes back back into into your
    your throat
    throat. ChangeChange foreign substance put in
    washes caine itself douching
    caine itsd.f, douching and and oiling
    oiling moremore
    nostrils and repeat. You don 't need
    nostrils and repeat. You don't need than every few
    than every few daysdays may may harmharm your your
    much, and you don't have to go through nose -— a.nd
    and worse, your sinuses.
    sinuses.
    much, and you don't have to go through nose wor se, your
    any contortions like bending your head
    any
    way contortions
    back. Commercial like bc.n.diog your head
    nose sprays are If crusting
    If crusting inin your
    your nose
    nose continues
    continues or or if
    if
    way back. Commercial
    pretty rough on nasal passages already n ose sprays arc you start getting
    you start getting nosebleeds,
    nosebleeds, lay
    lay off the
    off the
    pretty rough
    irritated on nasaland
    by cocaine, _passages
    shouldalready not be cocaine and
    cocaine see your
    and sec your doctor
    doctor without
    without de- de-
    1.rritatcd by
    used frequently. cocaine , and should not be lay.. If
    lay If you
    you notice
    notice anyany malfunction
    malfunction in in
    used frequently. your system
    you r syste m whwhatsoever,
    atsoever, itit cou
    could
    ld be be aa
    Once your
    Once your nasal cavity is
    nasal cavity is irrigated,
    irrigated, the the warning s_ignal
    warning signal ofof an oncoming illness
    an oncoming illness
    second step
    second step is to to lubricate
    lubricate it with vitamin
    it with vitamin and
    an should
    d shoul be checked
    d be checked outout by
    by aa trus
    trusted
    ted
    BE oil.
    oil. AA natural
    natural vitamin
    vitamin EE "beauty"beauty oil" oil " physician. By
    physician. By having
    having a a checkup
    checkup at the
    at the
    sold
    so ld atat cosmetics
    cosmetics coun countersters is is okay
    okay for for first
    first sign
    sign ofof anything
    anything wrong
    wrong youyou maymay
    this if
    th.is if it contains only
    it contains only alpha-tocopbe
    alpha-tocopherol rol avert aa real
    avert real tragedy. Paying attention
    tragedy. Paying attention is is
    in an
    in an organic
    organic medium medium like like safflower
    safHower oil. oil. the definition of a connoisseur.
    the definition of a connoisseur .
    Michael R.
    Michael R. Aldrich
    Aldrich
    56
    (Continued from page
    (Continued from page 52)
    52)

    to prevent recrystallizatio
    to prevent rccrystallization
    n of the
    che base in the bowl. Where
    Where
    frcebasing is done
    freebasing done there is also usually
    usua lly some very ftam-
    flam-
    mable
    mable sosolvent;
    lvent; an oopen flame near such so
    pen Bame solvents
    lvents jsis a
    potential disaster
    potential disaster..

    Smoking
    Smoki ng freebase
    freebase cocaine in in thi
    thiss wa}'
    way is strictly
    is str ictly an
    American phenomenon
    American phenomenon.. Although both past
    Although both pastaa and
    and base
    have been
    have smoked in
    been smoked in South
    South America
    Ame-rica for years,
    years, they are
    the y are
    much less
    much pure forms of cocaine aod
    less pure and are
    arc almost always
    combined
    combine d with tobacco smoked.. Base js
    robacco when smoked is made fro from
    m
    pasta sulfate)
    pasta (cocaine sulfa te) to
    co make crystal (cocaine
    (cocaine hydro-
    hydro-
    chloride).
    chloride Freebase is
    ). Freebase is made
    made from
    from crystal
    crystal in order
    or der to be
    smoked.
    smoked.
    {Cont inued on pago
    (Continued page 58)
    68)

    I
    C O K E AND
    COKE A N D SEX
    SEX

    Since cocaine is widely used used as a sex aid, aid, a few


    w o r d s should
    words s h o u l d be
    be said
    said about
    about applying
    applying cocaine to to
    genital organs.
    the genital organs. A sprinkle
    sprinkle ofo f coke on o n the
    the clit-
    oris o
    oris orr just
    just below
    below the head head ofo f the penis will w i l l anes-
    anes-
    thetize
    thetize the tissnes tissues andand retard
    retard sexual climax.climax. IfI f
    this is donedone sparingly
    sparingly and and only
    only occasionally
    occasionally it can
    promote explosive
    promote explosive orgasms.
    orgasms. However,
    H o w e v e r , when
    when co- co-
    caine was widely widely used used as a surgical
    surgical anesthetic
    anesthetic
    a r o u n d the turn
    around t u r n of
    o f the century,
    century, doctors
    doctors discov-
    discov-
    ered
    ered that
    that the urethraurethra (the tube insideinside the penis or or
    t h r o u g h which
    vulva through which urine eliminated from
    urine is eliminated from the
    bladder) is very sensitive
    bladder) sensitive to cocaine: several several pa-
    tients died
    tients died fromfrom an overdose
    overdose of o f cocaine in i n this
    this
    area. Don't
    area. D o n ' t apply
    apply cocaine directly
    directly to the hole hole in in
    the tipt i p ofo f the penis or to the urethral urethral opening
    opening
    between the clitoris
    between clitoris and
    and the vaginal
    vaginal orifice in i n the
    the
    vulva. And A n d because
    because coke severely dries deUcate
    dries delicate
    membranes that
    membranes must be
    that must be moist
    moist in i n order
    order to func- func-
    tion, d
    tion dono n ' t cover the penis w i t h coke and
    penis with and don'tdon't
    put coke inside
    put inside the vagina.
    vagina.
    Michael R. EL Aldrich
    Aldrich
    The H{f!.h
    7be High Cost
    (',ost of Getting
    Getting 1-/igb
    High 57

    T R E A T M E N T OF
    TREATMENT O F COCAINE
    C O C A I N E OVERDOSE
    OVERDOSE There is
    There is no
    nosuch
    suchthing
    thingas asaa
    ""bad"
    bad " drug. People can
    drug. People can
    abuse almost
    abuse almost any any chemical
    chemical
    A cocaine
    cocaine overdose
    overdose usually
    usually happens
    happens so so fast
    fast that
    that substance ever
    substance ever invented.
    invented.
    nothing c~
    nothing can bebe done about it at home.
    done aboutit home. TheThe symp-
    symp- Some subscanccs
    Some substances arc, are,
    toms are
    toms are:: giddiness, wooziness, delirium,
    giddiness, wooziness, delirium , respi-
    respi- however,, more
    however more subje
    subject to
    ct to
    abuse than oth
    abuse than odiers. For
    ers. For
    ratory depression,
    ratory depression, Cheyne-Stokes
    Chcyne-Stokes breathing breathing (a example,~although
    example although the the
    pattern whereby
    pattern whereby breathing
    breathing builds build s deeper
    deeper and and phenothiazine drugs are
    phenothiazinc drug s are
    deeper
    deeper to to a point,
    point, thenthen becomes
    becomes progressively
    progressively central nervous
    central nervous system
    system
    shallower, with
    shallower, with a period
    period of of no
    no breathing between
    breathing between depressants,
    depres they arc
    sant s, they arc
    cycles), convulsions, and
    cycles), convulsions, and unconsciousness
    unconsciousness fol- rarely, if ever, abused;
    rarely, if ever, abused ,;
    they
    th ey do
    do notnot cause
    cause aa
    lowed by
    lowed by death
    death from from respiratory failure. The
    respiratory failure. The euphoria. On the
    the other
    other
    heart may also sto
    heart stop. Quick action
    p. Quick action is necessary to to euphoria . On
    hand, central nervous
    hand, central nervou s
    save
    save thethe victim's
    victim's life. Stay Stay calm,
    calm, andand don don't let
    't let system stimulants such as
    system
    caffeine, stimulants
    cocaine and such as
    your
    yo fear of
    ur fear of arrest
    arrest prevent
    prevent you you from acting
    from acting caffeine , cocaine and
    amphetamine, and
    decisively..
    decisively amphetamine
    depressants such , andas
    Have the
    Have die victim
    victim lie lie down
    down on on his
    his or her back
    or her back depressant
    barbiturates and as
    s such alcohol,
    with
    with beadhead lower
    lower than than body,
    body, try try to maintain
    to maintain barbiturates
    arc frequently and alcohol ,
    abused;
    are frequently
    they cause euphoria. abused;Our
    breathing
    breathing by by artificial respiration, and
    artificial respiration, and get the the
    they cause
    society haseuphoria.
    chosen Our
    victim
    victim to a hospitalhospital as quicklyquickly as possible
    possible no no
    alcohol,
    society has caffeine
    choseoand
    matter how
    matter how embarrassed
    embarrassed you you are. Call an an ambu-
    ambu- nicotine as euphoriants—
    alcohol , caffeine and
    lance if
    lance you don
    if you don't have a car.
    't have honest with
    car . Be honest with thethe though
    nicotin ethe alcoholic s-
    as eupboriant
    emergency
    emergency room room people
    people aboutabout whatwhat drugs the the psychoses
    thougb theare certainly
    alcoholic
    victim has
    victim has taken,
    taken, and and bring
    brfog an smallsnmple
    samplethey theycancan not innocuous.
    psychoses We choose
    are certainly
    our innocuous.
    not poisons on We the basis
    choo se
    analyze if
    an.alyze if complications
    complications set in. in. Cocaine
    Cocaine is so of
    ourtradition,
    poi sons on notthe basis
    often
    often adulterated
    aduJterated that that the
    the sample
    sample may m.ay be be neces-
    neces- pharmacology.
    of traclition , notSocietal
    sary
    sary to to determine
    determine what what chemicals
    chemicals the victim has
    the victim attitudes determine
    pharmacology. which
    Societal
    ingested..
    ingested drugs are determine
    attitudes accepted and whichthe
    Do not give extent
    drug s artoe which
    acc.eptedmoral
    and the
    the victim
    give the victim more
    more drugdrugss ofof any
    any kind.
    kind.
    qualities
    extent to are
    whichascribed
    moral to
    There
    There are no real antidotes
    no real antidotes to cocaine, though
    though chemicals.
    qualities arc ascribe d to
    the hospital
    the hospital staffstaff maymay administer
    administer intravenous
    intravenous chemicals.
    Valium or
    Valium or a short-acting
    short-acting barbiturate
    barbiturate to controlcontrol Dr.. Robert
    Dr Robert Byck,
    seizures. 111e
    seizures. The danger
    danger here here is thatthat downers
    downers may Cocaine
    Coc Papers,
    nim Pnpcrs, 1074.
    1974 .
    cause death
    cause death by further
    further depressing
    depressing the the cardiores-
    cardiores-
    piratory system.
    piratory system. The The best ""cure" for an
    cure" for an overdose
    overdose
    is to
    is to make
    make suresure that
    that it doesn
    doesn't 't happen
    happen in the first
    in the first
    place.
    place.
    Michael R.
    Michael R. Aldrich
    Aldrich
    DOONESBURY
    DOONESBURY April 10,1980
    April 10. 1980 b y Garry
    by G a r r y Trudeau
    Trudeau
    r--.------ -
    ,ff(}/,{,(j(JTIJM(JV
    1.V.!CHANN&l
    WO!
    Zl;J(£'SON•aNAH"

    J ---
    ABOIIT
    1A()(Jt-/6
    \
    lltlXe!

    G8fc«d^^\ fj 11

    (Continued
    (Continued from
    from page 56)
    56)

    The first
    The hit is
    first hit is The smoke w·
    The which
    l1ich is dl
    drawn into the
    ·rawn iF1t0 mouth is abs0ub,e~
    tlte mol4nh absorbed
    wonderful!
    wonderful! It's It's aa into the bloodstream
    into dirough tl1
    blood stream trh.rougl1 die lung tissue.
    e llliilg tissue. Tihis
    This is a0t
    not
    feeling of
    feeling of warmth
    warmth and and only the .most
    on.ly most direct route t©
    diFectrreare to the brain, it is also
    t.fu.ebra-in, most
    afso die most
    excitement
    excitement that that starts
    starts effective means o
    effective f absorption.
    @f For this reaso.n~
    abs@rpti@n.1?01? reason, mii~iall!la:l
    individual
    in yom
    in your chest,
    chest, woJ-ks
    works doses
    d0ses efo f freebase tencl
    tend tr© smaller tmat1
    to be smaJller than with sn@rtii:ig.
    snorting.
    up through
    up through youryour The effects aJie
    The effectrs are m.@11e
    more quickly
    ~i€llJ and str:ongly
    strongly felt:>
    felt, but
    ~ut are
    spine, clear
    spine, clear upup 0ut
    out the
    the experienced
    e-xlperie.mce~ for a
    a s:llr0r,trer
    shorter p><,:ri@cd
    period 0iof cimre.
    time.
    top of your head
    top of your head and and
    while you're holding
    wliile you're holding
    your breath, it feels as The aotracti@n
    'The attraction 0f
    of the freebase high
    clirefre©h>asehigh is t1.llle
    die mitiiall
    initial rush,
    r.our breath, it feels as
    if the cosmos is subsequent tr@kes
    which su.bsequent tokes rar.rely
    rarely recap>tM.ve.
    recapture. 'Dfu
    This
    1is hardly keeps
    :llia.r<d'.ly
    !keeps
    if the cosmos
    spinning. is
    It only anyone from
    from tr.ry
    trying, and w,
    with the c©med0:wn
    comedown im in such
    shappens ..It anly
    , inningonce anyone ·m:g, amd idi tilil:.t
    or twice
    • strong eentrast
    stron:g contrast te
    to tih'e
    the rmsh.,
    rush, an atEtie°'p,t
    attempt is 11Slila:lly
    usually made to
    and .you ns never
    once or twice
    forget. maintain tJhe
    maintain the shelit-lived
    short-lived high by conswning
    consuming rep~ate
    repeated
    Everyou never
    time youforget.
    do doses of moreasm.g
    increasing am0m1rs.
    amounts. This often results
    results inin h>
    binges
    '
    free base ~~eu
    you are
    .._.·sde.~ lasting from
    lasr:ing from several ho141rs
    hours 1:0
    to several
    several days.
    cd.axs,It is very
    trying to recapture~
    common ~ong
    oommon among fre-ebase
    freebase use~
    users t_o
    to a attempt
    e to
    . balance the
    the unique grace of . ~ e<Jij~
    extreme high with
    . SG some type~Q of depressant.
    ' . Once relaxed,
    thatfirsthit and it is
    I

    it is even
    I , easier to consume freebase in mass quantities.
    just impossible to do
    so. You're wasting There is a common misconception among freebascrs
    time and energy that the process used to free the base will remove all adul-
    trying to recapture terants leaving only cocaine. Nothing could be further
    something you can from the truth. There arc literally thousands of drugs, both
    only remember. synthetic and naturally occurring, which will convert to
    frecbases along with cocaine. Few if any of these will
    Michael Aldrieh produce the euphoria which is unique to cocaine, and a
    (from an interview with few tokes arc likely to produce a reaction that the user is
    Suzanne Knittel for Video
    W e s t , 1981). not likely tO forget. (Conilnuad on page 60)
    •

    lThe
    he IHigh Cost rJJ
    lif!.h CrJst of Getti1'l[!.
    Getting f1igh
    High 59

    • ••

    J5Z&9.& .
    •

    - -1* ' ' ;- p>:


    * — -. *

    #7

    r - - v

    'Plfo4/J4A
    ^

    •
    •

    RHESUS MONK&T
    !fHeSUSMONl(E>'._ y i

    AT ucLAsmtf
    ATllCLA/
    ONE OUNCEOF
    ON~OUNt:loF , .
    ...-...
    PURI ·.--~ - ~ '
    ..,~ t .. re

    A PAYPAY
    ,.
    COCAINE
    COCAIHBA
    ~

    FOR20 PAYS!
    FOR20PAK51 , j
    ...
    '

    BUTSHET\1,,,,4
    BUT SHE RSFUSEp
    ..,_@
    TO SMOKE OHE^I
    TOSMOKeONI
    maACCOCt(iAiteTTE.!
    1D0ACCO CKqAREtft if,*? <L
    ..
    .,
    {

    * - •

    * at.

    If r'Tl

    I-

    r- • - ' 'j

    'is
    60
    60 The Hi
    11:;eHigh Cost
    Cost of
    ,..<!,h Getting 11(<!,h
    c>j·Getti1zg High

    While there
    Wlule there is is an
    an abundance
    abundance of information regarding
    of information regarding
    Freebase can induce
    Freebase induce a veryvery the effects of
    the effects of cocaine
    cocaine sno snorting
    rting onon the nasal membranes,
    tl1e nasal membranes,
    intense compulsive
    intense very little
    very is known
    littl e is about the
    kno\vn about of freebase
    tl1e effects of freebase smoke
    smoke on on
    behavioral pattern
    1,ehavioral pattern of of
    compulsive use. use- You get the lungs.
    tl1e Anyone who
    lun gs. Anyone wl10 hhas as used freebase 1has
    used freebase no doubt
    1as no doubt
    to the
    the point where
    where noticed its tendency
    noticed te11dency to to recrystallize in the
    recrysta llize in tl1e bowl and stem
    bow l and stem
    freebase is the
    freebase the o,nly
    only thing
    thing of the
    of die pipe which is used.
    pipe wluch used. TheThe question
    question must be raised
    must be raised as
    as
    your life. You live,
    in your die,
    li:ve,die, to whether this
    to whether recrystallization also
    tl1is recrystallization also occurs
    occurs in
    in die lungs.
    m.e lung It
    s. It
    everything far for freebase
    freebase. is a common practice
    a common practice to to clean
    clean mdie freebase pipe
    e freebase pipe with
    with sol-
    and in that cames
    and comes chronic
    ehroruc
    vent; the n
    vent ; the nose
    ose isis cleaned
    cleaned wimwith salt
    salt water.
    water. Unfortunately,
    Unfo rtunatel y~
    use, lack
    use, lack o~
    of sleep,
    sleep, .
    paranoia-
    hallucinations, paranoia. one cannot
    one cannot applyapply aa simila
    similarr procedure
    procedure on on the lungs.
    the l~ ngs.
    If you
    If you have
    have any
    any kind
    kind af of
    heart problem
    heart problem or are
    or are The freebase
    The freebase smoksmoker er is likely to to be confronted
    confronted with
    with
    prone to
    p11one to any kind of
    anykind heart
    of heart
    the same
    the same psych.0i0
    psychologicalgi~al prproblems which face
    o blems which face m0st
    most e0eaine
    cocaine
    problem, it certainly
    prablem, certainly cancan
    users. However, as wim
    users. H@wever, with the freebase
    t:he free base high, t.fueythey will be be
    freezeyour
    freeze yourheart.
    heart.The
    The
    freebase subculture has
    freebase more quickly an<d
    more
    has and stFongly
    strongly felt. This
    This is is in
    in part
    part due
    due to
    r0 the
    permeated everylevel
    permeated vast differen.<1ie
    level of
    of
    vast difference inin pmity
    purity whi~fu
    which usually
    usmall o/,:exists 0.
    e:rists between
    etw'eernfree-
    fliee-
    society. F,
    sacicty. Freebase
    reebasehas has aabase aae.
    h>ase and the stteet
    street E0ke
    coke 6t-0,m
    from wfi,
    which ieh itit earrne
    came.. Plire
    Pure sub-
    sub-
    very deliilitating
    very debilitating effect
    effect on
    on
    stances like <t©e
    staNces cocaine are generally
    re gen©r
    a,ilile a, a1lly, more dangerous
    more <d~ge.r 0 us t©to
    your lungs
    yow- lungs (and
    (and the
    the consume tr.nan
    c0nsnme than aa fess
    less e@.a€entirate<d
    concentrated f01m. form. An An oevious
    obvious aaa:1-
    anal-
    passage ef
    passage of oxygen
    oxygen in in your
    your
    ogy is
    @gy is €alifeine
    caffeine which exists as
    wrucshoost:S as a
    a small
    small peFpercentage
    eentage 0fof the
    the
    lungs).
    lungs).
    coffee m0st
    coffee most pe@ple
    people hi.mlt.
    drink. 11he
    The mor,run.g
    morning rup cup @f
    of c0Jfee
    coffee isis aa
    "SHARE A NEEDLE -
    ''SHARBANEEDLE- socially acceftable
    socially acceptable way wa¥ t0to inerease alertness, am.a
    increase alermess, and fer
    for most
    mest
    KILL A FRIEND''
    TOJ,l, FRIEND" people the
    P'e@ple side etfew
    tihe si<de effects are
    are minimal. O n ti.he
    .minimal. G>lil the 0the1
    other .t.iamd,
    hand, ifif
    A'mtrningt:o
    warning tone.edle
    needleusers:
    users:
    we were to
    we werre to consume
    c.::0ns1m1.e pure caffeine
    fl!ll"C€alfeine by blysnorting
    sn0ning er or sm.eking
    smoking
    don't~ share.BecauseAIDS
    Because AIDS
    (acquired immune defi-
    · ~uncdefi- it, overdosage would be
    everdosage w0u!la. much m01e
    be muea more likely
    likely ancd
    and amy
    any side
    side
    ciency syndrome) hasaafive
    . t) has effects would be
    five effects be mueh
    much mere
    more ~~pa.t'ent.
    apparent.
    to seven year incubation
    e$)D
    period during which vic- •
    The most prevalent danger of freebase consumption is
    tims do not know they have
    the disease, sharing needles its tendency to totally captivate its user. Chronic users of
    with ANYONE puts you at freebase tend to do little else. To say that freebase is a drug
    extremely high risk of con- which does not encourage outward communication would
    tracting this deadly disease. be a gross understatement. Freebasers generally use larger
    The AIDS virus that quantities of purer cocaine than with any other route of
    might be in the syringe can administration. One quarter-ounce, 7 grams, of cocaine
    be killed, however, by clean-
    ing the outfit with ordinary hydrochloride converted to freebase is not an uncommon
    liquid bleach (5.25% amount to be consumed daily and much larger amounts
    sodium hypochlorite). have been documented.
    Draw the bleach up into the
    syringe, expel it, and repeat
    with bleach. Then do the The author feels a moral responsibility to especially
    same thing twice with discourage the use of freebase cocaine. While the old
    water, and the needle will saying, "anything in moderation," still holds true, the use
    be dean. Michael R. Aldrich of freebase tends to encourage anything but moderation.
    •

    Ihe lligl
    17JeHigh (.<J~il
    Cost <>J"G'etti,1,.C!,
    of Getting High
    Hi._~IJ
    61
    61

    Heavy cocaine
    Heavy cocaine users
    users
    report a sense
    report sense that
    that things
    things
    are crawling
    are crawling on on or
    or under
    under
    TWO O
    TWO PINIONS
    OPINIONS their skin-
    their skin—the so-called
    the so-called
    "cocaine
    cc • b
    cocaine bugs" phenom-
    ugs'' phenom-
    enon.. "But
    enon '' But these
    these aue are
    The psychic effect of
    The psychic of During recent years
    During recent years I pseudohallucinations
    pseudohallucinations,",,
    cocainum muria muriaticum
    ticum have seen
    have seen among
    among men men says Sicgcl.
    says 'Thee patients
    Siegel. ''Th pati;nts
    of scien
    science frightful always say it's
    always it's as
    asififthere
    there
    in doses
    in doses of of 0.05-0.10g
    0.05-0. xog of ce frightful were
    were bugs under their
    bug s under their
    consists of
    consists of symptoms
    symptoms due due toto the
    the skin. They
    skin. They don't
    don't actact onon aa
    exhilaration
    exhilaration and and craving for cocaine.
    craVlllg for cocaine. belief that
    belief there actually
    that there actually
    lasting euphoria,
    lasting euphoria, Those who
    Those who believe
    believe are."
    are.''
    which does
    which does notnot ddiffer
    i:ffer they
    they can enter the
    can enter the Freebase, on
    Freebase, on the
    the other
    other
    in any
    any way way from temple ofof happiness hand, ca11- stimulatefright-
    canstimulate fright-
    in from thethe temple happiness h~d,
    eningly realreal hallucinations.
    hallucinations.
    normal euphoria
    normal euphoria of of a
    a through this
    through gate of
    this gate of eningly
    One manman in in aa group
    group of of
    One
    healthy person
    healthy person........ pleasure purchase
    pleasure purchase cocaine
    cocaine usersusers Siegel
    Siegel has has
    One senses an their momentary
    their momentary studied for
    studied for five years went
    five years went
    One senses an
    increase of delights
    delights at the cost
    at the cost of
    of through four
    through four and
    and aa
    increase of quarter ounces
    ounces of of freebase
    self-control and feels body
    body and soul. They
    and soul. They 9uarter freebase
    self-control and feels in three
    three days.
    days. He He became
    became
    more vigorous and speedily pass
    speedily through
    pass througJi
    m
    convinced he could see
    more vigorous and the
    the gate of
    more capable of convinced he could see
    gate of "black antibodies" in his
    more capable
    work.... One is
    of unhappiness into into the
    ''black antibodies~' in his
    muscle tissue forcing
    work. ... One is unhappiness the muscle tissue
    dangerous forcing
    white worms
    simply normal, and night of
    night of the
    the abyss.
    abyss. dangerous whiteHeworms
    simply nor111al, and out of his skin.
    soon finds it difficult Louis Lcwin, 1924
    out af his skin.
    examined He
    the antibodies
    soon finds it difficult
    to believe that one is
    Dr. Loui s Lewin, r924
    bodiaJ
    _thirty-
    ...
    quoted in R
    quoted R.. Byck,
    Byck, and wormsthe
    examined withantia__
    to believe that one is
    under the influence of and
    power wo~~,s with :a~_A,
    microscope •
    and,
    Cocaine
    Cocaitie 1974.1974-
    Papers,
    Papers,
    any drug
    :.;;derw the at
    influence
    all. of power nu~ and
    with a needle
    1 witha
    ~atall. tweezers, began removing
    O:,r.
    Dr. Si~und
    Sigmund Freud,
    Freud, the "worms" from his
    so
    describing aa 5 0 mg.
    mg. oral
    oral flesh and put them in vials
    •
    dose. Cocaine Papers, 18S4.
    w.r,:1884. for documentation. He
    ;.t !?,~·,; brought Siegel ten vials of
    "worms." There was
    nothing in the vials but
    People who have never shown any prior tendency towards dried human tissue. This
    addiction may join hands with chronic users, passing the was a genuine paranoid
    hallucination, and the
    pipe until the last of it goes up in smoke. Experienced man's girlfriend, who had
    cocaine consumers often stop smoking freebase entirely only smoked three-
    because of its disastrous effects on the mind, the body, and quarters of an ounce of
    the pocketbook. freebase over the same
    period, was seeing the
    Cocaine is sometimes consumed by injection, which worms, too.
    by its very nature is extremely hard on the circulatory Charles Perry,
    system and is possibly a form of suicide. As with freebase, Rolling Stone, 1980.
    The
    e High
    71:i Hi ..~IJ Cost
    Cost of
    o;· Getting High
    Getti,z p, Jli ..1<
    h
    62
    the effects
    the effects are strongly felt and
    are strongly and cxtrc1nc
    extremely short lived. As
    ly sl1ort As
    with freebase, this usually leads to
    with strongerr and
    to stronge and more
    frequent doses. T
    frequent Thehe result can be damaged
    damaged veins, skin ab-
    scesses, and
    and hepatiti
    hepatitis, in addition
    s, in to the
    addit ion to constant
    the const risk of
    ant risk of
    overdose. Tl1e
    overdose. The prob
    problem
    lem maymay be
    be further
    furtl1er compounded
    compounde d by by
    the
    tl1e presence of impurities
    of iinpL and/orr adulterants
    1rities and/o adulterant s which areare
    usually
    usu·ally present in street
    street cocaine.
    cocaine. Wh
    Where non-water
    ere non -water soluble
    substances are involved, the results can be fatal.
    substances

    common method of
    A less common of consuming cocaine consists
    consists
    of dissolving the hydrochloride in
    the hydrochloride in water or
    or oth
    other
    er suitable
    How do
    How do people like
    ople like liquid and
    liquid and drinkin
    drinking Thiss is
    g it. Tmi is the
    the m.e
    method Sigmund Frem
    th0d Sigmund Freud d
    this producer afford
    used for
    himself used for consumin
    consuming but when
    g cocaine, but when taken this
    the thousands
    the ausands of of
    way most of of the cocaine must pass through
    through the
    the stomach
    dollars necessary
    dollars necessary to to
    before getting
    bef01re getting into clie
    the bloo
    bloodstream. authors
    ascream. Some auth. 0.rs think
    t!h,ink
    keep performers
    keep performers
    supplied with
    supplied with coke?
    coke? most ofof the cocaine is is broken
    broken down
    down inin the
    the stomach,
    stomach, while
    while
    The simplest way is
    is to
    to otherss disagree;
    other it might
    disagree; it might depend
    depend onon how
    how acid the
    the stomach
    Tlie simplestway
    add the expense to to the
    the and t1ow
    is and how lo11g
    long itit trakes
    takes the cocaine
    the cot to get
    aine t© get thr
    through
    0ugh thethe
    add the expense
    stomach.
    stomach .
    cost of of the
    the
    .eproduction.
    roduction. "Money"Money
    for drugs
    for drugs is is always
    always
    there. You
    there. You hide
    hideitit in
    in
    the tiget
    Di~ budget ,,oder
    under Cocaine and
    Cocaine and Economics
    Economics
    'miscellaneous'
    · rellaoeous'or or
    'food' or
    'entertainment'." A consumer
    A consumer might
    might think
    think ahou:t1
    about tll.is:
    diis: coke
    coke goesfor $75¬
    fer $75--
    Another producer 50 per
    150 per gran:i,
    gram, and
    and $1,200-2-,400
    $1,200-2,400 an an ounce (28 ~),grams),
    disclosed his istead ofbuymg
    Instead of buying one gram of cocaine
    cocaine he
    he cou'.ld:
    could:
    technique: "I hide it See 20 movies
    See20mQYies
    under 'props in the
    1
    Buy 15 record' albums
    b........
    budget. Who Play 400 games of pinball, or
    checks?" One studio Buy one ounce of marijuana
    head joked about his
    creative bookkeeping. [he cost of two grams of coke could get him:
    "There are three 15 cases of Heinekens
    kinds of costs: 4 good pairs of shoes, or
    above-the-line, 10 shares of A.T.&T.
    below-the-line and If the consumer docs 2 grams a month he could be living in a
    cocaine-line, he said.
    M

    much nicer apartment. Three could be a color television. Four


    Frank Swcrtlow, could be a Sony Betamax. Seven grams could be a weekend in
    inT.K. Guide, Hawaii. Looking at it from a less selfish angle, the money
    Feb. 28,1081. spent on cocaine could provide a foster child with milk, food.
    Cocaine
    (J(·c1i11eand
    c1r1clthe law
    0

    G tl:Je Leri£'
    63
    63
    coys, medical,
    toys, 111 anddental
    edical, a.11d dentalc,irc
    carefor anentire
    for ru1 entireycnx.
    year.Tl1c
    Theconst1m
    consumer
    er
    can
    can i1
    have any' of
    a,,c ru1) these
    of rJ tilings
    1cse rJ1ing or get high
    s Or higl1for twenty
    t\\ 1Cilt)'minutes.
    1ninutes. Although the
    Although the cocaine
    cocaine
    (Adapted and and l1 updated from Pattl
    pdatcd frorn Paul Slansky, NeivHew Times
    Times were written
    laws were
    laws written as as
    Afagazine,July
    Magazir1e, July22,22,1977.)
    1977.) they were
    if they were aatax tax
    measure
    measure
    ••
    they,
    they,, like
    like the
    the
    marijuana laws,
    marlJuana laws,
    Cocaine and the Law
    and the appeared to
    apl?eare<:i to bebe
    written primarily
    written primarily for for
    the purpo_se
    the purpose 0f of
    The fact that
    The that cocaine possession
    possession and
    and sale is illegal has rotectmg puolic
    protecting public
    not deterred
    not deterred thousands
    thousands of regular users. Very few people ealth and
    healtih and merality,.
    morality.
    had to deal with
    have had with the legal implications
    implications of
    of coc:aine
    cocaine use, Yet the
    Yet the laws
    laws
    remain una,v
    and most users remain unaware legal penalties
    are of the legal penalties forbidding the
    f0.r:bidwng the use
    usegf of
    exist. Now
    which exist. Nowhere than in
    here is this more true t!han in foreign marijuana and
    marijuana and
    countries which are visited
    <::ountries visited by
    by thousands
    thousands of of American
    Ame.ti,ican cocaine have
    cecaine havebeen beenno no
    tourists each year. While the leniency of of the law may vary
    vary more successful in
    more successful in
    with circumstances
    circumstances and
    and connections,
    connections, a basic undetstalilding
    understanding that aim
    that aim than
    than waswas
    and familiarity with the law should
    familiarity with should be clear in the minds of of Prohibition...
    Prohibition ... but but as as
    all cocaine users.
    aJJ long
    Ieng as as the
    thelaws
    lawsare areinin
    conflict
    conHict withwith widely
    widely
    statutes listed on
    The stawres on die following pages
    the following pages are subject t0to accepted p.ractices,
    accepted practices,
    change; they are correct as of January 1,
    change; 1,1986.
    1986. society
    •
    socrety cancan ~ct
    expect
    variation in
    There is considerable Vatiiiatiii.on in die
    the form of statu.tes
    statutes some of its most
    someofits~o
    from state
    from stateto
    to state
    statesosofor
    fordetails
    detailsthe
    the particular
    particularstate
    statestatute
    statute productive citizens
    produ~. ~. to
    should be consulted. This table illusttatesillustrates the great di1fer-
    differ- be caught in the
    beca .
    ence
    cncc in in penalties; terms
    terms range
    range from
    from 90 9 0 days to 20
    2 0 years
    years for crossfire-
    ctos'i
    firstconviction
    fu-st convictionfor forpossession
    possessionand
    andl0nger
    longerterms
    termsfor
    forsale.
    sale. Editorial,
    In general the the class of
    of crime can be related to the Oakland Tribune,
    length of term.
    • ..u. of term. A felony is a crime for wh.ich which ~e ·s,
    the punish- F e b . 5,1981.

    ment can be ~riso.Qmcnt


    imprisonment for more th~ than Qnone year and a
    misdemeanor ranges cs from
    m one day to one year. Felony
    terms are usually served in prison or penitentiary (state
    institution) and misdemeanor terms are served in city or
    county jails.
    Cocaine
    C<>l' c1i11 and
    e c111 the L,1t~·
    cl !IJ<!Lair
    (rt
    64
    OVERVIEW
    OVERVIEW OF COCAINE
    COCAINE LAWS
    LAWS AND
    AND PENALTIES
    PENALTIES FOR
    FOR THE
    THE 50
    50 STATES
    STATES

    Quantity
    Quantity Offense
    Offcnso Term (Years)
    Term (Years) Fine($)
    Fine (S)
    State
    State Violation
    Violation
    1 2-15 and possibly
    possibly max.
    max. $26,000
    $25,000
    ALABAMA
    ALABAMA possession or
    orsale
    possessionor
    sale
    -
    orsale
    saletotoaaminor
    _
    minor(under
    (under18)
    16)
    any
    any , 4-30
    4-30 and posslbly
    possibly max.
    max, $50,000
    350,000 --
    any 22or
    ormore
    more tw ice above
    twice above
    possession any
    any definite
    definite term uptoto55years
    termup yearsand/or
    and/orupup
    ALASKA
    ALASKA possession toS50,000
    to S50.000
    sale and possessio n with intent to
    -
    sell
    soli? and fH^sossioii with Intent to s-?ii any 1 5
    -- -----
    manufacture
    or manufacture 22 10
    10
    3 15
    Sale to
    toperson
    personunder
    under19 years and seller
    Oyearaandsellei
    -- mandatory
    mandatory min.
    min. 55years.
    years,max.
    max,99
    99¥9ars
    years
    is33or
    is ormore
    moreyears
    yearsolder
    older
    ARIZONA possession any
    any 11 2~0
    2-10
    ARIZONA
    any
    any 2 5-20
    5-20
    any 3 15- llfe
    15-life
    ----i-:----J l-::-:::=---------- 1
    forsale
    narcotics for sale any 1
    1 5-15
    5-16
    any
    any 22 min.. ~o
    min 10
    any
    any 33 min, A5
    min. 15
    import and
    import andtransport
    transportof ofnarcotic
    narcoticdrugs:
    drugs; any
    any 11 5-lffe
    5-life
    salesand
    andtraffic
    trafficininnarcotic
    narcoticdrugs
    drugs any
    any 22 10-llfe
    10-life
    any
    any 3 15-llfe
    15-life
    ----- --:--:----------1
    inducing minors
    Inducing minorstotoviolate
    violatenarctolc
    narctoic any 1
    1 10-life, paroleaha~
    10-life, p,arole afier55
    drug
    drug laws
    laws any
    any 22 10-lifo, parole
    'l'O-life. paroleaherafterlO10
    any
    any 3
    3 15-Jife
    ~5>-illfe
    ARKANSAS
    ARKANSAS possession
    possession upto1
    up to 1gram
    gram 11 mandatory
    mandatory min.
    min. 33years.
    years,max
    max1010years
    years
    22 mandatory
    mandatory min.
    min. 6years,
    6 years,max
    may2020years
    years
    ----- 1
    Sale or
    Sale orpossession
    possessionwith
    withintent
    intenttotosell
    sell than~8
    less than 28grams
    grams 10-40
    10.- 40 and/0JT
    and/or upup t0
    to $25,000
    $25,000
    (more
    {morethan 1gram)
    than J gram) 28-99 grams
    28-99grams 16-40
    15-40 to life
    life and/or
    anoVorup uptoto$60 000
    $50,000
    200-399 grams
    200-399 grams 20-40to
    20-40 life and/or
    to life and/orup uptoto$100,000
    S100,000
    4001 grams
    400+ 40—life
    @- and/or'-'P
    lifeand/or uptoto$260,000
    $250,000
    CALIFORNIA
    CALIFORNIA possession
    possession any 1 max.16
    max. 16 months
    months
    any 2 max.2years
    max. 2 years
    any 3 max.3years
    max. 3 years
    possessionwith
    possession withIntent
    intenttotosell
    sell any 1 max. 2 years
    any 2 max. 3 years
    any 3 max. 4 years
    transportation,sale
    transportatfon, sale
    max. 3 years
    max. 4 years
    max. 5 years
    COLORADO Use of controlled substance any 1-2and 1 year parole
    possession with intent to sell
    4-8 plus 1 year parole
    8-12 plus lyeor parole
    CONNECTICUT possession
    max. 7 ond/or max. $3,000
    max. 15 and/or max. $5,000
    max. 25 anoVor max. $10,Ml
    sale lessthanloz. 1 6-20
    less ther> 1 oz, 2 or more 10-26
    more than 1 oz.
    min, 5-25, max. fjfe
    Cocaine
    Cc>cc and 1/:>e
    1i11ec11zcl theLc1iv
    Law 65
    T
    State
    Stale Viola tion
    Violation Quant ity
    Quantity Offense
    Offense Term (Years)/ Fine (S)
    (Years)/Fine ($)
    DISTRICT OF • n
    possessio
    DISTRICTOF possession any
    any 1
    1 me)(.
    COLUMBIA max. 11and/01'$1, 000
    and/or$1,0O0
    COLUMBI A any
    any 22or
    ormore
    more ma)(. 2 and/or $2,000
    S2.000
    max.2and/or
    sale any
    any 1 mOJ<. 15
    max. 15years
    yearsand/orS100,000
    and/or SI00,000
    2 max. years and/or$200,000
    mox. 30 years and/of!' $200,000
    FLORIDA
    FLORIDA possession
    possession ony
    any 1 max.5
    max. 5
    sale
    safe or
    orpossession
    possessionwilh
    withinten t toto
    intent sell---
    sell any
    any 1-:;-
    , --- -t-:
    m=ox.
    :7':
    max. 15
    1;:--
    5 -- ------- -l
    _______ more
    morethan10grams
    than lOgrams any
    any mox
    max..30year:s
    30 years
    1 - 1--:::-:::-:;:-.:.:.::;;.::..._
    ____ -I
    trafficking
    traffi cking any
    any any
    any mex.. 15
    max years
    16years
    GEORGIA
    GEORGIA possession
    possession any
    any 11 2-15
    2-16
    any
    any 2o rmmore
    2 or ore 6-30
    5-30
    sale
    sale any
    any 11 5-30
    5-30
    any
    any 22or
    ormore
    more life
    life
    possess ion and/or
    possession sale(trafficking
    and/orsale (trafficking 28-200 grams
    28-200 grams min. 5 \, $50,000
    mandatory 5
    min. mandatory
    In
    in cocaine)
    cocaine) 200 -400
    200- 400 grams
    grams min. mandatory7 $100,000
    mandatory? \1 $100,000
    400 ,I grams
    grams min.
    min. mandatory 15 ~\ $250,000
    mandatory 15 $260,000
    HAWAII
    HAWAII promoting
    promoting dangerous
    dangerousdrug/3rd
    drug/3rddegree
    degree possession less
    possession less 11or2
    or2 max
    max.. 65
    than /aounce
    than 1Vfr ounce 3 or
    or more
    more extended
    extended terms
    terms
    promoting dangerous
    promoting dangerousdrug/2nd
    drug/2nddegme
    degree possession ¼
    possession W 11or2
    or2 max.~O
    max. 10
    ounce o~,more;
    ounce or more; or more
    3 o~ more extended terms
    extended terms
    distribution
    distnb ution
    promoting
    promoting dangerous
    dangerousdrug/1st
    drug/1 stdegree
    degree possessionover
    possession over 11or2
    or2 max.. 20
    max 20
    ~1oz.;
    oz/, distribution 3 or
    distribution or more
    more extended terms
    e.xtend,edterms
    over Mioz.;distri-
    over Vbot; distri-
    bution to
    bution tominor
    minor
    yrs.younger
    3 yrs. younger
    IDAHO
    IDAHO possession
    possession any
    any max. 3 anoVor max. $7,000
    possession any
    any 11 max. life and/or max. $25,000
    possessionwith
    withintent
    intenttotosell
    sello rorsale
    sale min. 3, max. life anoVor max. $25,000
    22

    ILUNOIS
    ILLINOIS possession unde~ 30 grams
    under 30 grams 1-3 and max. $15,000
    possession
    over
    over30
    30 grams 4-l5andrnax. $100,000
    possessionwith
    possession intenttotosell
    withintent sellororsale
    sale 30 grams
    under 30
    under grams 3-7 and max. $25,000
    over 30 grams
    over 30 grams 6-30 and max. $200,000
    under 33grams
    under grams fixed2, ±2fordrcumstances
    INDIANA
    INDIANA possession
    possession fixed 5, ± 3 for circumstances
    over3grams
    over3grams
    under33gral"l)IJ
    under grams fixed 10, H0or-4forcircumstances
    saleorpossasstonwith
    sale or possession withIntent
    Intenttotosell
    sell fixed30, i 20or-10forcircumstences
    orsale
    or sale over3grams
    over 3 grams
    max. 1 and/or max $1,000
    IOWA possession any
    max. 10 endtor max. $5,000
    sate or possession with intent to sel any
    1 min. 3-5, max. 10-20
    KANSAS possession or sale or possession with any min.6-15,max.20-life
    2
    intent to sell 3_ life
    1 1 -5 and/or $3,000-$5,000
    KENTUCKY possession any
    any 2 or mo re 5-10 anoVor $6,000-310,000
    1 6 -10 anoVor $5,000-$ 10,000
    sale any 10-20 anoVor $10.000-20,000
    any_ 2 or more
    wfthorwthouthardlabor,rnax.6 t>
    under 28 grams
    LOUISIANA possession possibly max. $5,000
    28-200 grams hardlabor,5-30 + min. $50,000
    200-400 grams hard labor, 10-30 + mln.$1W,OO0
    hardlabcr, 16-30 t min.$250,000
    4001 grama
    hard labor, 6-30 and possibly max.
    sate, manufactureor possession with any $15,000
    intent to sell
    Cocahw
    Co and
    <:ai,1e a the Law
    ,1cl the Laz,·
    66
    66
    Overview of
    eveiview of Cocaine
    Cocaine Laws
    Laws (continued)
    (continued)

    Quantity
    Quan tity Offense
    Offe nse Term (Years)
    Torm (Years)/ / Fine
    Fine ($)
    (S)
    State
    State Violation
    \liolatron
    • any
    any definint
    def e min.
    ininte min. 11and/or
    and/ormax.
    max.$1)000
    $1,000
    MAINE
    MAINE possession
    sale
    cate or
    nr possession vv
    with intent10tosell
    ith intent sell any
    any dofinite
    definite max.
    max. 10
    10and/or
    and/or max.
    max.$10,000
    S1G,00G
    manufactureor
    possession, manufacture orsale
    sale any
    any 1 ma.x.
    max. 20 1i possibly ma.x.
    max. $25,000
    $25,000
    WJlYLANli>
    MARYLAND 2 min. 10
    10
    trafficking
    trafficking or,
    orpossession
    possessionwith
    withintent sell 28-
    intenttotosell 99gram
    28-99 gramss any mln. 3
    min. 3. max. 15 1I $2,6000-
    H (
    $261000
    S25000-525,000
    MASSACHU·
    MASSACHU¬ 100- 199grams
    100-199 grams any m!n, 5, max. 15 I\ $5,000-
    min. $50,000
    $5,000-550,000
    SE'l'TS
    SETTS 200 ,i grams any min. 10, max.
    ma.x. 15 1I S20,000 - $200,000
    520,000-$200,000
    possessionwith
    withintent
    intenttotosell
    sell an.y
    any 1 max. 10state
    stale or
    or max. 2Vshouse
    max. 21/2 houseofof
    corrections and/or
    corrections and/or $11 000--$10 000
    S1,OOG-S10,000
    2 min. 3, max. 10 and/or $2,500~$26,000
    min. $2,500-525,000
    possession less.than
    less than5050grams
    grams max. 4 and/or max.max. $2,000
    $2,000
    M[CHrGAN
    MICHIGAN 50- 225grams
    50-225 grams 10-
    10-2020 or life probati0n
    probation
    225-650 grams
    225-650 grams 20- 30
    20-30
    650•1 grams
    6501 grams lffe
    life
    possession any max. 5 and/or max. $5,000
    S5,000
    MINNES0TA
    MINNESOTA
    sale any 1 m.ax.
    max. 15 and/or max. $26,000
    $25,000
    any 20~m0Je min. n,
    1,max.
    max.30 30and/0r
    and/ormax.
    max.$50,000
    550,000
    MISSISSIPPI possesslon
    possession any,
    any any max. 3,anif!/or,
    3 and/or max. S30i000
    $30,000
    sate
    sale any any max. 30 and/or max.max. $1,000,000
    51,000,000
    MISSOURI
    •
    possession
    possession any 11 max,
    max. 20
    any, 2 5-lite
    5-life
    any 3 ifO-life
    10-life
    sale
    sale any 1 5-llfe
    5-life
    any
    any 2 rro-,fife
    10-life
    MONTANA possession any max. 5 state
    state and/or,max.
    anoVor max.$50:000
    $50,000
    possession with intent to sell
    sale
    any
    any
    any
    1
    2
    ma~.
    max. '2020 state
    ~1- -life •ooo
    state and/or
    anoVormax.
    lifean'd/or,max.
    A0-1ffe
    and/or max. $5W
    10-life and/on
    anoVor max.
    max.$50JOOO

    max.$58,000
    550,000

    $50,000
    80¥ 3 -20-llfe
    20—lifeand/er
    and/ormax.
    max.$50;000
    S50,OC0
    NEBRASKA possession max. 5, min. none and/or $10,000
    sale max. 20, min. 1 and/or $25,000
    NEVADA possession 1 -6 and possibly max. $5/
    1 -10 and possibly max. 510,000
    1 -20 and possibly max. $20/
    sale life or definite 1-20 + possibiymax.
    S20,000
    life or definite 5-20 * possibiymax.
    $20,000
    lifeordefinitemin. 15 i possibiymax.
    $20,000
    1-15 i- max, $6,000
    5-16 * max $10,000
    15 i max. $20,000
    HAMPSHIRE max. 7
    2 or more max. IS
    sale
    any max. 16, extended term for certain
    circumstances
    Cocaine
    (,'r>ccri and th
    11ecr11d the Law
    e Lctlt'
    67

    State
    State Violation
    Viol ation Quantity
    Quantity Offen se
    Offense Term / Ftne ($)
    Term (Years)
    (Years)/Fine(S)
    NEWJERSEY
    NEWJERSEY possessionAA:: less
    possession lessthan
    man11
    oz.oz. including
    including or 11oz. oror
    oz. more
    more max.
    max 5 l1 possibly max.
    possibly max. $16,000
    $15,000
    adulterants including
    including less
    lessthan
    than
    3.5grams of
    3.5 ofthe
    the
    pure freo
    freebase
    base
    possession
    possession 8B:: more
    more than
    than11oz.oz.
    Including
    including must
    must Include
    includeat at max. 7 1f possibly max.
    possibly max $15,000
    $15,000
    adulterants or
    ordllutants
    dilutants least3,5
    3.5 grams
    gramsof of
    the pure free
    Iroc base
    base
    sale,
    sale, possession with
    possession intenttotosell
    withintent sell
    - same asas A
    A above
    above max.12
    max 12 1l possibl
    possibly y max.
    max, $26 ,000
    $25,000
    same asas B
    8 above
    above max.
    max life + posslbly
    life 1- possibly max.max. S2 51000
    S25,000
    NEW MEXICO
    NEWMEXICO possession any ½ •*•
    11Vi 1 possibl y max.$5,000
    possibiymax$5,000
    trafficking (sole,
    (sate,possession
    possessionwith
    with intent any
    intent 1 9 ,* possibly mex.max $10,000
    S10,000
    to self)
    sell) any 2 18 11 possibl
    18 y max. $16,000
    possiblymax,Sl5,000
    NEW
    NEWYORK
    YORK possession
    possess ion than¼Vfeoz.
    lessthan oz. max 11and/or
    max. max$1,000
    and/ormax. S10O0
    MJOZ.-VJOZ.
    ½J oz.-l/1 oz. indeterminate n
    lhdeterminate - 15
    1-16
    ftoz,-2oz.
    V2 oz.-2 oz. indeterminate 1-25
    indeterminate~ -2.S
    22oz,-4oz,
    oz.- 4 oz. 3—life
    indeterminate3,..nfe
    4 oz. or more
    4oz.ormore indeterminate 16-
    Indeterminate 15 -life
    life
    sale than'hVioz.
    lessthan oz. indeterminate1-
    -- 25
    1-25
    tf?Oz.-2oz.
    ½ oz.- 2 oz. indeterminate 3-i llfe
    3—life
    2oz.
    2 oz. onmore
    or more indeterminate l1
    lndetermlhate 15-life
    6-'life
    NORTH
    NORTH possession
    possession than!
    lessthan gram
    1 gram max. 2 and/or max$2,000
    anoVormax. $2,000
    CAROLINA
    CAROLINA 1 gram or more
    gramormore max,
    max 5 end/or
    anoVormax.
    max $6,000
    $5,000
    sale any
    any max. 1'0
    10 and/ormax.max. $10 ,000
    $10,000
    NORTH
    NORTH possession
    possession any 5 and/orSS
    max.5and/or
    max. 1000
    $5,000
    DAKOTA
    DAKOTA
    sale, manufacture,
    manufacture,possession
    possessionwwith
    ith any max. 20
    max. 20 and/or$10,000
    $10,000
    intent to
    Intent to sell
    sell
    OM!O
    OHIO possession
    possession
    • any n
    1 ½-5
    tt-5 max. $2Ji()O
    $2,500
    any 2o~m0re
    2 or more 1-10 max.
    max, $6,000
    $5,000
    trafficking than10
    lessthan lOgrams
    grams 1 1-10max.$6,000
    1- 10 max. $5,000
    than10
    lessthan 10grams
    grams 22ormore
    or more 2-15
    2- 15 max.
    max. $7,60()
    $7,500
    OKLAHOMA I poaession
    possession any 1 2-10
    any 2 or more 4-20
    4-20
    sale, manufacture, possession with any 1 5-20 end max. $20,000
    \ intent to sell any 2 or more twice the above
    OREGON l possession any max. 5
    any max. 10 + possibly max, $2,500 or
    sale max that of gain by the crime
    | possession any max3ormax $5,000
    PENNSYL-
    VANIA
    sale any 1 max 15or max. $250,000
    any 2 or more may double above
    RHODE [possession any max SenoVor max $1,000
    ISLAND
    any max. life
    [ sale
    Cocaine and
    Cocaine the
    arzd th e LI Mir
    c1Lll
    68
    68
    Overview of Cocaine
    . w of
    Overv1e Cocaine Law
    L a w ss (continued)
    (continued)

    Quantity
    Quantity Offense T e r m ( Y e a r s ) / F i n e (S)
    State
    State Violation
    Viol ation
    up to 10 11 ~-a
    max. -d7 o_r_
    -x-.2=-a
    n
    2 and or m
    -a x- _-::
    max $::-
    5,-0::-
    ::00:------.,I
    $5,000
    10 grains
    groins
    SOUTH
    SOUTH possession
    possession up to 10 grains
    grains 2 max.
    max, 3 and/or max. $5,000S5.GO0
    CAROLINA
    CAROLINA up to 10
    10 grains
    grains 3ormore
    3 or more max. 4 and/or max. $10,000
    $10,00(
    any
    -- 1 max.
    max. 1515 and/o,-m- ax-.-:::
    and/or max. $2:::5::-,:'.
    $25, 000
    ::----~
    sale
    sate, manufacture
    manufacture,, possess ion with
    possession with
    inte~t
    intent to
    tosell
    sell(possession
    (possessionofofmore
    more than
    than any 2 5-
    5-3030 and/or max. $50,000
    $50,•Hi
    10grains
    grainsIsis
    presumptive
    presumptiveof intent to sell)any
    to sell)
    of intent 3ormor
    3 e
    or more 15-
    15-3030 and/or max. S50 550,1000
    10- 28grams
    10-28 grams any
    any 3-10 $10,000
    3-1 0 tt S10,( Ml
    ---- -J
    trafficking
    trafficking
    28-199
    28-199 grams
    grams 7- 25 Ii $50,000
    7-25
    200- 399grams
    200-399 grams 10-
    10-25 $100;000
    25 tI S100,000
    400i grams
    400·1 15-30 $200,000
    15- 30 1t 5200,1 in
    SOUTH
    SOUTH possession
    possess ron any 2 and/or
    anoVor $2,000
    $2, . . i
    DAKOTA
    DAKOTA
    sale,
    sale, manufacture
    manufacture, , possession
    possessionwith
    with any 10 *~ possibly $10,000
    $10;
    with
    with intent
    intenttotosell
    sell
    TENNESSEE
    TENNESSEE possession
    possession any 1 max. 1 1and/or
    and/ormax.
    max,S1,000
    SI;
    any 2 1-22
    1-
    any 3or
    3 or more 2-3
    2 -3
    sale
    sale than30
    lessthan 30grams
    grams 4-1
    4-100+ + possibly
    possibly max.
    max. $15,000
    $15,000
    30+ grams 10- life 1-
    10-life possibly max. $200,000
    *-possibly $200;
    ·habitual
    habitual drug
    drugoffender"
    offender 4

    multiple violations
    multiple violations 10-life possibly max. $200,000
    10-life I\ possibiymax.S200,<
    TEXAS
    TEXAS possession
    possession less than
    than2828grams
    grams any 2-20
    2-20 1\ max
    max.. $10,000
    $10,000
    28-399 grams
    28-399 grams any 5- 99 or life +
    5-99orlife maX<. $50,000
    + max.S50,00
    400 I grams
    400-i grams any ~0-99 or llfe
    10-99 or max.$100,000
    life i+ max.S100;
    saleand
    and possession
    possessionwith
    withIntent
    intenttotosell
    sell less than
    ----
    than2828grams
    t--'---1-------5-99 or life t max.-$20,000
    grams any
    - -'-----i
    (aggregate
    (aggregateweight
    weightincluding 8f1'fany
    including 5-99 or life t max. 520,00
    adulterant.s
    oror
    adu/terants dilutant.s)
    dilutantsS
    28-199 grams
    28- 199grams any 5-99 or life +
    5-99orlife max. $50,000
    +• max. $50,00
    200-399 grams
    200-399 grams any 10-99 or life +
    10-99orlife I max. $100,000
    max.$100,i
    400 \ grams
    400 1- grams any
    any 15-99 or,life
    UTAH 15-99 or life I+ max
    max.. $200,000
    $200,
    UTAH possession
    possession any 1
    any
    any
    1 V7 and/or
    max, 1/1
    max. anoVor max.max. $299
    S299
    any 2 max. 11and/or
    anoVor max.
    max,$1,000
    S1,0QC
    any
    any 3 or more max. 5
    max. 5
    saleor possessionwith
    orpossession withIntent
    intenttoto
    sell
    sell any
    VERMONT
    VERMONT J)088esslon
    possession any
    , max.
    max
    15 and/or max
    max. 15
    max.. 1 and/ormax.
    1anc:Vor
    max.. $15,000
    max.$1,000
    $15,1
    $1,000
    2ormore
    2 or more max. 2 + 1
    max.2 1dayand/ormax.
    day and/ormax. $3,1
    posse
    possession withlntentto
    Illian with intent tosell oror
    sell posses.
    posses-
    alonofmore
    sionof than600
    morethan 500milligrams
    milligrams max. 3 end/or max. S3;
    ~,11810.nwlth
    possession withIntent
    intenttotosellsame
    sell samefora
    fora
    .~.!.,
    1
    1100 '-=..iii""
    consideration or in an amount of more
    ortoanarnountofmore max. 5 and/or max. 55,

    ~m~~~~~=~+--~-:-1~~~
    than 1 gram
    nUlaCUJre a n d d i e e r B i n a n
    ?u'anu? P 9 Y
    max. 5 anoVor max.510,000
    sale to person under 16 years old
    VIRGINIA possession max25 anoVor max. $25;
    any
    sale or possession with intent to sell 1-10 and/or max, $r
    WASHINGTON possession
    sale or rjoasession with inientto sell max. 5 and/or max. $10,
    any
    max. 10 and/or max, $25,000
    Cocaine
    (,'rJC(IIJ I (' (and
    Iii(///)(! the/ , Law
    [ {((I
    69
    69
    --
    VIolotlon
    Violation Ouontlly
    Quantity
    - Offonao
    Offense Torm Fine (S)
    State Term (Yoora) //Fme($)
    Slate
    WEST po
    -
    possession
    !UIOSOlon any
    1111v - v~
    (Years)
    *fy llnfllor
    V*- If, anoVor m1111
    max.. $1,000
    $1,000
    VIRGINIA
    VIRGINIA
    sale or posoa:rnlon
    1o or
    a.1 possessionwiwith intent
    th lntu1'1 lOto tell
    110II any
    nnv 1i -is anoVormox
    I& nnd/or ma*.S16
    $15,000
    ,000
    -
    WISCONSIN
    WISCONSIN possession
    po9'lO$:JIOn any
    unv 11 rn111<.
    max. 11ondlor
    and/ofmt,K
    max.U,000
    $6,000
    nny
    any 72or'"°"'
    or more mait ? oncVo,
    max. 2 arvVo'm11.l(
    max.S10,000
    $10,000
    m,,,,
    WYOMING
    W'IOMING
    sale
    - or posso'lslon
    S{I lo or

    possession
    possessionw,th
    withlntunt
    intenttotosoil
    tall any
    llflY
    ony
    any
    uny
    any
    1-?
    1-2
    3or
    3 or moru
    mom
    16hl\d/or
    max. 15
    -
    m . M Y, llndlOt
    rtllM..i
    max.S26,000
    anoVorMa)(
    **u,i ~
    a

    max f,5nl\d/or
    rr1b;,<
    $25,000
    rnax $1,000
    $1,000
    max~.000
    anoVorma.t $6,000
    soto oorr posst'·,sion
    sale possessionwith
    withlntont
    intenttotosoll
    sell onv
    ony mm<. 20
    max. 20 ondfor
    ancVof fnb1(
    max. $26,000
    $25,000
    -
    iC~h~a
    :2
    p~te~
    rJF~
    i~ve~--- ------- -- - - --

    Adulterants
    Adulter ants
    . . I I less materials is safer to use than pure cocaine.

    ~This
    ^^f^^^^ ^Z
    is a
    his is a mych
    myth based on
    based on ct
    .
    Some people arguer I1ac coca.ul
    · ch
    cither
    ·
    •
    • e cue
    , „ r wtth
    (a) the
    «,irh relac1vc
    rrhrivclv
    . f' h
    belle
    er (a) the bcUc. ma
    t at
    . .
    y harmless
    \arm
    cocaine ..
    materials is safer to use. than pure
    . . ·is" b'ighly coxic l'lhysiolog1cally
    is a highly
    > r-
    ..owcrfuJetor most people cohandle.
    p c o
    d ·
    a d 1ct1
    TO physiologically
    .
    handle.Neither
    p
    cocaine.
    · d
    vc rug, er
    addictive
    Nc 1tl1crclaim
    l c t o
    .
    ola1m
    drug, or

    (b) the n0do n chat the cffcct_s


    S of pure cocdrunc_ ar~ t~ p .,s rapidly
    rapidly dctoMificd
    d e t o i by ov the
    the liver
    liver and
    and itit is
    is aa mild
    mi,
    has any basis in tact.E~ccpt tn very large oscs, cocaine l
    euphoric
    cupl1oric stimulant,
    stimulant, not P0'-vtrful one.
    nor a powerful one. Richard Ashley,
    HighTin-J.es,
    Hjgh Times, 1979.
    1979.

    )
    As the price of
    of illicit cocaine continues
    continue s to rise, it
    increasingly likely that
    becomes increasingly that one
    one or more
    more persons
    persons in the
    trade hierarchy
    trade hieraFchy will attempt to increase
    will atJtempt ~ncrease his
    his profits
    profits by by
    cutting the
    cutting cocaine with
    the cocaine with aa substance
    substance of of lesser
    lesser value.
    value.
    Although it
    Although it is
    is the
    the consumer
    consumer who will Mltimately
    who will ultimately be be
    cheated, he
    cheated, he may
    may oftern
    often encourage
    encourage adulteration
    adulteration by by failing
    failing to
    to
    set and
    set and maintain
    maintain aa qualitative
    qualitative standard by which
    stan.dard by which to to judge
    judge
    each purchase.
    each purchase. In In fact, cocaine is
    fact, cocaine is often
    often adlillterated
    adulterated in order
    in order
    to lower
    to lower the the selling
    selling price
    price inin accordance
    accordance with
    with buyer
    buyer criteri~
    criteria.
    Many unaware
    Many unaware consumers
    consumers stubbornly cling to
    stubbornly cling to the
    the belief
    bell
    that $ 1 0 0 gram
    that aa $100 gram which
    which is 5 0 % adulterant
    is so% adulterant isis aa better
    better v~ value
    than $150 gram
    than aa $150 gram which
    which is is untouched.
    untouched.

    These days it is extremely rare for illicit cocaine to


    reach the United States in pure, unadulterated form. This
    is often due to intentional deletion of steps in the refining
    process, steps which could decrease the yield by elimi-
    nating organic impurities. The result is a higher yield of
    cruder cocaine.base which rarely exceeds 5 0 % in purity.
    While* is unadulterated, it is still very far from pure
    cMrZ f
    c h l o r i c form,
    l ™ * i n v e r t e d to the hydro-
    C O C a i n c i s

    the processor will often add an extreme


    Adulterants
    It/It l I c>
    rc1I I IS
    71
    excess o
    excess hydrochloric
    off l1) acid
    .,c,Li in
    'droc:l1l<>ri1.. order to speed
    in order speed up up tthe
    he
    reaction and maintain .1
    and maint.1u1 a l1igl1
    high yield.
    yiclli. The
    ~fl1c extra acid ofte
    extra acid often
    n
    results in some decomposition
    in some dc-.:01111>osirio11 of the cocaine molecule
    of tl1c molecu le
    benzoylecgonine
    into bc11 and ccgo11i11c.
    Z0)1 lccgo11inc ar1(l ecgonine. Tllis
    This n1ay
    may be easily
    detected by tl1c the odor
    odor of wintergreen caused
    \vir1tcrgrccn cause d by the forma-
    for1na-
    tion
    cio 11o f m
    methyl
    etl1yl benzoatc from the
    bcnzoatc fron1 decomposition
    tl1c ticco products.
    n1positi o 11 11rodu crs.

    Adulteration
    Adult eration at cl the source
    1c so accomplished
    urce is accomp lished by several
    means
    mean s inin additi
    addition
    on toto forcing a ma...'<
    maximum yield from
    iinwn yield the
    from the
    leaves.
    leaves. There
    Th ere do exist fields o f coca w which
    llich were
    were formerly
    forme rly
    considered
    cons worthless
    idered ,vo rthl ess for cocaine production
    prod uctio n due to tthe he
    virtual
    virrual nonexistence
    nonexist ence of o f co
    cocaine
    caine in
    in the
    tl1e leaves. H However,
    oweve r,
    base made
    made from these
    from the se leaves may be combin
    leaves may combined with ''goo
    ed witl1 "goodd
    in orde
    base" in orderr to
    to increase the weigh
    weight.t.
    Synthetic
    Synth local anescl1ccics,
    etic local lidocainc, may
    anesthetics, especially lidocaine,
    be oobtained
    bt ained over th the counterr in
    e counte Venezuela
    in Ve nezuela and Colombia.
    Co lombia .
    When lidocaine
    lidocainc is add added during
    ed durin crystallization,, and
    g crystallization and its
    amountt linut
    amoun limited
    ed to 225%5 % or less, it is very difficult
    difficult to detect.
    detect .
    course,
    Of cour se, oonce 2 5 % cut is successful,
    nce a 25% the amount
    successful , the amount is likely
    likely
    to increase
    increase in in prop
    proportion
    o rtion to the th e greed which
    which motivates
    motivates it.
    While
    While oother synthetic
    ther syntheti locall anesthetic
    c loca anesthetics often found
    s arc often found inin
    illicit cocaine,
    cocaine, only lidocainc is readily available in South
    onl y lidocainc South
    America, therefore logical
    America. It is therefore logical to assume
    assume that
    that a lidocaine
    lidocaine
    added close
    cut was added close to tl1cthe source
    source whereas other synthetics
    whereas other synthetics
    have been
    may have been added
    added a little
    little closer
    closer to home.
    home.

    Once the
    Once the cocaine
    cocaine has reached
    reached thethe United
    United States, it
    becomes impossible
    becomes impossible toto increase
    increase the
    the weight
    weight byby forcing
    forcing aa
    higher yield
    higher yield from
    from the
    the leaves.
    leaves. The
    The cocaine
    cocaine is
    is now
    now in
    in the
    the
    hands of
    hands of salesmen
    salesmen toto whom
    whom adulteration
    adulteration may
    may bebe the
    the only
    only
    means of
    means of increasing
    increasing the
    the pro.fits.
    profits. In
    In order
    order to
    to accomplish
    accomplish
    this, the
    this,tthe cocaine
    cocaine and
    and anan appropriate
    appropriate adulterant
    adulterant ~~
    may ~ be
    reduced ~ to liquids,
    liquids, co,mbincg,
    combined, and and rcco~ti~
    reconstituted
    I together
    in solid form. ©. Often, this ~is · done with some form of
    ~ ,...:,!•
    mannitol, a mild baby laxative which is probably the most
    common cut used in the United States. Mannitol ("Man-
    nite") is a white crystalline powder which is cheap and easy
    to get. As "the accepted cocaine cut," it has been adver-
    tised in several paraphernalia trade magazines and sold in
    "head shops." It is by far the least harmful of the more
    Adulter
    .-
    1tli• IIr:., ',. ··.,·
    72
    common adulterants
    common 3du in terms
    ltcran ts in terms of
    of its toxicity and
    and its effect
    Most people
    Most people dondon't 't
    on the cocaine. Regardless of
    cocai11c . Regardless of its benig
    benign qualities,
    n quali tiesDto be
    Imow what
    know what they're
    they're 011
    sold mannitol
    sold mannitol as cocaine is to be cheated.
    cheated.
    blowing anyway-
    blowing anyway—
    they know what
    they know what
    and sucrose are
    Lactose and arc two sugars whwhich
    ich are found
    they've been buying
    they've been buying..
    You offer
    offer them
    them pure
    pure in adulterated almost as often
    adulterated cocaine almost mannitol.. They
    ofte n as mannitol They
    You
    quite easily obtait1cd,
    are quite obtained, very inexpensive
    inexpensive,, and
    and relatively
    relatively
    and they
    and they won't
    won't meet
    meet
    your P.rice
    price—they say harmless. They
    harmless. They will, however,
    however, dull the appearance of the
    your -they say
    it's shit because
    because 1tit cocaine,
    coca cause post-nasal
    ine, cause post-nasal drip,
    drip, and
    and crust up
    up the
    tl1enose.
    it's shl.t
    doesn't look
    doesn't look like
    like what
    what
    they're used
    used to.
    to. So
    So Inositol is a B vitamin
    Inositol vitamin which
    which is sold
    sold in
    in health food
    food
    they're
    you hit
    hit it
    it with
    with some
    some stores.
    store relatively harmle
    s. It is a relatively harmless substance
    ss sub when consumed
    stance when
    you
    borax and they
    they pay
    pay knowingly,
    knowingl y, but
    but as a cocaine cut
    cut it may be extremely irritat-
    irritat-
    boraxand
    your
    your price.
    price.ButBut that
    that passages. It is also very easy to detect in
    ing to the nasal passages. in
    takes time.
    takes time.After
    Afteryouyou most of
    most of the
    the tests
    tests outlined
    outlined in
    in the testing
    testing section. Inositol is
    is
    unload most
    unload most of of it
    it at
    at sold as a white
    sold powder or as needle-shaped
    white crystalline powder needle-shaped
    an honest
    an honestprice,
    price, then
    then crystals.
    crystals.
    you can
    you fuck around
    can fuck around
    with what's
    with what's left
    left for
    for Caffeine is becoming most widely
    becoming the most widely used
    used stimulant
    stimulant
    the sucker trade.
    the sucker trade. to adulterate
    adulterate cocaine. It is sold
    sold over
    over the
    the counter
    counter at chemi-
    chemi-
    Moses Wellfleet,
    Moses Wcllfleet, coke
    coke supply stores
    cal supply stores and
    and comes as a small
    small percentage
    percentage of the
    in R. Sabbag,
    dealer, i.I1 Sabbag, ingredients in
    ingredients in stimulants
    stimulants like ''No Doz." Caffeine, likt
    " N o Doz.'' like
    Snow
    S11ow Blind,
    Bli11d, 1976.
    1976. cocaine, is an alkaloid. It is to coffee what
    what cocaine is ~
    cocaine .is to
    Unlike cocaine, however,
    coca. Unlike however, caffeine clogs upup the~
    the nose
    and irritates
    and irritates the nasal membranes.
    membranes.

    Amphetamine or "speed" is a stimulant less com-


    monly used to adulterate cocaine. It is much stronger than
    caffeine and is usually used to restore the buzz to overly
    adulterated cocaine. Speed is actually quite popular in its
    own right, but it is not cocaine, and can be purchased as
    speed for half the price.

    Quinine, though one of the most detrimental of all


    cocaine cuts, is stili widely used. Quinine can produce a
    reaction in the body quite separate from cocaine. The
    mood may become somewhat depressed. It can cause ring-
    ing m die ears, impaired vision, and can lead to nausea and
    headache. Its effect on the nasal membranes can be severe
    irritation from frequent use. Quinine is often used to
    adulterate heroin, and can be fatal when injected or even
    snorted. 1

    (Continued on pag* 74)


    •Adulterants
    tc/11/1err, 11ts
    73

    FREQUENCY OF APPEARANCE
    FREQUENCY APPEARANCE OF
    A D U L T E R A N T S IN
    ADULTERANTS IN COCAINE
    COCA INE

    °j JJO
    -Q.
    E
    Ill l:?O ·
    ...
    It>
    ....
    N
    «>
    C
    1I0
    ·-
    R 100 •
    f:,
    0.
    :a 90 ·
    -s
    '0

    ;
    -E
    Q.
    80

    -"• 70

    -,,
    C:
    60
    C:

    -I
    :,
    0
    50

    8C:
    40
    ii
    30

    20

    10

    Of 251 samples, 81 vwre not idulUratid [approx. 68% wtre adulur.ted).


    (at* from ftrnmChm w t o r i * s**>/« «** " p o r
    *
    eoettot daring J»no»ry »nd F*bru*ry "> '981.)
    Adulterants
    1ltl11t te1·c111/.,;

    The
    The most most common
    commo11 of of the
    the active adulter
    adulterants
    ants arc the
    synthetic local
    synthetic anesthetics. These
    local ancsthcti<:-5- These include
    inc_ludebut but arc not fun-
    are ?or lim-
    ited to
    ired to lidocaine,
    lidocain e, procaine,
    procaine, tetracaine, benzocaine,
    tetracam e, benzoca 1ne, and
    butacainc. Since
    butacaine. Since cocaine is also a local local anesthetic,
    anesthetic, these
    synthetics
    S}' simulate some
    nthecics will simulate some of ?1e cffeas
    of the effects ofof cocaine and
    and
    are available at a much
    arc available much lowerlower price.
    price. When
    When properly
    properly com-
    bined, cocaine
    bined, cocaine cut with with a synthetic
    synthetic can be very very difficult to
    det ect by
    detect by any street
    street test,
    test, and
    and just
    just as difficult to remove
    using
    using simple
    simple purification
    purification techniques.
    techniques. One One of of the most
    discernablc
    disccrnable differences benvccn cocaine and
    differences between and lidocaine,
    lidocainc, for
    example, is that
    example, that lido
    lidocainc
    caine doesdocs notnot produce
    produce euphoria.
    eup ho ria.
    Cocaine alone
    Cocaine alone possesses thi thiss quality.
    quality. Lidocaine
    Lidocaine has has aamo
    morere
    pronounced bitter
    pronounced bitter taste,
    taste, producing
    producing almos almostt immediate
    imm edi ate
    numbing and
    nwnbing and lasting
    lasting longe
    longerr than
    than cocaine anes anesthesia. While
    thesia. While
    only tetracaine
    only tetra caine is of higher toxicity than
    of higher than cocaine, all of the the
    synthetics will produce
    synthetics produce a state of of mind
    mind which is somewhat
    somewhat
    hazy
    hazy as compared
    compared ro to the
    the clarity
    clarity ofof coca
    cocaine.
    ine.
    The adulte
    The adulterants listed above
    rants Listed above arc by far the the most com-
    mon.* Howeve
    mon.* However, there ar
    r, there arce very few sub substances
    stances which have
    not been
    not been usedused to adult
    adulterate
    erate cocaine at one time time or another.
    another.
    The
    T consumer can best pr
    he consumer protect himself
    o tect him having a sound
    self by having sound
    knowledge
    know ledge of of cocaine,
    cocaine, applapplying varied testing
    ying varied testing procedures
    procedures,,
    and abov
    and above all, using
    e all, using common
    common sense. sense. IfIf the
    the consumer
    consumer is is
    aware o
    aware off the
    the reaction
    reaction o off cocaine
    cocaine to to tests
    tests and
    and upon
    upon inges-
    inges-
    tion, it
    tion, it will
    will be
    be logical
    logical to to assume
    assume th that an unknown
    at an unknown reaction
    reaction
    is caused by
    is caused by an
    an adulterant.
    adulterant,

    #
    Phenylpropanolamine is a compound which is increasing in popular-
    ity as an adulterant for cocaine. In early 1981 it was the fourth mosr
    frequently identified adulterant, according to Pharm Chem Laborato-
    ries. It is the main ingredient in many non-prescription diet pills and
    overdoses can produce nervousness, sleeplessness, and dizziness. The
    melting point of the hydrochloride is 190-194*0, the base I O I - I O I . 5 ° C ,
    for cocaine these values arc 195' and 9 8 ° C , so if only the melting point
    above were considered, ic could pass for cocaine. This is another exam-
    ple o f the value of using a number o f tests on a sample.
    iC~l1~ap
    2!t~er~"· ~
    Six~ -------- ---

    Testing

    Cocaine testing involves somewhat


    somewhat more than aa
    knowledge of procedures.
    knowledge procedures. The tester must develop
    develop a feel
    feel
    for analyzing
    analyzing results and applying commoJil
    common sense.
    sense. While
    While
    mechanics of most tests are
    the mechanics actually quite simple,
    are actl:lally simple, the
    the
    interpretation of the results is much more complex.
    interpretation complex.
    practical approach
    A practical approach to testing talces
    takes into considei:
    considera-..
    location and circumstances
    tion the location circumstances surrounding each each tes
    test-
    ing situation.* Very fewfew buyers of illicit cocaine will
    illicit cocaine will be
    testing at the request
    testing request of the seller,
    seller, and seldom if et~
    ever will
    laboratory conditions.
    this be under laboratocy conditions.
    Many cocaine
    Many.: cocaine dealers,
    dealers, especially those wi.'a]
    especially those who claim to
    have
    t« knowledge oiiihe
    of the ijd~o
    origin or purity of the merchandise,
    .url.J a
    will interpret testing as a lack Qof faith in their integrity.

    * A number of chemical tests which give a color reaction with cocaine


    arc available but arc not included in this book. The experience of
    regular consumers is that samples usually do contain cocaine so other
    concerns become primary. Is it cut with something unpleasant (like
    quinine), and what is the percent purity? Converting a bit of the sample-
    to cocaine base and weighing it gives an estimate of the percent purity
    and other tests can detect quinine (die solubility tests). The CRC
    publication edited by Mule has excellent detailed discussions of color
    reaction tests; the book is currently hard to find in bookstores but
    available in many libraries.
    Testing/On
    'f'esti11
    ~C!. Location
    IO n Loc:c1tioY1
    77
    77
    Wl1ilc this . may in
    While this in feet
    fact
    . be be tl1c
    the case
    case,) mithiss m·interpretation
    tc rprctat1on · does
    d ocs
    not
    not make
    make 1 itt any
    · easier
    cl to accomplish
    · the ori ·ooin-
    original ' intention
    ·
    -·<U mtentlon
    .
    that
    m at o off cesnng
    testing . the cocaine. Besides
    1c cocame. Besides,, aa ncga negative attitude
    u·ve aruru · dc)
    towardss testing
    toward tesung docs doc s not not nece~sarily
    necessarily indicate
    indicate dishonesty
    dishonesty.
    Many sellers do not
    not have the the tune
    time to let each gram gram buyer K n o w what
    ~ow what you
    you
    . fdo . lly . .
    b
    u ycr intend to do
    1ntend and how
    do and how
    run aa series
    scries o of tests, especta
    especially if itifrequires
    it requires an an effort
    effort 00 on their
    th eir
    part to comply.
    part to comply. you intend
    you intend to do
    do it,
    it,
    and
    and bebe confident
    confident in
    in
    The seasoned
    The seasoned conswner consumer takes these these factors into into con-
    co _
    your right to examine
    your right examine
    sideration and
    sideration and ?a hass with
    with him the the necessary
    neces~arymaterials to to.per-
    pe~-
    the merchandise
    the merchandise
    form the
    form the tests
    tests m in orde
    orderr to to lessen the inconvenience
    inconvenience to the
    before buying.
    before buying.
    seller. A small portable
    seJJer. portable testingtesting kit with with which the con-
    sumerr is familiar
    sume familiar is used used forfor this purpose.
    this purpose. -— David
    David Lee
    Lcc
    common scller,s
    A common seller's response
    response to a desire desire to test test tl1c
    the
    cocaine is to offer a small taste
    cocaine taste as proof proof of quality. A
    of its quality. A
    polite
    polit refusal to use the
    e refusal tl1e cocaine prior prior to testing
    testing should
    should
    only str
    strengthen
    engthen th the consumer's position
    e consumer's position and and may well be
    interpreted by
    interpreted by the
    the seller
    seller as proof of
    as proof of the
    the buyer's sincerity. It
    buyer's sincerity. It
    should be
    should be notednoted th that consumption of
    at consumption of cocaine
    cocaine prior prior ro to
    testing often
    testing often effects
    effects the the interpretation
    interpretation of of thethe results.
    results. A A
    cocaine
    coca dealer always
    ine dealer always seemsseems more more tru trustworthy
    stworthy after after turn-
    turn-
    ing a
    ing a prospe
    prospective ctive bu buyer
    yer onon to to a a free
    free snort,
    snort, and and thethe desire
    desire
    for another
    for another often often hastens
    hastens testing
    testing procedures
    procedures or or evea
    even elimi-
    elimi-
    nates them.
    nates them. ConsumerConsumer willpowerwillpower to to abstain
    abstain is is important
    important
    here, at
    here, at least
    least until
    until thethe tests
    tests have
    have beenbeen completed.
    completed.

    On Location
    OnLocation
    Let's assume that the buyer has arrived at the seller's
    house to purchase a gram of cocaine which is of unknown
    quality. Since the seller is likely to be using the same coke
    he is selling, the atmosphere surrounding him (the vibes)
    may provide the first indication of its quality. His state of
    mind may well tell how the same cocaine will affect the
    buyer. If, by chance, the seller is not using the same co-
    caine he is selling, this should also say something about the
    quality.
    It would be unusual for the buyer to be shown more
    than the gram he is buying or to sec the gram weighed , but
    should the opportunity arise, there are twe.good^ reason
    to take advantage of it. The first thing looked for will be
    Testing/On
    1es/iJ'1 Location
    .g/011 Locc11lo11
    the proportion
    .. of pieces
    ·on of ieccs to
    co duff
    duff (powder).
    (powd er). How docs this
    I-lo\v. docs tl1is
    the proporo
    ompare that inp
    to that in the gram being
    the gram being pur chased ? If
    purchased? If tl1e seller
    the seller
    scompare co c, for eitl1cr it is likely th at the) ' are not
    not
    how s a pre1crcnce for cither,, it is likely that
    h Z a preference . dthey . are .h
    sthe same (M (Most duJterants w
    s adulterants l1icl1 are
    which arc mrx
    mixed c u1 wit o ut
    in without
    the s~c. . o will
    reconstitution r .1a1 be
    be fotind
    found in
    in the
    the duff.
    duff.)) IIff the
    the seller
    seller is
    is
    reconsur unon Wl c ·th ·
    .indiscriminate,
    d. . . , cc sllowing
    showing . no
    no prcfcrc11ce
    preference 1 or c1
    for either, er, 1t
    it may
    1n 1scnm 1na ,
    mean that
    mean that there
    thore is no no difference.
    difference.

    Thee sccol'ld
    Th second reason
    reason has
    has co
    to do with odor.
    do witl1 odor. A ~argelarge
    amount off illicit
    illicit cocaine
    cocaine wl1icl1
    which J1as
    has not
    not cha.i1ged
    changed conta
    containers
    iners
    amount o . . . h bl d tJ
    ~ cJ \Vi
    recently will give off
    ll give off a mo
    more distinguishable
    re d1st1ngu1s a c oodoro r than
    1an a
    newly
    Y
    recen weighed gram in a paper
    b. d l H.
    bindle. High
    h
    newly weighed gram in paper · m e. 1g qua 1ty ~ 1c1t
    1·
    quality
    ·11· ·
    illicit
    cocaine has little odor,
    cocaine odor, and
    and a recent
    recent change of contai
    chan ge of containers
    ner s
    may
    may make itit falsely
    falsely seem
    seem odorless.
    odorless.

    There are two


    There two distinguishable
    distinguishable scents
    scents wwhich
    hich are found
    found
    illicit cocaine.
    in illicit cocaine. A A swee
    sweett smell
    smell reminiscent
    reminiscent of of wintergreen
    wintergreen
    is
    is very common.
    common. It Itss presence
    presence usuusually
    ally indicates
    indicate s that some of
    that some of
    tiie cocaine has
    the cocaine has decomp
    decomposed. This odor
    ose d . This odor isis usually accom-
    usuall y accom-
    panied
    panied by an an excess
    excess of hydrochloric
    of hydro chlori c acid and an
    acid and an extreme
    extreme
    oiliness in
    oiliness in the
    the cocaine
    cocaine.. A A dusty
    du sty oror musty
    musty smell may indi
    smell may indi--
    cate the
    cate the presence
    presence of of anan abnormal
    abnormal amount
    amount of cocamine.
    of cocamine.
    This type
    This type ofof cocaine
    cocaine is is usually
    usually more
    more opaque
    opaque inin appearance
    appearance
    with less
    with less of
    of aa tendency
    tendency to to form
    form flakelike crystals.
    flakelike crystals.

    More often than


    More often than not, the gram
    not, the gram being purchased \vill
    being purchased will
    have been
    have been prepackaged
    prepackaged and and preweighed.
    preweighed. Proper
    Proper etiquette
    etiquette
    for the
    calls for the consumer
    consumer to make known
    to make known hishis intention
    intention to
    to test
    test
    the merchandise
    the merchandise and and offer
    offer toto pay
    pay for
    for any
    any cocaine
    cocaine used
    used in
    in
    the process.
    the process. TheThe bindle
    bindle isis not
    not even
    even opened
    opened until
    until this
    this has
    has
    been made
    been made clear.
    clear. If
    If for
    for some
    some reason
    reason this
    this is
    is unacceptable
    unacceptable to to
    the seJler
    the seller,1the
    the buyer
    buyer may
    may suggest
    suggest that
    that the
    the product
    product be tested
    tested
    ~~~ 0lfie} met:retw:ned shotudthe ~ oi
    ;:..·J,'_i h,,••r

    Sensory Examination

    proves to Va^y C X a
    ? i n a t i o n
    - not only free but often
    take a g o o ^ C k T t t " ^ 8
    * "> T h c i d c a

    volume, density color S p a y i n a t t c n r i o n c o t h c

    very light and HuffV


    Cr
    a ^f t a U i n i t y- P " « cocaine is
    "7- a gram will more than fill a standard
    Testing/On
    7estl11 Location
    g/0 11LcJc,
    ,11011
    79
    bindle;; screened
    size bindle screened it will rill a 4-millilitcr
    ,,·ill fill 4-miUilitct bottle
    bottle.. Denser
    substances,
    substan whether natural
    ces, whether natural or added added adult
    adulterants,
    erant s, will
    greatly de_
    greatly decrease the _volume.
    creasc the volume. Pure Pure cocaine hydrochlo
    hydrochloride ride is
    very wl11te
    a very white crystalJ1nc
    crystalline subs
    substance.
    tance. ItItss sparkle
    sparkle is reminiscent
    reminiscent
    of diamonds.
    ~f diam Does the
    ond s. Does propective gram
    the ~ropective gram fitfit tllis
    this descrip-
    dcscrip-
    tion?? If
    aon If not,
    not, the
    the cause 1s is most often often poor
    poor refining or or
    adulteration.
    adu lter ation. IsIs the
    the cocaine
    cocaine appealing?
    appealing? There
    There can can bebe nono
    demeaning
    demeanin the importance
    g the importance of of aestl1erics
    aesthetics toto most
    most connois-
    connois-
    seurs of
    seurs of cocaine.
    cocaine. Aesthetics
    Aesthetics (whetl1er
    (whether in in cocaine,
    cocaine, music,
    music,
    art, or
    arr, or o0e
    odierr en_deavors~
    endeavors) often
    often playplay an
    an importan
    importantt part in rl1c
    part in the
    lives of
    lives of disccrrung
    discerning cocaine
    cocame users.
    users.

    clean, dry
    A clean, dry razor
    razor blade
    blade or knife
    knife is
    is used
    used to pick
    through th
    tl1rough die gram. If any
    e gram. any sticks to the thc cocaine is
    the blade, the
    not dry.
    not While
    dry. Whi does not
    le this does not necessarily indicate
    indicate adultera-
    aduJtcra-
    tion,
    tio moisture
    n, mo adds weight
    isture adds which is not cocaine. It can
    weig ht which
    make it difficult
    also make difficult to con
    consume.
    swnc .

    small amount
    A sn1alJ amount of of pow
    powdered cocaine is placed
    dered cocaine placed on
    on the
    thc
    index finger
    index and rubbed
    finger and rubbed into
    into the
    the skin with
    with the
    the thumb
    thumb in
    in aa
    circular motion.
    circular motion. Pure
    Pure cocaine
    cocaine disappears
    disappears into
    into the
    the skin
    quickly and
    quickly and clean!)',
    cleanly, leaving just a
    leaving just trace of
    a trace of oilincss
    oiliness on the
    on the
    skin. It
    skin. It does not feel
    does not feel gritty
    gritty or
    or greasy.
    greasy.

    small amount
    A small amount of
    of cocaine
    cocaine is placed
    placed on the
    thc tip of
    of the
    thc
    tongue. High quality cocaine
    tongue. cocaine has
    has aa slightly
    slighdy bitter,.
    bitter, almost
    almost
    medicinal, taste.
    medicinal, taste. Numbing
    Numbing is not immediate
    immediate as withwith syn-
    syn-
    thetics and will take
    thetics take a few minutes
    minutes to be felt.
    felt. There
    There is no
    sweetness to the taste,
    sweemess taste, nor is it extremely
    extremely bitter.
    bitter. The sweet
    sweet
    taste is usually
    taste usually attributable
    attributable to some
    some kind
    kind ofof sugar
    sugar cut,
    cut,
    while an extlcmely
    while extremely bitter
    bitter taste
    taste is
    is usually
    usually caused
    caused b"E one ~
    by ono of
    the less
    die less active
    active alkaloids
    alkaloids like
    likecocamine
    cocaminc 01'
    orhhygrine
    ., or one of
    s :mllltcrmts
    several adulterants.t Wh~xer
    Whatever ~c the :Y
    variation, the important
    thing to be remembered is that cocaine
    - has almost no taste
    at all.

    As with all tests, the sensory examination is depen-


    dent on previous experience with the real thing. An esti-
    mation of quality is difficult without a reference point, and
    many consumers have never had the opportunity to exam-
    ine high quality illicit cocaine. This chapter will therefore
    focus on thc reaction of this type of cocaine to various
    8()
    Testing/On
    7'esti11l?, Location
    / 011 LOC:trli<>Jl

    tests These
    tests. T resultss "vill
    J1csc result will thc1
    then1 be
    be ~01
    compared to res
    n p.1rcd to results of tests
    ults of
    done on
    done cJ1c san,c
    on the same cocai11c
    cocaine to which some common
    v. l11cl1some commo n adulter-
    1

    ants
    ants have
    have been added.
    been added.

    Thc Methyl
    The Methyl Benzoate
    Benzoate Test
    Test
    It seems logical
    logical to begin
    begin thc more objective
    tl1e more objective testing
    testing by
    by
    confirming
    confirmin g or denying die
    den)'ing th presence
    e pr esence of
    of cocaine. This
    Tllis may
    seem rath
    rather basic, but
    er basic~ but it has become more and
    become more and more com-
    mon to encounter
    0100 encounter supposed
    supposed cocaine which actuall)'
    actually has no
    cocaine
    coca ine inin it wl1arsoevcr.
    whatsoever. Cocaine
    Cocaine gives positive test but
    gives a positive
    is not
    nor the only chemical that
    only cl1cmical that does;
    does; how
    however,
    ever, a negative
    11egativc test
    meanss cl1ar
    mean that no
    no cocaine is present.
    present.

    The test is based on the prin


    on tl1e principle diat in
    ciple tl1at in the
    the }Dre
    presence
    sence
    of a str
    of strong
    ong alkali and
    a11d absolute methanol, cocaine will
    absolute methanol,
    decompose
    decompose andand a reaction
    reaction forming
    forming methyl
    methyl benzoatc
    benzoate will
    will
    take place. A positive
    positive reaction
    reaction may
    may be easily recognized
    recognized by
    by
    the smell of
    the of wintergreen.
    wintergreen.

    perform the
    To perform thc test,
    test, a small
    small amount
    amount of of the
    the cocaine is
    is
    placed in
    placed in a dry
    dry teaspoon.
    teaspoon. OneOne drop
    drop ofof a mixture
    mixture of
    of abso-
    lute methanol
    lute methanol andand sodium
    sodium hydroxide*
    hydroxide* is addedadded to the
    teaspoon and
    teaspoon and allo,ved
    allowed to to cover
    cover the
    the cocaine.
    cocaine. After
    Afterthe
    the meth-
    meth-
    anol has evaporated
    anol evaporated andand the
    the spoon
    spoon is dry, thethe sweet smell
    smell
    of wintergreen
    of wintergreen will be present.
    present. This
    This test
    test works
    works well with
    with
    even aa minute
    even minute quantity
    quantity ofof cocaine.
    cocaine. IfIf the
    the results
    results are
    are n
    nega-
    tive (and
    rive (and ~e
    the test
    test w~
    was ?one
    done correctly)
    correctly) there
    there is
    is no~·
    no point in
    further testmg.
    further testing. If
    If pos1nve,
    positive, the
    thc next
    next test
    test is done.
    done.

    PiecesandDu.tf
    Duff

    It is quite common for cocaine to be adulterated by


    mixing it with a cheap cut and putting both substances
    through a coarse screen. Some pieces of cocaine are usually
    left intact to make it appear as though it has never been
    touched. T o check out this possibility, a sample from the
    (Continued on page 8?'

    sXd^Sr h
    y, ,
    ^ t i o n . One gram of NaOH is dis-
    d r o x i d c

    I ^r- ^ S f f e S f f i 2*""* W
    stoppered it will
    uiuns. (sodium hydroxide is a dangerous caustic.)
    ifciA-wse (rantopWt
    l T'Olt~ ~~ ,l :'\.~~~

    I ft» $1i.'ttt9
    :.. s o w a H «,ttw
    t ) ~ ttc^ .
    l. ·~~i!lltllif~""- *i,Mt~$
    ~
    82
    82
    4;
    4. The
    The result:
    result: duff and
    and pieces
    pieces separated for comparison.
    separated for comparison.

    •
    • •
    ... .I · •
    -
    '
    •'\ • J

    left-to-right,
    left-lo-right, from
    Irom top:
    top:
    The m!c
    The roph_otos s~ow
    microphotos shown n in these pageswere
    these pages were all take
    takenn using
    using 5. ThThe e cocai ne shown
    cocaine shownwa s refined
    was refinedininthe
    theUU.SA
    .S.A. and
    andwas
    wasused
    used
    natural light
    natural light with
    with a NikonFM
    a Nikon attachedto
    FMattached toaa Nikon
    Nikon microscope.
    microscope asthe
    as the sta ndard for this book,
    standard book, with var iousadulterants
    various adulterants add ed
    added
    They are reproduced
    meyare reproduced here
    here at
    at approxi mately 70x.
    approximately (photos 5-22
    70x. (photos 5-22 for certain
    for certain tes ts. In
    tests. In this microph
    this microphoto,oto, thethe mica-like layers
    mica-like layers of
    of
    by G,
    by G.Pruitt)
    Pruit1) its compressed
    compressedflflake ake are
    are visible.
    Th
    Thee adulterated
    adulterated samples
    samples used
    used in
    in these
    these photos
    photoscontai
    containn 25 %
    25% 6.
    6. M erck pharmaceutical
    Merck pharmaceutical cocaine cocaine is fluffier
    fluffier since the flat
    the flat
    of the ~dulterant screened
    the adulterant screened together
    together with thethe coca ine,with the
    cocaine, the
    except ion of photo
    exception photo 20 which 3 parts
    20 in which parts cocaine
    cocainewere
    werescreened
    screened crysta
    crystals Is are pressed togeth
    are not pressed er.
    together.
    togethe
    togetherr with one
    one part eachof three
    part each three adulterants
    adulterants resulti
    resultingng inaa 7. "Peruvian
    "Peruvian flake"flake" is lessless granular,
    granular, but but similar to thethe
    sa mple that
    sample that was
    was 50%
    50% cocaine.
    cocaine. Photo
    Photo 22 shows cocaine
    22 shows cocaine standa
    standard. rd.
    recrystalhzed
    recrys!a with 25%
    llized with 25% lidocaine. Microscopic exa
    lidocaine. Microscopic examination
    mination "Bolivian rock"rock" is
    8. "Bolivian is gra nular, but
    granular, but the translucent crystals
    the translucent crystals
    is
    1s of
    of little value for
    lrttle value detecting adulterants,
    for detecting adulterants, espeespecially if the
    cially if the
    substances are well
    well screened
    screened or or recrystallized
    recrystallized together. are
    are not
    not flat
    flat like the "flake."
    like the "flake."
    substa nces are together. ItIt
    may, however,
    may, however be used
    , be usedto to detect
    detect crudely
    crudely introduced
    introducedcuts.
    cuts. 9. Mannitol, the
    9. Mannitol, most common
    the most common cut. cut, consi sts of
    consists of small
    small
    needlelikecrystals.
    needlelike crystals. . .
    10 Whenscree
    10 When screenedned togeth
    together er wi th coca
    with cocaine,1~e. the
    the ma nn1tol
    mannitol
    ne~d
    needlesl es are
    are bare
    barely ly visible
    visible am ongthe
    among the coca
    cocaineine flakes.
    flakes.
    ,
    ,
    •
    ••
    •
    -. ,.
    •
    -
    •

    • '•
    •
    '
    • .. •

    top row:
    top row: 14.. When
    14 When screened with cocaine,
    screened with the l1r1ar
    cocaine, tht larger crystals of
    crystals of
    lt11. lacton
    lactose Isis an amorphous
    amorphous powder
    powder con1lstln&
    consisting of 1m1II
    of small Inositol
    inositol ar Ible,but
    are visible, but the
    the small
    small ones
    ones blend
    blend In.
    in.
    uniform
    uniform particles
    particles.. bottom row:
    12. When
    12. Whenscreened
    screenedwith
    withcocaine,
    cocaine,lactose particles
    lactose blend
    panicles well
    blend well 15. Caffeine is an amorphous powder consisting of very fine
    with the
    -1th the flakes,
    flakes, maklna
    making detection
    detection dlfflcult.
    difficult. particles.
    ddte,rQW
    middle row:' 16. When screened with cocaine, the fine caffeine particles
    tolconsJsts
    13. Inositol consists of rectangular flat c-~ts:
    oi reot1n1ui.r crystals of u~tW!1.
    of uneven coat the flat surface of the cocaine crystals and duJJ the
    ilze. appearance.

    Hi
    \

    )
    ...
    ~

    ~
    ~~
    .. •
    •
    '
    •
    ,

    ( ~
    'tit.\
    A,J. 1

    •
    . .. .,....
    ~ •
    *~- ..
    ..."'{A •

    li
    .....
    • \
    • •
    lop row:
    top row:
    17
    17.. Quinine sulfateconsistsof small
    Quinine sulfate small needles
    needles and rod s.
    rods,
    ll18. When
    Whenscreened
    screenedwith
    withcocaine,
    cocaine,the short
    the shorthairlike
    hairlikeneedle s ofof bottom row:
    needles
    quinine
    quinine sulfate
    sulfate are
    are visible
    visible at the edges of
    the edps of the cocaineflakes.
    the cocaine flakes. 2J. A screened mlxima of cocaine and JJdocalne base cannot
    middle
    middle rowrow:· f & ^ ^ - y " ^ » be easily distinguished by microscopic examination.
    19, llllclU)Jlphetamlne
    V i
    Illicit amphetamine, "11rHt
    "street 1pHd
    speed,""resembles
    resemble s "8oflvl1n
    "Bolivian However, fidocaine base can be detected with the Clorox or
    rock
    rock,"," bufl1f11
    but has a duller ippear1nce. '
    duller appearance. melting point tests.
    20. Lacton,
    29, mannitol, and
    lactose, m1nnltol, speed screened
    and 1p11d screened topth1r with 22. When 11rju.-.• • ; i h y d r o c h l o r i d e is crystallized with
    together with
    cocainen•.I.ft
    are i.rtl).' detectable. Cf
    barely d1ttctlblf, Close examination
    011e,camf nationrtv11f1
    reveals •a cocaine, as is sometimes done In illicit labs, the resulting
    product it virtually indistinguishable Uomcocalne. However,
    l~CIM.'-1
    t«w individual 1 nltolc~l•
    mannilol crystals,, but
    but tht lactose ,nd
    the llcto~ and ,.,..d
    speed
    •re not distinguishable. It may bo detected with the CJorox test.
    Nils M:> nu
    : HiKtKin ki iI'M of MnM iilmriimcniMlcAl Cocaliio ihow* thit llilii NaT uvifflll fuJnii" . IIH nauo
    1

    1
    courloiy I. SUimoli|
    H Fhn Koumolrlc Inyoroil Ktiucturo of a single llnko of Morel cocaine Is KMl'Mc.ifly dUninyoil In tfili micrograph ir-.im:
    imlfliUoit light.
    Testing/On
    Testinl?I Location
    On Lr><
    :c1U(>->
    'I
    gram is
    grain is plac~d
    placed on
    on a coarse screen.
    a_coarse_ Tapping on
    sc~·een. Tapping on ,the side off
    the side 0
    the screen
    the with a
    screen w1tl1 knife or
    a knife similar device
    or s1m1lar will cause
    device will cause tliJ.e
    die finer
    finer
    particles
    parti cles ((the duff) to
    the duff)_ to p·
    pass through
    ass throug while l1oldin,
    l1wl1ile holding back the
    g ba©k the
    pieces. The
    pieces._ The f?llow111g
    following tests
    tests a.
    are done to
    then do11e
    re tl1en to both samples
    00th Sa.IDJJ,p
    les
    to see 1iff tl1e
    the pieces and
    and the duff
    duff are th
    thee same.

    Solubility
    Solubility
    Cocaine hydrochloride
    C@cainehydro will dissol;v
    chloride will dissolve e in ma.my
    many 0rga;nic
    organic
    solvents, while many 0·
    solvents, wl1ile o f the substances
    substance s used as adulteraats
    adulterants
    This principle
    will not. This principle can can be utilized
    utilized tot© detennine the
    determine tlile
    amount of
    arnot1nt o f 1nate.rial
    material wl1i
    which cocaine. Si,
    ch is definitely not c@cairo.e. Since
    m.€e
    consuming cocaine by 11a
    constmung nasal inhalation
    sal inhalatio dependent on
    n is dep~ndentr 0.n its
    solubility
    solub.ili in wate
    ey i11 water,
    r , this solvent is the logical place
    place to
    to begin.
    blegin~

    A gram
    A gram of c0caine
    cocaine hyclrochloricle
    hydrochloride wiJ!J.
    will dissolve in 0.5
    in 0.5
    of clistilled
    milliliter of· distilled water
    water at room temperatil.l!r~
    temperature. ln In testing
    testing
    an unkno:wn
    unknown sample,
    sample, these proJ?or
    proportions are maintained.
    ,tions. are maintained. A
    small amount
    small amount (G (approximately
    .pproximately ro10 milli,gracns)
    milligrams) o'f of <;:oca.ine
    cocaine is~s
    ·pplaced in a level teaspoon. One
    laced in One drGp
    drop of very
    very oold
    cold water 1sis
    added so that
    added that it will run
    run d@\.Vn
    down tr0
    to the 'c
    center of the spoon
    center@f
    where the cocaine has been placed. Pure illi,itillicit c(()caine
    cocaine w.~ll
    will
    Anything which
    dissolve immediately. An}r.thing which does
    does not dissolve 1s is
    not cocaine hydrochloride.
    n0t hydrochloride.

    The same procedure outlined above is used to test the


    solubility of cocaine in methanol. Cocaine hydrochloride
    is totally soluble in methanol. Cocaine which has been
    adulterated with lactose, inositol, quinine, or mannitol
    will leave traces of undissolved material in the spoon. As
    with the water test, only one drop of solvent (methanol) is
    used. A large enough quantity of solvent will dissolve
    almost anything.

    The solubilitv chart shows how these principles apply


    to other solvents listed. Water and methanol are the most
    commonly used, but some testers do use others.
    (Contfnuod on page 90)
    ]Ubm
    "mpT" ° d i n E
    ^ ™ , e S t d P
    * '° ° f S 0
    ' V e n t i S P a
    ' " d n e a r , h e e d
    * e o f , h e
    ^oon and allowed to run down to the

    S wZSZZZX TM? S? ! " - C 0 C i n e h ¥ d r o c h l i d e


    «"»Ple dissolves completely witmn seconds.
    27. n... sample contams 25% .nos.tol. When methanol is added, much o, the cut remains undissolved.
    SOLUBILITIES OF
    SOLUBILITIES O F COCAINE
    C O C A I N E AND C COMMON ADULTERANTS
    O M M O N ADULTERANTS
    Acetone = Acet,
    Acetone Acal, Chloroform=
    Chloroform = Ch,r,
    Chir, Carbon
    Carbon Disulfide
    Disulfide -- CD,
    CD Benzene
    Benzene - Benz,
    Ben?
    Ethyl
    Ethyl Ace late=- EtAc,
    Acetate ElAc. soluble=
    soluble = sol,
    sol. slightly soluble = sl
    slightly soluble si sol,
    sol.insoluble
    insoluble =insol.
    insol
    if1a number
    1 number 1s
    is given
    given iiit is the
    the amount
    amount of sol vent (in millili1
    solvent ers) needed
    milliliters) needed to dissolve
    dissolve one
    one gram
    gram al
    at2s~c
    25°C

    Substance
    Substance Water
    Water Diethyl
    Diethyl Potroloum
    Petroleum
    Ether
    Ethor Et hor
    Ethor Mothanol
    Methanol Ethanol
    Eth anol Othor
    Other
    Amphetamine
    Amphet sulfate
    amine sulfat e 3.8
    8.8 616
    515 (95%)
    (95%)
    ("speed")
    ("speed"!

    Benzocain
    Benzocoinee sl sol
    sl sol sol
    sol sol sol
    sol sol
    sol Chl r-sol
    Chlr-sol
    Benzoylecgonine
    aenzovlecgonine sol
    sol in
    in insol
    insol insol
    insol sol
    sol sol
    sol
    hot water
    hot wat er

    Butacaine base

    Butacalne sulfate
    Butacaine sulfate 11 lnsol
    insol insoll
    inso v sol
    sol in
    in sol
    sol in Acet-sol, Chlr-sol
    Acet-sol,
    warm
    warm wa~m
    warm

    Caffeine
    Caffeine 46 530 sl
    si sol 75 66 Acet-50, Chlr-5.5, EtAc-10I
    Chk-5.5, EtAc-sol

    Cocaine base
    Cocaine inso
    insoll 3.5 30-50
    30-50 sol G.5
    6.5 Acet-5, liquid petro
    Acat-5, liquid latum-
    petrolatum-
    (600)
    (600) 30-50, Chlr-0.
    30-60, Chlr-O.7,7, oil turpen-.
    oil turpan
    tina-12,
    tine olive oil-12,
    -12, olive oil-12, EtAc-
    EtAc-
    sol, CD-sol
    sol,

    Cocaine hyd
    Cocaine hydrochloride
    roch lo ride 0.5 insol
    lnsol insol
    insol sol
    sol 3.2 Acet-insol, Chlr-12.5, oils-
    ChlM2.5, oils-
    insol,, glycarol-insol
    insol glycerol-insol

    Cocamine base
    Cocamine inso l
    insol sol si sot
    sl sol sol
    sol sol
    sdl Acet-sol
    Acet-sol

    Cocamine hydroc
    Cocamine hydrochloride
    h loride sol
    sol insol
    insol insol
    insol sol
    sol sol
    sol Acet-st sol
    Acet-sl

    Ecgonine base
    Ecgonlne 5 sl
    s Isol
    sol sl sol
    sol 20 67 Acet-sl
    Acet-sl sol, Chlr-s
    Chlr-sll soJ,
    sol,
    EtAc-75, Benz-sl
    EtAc-76, sol
    Bonz-sl sol

    Ecgonine hydrochloride
    hydrochloride sol sl sol

    sol sol sol sol Ch.Ir-sol,


    Chlr-sol, ollHOI
    oils-sol
    Ephedrine base
    sl sol 80
    90 sol Chlr-lnsol
    Ephedrine sulfate 1.3
    1.3
    sol sol sol Acet-sol, Chlr-sol
    Hygrine base sl
    si sol sl sol

    insol sol sol Acet-sl sol


    Hygrine hydrochloride sl sol insol

    insol sl sol insol Acet-sl sol


    inositol 14 insol

    sl sol sl sol Acet-insol, Chtr-lnsol


    5.0 insol insol
    Lactose
    sol sol Chlr-sol, Bonz-sol, oils-sol
    insol sol sol
    Lidocainc base
    insol sol sol Chlr-sol
    Lidocoine hydrochloride sol insol
    cofltinuod

    S o m e solvents m e m*•j o n e d Ihe


    h « re
    « a n d many
    and many solvents
    ^ u s^e d routinely
    ^ ^ in laboratories are
    . v e n t j | a t i o n $

    toxic
    tuAK. Ca M
    n dW/ Uo .r «
    »a»m
    ' • ;m• •a;b- l- e, (possiDiy p N I N G situation.
    THREATE situation. S
    Saa ff e
    e use
    use ot
    of s
    suuc
    cnh solvents
    solvents is
    is a
    a

    o^Z^oZlTLll"professional laboratories have soived; any layman using s u c h


    solvents is risking his life._
    Solubilit ies of Cocain
    Solubilities C o c a i n e and
    a n d Comm
    Commoon
    n Adu
    A d u llte
    t e rrants
    a n t s (continued)
    (continued)
    Dlot hy l
    Diethyl Potro loun,
    Petroleum
    Sub stan co
    Substance Water
    Woter Mothano
    Methanoll Et hano l
    Ethanol
    Ether
    Eth or Ethor
    Eth or Other
    Othor

    Mannitol
    Mannuol 5.5 insol
    insol insol
    insol sl
    Sl sol
    sol 83 Pyrid ino-sol , AAniline-sol
    ni line-sol
    Pyridino-sol,
    Glycoro l- 18
    Glvcerol-18
    Pc m o nc,magnesium
    Pemoli 1 i ne, m agn es i u m insol
    insol insol
    insol Aco t-insol
    Acot-insol
    Phenylpropanolaminee
    Phenylproponolamln insol
    insol sol
    sol sol - -
    base
    bose

    Phenylpropanolamine
    Phenylpropanolam,n e sol
    sol insol
    insol insol sol
    sol Chl r•in sol, Benz-insol
    Chlr-insol, Benz-insol
    hydrochloride
    hydrochloride
    I'
    Procaine base
    base insol
    insol sol
    sol sol
    sol sol
    sol sol
    sol Ch lr-s.ol, Bonz-soE
    Chlr-sol, Bonz-sol
    (200)
    (200}

    Procaine hydroch
    Procaine hydrochloride
    loride 1.0 insol
    insol insol
    insol 15 30 Chlr-sl
    Chlr-sl sol
    sol
    -
    Quinine sulf
    Quinine sulfate
    ate insol
    insol sl sol
    sol sl sol
    sl sol 120 Chlr-sl
    Chlr-sl sol
    sol
    (810)
    (8 10)

    '
    Sucrose 0.5 lnsol
    insol insol
    insol 100 170
    170 Aco t-inso l, Chlr-lnso
    Acot-insol, l,
    Chlr-lnsol,
    Glyserol-so
    Glysorot-sol, l, Pyridine-soi
    Pyridine-so l

    Tetracaine
    Tetrecaino base
    base insol
    insol sol
    sol sol
    sol sol
    sol 11 sol
    sol Acet-sol
    Acet-sol

    Tetracaine
    Totr acalne hydrochloride
    hydrochlor ide 7 insol
    insol inso
    insoll sol
    sol sol
    sol Benz-sol
    Bonz-sol

    Clorox II-A
    Clorox Look at the
    II—A Revised Look the Clorox Test
    Test
    Thc idea
    1·he idea behind the clorox*
    behind the clorox* test
    test isisthat
    that adulterants
    adulterants inin
    cocaine behave
    cocaine behave differently
    differently from cocaine when
    from cocaine when a pinch of
    a pinch of
    thc sample
    the sample isis sprinkled
    sprinkled on
    on the
    the surface
    surface of
    of aa glass
    glass of
    oflaundry
    laundry
    bleach. There
    bleach. There waswas no
    no test
    test outlined
    outlined inin thc
    the CocaineCon- Con-
    sumer'sHandbook
    sumer's Handbook which
    which received
    received greater
    greater attention
    attention oraswas
    O,&lf;
    the subject
    the subject of
    of more
    more controversy
    controversy than
    than thethe cloro~
    clorox t~~
    test.\i.~~
    In
    fact, the
    fact, the publicity
    publicity it
    it received
    received probablr
    probably di1'W,
    did:<'.AAAO
    more to call
    attention to
    attention to tqe
    die ne~
    need fo,r
    tor ~ct~
    cocaine testing than any other
    single factor.
    d:~ History
    • mayr.u)d}
    well remember thc clorox test as
    the major impetus towards cleaning up a very black market.
    Thc increase in public awareness about cocaine brings
    with it the need for more reliable means of testing. Where-
    {Continued on page 100)

    * The name "clorox test" has only a historical connection to thc brand
    name. Thc standard composition of laundry bleach is 5.15% (by weight)
    sodium hypochlorite ana any such solution can be used to do the test.
    The name "clorox test" became thc accepted street term in thc late
    1960s.
    -

    2&.
    28. When
    When performln1
    performing the
    the Clorox
    Clorox test.
    test, 1a pinch
    pinch(about 10mt1h1rams)
    {about 10 of finely
    milligrams)of finelychoppedsample
    chopped 1sdropped
    sample intointo
    is dropped a tall
    a &fass of of
    rail glass
    Clorox bleach. Alsults
    Clorox bleach. Results of the
    the Clorox test are
    Clorox test are shown
    shown 1nin the
    the follOWln& pa1es.
    following paces.
    '31. 10 sec.
    30. 5 sec.
    29. Impact

    32. 15 sec 33 30 sec 34. 60 sec.

    <)2
    Testing/On
    Testi11 location
    l~/ 0, 1 locc rtic;11
    93
    93

    '

    35. 120sec.

    29.-36. These
    29.-36. These photos
    photos show
    show the
    the Clorox
    Clorox test results
    results using
    using about
    about 20 milligrams
    20miNigramsof of
    highly-refined
    highly-refined illicit
    illicit cocaine
    cocaine ("Book
    ("Book Standard")
    Standard") dropped
    dropped into
    into a six-inch-tall
    six-inch-tall
    glass
    glass filled
    filled with
    with Clorox
    Clorox bleach
    bleach at room
    room temperature
    temperature (20°C).
    (20°C). The sample
    The sample
    hesitates
    hesitates onon the
    the surface
    surface for
    for a few
    few seconds
    seconds and
    and then
    then slowly
    slowly falls
    falls in
    in milky
    milky trails,
    trails,
    leaving
    leaving no
    no residue
    residue onon the
    the bottom
    bottom and
    and only
    only a small
    small oily
    oily residue
    residue onon top.
    37. &38
    &38.. Merck pharmaceuticalco-
    Merck pharmaceutical co-
    cainereacts
    caine reacts much
    much the
    the same
    sameway
    wayas
    asthe
    the
    refined illicit
    refined 1ll1cit cocaine,
    cocaine.asas shown
    shown inIn
    thesephotos
    these photos at left. taken 15
    left, taken 15 and 30
    and 30
    seconds after
    seconds impact.
    after impact.

    37. sec.
    37. 15 sec. 38.
    3& 30 sec.
    sec.

    40. Residue 41. 30 wc.


    39. 15 sec. 40. Residue 4J. JO•·
    39. 15 M C . W
    - N
    " , U U O

    39 MO 1111
    m. ,_...
    < W , . „ style fllu
    II*. refined
    r ^ d ia th. U.S.A.
    in tbe U S A.bHitltas
    he.Utes lonpr
    .on er on .hesarfact
    or,tllt a .0 •the~of•~
    , r f . c . dj. fo
    t u p.e«n„ . 1 . tt»
    pe.«nl, , d
    of P..111impurities 11
    o,1, japuritin. evidenced by tile
    « evidenced l.nj.r r111du1
    th, la,pr midw remalaJa,
    * * * * * onon lbt
    t e •M .,.,.
    ^CT
    ,ocr
    E

    41. The « p j Bo.iv,.n rock" a11o .He hnltatas


    h**»Ut« d• to lmpudtitJ
    due to u sbon
    impuritfts» i h w at .t 30
    30 ....
    second, ifttr tap*
    -

    4? 843. A mixture
    42.843. of ?S
    mixture ot o/11
    25% mann,tol
    mannitol
    and 75% cor.arno
    and 75% cocaine hydrochloride
    hydrochloride (at
    (at
    r,ght) roact,;
    right) reacts much
    much like the ~tanda
    like the rd.
    standard.
    trt11l~ hit the bottom.
    The trails
    The bottom, but
    8vontually di'Jappcar
    eventually disappear..

    42. 15 sec.
    15 sec 43. 60 sec.
    $0sec.

    44, &45. Asamp


    44.845. le with
    sample with 25%lactoseis
    25%lactoseis
    virtuallyindistinguishable
    virtually indistinguishable from
    from lhe
    the
    standard after 15
    standard after 15 suconds, butafter
    seconds, but after
    60 seconds the
    60 seconds the trails
    trails on the
    the bottom
    bottom
    are
    are still pronounced.
    still pronounced.

    45, 60ltC,
    44, 15ltC ,

    95
    05
    -

    46. &47. .A samp


    46.&47. sample le with 25 % quinine
    25% quinine
    falls
    falls with fewer
    lower trails than the
    trails than tho
    standard,and
    standard, andloave
    leavess a pink residueon
    pinkrosiduo on
    tho surface.
    thc surface.

    46. 15 sec. 47. Residue

    50. Residue
    48. 5 sec. 49. 10 sec.

    R * 5
    " ' ' 4 9
    ' 1 0 s , t
    ' -i«5M
    residue on the bottom.
    51.&52
    51.&52.. A sample
    sample with 50% cocaine
    50% cocaine
    and
    and the
    the rest
    rest a mixture
    mixture of mann1tol.
    at mannitol,
    lactose.
    lactose, and
    and speed
    speed is barely
    barely distin-
    guishable
    guishable from
    from the
    Ihe standard
    standard.. How-
    How-
    ever
    ever,, this mixture
    mixture fails the
    the foil burn
    burn
    test (see
    test (see color
    color plate
    plate 68
    68 on
    on p.144)
    p. 144),.

    51. 15 sec 5Z 30 sec

    53..S4..&55. A sample with 25%caffeine separates morequickly than inositol. Thecoeaine hesitates longerbefore trailing.
    The caffeine separates and a distinct white residue forms on top. No residue remains on the bottom,
    s;,& 57. A sar-.t,l1!
    55.S57 samplewith 2S¾ iz::oea
    ;-~
    wit., 25%iidocaioe
    ~.s.e
    base ~as
    has sti 11 cgt
    still f~IJe... zfte;
    not fallen after 00
    60
    seoos.!fs.
    seconds. J;fter
    After ilfo =-,Ti.es,aares,l.~
    two -minutes, residue
    rf:mains
    remains Oil £Int~.
    tee surface.
    on the

    54 Msec. 57. Resits

    51 Impact 59. 5sec.


    5 sec. 60. 30 MC

    SlJft J M *. sample with 25%bdoca<ne begins to fall upon impact. After 5 seconds The trails have fallen substantially
    iwttei thjn the standard. At 30 seconds it is still milky on top e m though trails are already bitting the bottom.
    61&62.
    61.&62. A sample
    sample which
    which was
    was analyzed
    analyzed
    by Pharm
    PharmChem
    Chem as containing only
    as containing
    lidocaine and
    Ifdocaine and lactose.
    lactose, but
    but not
    not co-
    co-
    caine.
    caine, did not
    not form
    form trails, danced
    danced onon
    the surface,
    the surface, and
    and lleft an orange
    eft an orange
    residue.
    residue.

    61. Surface
    62. Surface

    SUMMARY
    SUMMARY
    In summary, the Clorox test is highly subjective. Different testers can
    look at the same test and come to different conclusions. Caffeine and
    lidocaine base are the most distinguishable with lidocaine hydrochloride
    and inositol trailing close behind. Again, the results of several tests
    considered together can be more conclusive than the Clorox test alone.

    99
    I100
    OC) TesitngA
    7es >n
    ti11,(!,/ () J/ Location
    I ()Cflli<J I/

    in 1976,
    as, in thc clo
    1976, rl1c clorox
    rox test coucouldld ggive
    ive thc
    rl1c consumer
    cc,nsumcr aa rea-
    rca-
    sonable idea
    sonablc idea oforcl1c
    the quality of an unk11o
    q t1ality t>f unknown sample
    wn sa,np ofstreet
    lc of street
    cocaine, in 1
    cocai11c, i11 1980 the
    980 cl1 same test can11
    c sanic cannot even guarai1tcc
    c>t even guarantee that
    cocaine is present.
    is r>rcsc11r. One
    011c must
    111 understand
    t1st u11<lcrstand that progres-
    that in a progres-
    sive market like cocai11
    cocaine, dealer
    c, deal er awareness keeps pace with wit l-1
    consumer
    co11 awareness.
    su mcr a\varcnc If the
    ss. If rl1c consumer finds
    co11stuncr fi11d s a new
    new test,
    test, thc
    the
    dealer
    de must t1
    aler 1nt1st use
    sc aa cut wl1icl1
    which will fool rl1e the test.
    test. Tl1c
    Thc clorox
    test may be
    rest be very effective i,1 in dcte
    detecting
    cti11g aa ctit
    cut whicl:t
    which isis just
    just
    mixed i11
    mixcti in asas aa powder
    powder l1w butL ineffective
    ineffective if if tl~c
    thc same
    same cuecut is
    is
    introduced
    intr o du ced in in so
    some step of
    nic step of n1ak
    making the cocai11
    ing tile cocainec hydro-
    l1ydro-
    chloride.
    cl1loridc.
    The nature
    Tl1c nature ofof illicit coca
    cocaine
    ine has cl1ai
    changed
    1gcd inin tl1c past 55
    the
    years. Illicit cocaine
    cocai11cis seldom
    seldom rcfi11cd
    refined to tl1the extent that
    c extent rl1at it
    once
    011cc was. Thc
    was. Tl1 additional
    c add weight created by
    itio11al wcigl1r by the
    thc lack of
    refinement has
    rcfincmctlt has in some
    some cases replaced adulteration.
    cases replaced adult eration . AtAt least
    least
    at tl1c
    at thc source,
    sot 1rcc, it is mor
    it is more common
    e co mmo11for for larger
    larger sl1ipmcnts
    shipments of of
    cocaine
    coca i11c to be uncut-
    to be uncut—but unrefined also.
    but tinrcfincd It is
    also. It is this
    this Ja
    lack
    ck ofof
    refinement
    refincmc 11twhich often
    wl1icl1 ofte fools
    n foo thc clo
    ls the clorox test. The
    rox test. Thc l1 hygrine
    ygrinc
    oil wl1i
    oil which has
    cl1 l1 become aa conlponcnt
    as become component part part ofof illicit
    illicit cocaine
    cocaine
    will cause
    will the sample
    cat1se the sample dropped
    dropped in in clorox
    clorox toto hesitate
    hesitate onon thethe
    surface even
    surface even longer
    longer than
    than \Vould
    would pure
    pure cocaine.
    cocaine. The
    The result
    result isis
    an excellent
    an looking clorox
    excellent looking clorox test
    test which
    which maymay not
    not reflect
    reflect the
    the
    true quality
    true quality of
    of thc
    the cocaine.
    cocaine.
    Although the reliability
    reliability of
    of the clorox test
    test has dimin-
    "
    there is still a lot
    ished for these reasons, there lot of.s~cct
    of street cocaine
    which contains
    which contains the same
    same sugars
    sugars and/ot
    and/or lotlocal anesthetics
    which arc
    which are so plainly
    plainly visible
    visible in cloro1
    clorox test is sti.Jl
    I
    clorox. If for this reason
    still J'~LWQ
    well worth
    alone, the clorox l'fh' the time for thc
    majority ot:.
    majority of ~
    consumers.**
    _9nsll1Jltrs-.
    T9 a: thc clorox
    To perform test, a tall clear glass is filled
    with
    t dtll, fresh clorox which is at room temperature. The
    bleach is allowed to stand until the liquid is motionless. A
    clean knife or razor blade is used to drop a small sample of
    thc cocaine on the top of thc clorox- The results are
    observed.

    * For example a commercial product ( T O O T , the Heavenly Incense) 11


    being used by many as a cocaine substitute and will probably appear as
    a cut. When T O O T is dropped on bleach it remains on thc surface and
    turns pink; with time, the coJor darkens to orange and then red*
    According to Pharm Chcm, T O O T contains benzocainc, caffeine, and
    ph c n y 1 p ro panol am ine.
    Testing/At
    Testir1._e., Home
    .·lt Ho,ne
    The Foil
    F o i l Burn
    B u r n Test
    Test 101
    10 1

    This ·h·
    Tnis simple
    simple test
    test is based
    is based on
    on the
    the pprinciple
    · · 1 that sub-
    h h ~ . nnc\p e that sub-
    stances which
    srances ,,
    ·u 1c are
    are
    . heated
    eJ.led
    -L
    on
    on aluminum
    alununum fi
    foil
    Q
    il with ·th a butane
    \\l . a butane
    lighter
    tio-hter \\will
    o .
    'l vary
    \"ar\'
    .· in the way · that they
    m u1e \\•a,· that
    , bum
    the,· bun: and
    1 an d ·in th
    m the kind
    e ki
    .
    d
    of
    of residue
    residue ,,·hich the,·· lea,·e behind ,.,.n_:le .:11 be
    · \,will n
    . . which they leave
    . behind.
    . · While
    \' LU it
    lt ru be CX-ex-
    tremely difficult
    tremel) difficult to to establish
    - establish
    L: .
    thc identity
    the 1dentin·• of of thethc su substance
    bstance
    or the
    or die. amount
    amount of o f it
    1cwhich
    ,,·tuch is present,
    1spresent
    . ' it is easy
    is eas--· : toto ddetermine
    erermme -
    the differences
    the diffe~ences ben,·een between cocainecocame and and lactose.
    lactose. Sugar Sugar adul
    adul--
    terants,
    terants , like like lactose>
    lactose, lea,·e leave aa very
    ,·en · dark residue, and
    dark residue and ddoing ·
    the
    the to · il bbum
    foil urn test ,,·1
    test with "th aa pinch
    ·
    pinch of
    of· ordinary
    ordinan, sugar sugar ' can omg
    can serve
    sen·e
    as example
    as example of of sugar
    sugar adulterants.
    adulterants. ·

    At Home
    AtHo me
    ,As testing p
    :\ s resting procedures
    rocedur~ increase in in complexi~-,
    complexity, it be- be-
    comes more and and more difficult for chem them to to be
    be performed
    performed
    on location.
    location. There There is not not oonly
    nl)' more equipmen
    equipmentt co to trans
    trans--
    port
    port and and set up, up, butbut the consumer is also likel~ likely~ toco meet
    with e,
    ,,,ith even greater resis
    ·en greater
    V
    resistance from
    tance fro thc seller. For
    m the For these and and
    other reasons,
    other reasons, the melt melt point test and
    point test and the cocaine base test test
    are usuall)·
    usually done done at ho home, after the purchase has been
    me., after
    made..
    made
    Although
    ~ o ugh there
    -\.It.h ma)' be
    there ma)· be no recourse should should either of of
    these tests
    these tests prprove the cocaine
    o ,·e the cocaine to to be
    be of
    of interior
    interior quality,
    quality, there
    there
    is still
    still value
    value in doing the
    in doing the tests
    tests.. Thc experience gained
    The experience gained by by
    personallv seeing
    personally seeing the the tests
    tests pro\i.des
    provides infonnatio~
    information which which is is
    helpful in
    helpful in relating
    relating the the results
    results ofof the
    the more
    more compli~tcd
    complicated ~est:S tests
    to those
    to those of of the
    the simpler,
    simpler, on-locari~n
    on-location testS.
    tests. ~csnng
    Ingesting iilfe-inte-
    rior quality
    rior quality cocaine
    cocaine ·is is aa bad practice ~
    bad pracncc even if
    if ies ~ and
    it's; free, ~
    ~with somesome c..xpcricnce
    experience in in teStiog
    testing a a more
    more ~ informed decision
    :::...-~
    is possible.

    The Melting Point Test


    The purpose of the melting point test is to M -
    unknown substance and determine its pursy. J ms >
    complished by heating the material andnoung bo* £
    temperature at which it ***
    liquid, and the temperature which is teaenca
    that the change is complete. These figure^
    pared to those of known substances. ^ c

    point of a solid is easily determuied and requires m


    (Continued on 'Ml
    1
    02 63. A pinch of the sample (about 10 milligrams) is placed on the aluminum foil.
    .~--

    64. The sample is heated very,


    samples, see color photos on p-w-
    104 Testing/At
    Teslir1 / At Home
    .._r:?,11<>11
    '/ e

    use of cocaincocaine, the criterio11


    e, it is tl1e criterion most mo st 0ften often usecl
    used for
    estimation
    esrin1ation of purity.
    Unlike tl1 thee boiling point of a liquid, the
    boilir1g point die tn€lting
    melting point
    of aa soljd
    solid is unaffected
    un affec ted by changeschat:iges in in barometric pre, pressure.
    ~st11ie.
    however, be affected
    It will, ltovvever, affected oy by cl1e
    the mtoisture
    moisture eonr:e.liJt
    content of tfue thc
    cocaine,
    cocai1 1e, the degree to wlucl~ which it has been refine€\~ refined, impurities
    i.Jinp:uritie$
    and adulterants
    and adulterants which which arearc puese11t,
    present, and an<dtlaethc tteajmi«al
    technical skills
    s~11s
    and objectivity of the perso1>1
    ai1d person perf9r.rn,ui1g
    performing the test. test, Ttiie
    The
    simplest way
    simp.lest way to determine the
    to deterrnine the melting
    melting p>@i~tpoint off of a solid liilke
    a.st)lid like
    cocaine is
    cocain€ is to
    to observe
    @bs~rv:ea.s~pa sample in a:gLass
    le i11 a glass eapi1la~
    capillary tufre,
    tube as as itit
    is slowly f1eated.
    is heated. 'The The first
    first stepsrop is'is t0.
    to l0a:cd
    load a dry, finely
    a, ·~, m1nely
    chopped
    cl1 sample
    Gpped saoo.p into, the
    le iato the (j)p>en
    open 0end 11d o·off aa tlo.iill-waJted
    thin-walled capiJ capil- ,-
    lary t11be.
    lary, tube. Ti The capillary is
    lile eapitlar,y is reJPeauedtl~
    repeatedly dti:@ dropped
    .pped th, through
    rengh aa
    straw with
    StltaW Wi,th¼trthe closed eat
    l1e clesecl, end d0Wtl
    down, 1uin order t0
    ,1 0rd'.©JJ
    1 to111ninim
    minimize i0t aitair
    pockets tv:ni'le
    p@ciets while ti.gl1.tl~
    tightly pa'.0.ki.
    packing -g the
    11~
    1 cocaine.
    the r© 0caiRe. ']
    1 The capillary is
    he capillary is
    then atracfu.
    then attached~d tr@ to a a tli1©IDilil01®.eteF
    diermometer wit widi the ,0
    cl1 tilie bottom
    0tt0m of of nhethe
    closed end
    closed encl of of thethe Eapii
    capillary
    lla:ry even
    e~en withwith ·tthc bottom :1
    !he lliettom of the
    0.f the
    thermometer.
    tn ©l"JJilO The tw@
    il).eter. T11€ two maymay tthen then h>e be S suspended
    ·l!l:Sperrde<d in an
    ia an ,oil
    oil
    bath which
    bath. which can can b.e be 11
    heated evenly md
    eate<lltven1¥ and slbwl¥t
    slowly.
    If the melti:i~g
    [£ melting p,uintt
    point @f of a subs.ta.nee-
    substance iiss known~ known, the thc
    temperature
    tempera~e may b· be
    e raised
    iaise~ rapidly until ju~i
    rapial}r liQril just before
    before the
    melting temjf)e
    melting temperature
    ram·re is lieael~ecl.;
    reached; men~ then, tlbe
    die rate of tempera-tempera-
    ture increase is sl~weM
    tur e i11ci;-ease slowed' dbwr,i
    down, tQ to 0ne
    one degree per minute- Pllllllt¢.
    Since tihe
    Since the melting
    melting point p0iEit of illicit cocaine
    0£ illicitf c0caine is se so varjed,
    varied, the
    temperature is-
    tempeifatitlte is rais.
    raised
    ©dby lG 10 degrees
    degrees a. a minut:e
    minute untiltheoil
    until the oil iS! is
    i 6 o ° C The r.ate
    l'.00°C. rate of iim:eireas:e
    increase is then slowea slowed down to· to one
    degree per' per minutei
    minute -W until the melt is (jQtnplete.
    1tilthe complete. 16 If any
    any:·~melt-·J
    ing takes place place bel0w i 6 o ° C , th.e
    below r6a°C.,, the test is repeitcid.
    repeated w.JI with the ,
    rate ofincreasesl0wed
    rate of increase slowed down down,- bbefore any melting has begun.
    efQieanymelting;ll · ·, ·
    Pharmaceutical
    Pharmaceutical .cocaine C®aiao;hy:&rocibl
    hydrochloride, · ,·1 which has
    other alkaloids,
    no other alkaloids,fvvill
    will melt beffl'.ei
    between i95-i97°C.
    .· There will
    be no ~till
    · rn(l1
    capillary1p;cti~ ·e o ii 9"o ° C
    reaction below 0
    ••;;.,:1.
    Uncut illicit cocaine hydrochloride (made from
    I '

    leaves of E. coca) will melt between i87-i92°C. The pres-


    ence of minute impurities may lower the temperature by a
    few degrees, but there should be no melting below i85°C
    Uncut Potpourri cocaine hydrochloride (made
    from leaves of varied origin) often has several other alka-
    loids present with melting points around i8o°C The melt
    will vary from I 8 Z - I 8 6 ° C , depending on the amount of
    other alkaloids which are present. There should not be any
    reaction below i8o°C
    I ()5

    £& Iht classical s*l up and tgurp-


    m#nt f of p*r? ormrn| th* mttting point
    Mst: cjpiJ^fiti. J Jab thermometer, a
    lab stand, and a rhifle-Den.-M tube
    Mied wfth mineral oil heated by an
    alcohol burner.
    Testing/At
    Tesli11g Home
    / AI flor,,e
    106
    Very
    V few consum~rs
    cry few consumers willwill be
    be able
    able to
    to obtain
    obtain cocain
    cocainee
    which will
    whicl1 will m
    melt in this
    elt in this \Vay.
    way. Tl1e
    The majority
    majority of
    of uncut
    L1ncut;illicit
    cocaine wiU
    cocaine will l1ave
    have impurities
    impurities tl1at
    that will lower
    lower the
    thc melting
    me lt ing
    point to approximately 180°C.
    point i8o°C. The lo\ver
    lower melting
    melting point
    poit1t
    and wider
    ai1d wider spread (three
    (three to five
    five degrees)
    degrees) usually
    t1sually occurs
    occ.:t1rs
    with cocaine wluch
    with which l1as
    has some discoloration,
    discoloration, a di
    distinguish-
    stingu i~h-
    able odo
    able odor, and
    r, an' an oily consistency.
    d an consistency . AA similar melting
    melting p0.int
    point
    with cocaine wl1i
    witl1 which docss not
    ch doe not l1ave
    have these physical character:-
    character-
    istics is usually indi
    isrics indicative
    cative of adulteration. 0£ren,
    of adulteration. Often, a cut is
    added in
    added in suc
    such
    h a way as to in.di
    indicate superficially th.at
    cate supemcia11y that only
    0nJy
    one substance is puesent1.
    one substanc©' present. The
    The absence
    absenee of odors
    odor 0r
    or discolora-
    disc.:olora-
    tion is
    tion is the
    die tip
    tip-off that me
    -off that die lower
    lower metting
    melting temperatrul.l:e
    temperature and
    an<il
    wider sp,read
    wider spread has·been
    has been €au-
    caused
    se6iby by s0mething
    something other
    other ll1
    dian lack
    1an.l~ dk
    of refine1nent.
    of refinement.
    Although many commercial
    Mtll1Dugp melting pojnr
    C.©}'li):1111e.r;ciatl
    meltit>.g point lcits
    kits have
    have
    been dev~loped
    developed sp~<::i;fi~aJly
    specifically f@r for tesciNg
    testing, c0eaine
    cocaine, none
    1110r.ie
    0
    are
    al.fe
    more accurate
    rn0re than the 'S
    ac£urate 'than simple
    ililJ1le capillary, 0il
    Jj>'. oil bath system.
    needed equ~pmem.n
    The neeae€1 equipment €art can b>ebe p14r.chQsed
    purchased at any ~seiem
    scientific
    tilie
    supply company
    suppJy <::ompmy and in
    an<d includes die (0ltc,&Vin
    eiud.estl'le following items:
    .g inems:
    1. C . fherm.0metrer
    2 5 0 C.
    1. 25G° 0
    thermometer,0 36@ 3 6 0 mm
    mn1 in le.lilgttfu
    length
    2. Asbes,tos'"sleeved.
    2. Asbestos-sleeved burl~tre burette elamF,clamp, with
    with round
    round
    jaws,, ®ecliium
    jaws. medium size size
    3.. Capiilacy
    3_ Capillary rubes~ tubes, one en:<ll end cl@se<d,
    closed, inside diame-
    diame-
    ter, ©.9-I
    0 . 9 - 1 ..J mm, length
    1 flilliil~ length S>@
    1
    9 0 mm
    m.m
    +. J\J<rohol
    4. Alcohol burner and alcohol al<rehol
    5. Mel~g
    5. Melting poin11point ru~e tube (Thiele)
    (Thicle)
    ,, 6. Rubber
    6. Rubber stopper
    stopper
    7. Mineral oil oil
    .8. Several sm.all,
    8. Se~eral small, thiek thick rubber
    rubber bands.
    bands
    9- Labdratoiystand
    9. Laboratory stand (o.itional} (optional) ,-·:".•-

    Many people will prefer the ease of operation offered by


    thc commercial electric melt systems. Thc systems which
    are accurate enough for meaningful tests all have thc fol-
    lowing features:
    r. The thermometer is readable at temperatures
    between 6o°C. and 2oo°C.
    2. Thc thermometer and sample arc in close
    enough proximity to each other to guarantee
    that they are at the same temperature.
    Testing/At
    'lest Home
    /11t f f<Jnle
    i,1.f!.
    1()7
    Thc
    I- 1
    3. ·hc rate
    race:ofof tcn1pc
    temperature increase is adjustable,
    ran1rc increase adjustab le
    thc fi11
    rhc finer thc C<>11t
    c r tl1c control,
    rol , thc
    the better.
    bcrrcr. '
    4¬
    4. ~Two
    fwo sansamples
    11)lcc.:can be tested
    tc$tcd at thc
    the same time.
    same time.
    Thc chcrmon1ctcr
    5. The
    5¬ thermometer is replaceable.
    replaceab le.
    6. The
    6. Thc view of tl1e
    vie\.\! of the thermometer
    t~crmo1:1cLcr and sample
    and sam ple is not
    obscured.. A magnified
    obscured magnified "'lC\,\;
    view is preferable.
    (Continued
    (Continued on
    on page
    page 110)
    110)

    M ELT
    MEL I N G POINTS
    TING POINTS OF
    COCAINE A N D COMMON AD
    COCAINE AND A DU
    U LTERANTS
    LTERANTS
    SUBSTANCE
    SUBSTANCE IIJIEL
    MELT TII N
    NGG POIN
    P O I NT
    T
    0
    °C c
    Amphetamine sulfate
    Amphetamine sulfate ("speed")
    ("speed") >300
    >300
    Benzocaine
    Ben.:ocaine 88-92
    88-92
    Benzoylecgonine
    B~nzoylecgon, ne 86-92 dec
    86-92 dee 156
    155 dry
    Butacaine base
    Butacaine 178-182
    178-182 bp (boiling point)
    bp (boiling point)
    Butacaine sulfate
    Butacaine sulfate 138.5- 139.5
    138.5-139.5
    C3ffoine
    Caffeine 238
    Cocaine base (pharmaceutical)
    Cocaine base (pharmaceutical) 98
    Cocaine base (illicit)
    Cocaine base (illicit) 89-95
    89-95 (varies
    (varies with
    with purity)
    purity)
    Cocai ne hydrochloride
    Cocaine hydrochloride (pharmaceu t ical)
    (pharmaceutical) 195
    Cocai ne hydrochloride
    Cocaine hydrochloride (illicit)
    (illicit) 187 -192 (varies
    187-192 (varies with
    with pur ity)
    purity)

    Cocamine base
    Cocamine base 80 (app rox .)
    (approx.)

    Coeam ine hydr och loride 175-180 (appro


    175-180 (approx.)
    x.)
    Cocamine hydrochloride
    198
    198
    Ecgo n ine base
    Ecgonine base
    246
    246
    Ecgo nin e hydr
    Ecgonine ochlori de
    hydrochloride
    79
    79
    Ephedrine base
    base
    247
    247
    Ephedrine sulfate
    Ephedrine sulfate
    193-195 (boiling polni,
    193-195 (bolling point)
    Hygrlne base
    Hygrine base
    Hygrlne hydrochloride
    Hygrine hydrochloride
    Inositol
    Inositol
    Lactose
    ~
    Lidocaine base
    Lidocaine hydrochloride
    Mannitol
    Pemoline, magnesium
    Phenylpropanolamine bate
    Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride
    Procaine base
    Procaine hydrochloride
    Quinine sulfate
    Sucrose
    Tetracaine base
    Tetracaine hydrochloride
    '
    '
    r

    66. A razor blade Is used to load the capillary with finely chopped dried sample.
    67. R68. THe capillary is repeatedly dropped through a straw to pack the sample to the bottom and minimize
    I C)9

    69 The ctpriUnts *tt HXicM so the


    simples ire ntrf to the thermometer
    bulb. {Results oi the melting point
    test .ire shown rn color pints on
    pp 14: 141)
    I 10 Testing/At
    7'esti11 Home
    g /,•tt /Io111e

    The Cocaine
    The Cocaine Base
    BaseTest
    Test
    Thc purpose of
    T he purpose of tl1c
    die cocaine base
    base test is to give tilethc
    consumer
    cons~cr reliable cs.ti
    a rc_liablcestimate thc qu~tity
    mate of the quantity and and quality
    quality of
    of
    cocaine alkaloid
    coca~c alkaloid ((cocaine base) pre
    co~nc b~s~) present in aa given
    sent 1~ given sample
    sample ofof
    cocaine
    coca hydrochloride. TJ11s
    mc hydrochlor1dc. This 1
    is accomplished by removing
    s accomplished removing
    the
    the HHC1 molecule (along
    CI molecule (along with
    witl1 most street cuts)
    n1ost street cuts) and
    and sub-
    sub-
    jecting thc
    jecting tl1c resultant
    rcsL1Jtantcocaine base to
    cocaine base to aa melting pointc test
    melting p0i11 to
    test co
    determine ics
    determine its purity.
    purity.

    Quantitative
    Quantitative
    Cocaine hyd
    Cocaine hydrochloride
    rocJ1. water-soluble salt wl1
    loridc is a waccr-s0luble whose
    osc
    p H is sligl1cly
    pH slightly acidic (6.o). die
    ( 6 . 0 ) . Since tl1 HC1I molecule makes
    c HC
    up abo
    ttp about 11% of the
    ut 11% tl1c weight, the alkaloid
    alkaloid itself can only be be
    8 9 % of
    89% of tl1c
    die total
    tota l. In dieory,
    tl1eory, one gram of pure
    one gram pure cocaine
    cocaine
    hydrochloride, whether illicit
    hyd roc hlo ride, whetl1cr illicit or
    or pharmaceutical,
    pharmaceutical, willwill con-
    con-
    tain 00.8
    tain . 8 99 gram
    gram of base. base. In practice,
    practice, even
    even with
    with the
    the best
    best lab
    lab
    technique,
    techniqu e, mthceconversion
    conversion to to base
    base will
    will result
    result in
    in slight
    slightlosses
    losses
    WARNING!
    WARNING! caused by
    caused by some
    some decomp
    decompositionosition ofof the
    the cocaine
    cocaine molecule.
    molecule. A A
    yield of
    yield of 00 ..82-0.
    82-0.8 866 gram indicates aa l1ydrochloride
    gram indicates hydrochloride which,vhich isis
    Some of the proce- practically free
    practically free of
    of non-bascablc adulterants.
    non-bascablc adulterants.
    documented,
    dures documented, In order
    In order to estimate
    estimate thc the percent ofof baseablc material,
    baseable material,
    especially those
    especially those thc salt
    the salt isis weighed
    weighed and and then
    then dissolved
    dissolved in water.
    water. The
    Thc base
    base isis
    Involving volatile
    involving volatile liberated by the
    liberated thc slow
    slow addition
    addition of of ammonium
    ammonium hydroxide.
    hydroxid~.
    solvents or
    solvents concen-
    or concen- This raises
    raises the the pHp H ofof the the solution,
    solution, breaks
    breaks off thethc acid
    trated acids acids and
    and
    This a~cl
    trated molecule, and
    molecule, and precipitates
    precipitates cocainecocaine base
    base which
    which isisnow·
    now insol-
    ·
    a l k a l i s may
    alkalis may be be
    extremely hazard-hazard- uble in
    uble in water.
    water. The
    The base
    base is
    is separated
    separated from
    from thew.a
    the water, dried,
    extremely and weighed.
    weighed. The
    Thc dry
    dry weight
    weight afof the
    the b~
    base, ~
    divided by thc
    ous. The reader Is and
    usl' lbe reader is weight of
    of the.
    thc hydro.dilo1d.~
    hydrochloride, ~~
    equals the percent of base-
    cautioned not to
    to weight
    oned not
    perform any of able mated;
    able material.
    any
    these procedures.
    of r"IJr,,
    The procedures d e!·
    described should ~
    only be performed Qualitative
    under laboratory In addition to thc associate coca alkaloids, many sub-
    conditions by pro- stances which arc used to adulterate cocaine can convert to
    fessional chemists bases. Accordingly, an 8 9 % yield docs not in itself indicate
    operating under the that the cocaine hydrochloride was pure. If special atten-
    authority of the tion is paid to thc way thc "cocaine" solution reacts to thc
    proper government cocaine base process, indications of baseablc adulterants
    re ovulatory agencies. may be noticed. Thc melting point is thc other important
    indicator of the purity of the alkaloid.
    (Co.intlnuid on ptao 1t2)
    _,

    310g

    770.
    0. ~quipment
    Equipment for
    for the cocaine base test
    cocaine base test Includes
    includes:: petroleum
    petroJeumether
    ether(b.p . 35°
    (b.p. C)In
    -60°C)
    D
    35°-60 mplastic wash
    plastic bottle,
    wash distilled
    bottle, water
    distrffed In rn
    water
    P 1
    P!ast,c
    a
    stic wash
    wash bottle, ammonium
    bottle, ammonium hydroxide (10% solution
    hydroxide (10% solution Inin water)
    water) in
    in glass
    glass dropper
    dropper bottle,
    bottle, glass
    glass powder
    powder funnel,
    funnel, 31ml shaker
    30m\shaker- -
    vbelal
    v»al,, leakproof
    leakproof cap with
    with polyethylene
    polyethylene liner
    liner for
    for vial,
    vial, 6-lnch
    ^-inch glass
    glass stirring
    stirring rod,
    rod, 3½-inch&lass
    Vh-inzh glass Petri
    Petri dish,
    dish, &lass
    glass eyedropper,
    eyedropptr.
    am balance
    beam balance accurate
    accurate to O.Olg,
    0.01g, glassine weighing paper,
    g^ssinc wei1hlng paper, sample.
    sample.
    112 Testing/At
    7'esli11_1,1, Home
    1.,tl I I<>111
    e

    Cocaine is aa vc1
    Cocaine very weak base wl1icl1
    -y weak which requires
    requires aa mini-
    mum of
    mum of alk~
    alkali precipitate it from
    ili to precipitate from its water water solution.
    solution. AA
    six:1gledrop
    single drop of of ammonium
    a111 hydroxide is
    111011it1m hydroxide sufficient to pro-
    is sufficicn.t
    duce aa white
    duce white precipitate;
    pre cipit ate; when when vigorously stirred the
    vigo rou sly stirred the solu-
    tion
    tion becomes
    become s milky. milky. W Within
    itl1in aa few
    few minutes,
    minute s, thc the solution
    solut ion
    will begin
    will begin to to clear
    clear as the base forms
    th e base crystals. Fu
    forms crystals. Further
    rth er
    addition of
    addition of anun
    ammonia should
    o t1ia sh ould produce
    produce a similar reaction
    similar reac~ion
    until the
    until p H of
    t11epl-I of thc water
    tl1c wat er is about
    about 7.6 7 . 6 .. At
    At tliis
    this popoint, drop
    int, a dro p
    of ammonia will
    of arrunonia \.Vill not produce aa visible whi
    not produce white precipitate
    te precipita te
    since all
    since all tl1e
    the cocaine
    cocaine l1as has been
    been liberated.
    liberated.
    Cocaine
    Cocaine which which contains
    contains hygrine,
    l1ygrine, oorr has bee been n adulter-
    adul ter-
    ated wi
    ated withtl1 aa St:
    stronger
    l'011ger basebase like lidocaine,
    lidoca,i.ne, will require
    require more
    alkali for
    alkali for complete
    complete precipit precipitation,
    atio n . A sin single
    gle drop
    dro p of of ammo-
    ammo-
    nia will produce
    nia prod uce aa visib visible
    le white
    whit e prprecipitate
    ecipitat e whi which becomes
    ch beco mes
    milky whenwhen stir stirred.
    red. H However,
    oweve r, cl1 die base will
    c base will notnot separate
    separ ate
    from th
    from the water
    e wa ter as as crys
    crystals, and th
    tals~ and die solution will
    e solution therefore
    will ther efore
    remain
    rem ain milky. It req requires additional
    uir es additi ammonia before
    onal ammonia before sepa-
    sepa-
    ration
    rati o n occurs
    occ u rs and and theth e wwater clarifies. By
    ater clarifies. By thc
    the time
    time allall the
    the
    base has
    base has been
    been lib liberated, the pH
    erat ed , me p H of of me the water
    water willwill bebe 88 or
    or
    higher.
    higl1er .
    While the
    Wl1ile die salt saltss ooff man
    many baseable adulterants
    y baseable adulterants have
    melting point
    melting points close
    s clos that of
    e to that of cocaine,
    cocaine, the the bases often
    often melt
    at temperatures
    at temperatures whi which are quite
    ch are quite different.
    different.

    Pharmaceutical cocaine
    Pharmaceutical cocaine base melt at 96-98*0.
    base will melt It
    96-98°C. It
    contains no
    contains no other
    other alkaloids
    alkaloids to
    to lower
    lower me
    the temperature.
    temperature.

    Uncut illicit cocaine base, which may


    Uncut may be as mmuch as
    cocaine, will
    9 0 - 9 5 % cocaine,
    90-95% will melt at 92-95°C. There Sshould be no
    9 2 - 9 5 ° C . There
    capillary reaction
    capillacy reaction at temperatures
    temperatures below d 9 0i ° C
    Uncut Potpourri cocaine base, which is rarely over
    8 0 % cocaine, will melt at 8 9 - 9 2 ° C The presence of coca-
    mine (melting point approximately 8o°C.) or hygrine
    causes a capillary reaction below 90°C.

    When lidocaine is present in any of the above bases,


    the first reaction can occur as low as 6o°C. and certainly
    below 8o°C. Most likely the entire melt will be complete
    before the temperature reaches 90°C
    While the results vary depending on thc substance
    which is causing thc deviation, it is obvious when the base
    Testing/At
    T<:s Home
    li11g /r t1 /Jon?e
    113
    notr pure.
    is no pure.
    . An experienced
    . Ai1 tester
    f 1 !t'.i·n :-cd rest<..:r
    c~ 1
    can make a fairly
    . ca11 fairly accu-
    accu _
    rate csrun
    rate estimation
    at 1011oof tthc11c percent
    pcrcc11r-o of cocaine
    f cocai alkaloid
    ne alka which is
    lo id wliich
    present.
    present.
    ~As with
    with theth~ melting point test,
    melting point test, practice
    p ractice makes perfect. perfect.
    Novices
    Nov 1_ces at testing
    tes~g are us~ally usually so unsure
    ~nsurc:of of the
    their techniquee
    ir techniqu
    that
    cl1at if
    1f a test fails they think
    tl1cy th that it \Vas
    ink tl1ar was duedue to their
    to the ir error.
    err or .
    experience
    Only exper ience will make make cl1this
    is uncertainty disappear. Per-
    tmcert ai.t1tydisappear. Per-
    haps it \Va
    haps wass not
    not tl1c
    thc techniqu
    techniquee but but the
    thc lack
    lackofofcocaine
    cocainewhich which
    made tllcthc test
    rest fail.
    An accurate cocain cocaine e base test
    res t may he be performed with with
    as little as 00 ..202 0 gram of cocaine hydr hydrochloride.
    och loride . The The inex-
    perienced
    per ienced tester,
    tester, howhowever,
    ever, may find that that 00 ..50- . 0 0 grams
    5 0 - 11.00
    is an easier amo amountunt with
    witl1 which
    which to maintain
    maintain accuracy. A
    reliable rest
    reliable test depends
    depends on on exacting
    exacting technique
    tccl1niquc and and thethe useuse of
    0£ a
    a
    scale which is
    scale which is accurate
    accurate co to within 1/100 o
    within 1/100 off aa gram.
    gram.
    (Contin ued on
    (Continued on page 123)
    123)

    COCAINE BASE
    COCAINE BASE TEST:
    TEST: Problems
    Problems and
    and Remedies
    Remedies
    INDICATION
    INDICATI ON CAUSE REMEDY
    REMEDY
    The sampJe of
    The sample The sample
    sample contains
    contains aa wa The
    ter - T
    water- solution is
    he solution is filtered
    filtered to
    to
    cocaine
    cocaine is not
    not insoluble
    insoluble substance;
    substance; e.g.,
    e.g., remove the
    the insoluble
    insoluble part.
    part.
    totally soluble in
    totally soluble local anesth etic in base
    local anesthetic base form.
    form.
    water.
    water .

    Add ing ammonia


    Adding ammonia The sample
    sample ddoes
    oes not co nt ain Th
    contain ero ls
    There is no
    no remedy, butbut a
    doe
    doess not prod uce
    not produce cocaine hydrochloride.
    cocaine hyd roch loride. methyl
    meth benzoate
    y l ben test
    zoata test
    aa visible
    visible white
    white sho uld be
    should done to
    be done to confir m
    confirm
    precipitate.
    precipi tate. or deny
    or deny thethe presence
    presence ofof
    cocaine.
    cocaine.

    A visible white
    whit e There are two p011ibllltle1:
    two possibilities:
    react ion occu
    reaction rs
    occurs 1. The coca ine 1is
    cocaine 1 overly
    overly 1, More ammonia is added;
    but
    but nono prec ipitate
    precipitate acidic,
    acidic, requiring
    requiring more
    more am- close attention is paid to
    1is formed.
    1 fo rmed . mon
    moniaia to
    to prec ipitate the
    precipitate the the pH so excess ammonia
    bala.
    base, is not added,
    2, The base which is precipi- 2. The crystals are extract'
    tating is not cocaine but an ed at the point thet am-
    oil like hygrine or procaine. monia precipitates only
    oily material.

    A precipitate is The precipitate is not The precipitate is separ-


    formed which is cocaine base. ated by filtration and
    insoluble in examined and returned
    petroleum ether. to vendor.

    The base is not dry. The drying procedure is


    The base weight is continued until welflht
    greater than the
    ceases to change.
    hydrochloride.
    —
    lop row,
    top row, left
    lell to right
    right:: bottom row,
    bottom row, left
    left lo
    (o nghl
    right::
    771, 111t
    Thii lllllplt, weighing 0.
    sample, wtl&hln1 0 5s.
    5g 11
    is tnin1f1rred
    transferred Into vial,.
    into the vial 74. A
    74.. A slnal•
    singledrop
    dropof ofammonium hydroxide1ofutlon
    ammoniumhydroxide solutionproducts
    produces
    11
    ™, !*« 1
    1 tracn * art brushed
    l r a c
    bruahtdinto
    s a r o
    Intothe
    p

    tht funnel.
    funnel. white P.reclprtate.
    a white precipitate.
    i Jl" water
    W
    2 ! la*addtd
    l r l s
    wa1hln_1
    d d
    * - 1 w«h'ng alltraces
    d
    all trac11into
    Intothe
    theshaker
    shaker 75.
    75* Stlrrlna produces aamll~
    Stirring produc11 mUky1olutfon .
    solution.
    Jcof Qmp,,
    vial. (For 0-5go1 sample. 10.15ml
    10- 15ml of water
    water 11
    is u11d.)
    used ) 76- After
    76. After on,
    one minute,
    minute,cryatalt start forming andtfM1.ofuOon
    crystals1Cfrtf0"'[1,J(Jll..f
    the solution
    / i IhB »Mar Jt. stirred to
    is Jllrrtd to compl1t1ly
    completely dl11oln
    dissolve the 1ampl1
    sample.. be1ln1
    begins to clear.
    to clear.
    l J5

    77.
    77. If the sample Is
    the sample pure cocaine
    rs pure cocaine,,
    crystals
    crystals of
    of cocaine
    cocaine base
    baseare
    aredeposited
    deposited
    on the rod
    on the rod and side of
    and side vial.. 111,
    the vial
    of the Jhe
    solution cfurs
    solution clears as the
    the c,ysta(s
    crystals fall
    rail to
    to
    fhe bottom.
    tllt bottom.
    I I C)

    78. A close-up of the stirrin g rod

    79.
    79. Additional
    Additional drops of ammonium
    ammonium hydroxide
    hydroxide solution are
    arc added
    added until the
    thc pH reaches
    reaches 7.6.
    7.6.
    80. Here
    here additional
    additional precip itation is seen.
    precipitation seen.
    81
    81. After
    After precipitation
    precipitation is complete,
    complete, traces
    traces of cocaine
    cocaine base
    base aro
    are washed
    washed Into the
    the vial with petroleum
    petroleum ether.
    117

    82. lfore
    82. petroleum utter
    More petfoJiium ether fs •citied
    is added
    until tile
    unfff the emount
    amount eq~ls
    equals that
    that of
    oi the
    trie
    water,
    water.
    8S.
    83. The
    The vial is inve11ted
    inverted and shakeh
    shaken vigoro uslJ tor
    vigorously for 30 se_c
    orrds. Th
    seconds. e petroleum
    The petroleum
    ether 1d
    ether issolves.the
    dissolves the CP'Ca
    tne base
    cocaine basecrystals.
    ct;ys
    tals.

    84. The
    84, The cap
    cap is opened
    opened sllghtl)
    slightly to release the pressure
    release the Thewater:
    pressure.. lbe andRtU
    watera1:1d
    petroleum
    ether
    ether separate
    separate into
    into layers
    layers..
    J1 1199

    85. Alter that first extraction, some


    crystals remain, indicating that the
    petroleum ether is saturated and can
    dtssoive no more cocaine base.
    top row
    lop row: 88. After
    After the third
    third extraction. · base
    extraction, all the cocaine
    cocaine base crystals
    crystals
    86.
    86 The
    The petroleum
    petroleum ether
    ether layer
    layer (top)
    (top) is removed
    removed withwith anan have dissolved.
    dissolved.
    eyedropper.
    smiropper Care
    Care is
    istaken
    takennot
    notto
    toremove
    removeanyanyofofthe water
    the waterlayer.
    layer bottom: ^
    87.
    PM TheV petroleum etherisis transferred
    transferredtotothe
    thepre-weighed
    pre-weighed bottom · er due to the
    dropp due to w
    p e t r o j e u m e t h e r

    Petri
    retn dish on a scale.
    k
    scale. 89. Crystals
    Crystals grow
    grow on the tip
    tip of the eye
    eyedropper
    rapid
    rapid evaporation
    evaporation of the petroleum ether.
    90
    90.. Care
    CareIsis taken
    taken to recover allthe
    recover all the wel&ht:
    weight: even eyedropper
    even eyedropper fs scraped. (It
    (It can
    is -1orap1i:I. can also
    alsobeberinsed
    rinsedoffoff jltb}!trif•
    with petroleum ether.)
    91
    9L After
    After the
    the petroleum
    petroleum ether
    ether has
    has totally
    totallyevaporated,
    evaporated,0.431of
    0,43gofcocafnt baseorysJals
    cocainebast remainln~b•
    crystalsremarn P.t
    in the Petri dish. This is S6%of
    the
    the orJalnal
    original 0.50,,
    0.50g, lndlcatln1
    indicating that
    that the
    the sample
    sample was
    was r11latlvely
    relatively free
    free of n:on-asealife oiits.1r:m,1o
    non-baseable cuts.
    top: bottom:
    bottom:
    Q4 After
    94. After two drops of the ammon tum hydroxide solution.
    fopWhendthesamesampleis'C~t with~5%1idoca.
    ine, thefirst
    92- When the same sample is cut with 25% lidocaine. the first
    JKO uces the same reactionas ln photo74, p. 114.
    drop produces the same reaction as in photo 74, p. 114.
    castas form
    crystals
    two drops

    . With pure
    ammonium hydroxide solution
    n ^andsideof vial, but thesolutionremafns
    o monorod
    ine the
    93. But after several
    91 Bilt.afttr several minutes
    minutes of stirring, crystals apP.ear
    stirring, no crystaJs appear
    nulky
    SWith pure coc-a
    cocaine the solution would be
    solution would be clear
    clear..
    vial: the solution
    on itirrinf rod or side of viii;
    ~mn&.!od solution remains
    remains milky
    milky..
    \:(Compare to ~
    pa,e w the cleafini
    clearing solution photo n,
    solution of phot<> 71, p. 115.)
    115.)
    Testing/in
    Tes1i,1
    J1, the l1
    / l 11f/3e Laboratory
    1/Jr>rc1to11•
    •
    123

    In the
    In the Lab
    Lab
    -
    Too the
    T the professional chemist with
    pro fessional chemist with access to tlic the most
    recent tcch~ology
    recent technology,, thc the p_ problem
    r'?blcm of of testing
    testing for purity
    ptiriry and
    and
    adulterants
    adu lterant s is
    1s aJmost trivial one
    almost a tr1v1al one.. WhWhereas street tests
    ereas the street
    available
    av~ to the
    labJc to thc consumer
    consumer req~ require judgments wh
    irc judgme11rs which might
    ich might
    be Iinfluenced
    be nflucnccd by by som
    some e financial
    finan~1aJ loss loss. or
    or gain,
    gain, the
    thc profes-
    sional
    sional systems arc based based mainly
    mainly on on 1instrument
    nstn uncnt readings.
    One might
    One might und
    understand the street
    erstand tl1e street tester making an error
    teste r making error in
    judgment due
    judgment due to thi thiss per
    personal
    sonal invoinvolvement; thc profes-
    lvement ; tl1c
    sional chemj
    sional chemist no such
    sc has no such excuse.
    The
    T professionals
    he pro engaged
    fessionals engage lab testing of
    d in lab of cocaine are
    mainly governmental
    gove rnm enta l and and lawlaw enforcement
    enfor cement agencies, re-
    searchers in in universities,
    wuversitics, drug compan companies, and some labs
    ies, and
    licensed by the thc governm
    government ent to do do analysis for the thc public
    public..
    Until a few
    Until few years ago, pub public analysis
    lic analys could legally
    is labs could legally
    divulge quanti
    quantitative information. An
    tative as well as qualitative information. An
    individual
    individ submitting
    ual submittin g a sample
    samp le couldcould therefore
    therefore learn not not
    only
    on ly which
    which compounds
    comp ounds were were pre present,
    sent , but also the
    but also the exact
    exact
    percentage
    percent age of each.. Thc
    of each logic
    Th e log ic ooff discontinuing
    discontinuing the the percent
    percent

    95. Paper used to measure the pH of solutions. The p a p e r H t h " " °


    IUti n

    and the resulting color is matched to the color key on the centime
    124 Testing/In t/.
    Testi,1~/J,1
    (
    the Laboratory
    1e Lc1IJ<>rt1l<1r1•
    .

    composition report \.\'as


    compo sitio11 report was tl1at
    that it \.\'Ould
    would l1clp
    help drug
    drug dealers ro to
    test quality
    test qu and tl1crcby
    ality and thereby encourage
    encourage dealing. More likely,
    dealing. More
    however,
    howe ver, when
    when tl1c the stree
    street-level
    t -level consumer realized that
    consL1mcrrealized tl1at he
    was being
    bciri,g sold
    sold ro%1 0 % cocaine
    cocai11e and 9 0 % adulterar:1ts
    and 90% adulterants at Sioo$100
    per gram,
    per would be less likely to throw
    g ram , he would tl1row away his money,
    l1is money,
    not buy the
    not the gram
    gram,, and and thereby discourage dealing.
    tl1creby discourage dealing. On On the
    other hand
    other hand,, being
    being able able to sell cl1capcheap adulterant
    adulterantss to the thc
    uninformed
    uninf or med publipublic $100 per
    c at $100 per gram
    gran1 and realize
    and real 500¬
    ize 500-
    1000% profit
    1000% profit on on the cocaine is
    tl1e cocaine is more
    more likely to e11courage
    likely to encourage
    new dealers
    new dealer s toto .comp
    compromise
    ronuse theirtheir integrity
    integrity inin search
    search @f of aa
    fast buck.
    fast buck. Since
    Since the budget of
    tl1c budget die DEA
    0f tl1c D E A (Drug
    (D rug Enforce-
    Enfo rce-
    ment Admin
    ment Administration)
    istratio11) is is proportional
    proportional to to the
    the problems
    problems it it
    faces,, many
    faces many job jobss are
    arc dependent
    dependent on on continued
    contin ued drug
    drug traffic.
    traffic.
    If ever
    If ever the D E A were
    the DEA were ableable to stop drug
    to stop dealing, it
    drug dealing, it would
    would
    remove
    rem ove thethe -reason
    reason for for its existence. Under
    its existence. Under thethe present
    present
    system, the
    system, the ironic result is
    ironic result is that increased drug
    that increased drug traffic
    traffic
    benefitss both
    benefit both the the dealers
    dealers andand diethe D E A ,, with
    DEA the consumer
    with tl1e consumer
    eettine tl1e
    the short
    short endend from
    from both
    getti11g both sides.
    sides.

    The methods
    The methods used used in
    in professi@nal
    professional labs vary withwith the
    kind of
    kind of information
    information beingbeing sought
    sought.. While
    While the classical melt-
    points, color
    ing points, color reactions,
    reactions, and
    and crystal derivation
    derivation tests
    tests are
    used, most
    used, most are
    are only
    only valid
    valid if
    if the
    the sample
    sample is
    is free
    free of interfering
    of interfering
    substances, that
    substances, that is,
    is, unadulterated. The usual
    unadulterated. The procedure,
    usual procedure,
    therefore, is
    therefore, is first to separate
    first to the sample
    separate the sample into
    into its
    its different
    different
    components and
    components and then
    then test
    test for
    for the
    the compounds
    compounds of of interest.
    interest.

    The most sophisticated tools used are a gas chroma-


    tograph coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer.
    These provide information about the specific atomic make-
    up of an unknown molecule. The necessary equipment can
    cost $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 and up. The least expensive, but still sophis-
    ticated method, thin-layer chromatography, separates
    compounds in a mixture from each other. This shows the
    relative purity of the sample. When coupled to a spectro-
    photometer, a percentage can be estimated. Thin-layer
    chromatography equipment can cost less than $ 1 0 0 , but
    the spectrophotometer is in thc $ 1 0 0 0 range-
    Forensic labs need information which can be pro-
    ith the less expensive equipment since thev an
    Testing/In theI.L1l
    lt·<;ti, ,.~1/11 !he laboratory
    ,o r c1to ry,
    125
    o nly concerned
    only concerned with few rllcgal
    \Vitl 1 a rL\V substances. -rhc
    illegal st1bstances. Theresearch-
    research-
    interested
    ers int erested in in the
    the cl1cmi~tf)'
    chemistry of orthc
    the mother
    mc)thcr plant thc
    plant or in the
    chemistry of
    chemistl")' of the
    thc dru~
    drug after
    after iti_t has
    l1as been ingested by
    bc.:cn ingested by an
    animal
    anim may need
    al may need thethc Lnformar1
    information about all thc
    on about other (and
    the other
    possibly
    po ssibly pre previously undiscovered)
    vio usly undisco\ ·ered ) compounds
    compo und s present.
    For thi
    For thiss kind
    kind of information, the
    of information, the most
    most sopsophisticated
    histicated sys-
    sys-
    tem
    tem may
    may be necessary.
    be necessary.
    Laboratory
    Labo ratory stustudies
    dies done
    done on on the
    thc effects of of cocaine on
    animals
    anjmal and hwnan
    s and humans are riecessarily
    s arc necessarily done
    done with
    with pure
    pure cocaine.
    cocaine.
    The regulations
    regulations on on human
    human experimentation
    experimentation arc are very strict,
    strict,
    using street
    so using street cocaine
    cocaine in any such such study
    study \vould
    would be virtuvirtually
    ally
    .. impossible.
    impos The reaJit)',
    sible. The reality, then
    then,, is that
    that the
    thc few experiments
    - done under
    done under controlled conditions may
    controlled conditions may miss much much of the thc
    physiological
    physiological and and pS}
    psychological
    'chological effects
    effects ofof ththc cocaine most
    e cocaine most
    people
    people use use-— in particula
    particular, the possible
    r , the interaction
    possi ble inter action of of
    other
    oth alkaloids
    er alkalo which
    ids \vhi may pr
    ch may produce different types
    odu ce different types of of
    highs. \.\1lcrhc
    highs. Whetherr th these variations
    ese ,·ariat ions arcarc thc
    the result
    result of
    of different
    different
    dosages,
    do sages, th thee presen
    presence of o
    ce of other alkaloids,
    cher alkaloid s, or added adulter-
    or added adulter-
    ants,
    ant s, isis at
    at ththis point un
    is point unclear; everyone with
    clear; everyone with first-hand
    first-hand
    experience
    experien ce hashas his ow own opinion of
    n opinion of what
    what is is happening.
    happening.
    Considering
    Con sidering the the 10 10 to 20 million
    to 20 million Americans
    Americans performing
    performing
    these experiment
    these experimentss at at an
    an expen
    expense se of S25 to
    of $25 to S50 billion per
    $5 0 billion per
    year, it
    year, it would
    would seemseem to to merit
    merit further
    further attention
    attention fromfrom medi-
    medi-
    cal researchers.
    cal researchers.
    COLOR PLATES
    COLOR PLATES

    Leaves
    . Coca Plant and Leaves

    Cocaine
    · Coca Forms
    ine in Various Forms

    · Results of Melting Point


    Burn Tests
    and Foil B11rn Tests
    .c
    u

    ..
    -

    t Graceful blossoms on an. Erythroxvlum


    •_ . « - i plant,
    cocar t. f TTi*t*oJinesparalIeltothem^^
    me w o u n e ^ - i - i
    on the large leaf at the center.
    .c
    --"'...
    'O
    c{
    •
    :?
    ..
    -...
    1:)
    ID
    0

    .,
    0
    ...
    0 0
    C .c
    0. 0.

    2. (top left) Fragile two-week-old coca sprouts, showing development of dicotyledons.


    3. {lop right) Plantation of E. coca in the Bolivian Yungas. „ e f l W h
    4. MtomlBalesofcocaleavesshippedfromvariouslocationsintheAnd
    purposes).
    u•
    ..
    -
    -'0
    TJ
    a,
    ...
    V u

    -
    0O
    0O
    ,::;
    ca
    5.
    5. (a
    (alt nght)
    right) A bale
    bale from
    from Cuzco, Peru(probably
    Cuzco. Peru (probably E. coca)
    E. coca)
    has
    has been openedand the leaves
    been opened are being
    leaves are inspected.
    being inspected.
    6. (below)
    (belo w) Various leavesand alkalis
    Various leaves alkalis with chuspa
    chuspa(coca
    (coca
    pouch)
    pouch)..
    ~
    0
    0
    ~
    -m-,
    OI

    £ 7. {at
    (at left) Two
    Two kinds
    kinds of pharmaceutical
    pharmaceutical cocaine-fluffy
    cocaine—fluffy
    crystals
    crystals ofof Merck
    Merck and
    and 13&-milligram
    135-milligram tablets
    tablets of Lilly-
    of Lilly—
    shown
    shown with
    with the
    the bottles
    bottles in which
    which they
    they are
    are distributed.
    distributed.
    8. (bel
    & ow) Peruvian
    (below) Peruvian style
    style flake
    flake made
    made in Colombia by
    in Colombia by aa
    master "cook"
    master Cocaine
    "cook." Cocaine of this
    of this quality
    quality andand appearance
    appearance is is
    rare
    rarein the
    the illicit market.
    market
    -·.~-

    9. ~op
    (top right)
    fight) ..Bolivianrock
    "Bolivian rock".. made
    made close
    close to the
    the growing
    growing
    are
    area.a. The
    The crude
    crude refining
    refining process,
    process, omitting
    omitting several
    several steps
    steps,,
    involved
    involved soaking
    soaking thethe leaves lime water.
    leaves in lime extractingthe
    water, extracting the
    alkaloids
    alkaloids withwith gaso li ne, and
    gasoline, and precipitating
    precipitating the
    the cocaine by
    cocaine by
    adding
    adding hydroch loric acid
    hydrochloric acid toto the gasoline.
    the gasoline.
    10
    10.. (middle)
    (middle) Cocaine
    Cocaine base base made
    made by by filtration from
    from the
    the
    ..Bolivianrock
    "Bolivian rock"" shown
    shown in prev ious photo.
    previous photo.
    11
    IL. (below)
    (below) The
    The base
    base from
    from color
    color plate
    plate 10
    10 produced
    produced this
    this
    19-gram
    19-gram piecepiece of of cocaine
    cocaine hydrochloride
    hydrochloride after
    after it was
    was
    crystall izedout
    crystallized out of
    of diethyl
    diethyl ether.
    ether
    12.. (to
    12 (topp left)
    left) "Potpourri"
    "Potpourri"cocaicocainene made
    made in Colombla
    Colombia by by
    combi ning pa
    combining sta of
    pasta of varied
    varied qu ctlity from
    quality from many
    many growing
    growing
    (egio ns. This
    regions. This commonly
    commonly see seenn form
    form usugusuallylfy c-o
    otainsless
    contains less
    than
    than 50 50%% coca ine an
    cocaine andd includes
    includes hygrinehygrine,, cocamine,
    ~oea mrne,
    benzoy lecgonineand
    benzoylecgonine and other
    other impurities.
    impurities.
    13.. (middle)
    13 (middle) Crystals
    Crystals. of of coc aine base
    cocaine base made
    made from
    from the
    the
    "potpourr
    "potpourri" i'' shown above by
    shown above by extraction
    extraction with with iietroleum
    petroleum
    ether.
    ether.
    14. This
    14. This, b,rokeil
    broken discdisc of
    of vacuum-filtered
    vacuum-filtered ·coc!a inehydro
    cocaine hydro--
    chloride
    chloride flakes
    flakes wa wass made
    made from
    from the
    the t>a::s-e
    base shown
    shown abo.Ye
    above rn in
    1
    color
    color plate
    plate 13 13.. Sout
    Southh ,American
    American "cooks" 'cooks" saysaythat
    that ,tthe
    he
    vacuum
    vacuum destroys
    destroys th' thee cry.s'tal
    crystal ·stfucfure
    structure nec:essar.y
    necessary·to make
    to make
    flake
    flake.. Therefore
    Therefore,, this
    this wa
    wass dubb
    dubbed.edtire
    the "impossfble
    "impossible flake.'
    flake."'
    •

    15.
    15. (above) Cocainehydrochloride
    (above) Cocaine "made in USA"
    hydrochloride "made using
    USA" using
    base
    base imported
    imported from
    from South
    South America
    America.. The
    The use
    use of quality
    quality
    chemicalsand
    chemicals and proper
    proper technique
    technique yields
    yields a more
    more refined
    refined
    product.
    product.
    16.
    16. (right)
    fright) Fifty-gram "moondisc" of cocaine
    Fifty-gram "moon cocainemade
    made from
    from
    the
    the same importedbase.
    same imported base. The
    The circular
    circular shape
    shape was
    wasformed
    formed byby
    the
    the funnel
    funnel during
    during vacuum
    vacuum filtration.
    filtration.
    17.
    17. power
    (lower right)
    right) Detail
    Detail of thethe "moon disc" surface,
    "moon disc" surface,
    showin&
    showing thethe clumps
    clumps of larger crystals.
    larger crystals.
    I

    18. Sop) The whole empanada. 20 grams of cocaine hydrochloride, displaying the shape of the folded filter paper used
    during gravity filtration.
    19. (bottom) Broken empanada revealing layers of sparkling flakes.
    21. pjottoml After an acetone wash, much oi the nygnn
    of the yellow discoloration.
    22. (top) eoc.alrre
    22. Jop) Cocaine reconstituted
    reconstituted with
    with ,a noo1ba1eableadul
    non-basoable adut-- 23. am) The
    23. (l'J.ott
    (bottom) The mannftol adurterantwas
    mannitol adulterant removed
    was removed from
    from tht
    the
    te11nt,
    terant, mannltol
    mannitol.. Thia
    This was
    was d1tteeted
    detected when two melting
    when two melting,points
    points s:ample
    sample $hown
    shown above byttkJn1
    above by taking the
    the cocaine to b1s1
    back to
    cocaineback baseand
    and
    were
    were ob1erv1d durln1the
    observed during meltln1poJnt
    the melting point test (165°C
    {165*C tor
    for precJpltatlnrtbe
    precipitating cocaine hytJrochloJlde
    the cocaine hydrochloride from acetone,
    from acetone,
    mannltol
    mannitol and
    and 1a:2°e cacalne)
    I82"C for cocaine).~
    , 1 .r .;t,irt,c

    24.
    24. (above)
    (above) Cocaine
    Cocaine pearl
    pearl recovered
    recovered from
    from "supersoil,"
    "supersoil," aa
    highly
    highly contaminated
    contaminated disaster
    disaster resembling
    resembling dirt.
    25.
    2 i (nght)
    (right) Cocaine
    Cocaine "crinkles"
    "crinkles" formed
    formed byby fluted
    fluted filter
    filter
    paper.
    paper
    26.
    26. Oower
    (lower right)
    right) Detail
    Detail of
    of cocaine
    cocaine shown
    shown in
    in color
    color plate
    plate 11.
    11.
    •
    (
    ,

    ' II
    ' '

    ,
    •
    '
    . I•,.,.,
    J•
    ,
    '
    ,
    • ,J

    27. flop) This U.tvirim cocaine base crystal formation in the 15-inch watchgjass collapsed tikea 30uffle*sfiortJyaftert
    picture was taken. The base In photos was crystallized out of petroleum ether.
    28. (bottom) "Cocaine base snow storm" on the edge of a watchglass.
    .ne base
    29-. JO, £ 31 31 (a
    (above) Urge crystals ut s
    bove) Lari~;rJ,1utesolution.of e~
    of •The ba
    cocaine se
    blue
    formed by slow evaporation of a dilute solution. Th* blue
    29
    to,.rmpiy
    :J'IN
    by~l ow ev ap oiatoily
    ~~~mI~ pu r,ba
    tle~e
    and ea
    areas ~ eo
    contain
    nl a1 n impurities.
    'fr ee ...
    > •••• 11nstdoul
    an d
    32. v1 (atyright)
    •: t) R e~iduefr
    Residue om8a 'Ireebase" pipe rinsed out
    from
    32 . ta toi
    wi
    withth pe trl,e
    o um et
    petroleum her.
    ether.

    tI
    J141
    44. 112°c

    46. l 78°C 47. 182°C 48. Residue

    49.
    49. 115°C
    115"C 50. 125"C
    125°C s1.
    51. 139°c
    139°C 52. 150°C
    150°C

    53. 18J"C
    53 181 "G 54 185"C 55. 187"'
    55. C
    !8'/"C 56.
    56. Residue
    Residue
    34. 110°c 35. 180°C 36. 182!>C
    33.

    37. 18G.5°C
    37. !86.5°C 38.
    38. 188°C
    188°C 39.
    39. 1ss.s c
    188.5°C
    0
    40.
    40. ifiesidue
    Residue

    MELTING POJ.NT
    . MELTING POINT TESTS
    TESTS
    The
    The pho tos on
    photos on these
    these two
    two pages
    pages demonst(ate
    demonstrate resul t s of
    results of 49.-56. (oppos ite page,
    (opposite page, ~ottom
    bottom 'two
    two rows
    rows)) In
    In riglit-h~nd
    right-hand
    melting AOIOt
    melting point tes fs. Cocaine
    tests. Cocainehydrochloride
    hydrochloride and adul-
    and adul- o.~pillarcy tube,
    capillary sample Go
    tube, sample nta'ining a 5.
    containing 0% cut
    50% cut of
    terated
    terated sample
    sampless are
    are .shown rn
    shown capillary,ttubes
    in capillary ubes at
    at right
    right and
    and 'MANNITOL
    MANNITOL,, llACTO and SPEfD
    SE, a11d
    LACTOSE, SPEED started
    started metting
    melting below
    below
    left of the
    left of rmomete
    thermometer r bulb
    bulb in each
    e"8chphoto
    photo.. Temperature
    Temperature of l20°C
    120°C and
    and was
    was almost gone
    g-oneby i50°e. Sample
    by 150°C. Sample in left-
    left-
    sample shown
    sample shownis given
    is .gi below each
    venbelow each photo. (For set-up
    photo. (for set-up of
    of hand
    hand capillary, containing
    containing INOSITOL
    INOSITOL, started
    started mel t ing at
    melting
    the melting point
    the melting point, test,
    test, see
    see black
    black-and-white photos on
    -and-whitepho'tos on abo ut 180°C
    about 180°C an'd finished
    and finished about 187°C—a Jew
    about 187°6-a few.particles
    particles
    pages 105. 108
    pages105, and 109.)
    108and 109.) remain ed at
    remained at a87°C.
    137' C. The
    The mannjt ol, 1-a
    mannitol, &tose, and
    lactose, and speed
    sp.eed
    sample
    sample produced
    produced a a dark
    dark resittoe
    residue af
    at aa temperature
    temperatureof of
    33. -i\O.The
    33.-40. The serres
    series. of
    of photos
    photos above
    above sho
    showsws the
    the melting
    melting iso<>
    e;the
    180°C; the inositol left a lighter
    inositol lighter resid_qe
    residue (abo"e 190°C;).
    (above 190°C).
    Qf
    of , highlY r r&finedlllieit
    highly-refined cocaine hydrochloride
    illicit cocaine h¥drochloride "BOO!(
    "BOOK
    ST:ANDARO
    STANDARD"" in ,he capill~T¥tube
    the capillary tube atat the
    the left of of the
    the
    SUMMARY OF
    SUMMAR¥ OF MElTING
    MELTING POrNTPOINT TESTS
    TESTS
    thermometer
    thermometer bulb bulbaf\d "BOLIVIAN RQCK
    and "BOIJVIAN ROCK"" inin rt
    hecapillary
    the capillar:y
    a\i
    at the
    the r:ight
    right of
    of the
    the bulb. TheThe "Bolivian
    "Bolivian rock"
    rock" star;te
    startedd, Only
    Only thethe "book
    "book standard
    standard" " purified
    purified illicit cocaine cocaine
    melting
    melting at at about
    about 170
    170°C C ancl
    and tfnished
    finished atat about 18?' C: in,
    about 182°C; in hydrochloride
    hydrochloride gave gave aa sharp,
    sharp., high
    high melting
    melting point , withinaa
    point—within
    contrast
    contrast,, the
    the "book
    "book standar6
    standard"" had
    had aa sharp
    sharpmelting
    melting point
    point 1. 5-degree
    1.5-degree . [ange
    range (186 ..5-188:.0°C,). Ad
    (186.5-188.0°C). 'ulteratjonby
    Adulteration 25'%
    by 25%
    lowered the
    lowered the melting
    melting pQint
    point and and produce
    produced .6 a Witte: range ~t
    wide range of
    186,5
    186.5°-°-188 .0°C. This
    188.0°C. "Bolivranrock
    This "Bolivian !) was
    rock" was considered
    considered byby
    consumers
    consumers to be be a hrgh-quality
    high-quality pro'duet
    product,, soso the
    the melting
    melting
    melting—a spread
    melting-a spread of of at
    at iileast
    east 10 degrees. With
    10degrees. With a1
    a 50%
    50%cut cut
    of mannitol,
    of: mannitol, laotose
    lactose,, and
    and speed.
    speed, me.l\ing
    melting point started at
    pointstar.fed at
    point
    point test
    test is a s:~nsitive
    sensitive in<licato
    indicator~ of
    of rmpuritles
    impurities..
    about 120120°C and finished
    finished at about fso~c--a
    at about 160°C—a 40 40 degree
    aboui °c and degree
    41.-48
    41.-48.. (Qpposite
    (opposite page, top two
    page, fo11 two rowsrows),) In
    In left~ hand
    left-hand range.
    range.
    capillary,
    capillary, cocaine
    cocaine hydrochloJide
    hydrochloride cut with 2511/4
    cut wfth 25% MANNITOL
    MANNITOL Th~
    The "Bolivian
    "Bolivian rock"rock" and inositol-o
    and inositof-cut , ut sample
    sample hai:I
    had simil!r
    similar
    starts
    starts .melting
    melting atat alrout
    about 160
    160°C and 1
    C artd iiss finished
    finished at about
    about melting
    melting point
    point tests,
    tests, so
    so while,
    while tthe
    he melting
    melting poinf will terr
    point will tell if
    l80°C.
    180°C. ln the fight
    In the .,,handcapillary
    right-hand cocaineeat
    capillary,, cocaine cut with 2.5%
    with 25% a sample
    sample is faitly
    fairly pure,
    pure, a sample
    sample c' ould fail the
    could the melting
    melting
    ~~~;'14!!,
    l:A~
    , O,TOS£
    LACTOSE starts
    starts me.lting
    melting about
    about 170
    170PC C andandtinjs'Jres
    finishes a6out
    about point test
    point test and
    and still
    still be
    be of high qll'a11ty
    of high quality.. lnother.
    Another kind ll~d of
    9-
    l§t 0
    182°C.m.In
    In ~oth
    both caS'.es,
    cases,, the
    the residue
    residue atterafter melting
    melting is aa test would
    test· would Ire be ne1iessar,y
    necessary to to ,distinguish
    distinguish the '1B0!~1
    the "Bolivian ~NJ
    lief!
    darker brown
    brown than
    than that
    that produced
    produced by
    by cocaine
    cocaine ·alone;
    alone; rock" :tr.om
    rock.'' from tile
    the inositol
    inositol cut.cut. Inositol
    lnosttof isis o~e
    one o se m
    ofj'i several
    tb
    e the lactose
    however, lactose ·.residue
    residueis much
    much 1
    cfarke~than that
    darker than that adulterants WhicJi
    adulterants which require
    require (!Joremore 1han
    than <(gtone testi for
    of mannitol. detection.
    detectiQn.
    57.
    57. Metck Cocaine
    Merck Cocaine 58.
    58. "Book
    "Book Standard"
    Standard" 59. "Peruvian Flake"
    "Peruvian Flake"

    *a

    60, "Bolivian Rock" 61. Cut with Mannitol 62. Cut with Lactose

    63! Cut wfth


    63. Cut with Quinine
    Quinine &4.
    64. Cut
    Cut with
    with Inositol
    Inositol Si Cut with
    65. Cllf with Caffeine
    Caffeine
    Color Hates
    I -i5

    •
    FOIL
    FOIL BURN
    BURN TESTS
    TESTS
    Foil burn
    Foil burn tests
    tests a~ ~hownon the
    as shown the opposite
    opposite page
    pageare
    are done
    done
    with
    with _abo ut ~O
    about 10 milligrams
    milligrams of sample
    sample which
    which is placed
    placed onon
    aluminum
    aluminum foil andand gently
    gently heated
    heated from
    from below
    below with
    with a butane
    butane
    lig_
    hter. The
    lighter. The residue
    residue is then
    then exami ned. (For
    examined. {For set-up
    set-up of the
    the
    burn test.
    foil burn test, see
    see black-and
    black-and-white photos on pages
    -whitephotos pages 102
    102
    and 103.)
    and 103.)
    •

    57
    57.. (top row, left)
    (top row, left) MERCK COCAINE
    MERCK COCAINE: : Even
    Even pharmaceu
    pharmaceu--
    tically
    tically pure
    pure coca
    cocaine leaves a small
    ineleaves small orange-brown
    orange-brown residue.
    residue. ~3.
    63. (third
    (third row,
    row, left)
    left) ~OC~INEAND
    COCAINE AND QUININE:
    QUININE: When
    Whenquinine
    quinine
    1s present.the re
    is present, sidue rs
    residue is very
    very pronoun
    pronounced,ced similar
    similar to aa
    58
    58.. (top
    (lop row,
    row, middle) HIGHLY-REFINED
    middle) HIGHLY-REFINED ILLICIT
    ILLICIT COCAINE
    COCAINE spot
    spot of dry IndiaIndia ink.ink. '
    (the ''Bookstandard
    (the "Book ") leaves
    standard") leaves a residue
    residuesimilar
    similar to that
    that of 64.
    64. ~hird roVf,middle)
    (third row, middle) COCAINE
    COCAINE AND AND INOSITOL
    INOSITOL:: ThisThis
    pharmaceutical
    pharmaceutical cocaine.The
    cocaine. Thetrace amountsof impurities
    trace amounts impurities reacts
    reacts mu~h
    much l(kelike the
    the mannitol
    mannitol (second
    (second row,row, middle)
    middle),, but
    acco unt for the slightly
    account slightly darker
    darker color. more
    more burn,ng
    burning 1s is observed,
    observed, and and the
    the residue
    residue is charcoal-like
    charcoal-like
    •
    ,n appearance.
    in appearance.
    59.
    59. ~op
    (top row, right)
    right) " "PERUVIAN
    PERUVIAN FLAKE": Although
    FLAKE": Although the
    the
    65. ANDCAFFEINE:
    ~hird row, right)
    65. (third right) COCAINE
    COCAINE AND CAFFEINE: The The
    sample
    sample wa s unadulter
    was ated, the presence
    unadulterated, presence of other
    other alka-
    alka-
    reaction
    reaction of of caffeine
    caffeine is so similiar that of the "Book
    similiar to that "Book
    loids
    loids and impurities
    impurities produces
    produces a darker
    darker brown
    brown residue
    residue
    standard"
    standard" cocaine
    cocaine (top (top row
    row,, middle) thatthis
    middle) that this adulterant
    adulterant
    than
    than that
    that shown
    shown in color plates 57
    color plates 57 and 58.
    and 58.
    cannot
    cannot be be detected
    detected with with the foil burnburn test.
    test.
    60
    60., ~econd
    (second row, left)
    le(t) "BOLIVIAN ROCK": While
    "BOLIVIAN ROCK": the
    While the 66. (bottomrow,
    66. (bottom left)COCAINE
    row, left) COCAINE AND ANDLIDOCAINE
    LIDOCAINE HYDRO- HYDRO-
    cocaine
    cocaine content
    content of ''Boliv ianrock
    "Bolivian rock"" is usually
    usually higher
    higher than
    than CHLORIDE:
    CHLORIDE: The The residue
    residue herehere is slightly
    slightly darker
    darker than
    than "Book
    "Book
    that
    that of Peruvian,
    Peruvian, this
    this sa mplewas
    sample was not
    not well
    well refined
    refined,, and
    and·tthe
    he standard"
    standard" (top row, row, middle),
    middle), butbutshows
    showsno nocharcoal-like
    charcoal-like
    impurities
    impurities leave
    leave an almostblack
    an almost blackresidue.
    residue. spotas
    spot in color
    as in plates 62
    color plates 62andand6464.. Detectin1 lidocaine
    Detecting lidocaine with
    with
    this test
    this test isrs virtually
    virtually impossible.
    impossible.
    In
    In all the remaining
    remaining tests, the ''Book
    "Book standard
    standard"" cocaine
    cocaine
    was cutwith
    was cut withdifferent
    different adulterants
    adulterants soso that
    that the
    the sample used
    sample used 67.. (bottom
    67 (bottom row,
    row, middle)
    middle) COCAINE
    COCAINE AND LIDOCAINEBASE:
    AND LIDOCAINE BASE:
    was 25%
    was adulterantand 75%
    25% adulterant 75% purlfred
    purified cocaine
    cocaine hydro-
    hydro- When lldoeainebase
    When lidocaine base Is residue is almost
    is the cut, the residue almost
    chloride.
    chloride. For
    For the
    the test
    test in the last
    last color
    color plate
    plate shown
    shown here,
    here, identical to the "Book
    Identical "Book standard" cocaine.
    standard" cocaine.
    more adulterants
    more adulterants were
    were added
    added so thatthat the final
    final sample
    sample 68.
    68. (bottom
    (bottom row,row, right) COCAINE
    right) COCAINE AND
    AND MANNITOL.
    MANNITOL LAC- LAC-
    contained 50%
    contained 50% adulterants.
    adulterants. In Ineach
    each Instance
    instance (except
    (except the
    the TOSE,
    TOSE, ANDAND SPEED:
    SPEED: This This "street" cocme has
    "street" cocaine has ~nbeen citt
    cut a
    lidocaine hydrochloride and
    lldocainehydrochloride cocaine In
    andcocaine in color
    color plate
    plate 66),
    66), number of
    number times; each
    of times: time It
    each time it Is
    is cut,
    cut. It
    it Is more ,11eti
    is moit likely to
    the cocaine
    the cocaine and
    and cuts
    cuts were
    were mixed
    mixed by by screenlne
    screening them
    them fail the foll
    fall foil bum
    burn test.
    test.
    together.
    to1ether. SUMMARY OF FOIL BURN TESTS
    SUMMARY OFFOILBUffN TESTS
    The foil burn test alone shows WUie conclusively. High-
    61.
    61. (second
    (second row
    row,, midd COCAINE AND
    le) COCAINE
    middle) AND MANNITOL:
    MANNITOL: The
    quality bum
    foilunrefined
    test"Bolivian
    aloJ1•ahows lfttJ•
    rock" c can leave a dark
    cocaine
    Compared
    Compared tocolor
    color plate
    plate 58
    58 (top
    (top row,
    row, middle),
    middle), the
    the added
    added quality
    residue,unrefined "'8oJlvJ1n
    while cocaine cutroe
    with..lidocaine or caffeine
    residue,, Hec'«*l • CWhen sugar or quinine cuts are
    m1nnltol
    mannitol causes
    causes a black
    black rts(due,
    residue.
    •1
    leaves very little residue.
    u •theyif always leave a dark residue. Whan
    present, however,
    62. (second row, right) COCAINE AND LACTOSE: Here a combined with the results of other tests, information
    black, charcoaMike residue is seen. The burning sample derived from foil burn tests can lead to more specific
    has a caramel consistency, and the smoke has the odor of conclusions.
    burnt sugar.
    I Chapter Seven

    Purification

    It would
    Ir would greatly
    greatly simplify matt matters if illicit cocaine were
    ers if
    sold with
    sold with an an accurate
    accurate list
    list of its contents.
    contents. Since
    Since this is not not
    the case~
    the case, intuitive
    intuitive judgment
    judgmentss must must be mademade as to the thc qual-
    of the cocaine and
    ity of and the
    thc natur
    naturee of the adulterants
    adulterant s whichwhich
    are present.
    present. In orderorder to be effective,
    effecti\re, consumer
    consum er oriented
    oriented
    purification techniques
    purification techniques mu must be general
    st be general enough
    enough to to apply
    app ly
    under aa wide
    under wide range
    range of
    of circumstances.
    circumstances. These These procedures
    procedures are are
    not used
    not used to make cocaine;
    to make cocaine; they
    they areare used
    used to to remove adulter-
    remove adulter-
    ants and
    ants and impuriti
    impurities from cocaine
    es from cocaine thatthat hashas already
    already beenbeen
    made..
    made
    Since economics
    economics is always
    always a prime
    prime factor in in applying
    app lying
    purification technique
    purification techniques, s, one point should
    one point should be made made clear.
    The cost
    cost of cocaine is dicta
    of cocaine dictated thc amo
    ted bv• the amount t1n t ooff it whic
    which h is
    present in
    present in the
    thc original
    original pur
    purchase (provided
    cl1asc (pro vided th that none
    at 11 onc is lost
    thc purification
    in tl1e purification proprocess). If a g
    cess) . If gram
    ram ,:< costs
    )sts $Sioo
    loo and
    and is
    oonly cocaine, the
    50% cocaine,
    nly 50% die actual
    actual cost
    cost ooff tl1c
    thc cocaint
    cocaine: is $200 per
    $200 per
    gram. Consumers
    gram. Consumers who who use ~a1 purification
    pur 1{1cauon 1method
    r1cthod to re-
    move adulterants
    move frequently find
    adulterant s frequently find tl1e
    the resulti
    resulting purer co-
    ng purer
    caine too
    caine intense,
    too inten and add
    se, and add an adulterant
    adulterant of of their
    their own
    own
    choosing
    choosing ((much someonee would
    mucl1 as someon would take hard hard liquor
    liquor with
    with
    soda
    so d a oorr water)
    water) or simply
    or simpl y use much
    much less. The The realreal difference
    difference
    between snorting one
    betwe en snorting one gram
    gram of 50% cocaine
    of 50% cocaine or one half half
    g r a m o f p u r e lies i n t h c o t h e r 5 0 % t h
    can c l o g thc nose, n u m b thc brain' ^ i f f T ^ ^ich o f w

    just d o n o t h i n g . the muscles,


    s t I f t c n
    Q r

    The Acetone
    The Acetone Wash
    Wash

    When cocaine
    When cocaine bums burns the the no
    nose thr.
    that
    chat itit has
    has not
    manufacturµig
    not been washed ^
    been washed prie~^ Jc problem f
    ^th ™ may / bbec
    manufacturing process. process. Most M o s t ofpth:yi~
    ^ t h e ^ ! .^ en en~ °of the d
    f t h c

    sumed
    med in in rhe
    the United
    United States States comes c o ^~it ococ:imc
    ^1 ^ con- ^
    su m s
    l1ydrocl1loric acid and an overabu"d·comp etfe ~ th excess
    hydroch 'al lone
    lik h ac.d. and an overabundance .., an<::coof o1t o i v1 oo^anTc . ly
    mater1 hke
    material e hygnnc.
    ygr1nc. This This
    ,:_ .
    extra
    extra acid
    acid w
    was dd d in
    added rganic
    . ordcTto
    as a e 1norder to
    spec d th
    up thee cryst alllLat:J.on process and force
    c. tl1e oil . out
    speed up crystal
    · hzation
    · process and u0 rec the oil out of
    of
    an e th er solutton with the cocaine The il h'
    an ether solution with the cocaine.· The ooil, ,, wwhich1ch mav
    may
    m ake up as muc h as so% of the hydrochlor'd . ht
    make
    . j"- up thas much . as .5 0 .% of the hydrochloride wcieht
    1 C Wc.tlg
    . ,t. o
    m1g
    might erw1se
    otherwise
    l remain
    remain
    h 1n
    in. the
    thc ethcF.
    ether. OnceOnce th crystalliz a-'
    thcc crystalliza-
    t1on
    tion is1scomp
    complete,ere, the r_ e cocaine,
    cocaine, plus
    plus oils., plus excess
    oils, plus excess acidacid arc
    arc
    collected by
    collected filtranon. The
    byfiltration. The ether will pass
    ether will passthrough
    throughth thefil
    filter
    and
    and thethe soli~
    solids will will_~emain.
    remain. Much Much of of the extra aci~
    the extra ::~
    acid and
    some
    some of of the
    the u:n ,pur1t1es could
    impurities could be be removed
    removed at this poiat
    at this point if if
    fresh
    fresh solvent
    solvent was was poured
    poured over over the
    the cocaine
    cocaine and and allowed
    allowed to to
    pass
    pass through
    through the tl1e filter;
    filter; this
    this is
    is called wash. Since
    called aa 1vash. Since most
    most
    supp li~rs of
    suppliers of illicit cocaine desire a maximum yield, yield, th.e
    the
    wash 1iss often
    often deleted.
    deleted. To T o further c0mplicate
    complicate matters, the
    filtered cocaine
    .filtered cocaine is rarely dried dried completely.
    completely. This This adds a
    small amount
    small amount of of weight
    weight in in the
    the form
    form of of solvent
    solvent residue.
    residue.
    The dang
    The dangers ers of snorting
    snorting cocaine which which contains
    contains even
    amounts of
    small amounts of hydrochloric
    hydrochloric acid and/o and/orr ether residue
    should be quite
    should quite obvious.
    obvious. These chemicals chemicals will not only
    sting th
    sting thee nose
    nose on on contact
    contact but but may well cause deterioration deterioration
    membrane.. In addition,
    of the nasal membrane addition, tl1eythey are likelylikely to cause
    headachess with
    headache with repeated
    repeated use. Hygri Hygrine ,ne acts as a local irri-
    tant on
    tant on the nasal membranes.membranes. Whi While le this is partially due to
    die acid
    the acid which
    which it contains,
    contains, l1ygrine
    hygrine is poorly absorbed _in in
    the no nose se and
    and wiJ willl remain
    rema in long long after
    after the cocaine has dis-
    solved. If tl1c
    solved. die nose nose is no nott proper
    properly cleaned, membrane
    ly cleaI1ed, membrane
    damage m
    damage may be the
    ay be the rcst1lt.
    result.

    b . t1 · elf
    It is
    is unn
    unnecessary for the
    ecessary for the consumer_
    consumer toto su.
    subject
    JCCthimself
    uns
    this kind
    to this kind ofof humiliation. The cure 1
    humili ation. The is simple a~
    s as sunple as the
    the
    A l l that
    cause. All that is 11ccessary
    necessary to correct
    correct tl1e problem 18
    the problem is to
    to
    9
    f 6. The~qoipment usedfor the acetonewash inclodes:acetoneinin
    aa plastic washbottle,
    bottle,a a125ml
    125ml Erlenmeyer flask,
    aa ribbed
    th L H*
    9 Plne USed f 0 r , h e a c e , o n e w a s h
    unnSUth ,
    i"cludes:acetone plastic wash Erlenmeyer flask, ribbed
    ~unnelwi a medium-speed fil ter paper
    meaium-speed filter paper,, a
    a 20ml beaker with
    20ml beaker with a
    a watch-gl ass cover,
    watch-glass cover,aa glass
    glass stirring
    stirring rod,
    rod, a
    a lab
    lab stand.
    stand.
    148
    14
    complete thos~
    complete those Pai;ts
    parts of
    of the
    thc E?rocess
    process which
    which were
    were omitted.
    omitted JIM
    Since d1e
    Since thc cocaine
    cocame did not rcc01ve
    did _no~ receive aa final
    final wash,
    wash, it„ is put
    pur back
    back
    ; solvent
    in
    n solvent soso diat
    tl1at this simple procedure
    this simple procedure cancan be properly
    be properly ^
    performed.
    performed.
    The most
    The_most efficient way _to
    ~fficic1tt _way wash cocaine
    to wash cocaine (HCl
    (HC1)) is by
    by
    decantation.. Tius
    dccant~t1on This tcchru'!t1c
    technique 1s is routinely
    routinely used
    used toto separate
    separate aa
    fine ~me
    fine wine fro_m
    from any sedLmc?t
    sediment which
    wluch it may may contain
    contain.. InIn
    washing cocaine
    wa~l11ng_ cocaine the solvent m
    rite solvei:it in wluc
    which thc cocaine
    l1 clte cocaine was was crys-
    crys-
    tallized 1is
    railt7..ed poured off. Tl11s
    s poured This solution
    solution is is called
    called thc mother
    the mother
    liquor. After
    liquor.
    added
    After dc
    added to ~1e
    decanting
    thc cocaine
    thc mother
    ca_nti ng m1c mother liquor,
    liquor,fresh
    cocaine to remove more of tl1c
    acid.. TI1e
    excess acid The fresh solvent
    solvent and
    solvent is
    fresh solvent
    die impurities
    and cocaine arc
    impurities andand
    are swirled
    swirled
    4
    together
    cogcd1er andand allowed
    allowed to stand
    stand W1til
    until tl1c
    thc cocaine has has settled
    to thc bottom.
    c0 the bottom. Tl1e
    Thc solvent on top may may ilien
    then bebe decanted
    decanted 97
    97.. The
    The tilter
    filter paper
    paper Is
    is heated Just
    heated just
    before
    before use remove molstuie
    use to remove .
    moisture.
    also. E
    also. Each
    ach time
    time this procedure
    cl1js pro cedure isis done,
    done, th thee cocaine
    cocaine isis
    washed.
    washed.

    In the case of cocaine w


    In the which
    hich has been been crystallized but
    WARNING!
    WARNINGt
    not washed,
    nor " 'asl1ed, thc
    the mother liquor has already been removed. removed.
    The
    Th e wash procedure mu
    wash procedure must begin by
    st begin byplacing
    placing the
    thc cocaine
    cocaine in in aa
    beaker
    1;,cak and covering
    e r and covering it w with fresh solvent
    itl1 frcsl1 solvent,. AA small
    small stirring
    stirring Some of
    Some of the
    the proce
    proce--
    rod is used
    used to break up dures documented,
    dures documented ,
    up pieces so mat that methe insoluble material
    material
    eespecially
    s pecially those
    those
    (thee cocaine) is of
    (th of an
    an even
    even consistency.
    consistency. The The entire
    entire contents
    contents 1 nvo Ivi n g volatile
    involving volat He
    of
    of thc
    tl1e beaker are arc swirled andand covered with with aawatchglass.
    watchglass.In In solvents or
    solvents or concen-
    concen -
    few minu
    a few minutes, thc cocaine \Vi
    tes, the will settle
    ll senl to the
    c to die botto
    bottom m andandthethc trated aacids
    trated c ids and
    and
    solvent
    solvent with its soluble
    witJ1 its soluble impurities
    impurities will will bebeon
    ontop.
    top.When
    When all all alkalis may
    alkalis may be be
    die
    th particles have
    e solid particles settled to the
    have settled the bottom,
    bottom, the the solvent
    solvent is is extremely hazard-
    extremely hazard-
    decanted
    de cant ed through
    through aa filter and collected
    filter and collected in in a separate con-
    a separate con- ous. 'lbe
    ous. The reader
    reader isis
    tainer.
    tain Any cocaine
    er . Any cocaine wl1icl1
    which is is accidentally
    accidentally poured
    poured off off with
    with cautioned not
    cautioned not toto
    the solvent pperform
    e rform any of
    any of
    th e sol, ,cnt will remain in
    ,vill remain in the
    thc filter. Thc cocaine
    filter. The cocaine which
    which
    these procedures.
    remained in ththe beaker is is covered
    covered with with fresh
    fresh solvent,
    solvent, th ese pro cedures.
    rem ajned in e beaker Thee procedures
    Th procedures
    swirled, and
    swirled, and th the entire conte
    e entire contents nt s poured
    poured intointo thethe filter.
    filter. ddescribed should
    esc ribed should
    Once all
    Once all tl1e
    the sol\'Cllt
    solvent hashas passed
    passed thr through thc filter,
    ough tl1c filter, aa small
    small only be be performed
    only performed
    portion of
    portion fresh solvent
    of frcsl1 is poured
    sol, e 11t is po l1red o,,crover the
    the cocaine
    cocaine and and under laboratory
    laboratory
    1
    under
    allowed to pass
    allowed ro pass thrvug!~
    through the thc filter. Any solub
    filter. Any soluble impurities
    le impurities conditions
    co ndition s by by pro-
    pro-
    which may have been trapped at the bottom of thc filter fessional
    fess chemists
    ional chemists
    whl cl1 may l1avc t,eer1tr.1.ppe-..-t at the bottom of the fi!t~r operating under the
    cone will be the first to pasS through thefilterwhen this is op erating under the
    cone will b e the firs! to pa~'>rl1rougl1 the filter when this 1s authority of the
    a uthority of the
    done. ill® T 1 .• proper government
    pro per gove rnment
    type of filtrario11 is filtration. It regulatory agencies.
    This type
    This of filtration is cal~ed
    called ~ravity
    gravityfiltration. It iss re gulatory age n cies.
    based
    based on the same
    on tl1c same pru1ci plc wl11d1
    principle which 1 s used
    is used toto filter
    filter coftec
    ~off~c
    tl1
    diee ccMelitta way."
    "Melitta way.,, When
    When aa solid
    solid is is separated
    separated fromfrom aa liquid
    liquid
    (Continued
    (Continued on page 163)
    on page 153)
    lop:
    top: oottom
    bottom: .
    98. Ten
    98. Ten millilitersof
    milliliters ofacetone
    acetoneisisadded
    addedtoto
    one gram
    one gramofsampl e.
    ot sample. 100.
    100. Cry:>tals art allo.ved
    Crystals are allowedtoto~ettle
    settle to
    tolhe
    the bottom
    bottom.. The watch·
    ThewatcTi
    99
    99.. Acetone
    Acetoneandandsamp le are
    sample arestirred
    stirredfor
    for one
    oneto
    to two
    twominutes .
    minutes.
    glass prevents
    preventsdirt
    dirt from falling into
    from fallinr into beaker.
    beaker,
    10 l. When
    101. When crystals
    crystals have settled, acetone
    have settled, acetone above
    above Is clear.
    is clear.
    tntton,:
    attorn: „, p to remove traces of
    top: 10~. The l)i,ake
    W The beaker r is nosed
    rinsed with acetone to
    with acetone
    a t n n
    to remove
    remo tracesof
    .1
    102. Acetone is decant
    02. Acetone ed off
    decanted off the crysta
    crystals through ~,lter
    ls thr.:'ul(n tind
    « K « jjjw sari1rle. h dd·t· 1
    into flask.
    into flask. Stirring
    Stirring rod
    rod guides the
    the liquid and pre11e1:t~
    liquid :t11d prever: s sr,iHs.
    s pi Is. 10$. Afterall the ac~tonehas passed throug . ana 1 1ona
    103. Steps
    IO~. Steps in photos 98
    in photos 98and
    and 99
    99 (p.150) arc ropeated
    (p. 150) are roprsted and
    ^ d tthe
    ne e ,s pouredoverthe sample.
    !O•nlof fie:::h3ceto11
    entire
    entire c6ntents
    contents are
    are poured the center
    into the
    poured into center of tne fM
    of the :itcr.
    M.
    - rs • ·

    top:
    top; bottom
    bottom:.
    _106. When
    106. When all
    allthe
    theacetone
    acetonehas
    haspassed
    passedthrough,
    through,thethefilter cone
    filter cone 108
    108.. The last drop
    The last drop of acetone
    acetone is squeezed
    squeezed out.
    out, . •
    1s
    is removed
    removed from
    from the
    the funnel.
    funnel 109. A paper
    109. securesthe
    paper clip secures the folds. The
    Thefolded
    folded filter with
    107.
    107. Then
    Then it Is foldedin at
    is folded at sides,
    sides, and
    and lastly, downat
    lastly, down at top.
    top. contentsis then
    contents then placed under3a heat
    placed under lampto dry.
    heat lamp dry.
    J>i, rift cc, t lcJn/ Acetc) ne Wash
    Ptiriflcatinn/Acetone \,Vc1s1
    ,
    fConfinuoci from
    {Continued from pogo
    pogo 149)
    149)

    gravity filtration,
    by gravity nitration, there
    there will always be
    will always traces of
    be traces solvent
    of so lv 1'
    which
    ~h10
    · h rem~ · m
    remain · thc
    in rh e _solid . Th
    solid. These are removed
    csc are removed by cnt
    by evapora-
    evapora-
    !o
    non. To fac1J1rarc
    tion. facilitate this, the filter
    this , the filter cone
    cone con
    containing thc so
    taining the solid
    lid
    material 1s
    marenal is pressecl
    pressed between
    berweea the th e hands
    hat\\ds inin aa downward
    downward
    motion so
    motion that most
    so that most of of cl1c
    the remaining
    remaining s0 solvent
    lvcnt will be be
    forced out
    (orced out d1e
    thc eottom.
    bottom. :::f'l1.e
    The trace
    trace of solvent
    0f so which rcma
    lveRt wl,icn remains
    ills
    is evaporated
    JS evaporated when
    when themefilter
    filter cone, complete
    cone , comp lete widi cocaine
    with coca in e
    is place?
    js pJaced under
    under a heat lam_
    a heat lamp p to dry. The
    to dry. Thc filter
    filter paper
    paper acts
    acts as
    as a;
    protective shell,
    prorccave shell, preventing
    preventing the the coca
    cocaine from being
    ine from ex-
    beit1.g ex-
    posed directly to
    posed directly to the heat lamp
    the heat lamp..
    Thc cfuoice
    Tl1e choice of of solvent
    solvent is a <::r critical one \Vl1.ich
    iti cal o.ne which must
    must
    certain criteria.
    satisfy certain criteria. Mo
    Most importantt of
    st imp0rtan of these
    dicse is that
    that the
    thc
    solvent dissolve
    solvent dissolve _r the impurities
    he impu ,ritie s wwithout
    irl1out dissolving
    dissolving the the
    Second, it
    cocaine. Second~ 1t must
    mli1St evaporate
    evaporate at a temperaturetemperature lower lower
    that which
    than that which would
    would melt the cocaine, cocaine, and and it should
    sl1ould
    leave no residue once evaporated.
    no residue evaporated.
    One solvent
    One which meets
    solvent which. meets all of of these
    these crit
    criteria
    eri a is ace-
    tone. Contrary
    tone. Contrary to cocaine mytholo mythology, acetone
    gy, aceton e is an excel-
    lent solvent
    lent which leaves 0o.eoto/o
    solvent which . 0 0 1 % residue evaporation.
    residu e after evaporati on
    Cocaine
    Cocaine hydroohloride
    hydrochloride is alm©st almost totalltotally y insolubl
    insoluble e ir1 ac\'-
    in ace-
    tone,
    tone, butbut hydrochloric
    hydrochloric acid acid will totally
    totally dissolve. Hygrine H ygr,11, .:
    hydrochloride
    hydrochloride and and other
    other organic
    organic impu impuritiesritie s are partially
    partiali y
    soluble in
    soluble in ac€tone.
    acetone. The base forms
    The base f0Fms o off most
    most drugdrugss used
    used to to
    adulterate
    adulterate cocaine are very soluble soluble in in acetone.
    acetone. Acetone is
    extremely flammable
    extremely flammable but but will not not form
    form explosive
    explosive peroxides
    peroxides
    does anhydrous
    as does anhydrous diethyl
    diethyl ether.
    ether. It is the peroxides
    the peroxid es which
    which
    can simply
    simply explode
    explode whenwhen dried
    dried and and are probably
    probably the cause cause
    of frequently
    of frequently reported
    reported and rumored "underground"
    and rumored ''underground' ' labo- labo-
    ratory fires.*
    ratory fires.* Acetone
    Acetone is is sold
    sold in in several
    several gradesgrades wluch
    which vary vary
    in purity.
    in purity. ItIt is
    is important
    important that that m;ie the acetone
    acetone be be "chemically
    ''chemically
    pure," that
    pure,'' that is,
    is, free from alcohol
    free from alcohol and and water,
    water, both both of of which
    which
    will
    ,..,,.· dissolve cocaine.
    · dissolve cocaine.
    ide from
    Aside from purifying
    1rr11o.:::::: the cocaine,
    purifying tne cocaine, the
    the aceto.ne
    acetone wash
    wash
    may g , · cantly.limprove its aesthetics.
    significantly aesthetics. It is often
    often the

    * Some solvents mentioned here and many solvents used routinely in


    laboratories are toxic and/orflammable(possibly explosive). Working
    with them where ventilation is inadequate creates a LIFE THREAT-
    ENING situation. Safe use of such solvents is a complex problem which
    professional laboratories have solved; any layman using such solvents is
    risking his life.
    -""
    -

    8 1
    Cocaine Solubility-

    x
    2
    •

    -
    In acidic and basic solutions

    CD

    to

    o
    i
    o
    X

    0 Cl- CH3

    o
    o
    ~--OCH 3 0
    \
    I ~-OCH .i

    "D
    "O
    add acid (HCI) H_:N

    X3

    X
    CD

    u
    CD
    O

    r
    • l -H

    /
    .....
    :> l -H ...
    ~
    ...

    /
    "'-
    -..;;:

    "C
    "O b
    _o O
    add base ...

    CO
    -...:

    CD >
    o (remove HCll .....
    __ o "'
    .....
    .....

    X
    U
    0,C ~Ph ~

    u
    .-..

    CL
    '-
    H I/ H
    " I...
    "' - P')
    ~
    0 0 -
    ...
    ....
    ~
    ...
    ...
    ....
    ...
    ~
    .,...
    ~
    ...
    Cocaine Cocaine hyd roch!oride ~
    o
    O

    c
    a>

    o
    O
    u
    Base Form-(high
    03

    pH)- Salt For n1-( lo\v pH)-

    - 3
    CD

    .?

    o ^ 3 J

    CL a*

    J.
    £

    > 2>
    O

    " o <D o
    no electric charge , ias e ,ect -ic t~harQe
    o o
    CD
    a) 3 2

    B
    o
    a

    QJ
    0

    0>
    ...
    soluble in organic solvents . so ...l1,e 1nvvater,

    _£r
    -=!
    00

    rjj
    o
    o c

    CO
    -

    a;
    U

    ·1so .. ble ir1orgartic sc,t,rents

    -7)
    insolublein water

    X^
    CD

    rj
    c
    o

    CD

    Ph=0
    1"'111
    ·iJi'c·cili<JJlIG'JyslCT
    Purification/CrystallizationL/iz c1ti o 11
    155
    155
    impurities
    impuriti which obsL,1rc.;_
    es wlucl1 obscure cocaine's crystalli1
    crystal I in ity.
    1ity. As lthey
    The acetone v.
    Tl1_e wash will seldom
    1 asl1_\v1ll seldom if ever lowerlovvcr the quality
    qua lity
    As
    cerr, hsay
    f. in Colombia,
    Co lomb· .
    1a,
    'The
    ,1;. 1~ cchef
    _e is everything."
    1s everyt1 1 ing.''
    of cocaine.
    cocaine. Ho However,
    wever, 1r it docs
    does have negative aspects which
    ~ave negative w'llicl1 TTheir differing
    l1eu- diff er ing skills affect
    skills affect
    should
    sh~ul d also be und understood.
    erstood . First, there
    th ere is bound
    botmd to be a both th
    botb thee appearance
    app earance and and
    thee hea
    th head of th
    d ef thee cocaine
    cocaine
    weight usually 8-
    weigl1t loss, usually 8 - 1r2%,
    2 % , very litt
    little
    le of which will be they
    th ey pproduce.
    troduce. Bur But rhe
    the
    cocaine.
    cocain Second,, cocaine whicl1
    e. Second which is washed u1 in aceto
    acetone11e can- exact extent 0f
    ~~act extent of tl1eir
    their
    not be
    no_t be consumed
    cons~ ed _f~r for atat least 48 l1ours
    least 48 hours after
    after it is dry.
    it is dry. The
    The influence
    influ isn't
    en~e isn always
    ~r always
    aging p
    aging process
    rocess isis criti
    critical to tl1c
    cal to the taste
    taste and
    and smell
    smell of'of the
    thc cocaine
    cocaine ascertainable.
    asce Obviously
    rtama~le . Obviou sly
    the hash sJ111ger
    tl~e l1ash slingcrss ofof tf1e
    the
    as well
    as well as
    as tl1e
    the health
    health of of tl1e
    the conswner
    consumer.. Aging
    Aging is is even
    even more
    more
    big
    b1g commcommercial kitchens
    er cial kitchens
    effective when
    effective when tl1ethe cocaine
    cocaine is is screened
    screened to to . aa fine
    fine powder,
    mow der ,
    r ddon't prepare tlie
    on 't pirepal!e the yellow
    yellow
    spread
    sprea d out
    out onon aa non-po
    non-porousrous surface, and dr1
    surface, and dried under
    ecl.und er heat.
    l1eat. rock er
    reek or tll1e
    die pink
    pink flltkc,
    flJkc,
    much less tl1e
    ch less thc silvery
    silvery
    Finally, since the die quality of the wasl1ed washed cocai11
    cocainee ls is mu
    butterfly
    buttelifly wing wingss and and
    likely to be much
    much better than its p1i
    bett er than predecessor,
    edecessor, it is much mucl1 iridescent
    irid escent
    easier to consume
    consum e larger amounts in in a sl1orte,
    shorterr, period
    period of mother-of-pearl
    motli featured
    er-o f-pearl featured
    time. The
    ti1ne. Th e negative effects of dirty cocaine often act as a by tihe
    thc gre
    great
    at chefs. But
    But
    deterrent
    det errent toco its use; when
    when tl1e the dirt
    dirt is rer'l'1
    removed,
    0:\.'ed~ so is thec
    is tliJ. there is no
    tl1ere objective data
    no objective data
    deterrent.
    deterrc11t. on how,, say, aa chef's
    on how chef's
    ability ro
    ability to alter
    alter the
    thc
    percentage
    pe .ucentage and
    and ratios
    ratios 0fof
    Crystallization
    Crystallization the noncocainc
    the nonc o caine alkaloids
    alkaloids
    remaining
    remaining in in the
    die illicit
    illicit
    thiss cont
    In thi context, crystallization is a term used to refer
    ext , crystallization product affect
    product affect the
    die high.
    high.
    the process
    to tl1e process of converting
    convertin g cocaine
    cecain.e base coto cocaine hydro- And unJess
    And unless a great chef
    a great chef
    publishes his
    pubJishes his or
    or her
    her
    chloride.
    chloride. Thi Thiss requires
    requires technical
    technical skills
    skills which
    which areare similar
    similar toto
    observations on
    0bseFVations the
    on the
    those
    th used to
    ose used to convert cocaine h;y
    convert cocaine hydrochloride
    drocltloride to to Gcocaine
    0caine subject, we
    subject, we are
    are not
    not likely
    likely
    base The major
    base. Tl1e major difference
    difference is that the
    is th.at the l1
    hydrochloride
    ydr0chl0ride formform to learn
    learn how
    how the
    thc different
    different
    is
    is usually the finished'
    usually the finished product which will
    product which will be
    be sold
    sold on the
    on the solvents—petroleum
    solvents-petraleum
    black market
    black market.. Its
    Its aesthetic
    aesthetic andand technical
    technical qualities greatly
    qualities greatly ether, benzene,
    ether, benzene, alcohol,
    alcohol, to
    to
    influence thc selling
    selling price
    price and
    and will name few—affect the
    name a few-affect the
    influence the will be
    be the
    the subject
    subject of close
    of close appearance.
    examination. The
    examination. The base,
    base, onon the other hand
    the other hand, isis not
    not the
    the final
    final Richard Ashley,
    product and
    product therefore does
    and therefore does not
    not require the precision
    require the prec~sionandan~ High Times* 1979-
    sophistication necessary to
    sophistic ation necessary to produce aa marketable
    marketable .tern
    1tom.ItIt is
    1s
    a means to an end, end, and
    and its aesthetic qualities
    quaht.es are of of little
    importance. . .
    i m
    ™ sis made
    Base
    P
    made by by dissolving cocaine ?~drochlor1d~
    dissolving cocaine hydrochloridemin
    disused water
    distilled w a t £ and adding an
    and slowly adding an alkali
    alkali ~e a m —
    fikcammo_ruwn
    hydroxide. This raises the pH of the solunon.~aendy:

    s? s t s = r a p * r £ 3
    for the cocaine base to precipitate. Wh'.en•~ W\!J eeQ
    determined that precipitation ,is ~ompJ,et~,th°e,D~
    separated from the water by Wttioo o · o
    te Qleumether;.
    petroleum ether. hydrochloride by
    ii ~=
    The dry base is r K o n
    ^ ^ hydrochloric
    v c r t c d

    dissolving it in ether or acetone, and adding ny


    Purification/Cry
    ~~·(ica t i o,1 /Cr_J
    Pi1,, 'Stallization
    1SI c1/l1'z ft li (Jrz

    acid. As the pH p H is lowelowered, the cocaine


    red, the co (cti11epprecipitates
    recipitat es as
    cocaine hydrochloride
    coca in e hydro chlori de crystals.
    cryst als. When
    Whe11 it I1as has been
    been deter-
    deter-
    mined
    min ed thatthat crystall
    crystallization complete,
    iza tio 11 is comp the crysta
    lete, the crystals ls are
    separated from
    separated from the
    die solve11
    solvents rs ((mother liquor)
    mothe r liq by filtration.
    tior) by filtration.
    This,
    Thi s, at least,
    least, is the
    th e science
    scien ce which
    wl1ich by laboratory
    laboratory stan- staa-
    dards invo
    dards involves relatively
    lves relat simple procedures.
    ively simple procedures. Tl1e The art is is
    another story,
    anotl1er story, which
    w l1ich to to the
    the present
    present dayday has retained its
    has retained its
    secrecy.
    secrecy. Thi Thiss mystiq
    mystique ue hahass given
    given power
    power to to those
    those who who
    know its
    know its secrets
    secre ts -— powpower over tho
    er over those who lack
    se wl10 lack thi
    thiss uncl.er
    under--
    standing.
    standing. For For tl1e
    die cocaine
    cocaine connoisseur,
    co nnoi sseur , there
    there is is no
    no denying
    denymg
    the aesthetic
    tl1e aesth appeal and
    etic appeal and subsequent
    su bsequent desire created oy
    desire created by fhe
    the
    look of
    look iridescent flakes
    of iridescent flakes ofof cocaine
    cocaine which
    which when
    when fractured
    fractuirecl
    reveal layered
    reveal layered caverns
    caverns of of mother
    mother-of-pearl cocaine.
    -of-pe arl c0cai The
    ne. 1'l1e
    testing
    te sting kit kitss are
    are forgotten
    forgotten when when thethe cocaine
    cocaine looks
    looks likelike co-
    co-
    caine, and
    caine, and people
    people who who could
    could notnot afford
    afford dinner come
    come out
    <illfl.tiler of
    ou.t of
    the woodwork
    the woodwork witl1 with sufficient
    sufficient cash
    cash tto pay for
    0 pay for dessert.
    dessert. They
    They
    call it ''"the
    call it kind,"
    the kin. ~' ' aa rare
    rare sight even am0ng
    sight even among c0lilIT0.isseurs.
    connoisseurs.

    CRYSTALLIZATION
    CRYSTALLIZATION OF CQCPtlNE
    COCAINE HVDR©CPIL0R 'IDE:
    HYDROCHLORIDE:
    Pra~lems
    Problems ancl
    and Remedies
    | INE>ICATl©N
    INDICATION | €AUSE
    CAUSE RSMSll>i¥
    REMEDY

    I The aase
    base will not
    not Tfae base
    The aase was imi:>ropedy
    improperly The insoh:1ble part Is
    insoluble 1:>art is i:emowd
    removed
    I totally
    totally dissolve in 1 made
    dissolve in ma:deor poo'f'II~
    01 poorly washed. av filtration. l:t
    by filtr.etior:1.It may
    may th,en
    then be
    I acetone.
    acetone. Some MCI
    HCI remains. rediss0Jved
    redissolved in wateri.
    water and
    cor:1verted
    converted to to base.
    The base ma',l
    may contain
    contain If insoluble
    lif in water, lt
    insoluble In ls....,.,.,
    it is
    a non-ac&te:,ne-saluble
    non-acetone-soluble discarded. I
    adulterant.
    adulterant.

    1The
    Theacid
    acidlaisadded
    added The chemicals are too The chemicals are warmed
    1and
    andna
    noreaction
    reaction cold; stirring is insuffi- to room temperature. The
    1 occurs. cient, combined solution is re-
    swirled until the reaction
    begins.
    1 Not enough ecid wes The pH is lowered by edding
    used to sufficiently lower more acid.
    the pH.

    1 The final hydro- The base was not totally The base must be completely
    1 chloride weight it 1 dry when dissolved in dry before crystallizing.
    1 leas then the base acetone and an incorrect
    1 weight. weight was the result.
    1 The base contained an The oil base is not cocaine
    oily substance which did and Is allowed to remain m 1
    not precipitate with the the mother liquor. J
    1 cocaine.
    Puriflcatton/QystaUizatton
    f"11rificr1tir, 11/<:ry.slc1lllzatf,Jn

    Even
    E ven in in ax:ain,;
    cocaine producing
    pr, K!11c,•,g countries
    <;r>un+-ric. situation
    thc ~jtua
    s the tir;n Uis ·~
    much
    mu ch the same. High quality
    s_amc.Hi~, cocaine has
    quaJit; flake rrJcainc has bca)mc
    become so '>(')

    rare
    rar that h1gh
    ~ that high ranYJr1g
    ranking _mcrn'xr
    memberss of larger cocaine
    rJf !arger organi-
    cr.J<:aine
    organi-
    zations
    zati ons often have thc1r
    often ha\'C their own chemist who
    own chemist ·.vho makes special
    special
    batches
    batch "thc Jrjnd"
    es of "the kind" for themselves and and aa fc.-111
    few clo,e
    close as'K>-
    asso-
    ciates. VlhiJe
    ciatcs. While the science is readily
    thc science available to
    rcadil}' avaiJabJc to anyone
    anyone who
    who
    can read
    can read,, thc
    the art is only known to
    onJj, known to aa select few.
    select few.
    The science
    The science ofof crystallization chemistry. In
    crystallization is chc.mistry. In order
    order tlJ
    to
    control the
    controJ thc technical and ae.sth<.--tic
    tcchnicaJ and aesthetic quaJiric.s
    qualities of
    of cocaine,
    cocaine, the
    thc
    artist must
    artist must understand
    under stand thethe factors
    factors which,
    which, when
    when properly
    p roperly
    manipulated, will
    manipulat~ produce the
    wiJI produce thc Jook
    look which is de.sired.
    v1hich js desired. As
    As
    this applies
    this applies to flake cocaine,
    to flake thc factors
    cocaine, the factors are
    are the
    the condi
    conditions
    tions
    during crystal
    during crystal growth
    growth andand crystal
    crystal dt)
    drying.
    ing.
    1

    Crystal Growth
    Crystal Growth
    The way
    The that cocaine
    \vay that cocaine crystals
    cr,'stals grow
    grow is dependent enr onon
    the characteristics
    the characteristics of of the
    the base and and the
    thc rate
    rate at
    at which
    which thc
    the
    pH is
    pH is lowered
    lowered. TheThe more
    more rapidly this change
    rapidJ}' this change ocrurs,
    occurs, the
    ~
    smaller will be the
    v1illbe the resultant
    resultant crystals. The The slower
    slower the pHpH uis
    changed, the
    changed, larger the
    the larger the crystals.
    crystals. The
    The artist ~ks
    seeks to
    to avoid
    avoid
    extreme changes
    extreme changes whether
    whether theythey bebe sl~w
    slowororrapid
    rapid.One
    Onegram
    gram
    may be crystallized
    may crystallized inin as little as s5minutes
    as little minutesororasasJong
    longasas484*
    hours.
    hours.

    The majority of the great cooks agree that the best


    looking flake is madefromcrystals which were all precipi-
    tated at the same time and then allowed to grow in size
    over a period of hours. The resultant crystals are of equal
    size and consistency, and so is thcflake.When crystalliza-
    tion is too rapid, thc crystals, while homc^enous .n size
    and consistency, retain impurities which dull thc sparide
    necessary to make pearl. Crystals which g ^ ^ ^ X
    are usually the result of improper mixing of the acid ana
    the base. These larger crystals, whiie^lbam in^ar^car-
    ance, are usually unequal in size. T r ^ tend J rera n
    solvents which do not "go away" "hen dried, and, where
    trapped acid is involved, multiple P * ^ ^ ^
    Thescincludc lowered yields and extremely acidic cocaine
    which can damage the nasal passage when snorted.
    , '
    I I

    •
    •
    •

    ' I

    I : 2..

    HO. Equipment used for crystallization includes: one gram of cocaine base in a 20ml beaker covered with a watch-glass,
    acetone m a wash bottle, hydrochloric acid-methanol solution (1:2). filtration set-up with a 30ml beaker a 20ml beaker with
    a watch-glass cover, two glass stirring rods, an eyedropper. a lab stand.
    1' 11,·(/ tl·t tl i rJJ1/C JJ1st c1/I izc, t io, 1
    Purification/Crystallization
    159
    The Chemicals
    The Chemicals
    The cl1en1ical
    chemicalss whi cl1 are used to crystallize cocaine
    which
    include:
    i11clude:
    1.c. T he solvent
    The solvent in wl1ich
    which the base is dissolved.
    disso lved.
    2. The
    2. The acid wllich
    which is used to lower the
    thc ppH
    H of t1
    the
    1e
    solution.
    base solution.
    3. T h
    3. l1e solvent
    solvent whicl1
    which is L1used
    sed to dilute
    dilute the acid.
    The solvent
    4. The which is used to wash the coca
    solvent which cocaine
    ine
    crystals
    crys tals after
    after crystallization complete.
    crystal lization is compl ete.
    The crys
    crystal growth wi
    t~ gro~ will
    ll be affected by the clioice
    choiceofof
    which
    acid, wh
    solvents and acid are used.
    ich are used. Also,
    Also, tl1e
    thepurity of the
    purity of the
    chemicals, m
    chemicals, thee tempet·ature
    temperature at which
    which they
    tl1ey are used, and tlle
    the
    volumesof
    volu»ies eachwill
    oi each will greatly
    greatly affect
    affectthe
    the outcome.
    outcome.

    The Solvents
    The Solvents
    WARNING!
    WARNING!
    While the
    While the most
    most common
    commonly ly used sosolvent cocaine
    lvent for cocaine
    crystallization
    crys ether,
    talli zation is ethe r, it is extremely hazardous
    extremely hazardo us to use.
    Some of thethe proce-
    proce-
    Acetone, although highl
    Acetone , almough highly flammable, is
    y flammable, is not
    not as toxic
    toxic as dures documented,
    dures documented,
    ether and
    ether and doe
    docss not
    not form
    form explosive peroxide
    peroxides. s. It works well especially those
    especially those
    for cocaine
    for cocaine crystallization
    crystallization for
    for the same reasons that
    same reasons that it is involving
    Jnvolvf volatile
    ng volatile
    effective as a wash. The
    effective The base
    base is extremely
    extremely soluble
    soluble in ace- concen- ·:·•···
    solvents or concen-
    tone, the
    tone, the hydrochloride
    hydrochloride is not. not. It evaporates
    evaporates completely,
    completely, trated acids
    trated acids •Al
    and
    a l k a l i s .JDS:!
    alkalis may be
    leaving no
    leaving no residue.
    residue. Its major disadvantage is that,
    major disadvantage that, unlike
    unlike
    extremely hazard-
    ether, acetone
    ether acetone will notnot have a visible white reaction to the
    visible white thc ous. The reader is
    addition of
    addition of acid. This
    This can make it difficult
    difficult to determine
    determine thethc cautioned not to
    proper amount
    proper amount ofo f acid to use and point at which crys-
    and the point crys- perform any of
    tallization is complete.
    tallization complete. these procedures.
    The procedures
    described should
    only be performed
    under laboratory
    The Acid conditions by pro-
    fessional chemists
    The name of thc game is cocaine hydrochloride. It
    operating under the
    follows that the name of the acid is hydrochloric acid.
    authority of the
    When it comes as a liquid, hydrochloric acid can be 38%
    proper government
    hydrogen chloride (HC1), no more. The remainder is
    regulatory agencies.
    water Since the acid comprises only 1% of the total
    volume of liquid used to crystallize cocaine, this small
    top
    111. Onegram of ecocaine base. bottom
    I112. ft'EM
    l l Ten w i
    ™ *•».
    mlllllltors of acetone is added to tho gram of
    cocaine base. bottom
    11J
    J J3. iThe
    i ? The
    h! ?
    iff B
    * is stirred untfl
    C f l , 0 n
    acetone Is stirred
    S ™ Is filtered
    until th
    the
    b O is
    o bis* "!,,
    dissolvod.
    flsolution
    d/wo/ted.
    solution.
    .
    fllto,od toto oM«in * c / « r of
    J i s
    J14. llquld 0 b~iin.a;y°/oss tho baseand
    JJS.
    Ini faJff , l
    * Is rinsed
    Thoflllor * « * ^tom/nim'w
    ri s f i n
    1
    mlnfmhze™ / ' « * °to
    solution ' I S.20m/ and
    ,
    to
    1 0
    Increase
    J n c
    the
    ' * * « the Eottl ,
    101.11volumt> I esolution to l$-20ml
    o/ tur
    v o u m # 0
    Pt, ,~·r;,·(1/io, 1/ C1J1Sfi/Oystallization
    Purificatio} c1/lizr 1fiOJ7

    ~u11ou11tof water
    amount \\'Jtcr is 11not
    <.'t Ja prob
    problem. however,
    lcn1. If, howeve r, the acid
    were
    ,, ·ere more dilute ((widi
    n1o re dilute \\·itl1 water)
    ,, c1ccr) it would different
    \vould be a difterent
    story.' . Fo
    stOt") Forr this
    tl1is reason,
    rcaso 11, fi. full-strength
    1ll-streng tl1 liquid l1ydrochloric
    hydrochloric
    diluted ,,,ich
    acid is diluted with abso
    absolute methanol or acetone,
    lute n1eth,10ol both.
    acetone, or botl 1.
    amount of
    The amount of h)'droc
    hydrochloricl1lo ric acid which needed co
    \.\llich is needed
    1
    to
    neutralize
    neutrali ze a given b~1sc base will
    vvill always
    al\Va)'S vary with,vith its alkaloid
    alkaloid
    content
    co ntent and and degree
    degree o off alkalir1iry.
    alkalinity. 111 In general, base \-Vh
    general, base which
    ich is
    made
    m by the n1etl1od
    ade b)' method described
    described in in th
    thce <<Co
    "Cocaine
    caine Base Test''
    Test"
    (see
    (see p. no) i10) will requiree 0.25
    ,vill requir 0.25 11ullilit
    milliliters
    e rs of co11centrated
    concentrated
    hydrochloric
    h) 1dro cl1lo ric acid perper gran1
    gram of of base. The
    Tl1e amount
    an1ount is critical.
    much acid is used, the
    If too much reaction will
    the reaction happen very
    will happen very fast.
    If too
    If too littl
    little, die reacti
    e, tl1e reaction will be
    o11vvill slow, and
    be slo,v, and some
    some base
    base will
    will
    remain in
    remain in so
    solution. In that
    lution . In that case,
    case, more acid has
    more acid has to be added
    to be added
    to complete
    to complete tl1e die process.
    process. Thi This will produce
    s will produce aa secondary
    secondary
    growth of
    gro"vth o f crystals
    crystals with
    ,vith characteristics different from
    characteristic ~ different from those
    those
    already formed.
    alread)' There is
    formed. There is no no all-en
    all-encompassing formula.
    compassing formula.
    The exact
    Tl1e exact amount
    amount ooff acid required is
    acid required is determined
    determined by by trial
    trial
    and er
    and error using the
    ro r using the above
    above figures
    figures as as aa rough
    rough estimate
    estimate
    (starting point
    (starting point).).

    Stirring
    Stirring
    What may seem to be an insignificant detail is a~ actually
    prime factor
    a prime factor inin the rate
    rate ofo f crystal growm.
    growth. Wij
    When the
    dilute acid
    dilute acid solution
    solution (A) (A) is
    is added
    added to to the
    the base/ac~
    base/acetone solu-
    tion (B),
    tion (B), crystallization begins. The
    crystallization begins. The rate
    rate at
    at which A is
    added and
    added the time
    and the time itit takes
    takes for
    for all
    all of
    of AA to
    to mix
    · with all of B
    will significantly
    will significantly alter
    alter the
    the rate
    rate ofof crystal growth. Ideally,
    solution B
    solution B is
    is swirled
    swirled "in a circular
    · motion at a rate which
    will allow all of solution A to be added before B ceases to
    will allow all ~~s:a
    swirl. This allows the acid to be evenly combined with the
    base before much crystal growth has begun. If the acid is
    added after thc swirling has stopped, it will sink to thc
    bottom before mixing with the base and crystal growth
    will begin on the bottom. Thc result is usually trapped acid
    and uneven growth. If, on thc other hand, swirling is con-
    tinuous before, during, and after die addition of thc acid,
    crystallization will be too rapid. While the resultant hydro-
    chloride will be homogenous, the tiny crystals will lack thc
    brilliance and clarity of more slowly grown crystals.

    (Continued on pnoc 169)


    top:
    top: bottom:
    bo ttom:
    116. 118. Thecocaine
    l i a The cocaine base
    base solution
    solution and
    and the
    the acid-acetonesolu
    acid-acolon© solu-·
    116. InIn a
    a separate beaker, about
    separate beaker, about 25
    25 drops
    drops (0.75ml)
    (0.75ml) of
    of the
    the tion
    tion are
    are swirled
    swirled simultaneously
    simultaneously and
    and In
    in the
    the same direction
    same direction.,
    HCl-melhanol
    HC1-methanol solution
    solution Is added to
    is added to 10ml
    10ml of
    of acetone
    acetone,.
    117
    117.. lbls
    This acid-acetonesolutlon
    acid-acetone solution Is
    is mixed
    mixed well.
    well.
    , po
    poured ouicMy i n * th. ca ln
    coe.in. •ba st
    to» so lu tlo
    sotu.ion nw flilt bo
    whil. thar
    bo.h . e sti
    itlll
    irfin1
    ll sw
    «irim .
    u wt so
    c *on
    - *ttt lutionls
    s
    uttd qu ic kl In to lh t co n t
    Hi* t ac
    Th *cutdi... solution
    \ \t.
    103
    I l.
    ioo.e
    above:
    •
    120. By the time
    120, 8:, timt th1;
    the svlut iori is oo-
    solution , ertd, cocaine
    covered, cocaine
    h-J1ri,ch!oridt
    hydrochloride crystals
    crystals ha,
    have~ b,ezon
    begun to form.
    form.
    121
    12L Thrtt mixing.
    minutes after mr
    Three m1nut~ .ring.
    ~··
    -
    left:
    I2t rive
    122. Five minutts mi:rin
    i.
    minutes after mixing.

    raw, opposite
    top row, pap
    opposite page:
    123. Ten
    121 Ten minutes
    minutes aftM mixing ~
    after mJJJni (surface formation of
    falling to tfle
    crystals is faJfla,
    c,ystals the bottoll)
    bottom)..
    124 lbuty
    124. Thirty .,
    minutes
    .... afwafter -~
    mixing: visible precipe fa t'0<i
    has stopped
    bas stopped but thea,,tar,
    but1111 crystals continue fogrow for several
    botn.
    hours.
    125. Alt«
    125. After two
    two IIOs
    hours,
    I, crystals are stirred.
    bottom row: is visible when the glass rod scratches the beaker. This
    126. Crystals are allowed to settle. indicates that crystallization was Incomplete.
    127. The solution is still cloudy and new crystal growth 128. One hour after stirring, the solution has cleared and
    crystallization is finished.
    above:
    above:
    12$. The
    129. The mother
    mother liquor
    liquor is decanted
    decanted from
    from the crystals.
    the crystals.
    130. After
    130. After two
    two acetone
    acetone washes by dtcantltion,
    washes by the final
    decanlatron, tllt final
    wash
    wash with
    with the
    the crystals
    crystals Is
    is poured
    poured Into
    into the
    the filter
    filter..
    left·
    left:
    131. The
    13L The remalnln1 crystalsare
    remaining crystaf1 rinsedlnto111t
    arerfnnd into thefffftr•
    filler wrth
    1ceton1
    acetone..
    above
    above;:
    132.
    132- After
    Alter all the
    the acetone
    acetone has
    has passed through, the
    passed through, the filter
    filter
    paperis removed
    paper removed..
    133.
    131 lbe
    The sides
    sides are
    are folded
    folded in.
    in.
    right:
    right:
    134
    134.. lbe
    The top
    top Is
    is folded
    folded down
    down and
    and the
    the empanada is
    empanada is
    squeezed
    squeezed to
    to press
    press the
    the cocaine
    cocaine hydrochloride
    hydrochloride crystals
    crystals
    aplnst
    against one
    one another
    another while
    while removin1
    removing more solvent. It
    more solvent. Is
    It is
    then
    then dried
    dried under
    under a
    a heat
    heat lamp
    lamp..

    167
    ...

    135. When the (liter paper is dry to the touch, the empanada can be opened.
    168 136. The flake is examined; the weight is one gram.
    Purificcnion/Cry'stallizatlon
    PL,
    r·ific c1Lic>1z/ Cr_J
    1stc1/liza 1io ,1
    When is Crystall
    Whe n is Crystallization
    ization Complete?
    Complete ? 169

    Thiss is
    Thi is determined
    de termined. by trial
    by trial and
    and error
    error.. Generally
    Generally, an an
    acetone
    acetone cry~t. allizaaon_ t~e~
    crystallization takes 44 ho hours.
    _rs. While there
    L1 tl1ere may be
    no more
    no more v1s1ble
    visible pre~1p1
    precipitation, this do
    t_at1on, tl11s does nott necessarily
    es no
    mean
    m diat crysta
    ean cl1at crystallization
    llizatio n ts is compl
    complete. Thiss is cl1aracteristic
    et:e. Thi characteristic
    of aceto
    of acetone crystallizations.
    n e crys tall izatio 11s. Th The e initial snowstorm
    initi al snow storm (visible
    (Viisib le
    precipitation)
    pr may last
    ecipi tatio n ) 1nay last 0111
    only 15-30 minute
    y r5-30 minutes, but tlr1
    s, but thee crystals
    continue
    continu e tto grow in
    o grow in size
    size an
    and increase
    d i1 1crease in in weight
    weight for for several
    hourss th
    hour thereafter. determination
    ereafte r . A detern1in must be
    atio11 must be made ro to see
    sec if
    if
    crystallization
    cry st allizati o n isis co
    complete.
    mp lete. Tl1isThis is accomplished
    is accomplisJ1 ed by swirl-
    swir l-
    ing th
    ing die crystals
    e cryst and allowing
    als and allowing tl1 them
    em to settle. A completed
    to settle. co1i1
    lp leted
    crystallization
    crystal lization w will result
    ill resu lt inin the cocaine settling co
    cocaine settling to tl1e
    the
    bottom in a
    bottom matter
    a matt er ofof min
    minutes.
    ute s. ThThe liquid
    e liq above is clear.
    uid above clear.
    An in incomplete
    comp lete cry crystallization leaves the
    st-allizati e n leaves the Jiq
    liquid
    t1id onon t0topp
    cloudy
    clo ud y with with falling
    falling crystals.
    cryst als. TheThe cl0ad
    cloudiness
    iness will
    will persist
    persist
    until
    un crystallization
    ti l cry st alliza ti on is complete.
    complete. If If cryscalli2ati0n
    crystallization is is ince
    incom-
    m-
    pplete and the
    lete and the side
    side of of the
    the beake
    beakerr is is scratc
    scratched with tke
    l1ed with the stir-
    stir-
    ring rod
    ring rod itit will
    will result
    result in in new
    new growtl1
    growth wl,ere
    where scratc
    scratched.
    hed.

    Washing the
    Washing theCrystals
    Crystals
    Once
    On it has b
    ce it been
    een determined
    det ermin ed th that crystallization is
    at erystallizarion
    complete,
    co the mother
    mpl et e, the liquor
    mo tlier liqu is separ
    o r is separated
    a.ted from
    from thedie ciystals
    crystals
    by decanting
    de canting it into
    it int o aa sep
    separate container.
    arate co11ta1n Then, as
    er. Then, as 10
    in the
    the
    acetone
    acet o ne wawash,
    sh frefresh solvent
    sh so lvent is is added
    added to to t'he
    the ~rys~ls,
    crystals,
    swirled,
    . l d and allowed to
    d allowed to settle
    settle.. This
    This is decanted
    decanted intointo the
    the
    sw1r
    same ccontainer
    , an as the mother ·
    liquor. (Thi
    (This ·s because
    is because the
    same container as the mother liquo r. s 1 • • the
    first wa
    first wash or decantation
    sh or decantation is is rarely 1 0 0 % effective
    rarely 100% effective inin _re-
    re-
    moving
    movin all all of
    of the
    the mother
    mother liquor.
    liquor. TheThe second
    second de~antanon
    decantation
    removes g th . d ) Again,,
    the remainder.) Again, fresh solvent 1s
    fresh solvent is added
    added,
    removes e remain er· d · the filter The
    swirled, and the
    swirled, and thc entire
    entire contents
    contents poure poured mtointo the. 6I ter_The
    t ~esr..:
    solvent is allowed d to dr 1. th
    drip through b c t o one
    ough before r c ^as 1i tab
    solvent is allowe to
    portion of sG>lvent
    solvent is
    P r ·
    is peur.ed
    poured over
    over m,
    the
    ~c e ~
    !AA

    o~on af a crystals. This com


    plctcs the
    ~~washing
    . ~ procedure.
    b¢ ~ e

    Drying the Crystals (Making An Empanada)

    in Sou*
    dried "empanada style This invoi n g the damp
    cone, pressing it between ^ ; , J
    „ £ o n ) y t h c

    empanada under a heat lamp to dry.


    170 ft r,:/tC(
    !'11 trification/Qystallizatiori
    l<.i·11st, 1//iz, ,1lr>J1
    1/i<>1,

    simplest
    si111p lest way
    \VJ)' ofof drying
    ll1)'i11gthe the crystals wirl1 with a minimumminimum of of
    contamination
    co11tan1i11atio11 (remember
    ( rc111cn1bcrthat crystals
    tl1at crysta arc often
    ls are often dried
    dr ied out-
    ou t-
    side in
    side the SL
    in t11c sun),
    tn), it it is also
    also thetl1c best
    best wayway to to make
    n1akc layered
    layered
    flakes.
    flakes.
    Flakes
    Flakes arc are actL1aJly
    actually pressed crystals.
    pres sed crysta ls. If, as in in ru1an empa-
    em pa-
    nada,
    nada, tdie l1c crystals
    Cf)'Stals are arc pressed
    pressed againstagainst one one an another
    otl1cr and and
    dried,
    dried, the thc resul
    resultant
    tant piecepiece of of cocaine
    cocaine willwill havehave the texture o
    the texture off
    the filter
    tl1c paper 011
    filter paper on tl1ethe outsides,
    outsides, and and layers
    layers of of p pressed crys-
    ressed cr)'S-
    tals (flakes
    tals (flakes)) on on the inside. When
    tl1c inside. When cryst crystals als arc
    arc pr pressed
    essed or or
    chopped, the
    chopped, their
    ir brilliance increases. For
    br illiance increases. this ~eason,
    Fo r tl1is reason, tl1e the
    flake appea
    flake appears shinier
    rs sh than unp
    inier tl1an unprcssed
    ressed crystal.
    crystal . However,
    H owe ver,
    when the
    wl1en the flake
    flake is is cl1
    chopped,
    oppcd, it it ge
    getsts duller
    dull er in in app
    appearance.
    earan ce. In In
    South
    Sout h AmAmerica,
    erica, wwhere crystal
    l1ere cryst al isisoften
    often dri dried
    ed in indie
    thc sun~
    sun, the the
    filter
    filte paper
    r pape acts as
    r acts as aa pprotective shell, shielding
    ro tective sl1ell, shielding the the cocaine
    cocaine
    from d
    from dust
    ust andand mo moisture.
    istur e. Sh Sheets
    eets areare often
    often usedused instead
    instead of of
    ' are hung on clotheslines
    filter pape r, and arc hun g on clo theslmc s totodr
    filter paper, and dry.
    . .
    y.
    The timin
    Tl1c timing g ooff when to remove thc the filter
    filter cone from from thethc
    funnel,
    funn and the
    el, and die fo force
    rce w with
    ith which itit is pre pressed,
    ssed, are arc the
    thc
    factors
    facto rs L1used
    sed to to co control
    ntr ol th thce 3iappearance
    pp earan cc of of tl1e
    the empanada
    empanada
    with vary
    witl1 varying types
    ing typ es ofof crystal
    crystal growth.
    growtll. When When very very smallsmall
    crystals
    cryst are involved
    als are involved,, layering
    layering is is acl1ievcd
    achieved by removing the
    by removing thc
    filter cone
    filter cone just
    just before
    before all all the
    the solvent
    solvent fron1
    fromthe the last
    lastwash
    wash has has
    passed
    pas through thc
    sed through the filter. Pressing is
    filter . Pressing is minimized
    minimized to to remove
    remove
    solvent only.
    solvent only. TheThe crystals
    crystals are arc already
    already smallsmall and and if if pressed
    pressed
    too
    too hard,
    hard, the thc inside
    inside structure
    structure is usually that
    is usually that ofof unlayered
    unlayered
    rock. In
    rock. In thethe case
    case of of larger
    larger crystals,
    crystals, the thc cmpanada
    empanada is is
    squeezed firmly
    squeezed firmly in in order
    order to to flatten out the
    flatten out die crystals.
    crystals. Oft~ Often,
    thc empanada
    the empanada is is pressed
    pressed between
    between aa piece piece of of glass
    glass an.d
    and filter r.;...;i•
    .
    paper. The
    paper. The extra
    extra filter paper acts
    filter paper acts asasaafirm
    firmgroundground on which
    to press
    to press the the glass,
    glass, and and also
    also as as aa blotter,
    blotter, absorbing excess
    solvent.
    solvent. OnceOnce pressed,
    pressed, the the empanada
    empanada is is la:
    layedflatto dry.
    It is
    It is critical
    critical that that tbei
    die.,~ filter
    ~ paper ·a.9~ be dry before the
    empanada is
    cmpanada is opcned,
    opened..a-.·"""Otherwise,
    • some of the cocaine sticks
    to the
    to the filter paper
    ~t~t .P~lte».
    .,~ and thc consistency of the outside
    _,,.,
    texture ~
    ~e is ~,esd.~
    imperfecr. In South America, the empanada is
    allowed ~to stand. at room temperature after thefilterpaper
    is dry It is believed that continued heat after this point
    results in weight losses and overly dry cocaine. Thc fact is
    that dry is dry. When thc weight ceases to change, thc
    cocaine is dry.

    T H E END
    APPENDICES
    A P P E N D I C E S
    I
    APPENDIX
    APP ENDIX A
    A

    Discontinuing Cocaine
    Discontinuing Cocaine Abuse

    discussion regarding
    In any discussion regarding cocaine addic- addic- Sometimes it is hard lo
    ~ometimes to recognize
    recognize such such a
    tion, the problem is not tl1e the absence of facts; facts; habit. ~. Mr, ~recher
    Brecher sta~e
    states that cocaine
    s tt1at cocaine with-,vith-
    there are more than enough facts available. The The drawal
    dra,val. . .... is
    1s characterized
    ~haractertzed by aaprofound
    profoundpsy- psy*
    problem lies in resolving the conflicts between
    resolving tl1e between etiological n1anLf
    chological manifestation-depression-for
    estation-depression-fo r which which
    the
    the facts
    facts and relating them to
    relating then1 the personal
    lo tl1e personal use use cocaine itself
    cocaine appears to
    its~~fappears to the
    tl1euser
    user toto be
    be the
    the only
    only
    of cocaine.
    of cocaine. remedy .. .. ." In
    ren1edy In otlier
    other ,vords,
    words, 'coming
    'coming down' down'
    There seems to be no physical addiction. from a_
    fron1 a cocait
    cocaine1e high
    lugh leaves
    leaves you
    you depressed,
    depressed,aa
    physical effects of cocaine used in
    The pJ1ysicaJ in modera-
    modera- depression
    depression you you do do not
    not associate
    associate ,vith
    with the tJ1eeu-
    eu-
    tion are mild
    mild except ,vhenwhen injected or or used over
    over phoric effects
    pl1oric effects ofof cocaine.
    cocaine. You
    You feel
    feel the
    the cocaine
    cocaine
    extended
    extended periods
    periods of of time.
    tin1e. In Licit
    Li cit and Illicit
    a11dflli cit remedies this
    remedies this depression
    depression and and fail
    fail to
    to recognize
    recognize
    Drugs, Edward ~t.
    Drugs, Ed,vard M Brecl1
    Brecher states; ''" A
    er states; A cocaine
    cocaine that tl1
    that thee depression
    depression is is caused
    caused by bythe
    the initial
    initial dose.
    dose.
    user, even
    user, even after prolonged use
    after prolonged use ofof large doses,
    large doses, You should be a,vare aware ofof the effects of co- co-
    does not,
    does not, if
    if deprived
    deprived of of his
    his drug,
    drug, suffer
    suffer from
    from aa caine on mental
    caine mental processes.
    processes. Louis LevinLevin wrote aa
    dramatic ,v:itJ1dra,val
    dramatic withdrawal syndrome.
    syndrome. The The physical
    physical description of tl1ese these effects in in his 1924
    1924 book,
    book,
    effects of
    effects of cocaine
    cocaine withdrawal
    withdrawal are are minor."
    minor," ThisTius Phantastica: "Will-powerdiminishes,
    Phat1tasrica: "Will-power diminishes,and andin-in-
    should not
    should not be
    be interpreted
    interpreted to to mean
    mean thatthat nono one
    one decision, lack
    decision, lack of of aa sense
    sense ofof duty,
    duty, capricious
    capricious
    becomes addicted
    becomes addicted to to cocaine.
    cocaine. It It merely
    merely means
    means temper, obstinacy,
    temper, obstinacy, forgetfulness,
    forgetfulness, diffuseness
    diffuseness in in
    that regular
    that regular use
    use ofof the
    the drug
    drug does
    does not
    not create
    create aa writing and
    writing and speech, physical and
    speech, physical and intellectual
    imellectual
    physiological need
    need forfor the
    the drug. instability set
    instability set in.
    in. Conscientiousness
    Conscientiousness is is repla~
    replaced
    physiological drug.
    by negligence, truthful
    by negligence, truthful people
    people become
    become lii:rsliars~~and
    Some people are content content with with occasional
    occasional
    the lover
    the lover of society seeks
    of society seeks solitude.''
    solitude," lA Lewin's 1
    cocaine, while others
    use of cocaiPe, others acquire a habit.
    statement describes
    statement describes aa comp,osito
    composite effe effect. Not all
    those that
    Of those that acquire the habit, some acquire acquire people feelfeel all
    all these
    these emotions
    emotions; wiQijwith some the
    it by inclination or preference and are are able to people
    effects are
    effects are not
    not pronQ'U.QCOd
    pronounced: still others feel the
    discontinue use without severe discomfort.
    discontinue discomfort. But But effects quite
    quite inte
    intensely. If you have a cocaine
    VJ.Mt
    what about
    about those
    those who feel compelled
    compelled to use use effects
    habit, itit Js~cf;
    is hard for you to view objectively the
    cocainee:too ~e
    the PQIA,t
    point of debilitation.
    debilitation. If cocaine
    cocaine .habit;
    effect on your life. If you can't decide whether
    is not addicting, why aie are ~QPle
    people drawn
    drawn to its dt'f'ecton ro
    you are using too much cocaine; your indecision
    use? If the answer does inot ~ lie in
    in th$
    the tio~
    body, it 0
    is a good indication that you are.
    must lie in the mind and in life. e
    If you are an irrational or insecure individual,
    The key to kicking any habit is personal you may consider it impossible to discontinue
    desire. Until there is desire to quit smoking, cocaine use. You will have a tendency to feci
    drinking, cocaine use or television viewing, you are incapable of quitting, so why try? Even
    most attempts will end in failure. If you find if you understand the abuse of cocaine is detn-
    you are afflicted with a cocaine habit, and you
    find it is hurting your life physically and spiri-
    tually, you must find and nurse the desire to This appendix originally appeared in ihc Cocaine Con
    sumer's Handbook in 1976: It is * o M h rcpcatin».
    stop the use of cocaine.
    Appendix A
    ApJ;e11clixA:: Di
    Discontinuing
    sc·c)nti11z1i11 Cocaine ' 11IJ11.,
    g CrJ£·t1i11cAbuse·c,
    174
    174

    mental to your physical and mental healtl1, health, you you miserable or poverty-stricken t)1atthat you feel the
    will feel compelled
    will compelled to snort. The The best methodmetl1od need
    r1 cocaine to enable you to cope with
    eed to use cocai11e \vith
    countering addiction
    of countering addiction is to remove_ remove yourself
    yourself it,, answers 011
    it on a personal level
    level are harder to to
    physically
    hysically from from cocaine
    cocaine and and the environment
    the envtronment condition
    find. If your conditio n of existence were in im-
    1.
    that willwill give proved, you
    proved, you would
    would probably
    probably use
    use cocaine
    cocaine spar-
    spar-
    ihat give your
    your cocaine
    cocaine habit reinforcement..
    habit rei11forcement
    Once ingly as
    ingly as a11
    an occasio11al
    occasional hi
    high or clis
    gh or discontinue its use
    co11tinue its use
    Once this has been
    this has been done,
    done, you you n1~st
    must understand
    understand
    entirely. If
    entirely. If it
    it is
    is in
    in your
    your power
    power lo
    to improve
    improve your
    your
    you may
    you may relapse
    relapse if if you
    you areare again
    agarn exposed
    exposed to to
    material position
    material position,, you
    you musl
    must l1ave
    have the
    the desire.
    desire.
    cocaine use.
    cocaine use. Strive
    Strive to to improve
    improve your your self-es~eem
    self-dsteem
    and learn to feel secure about your your own iden- When the power to in1prove improve your material
    material
    tity Both
    tity. Both steps
    steps areare extremely
    extremely hard hard and and youryour position in
    position in life
    life is not
    not in
    in your hands,
    hands, there a are
    success in
    success in this effort must
    this effort depend gre~tly
    must depend greatly on on other considerations. Governmental agencies,
    other agencies,
    the people
    the people closest
    closest to to ~ou.
    you. If If you
    you areare rationally
    raL1onall'y social agencies,
    agencies, andand medical authorities
    authorities approach
    approach
    motivated, understanding your reasons for abus- problem of d.rug
    the problem drug abuse as basically
    basically caused
    caused
    cocaine may be suffi~ient
    ing cocaine sufficient for you controll
    you to contro the properties
    by the pr0perties of the drug. As long as
    drug. As as this
    this
    or discontinue your habit. habit. policy continues
    policy continues there will be
    there will widespread drug
    be widespread drug
    addiction tl1at
    There is also an addiction that springs from abuse. Only
    abuse. Only whenwhen n1eaningf
    meaningful attempts and
    ul attempts and
    life which
    a life whichis isso
    so boring,
    boring,unfulfilling,
    unfulfilling, unmotivat
    unmotivat-- coordinated efforts
    coordinated efforts at
    at improving
    improving the the quality
    quality ofof
    ed, miserable
    ed miserable or or poverty-stricken
    poverty-stricken that that you you feel
    feel life are
    life are 1nade
    made can there be
    can tl1ere be progress
    progress made
    made to-to·
    th;
    the only
    only wayway you
    you can can tolerate
    tolerate life
    life onon a a day-
    day- ward reducing
    ward reducing or or eradicating
    eradicating drug
    drug dependency.
    dependency.
    to-day basis
    to-day basis isis to
    to alter
    alter your
    your mental
    mental statestate with
    with As long
    As long asas these
    these agencies
    agencies are
    are allowed
    allowed toto ignore
    ignore
    chemicals. This
    chemicals. This must
    must be be countered
    countered on on both
    both thethe that basic
    basic truth,
    truth, they
    they will continue to to abrogate
    abrogate
    that will continue
    personal and
    personal and social
    social level.
    level. IfIf you
    you are are abusing
    abusing the responsibility placed
    placed inin their
    their hands
    hands byby the
    the respo11sibllity the
    cocaine because
    cocaine because you you find
    find life
    life boring
    boring or or unn1oti-
    unmoti- people of this
    this country.
    country.
    vating, youyou have
    have to to realize
    realize the
    the problem
    problem lies lies in
    people of
    vating, in
    your own
    your perspective. The
    own perspective. The key
    key lies
    lies inin desire.
    desire. reference
    In closing, ref erenee can be made to a state-state-
    If you
    If you desire
    desire aa change
    change in in your
    your drug
    drug habit,
    habit, youyou Richard T.
    ment made by Richard T. Martin in
    in his paper,
    paper,
    must look
    ml,lSt look forfor aa way
    way to to change
    change youryour life.
    life. You
    You "The Role
    ''The Role of Coca in
    of Coca in t11e
    the History,
    History, Religion,
    Religion,
    should combat
    ihould combat boredom
    boredom and and lack
    lack of
    of motivation
    motivation and Medicine
    and Medicine of of South American Indians,
    South American Indians,"
    by becoming
    becoming involved
    involved in in activities
    activities with
    with people
    people published in
    published in Economic
    Economic Bot(1J1y #24, 1970:
    Botany #24, 1970-
    you attmire,
    admire, or or which
    which will will give
    give you
    you personal
    personal "The easiest
    ''The easiest way
    way to to resolve
    resolve the
    the conflicting
    contlictlng
    satisfaction. The relnf'otcement
    on. The reinforcement you you receive
    receive for for reports on
    reports on the
    the effects
    effects ofof coca use is
    coca use is to
    to 1eco~
    recog-
    your efforts will motivate fou.
    .,..,..,.
    _,
    motivate you. Tue
    The useuse of'
    of drugs
    drugs nize the
    nize the fact
    fact that,
    that, like
    like any
    any other
    other _potentrttQdl
    potent medici-
    e~
    in these instances will gradually be placed in
    perspective or discontinued. If your life is so
    be pfjr~ 1: nal agent,
    nal agent, coca
    ately and~
    111i
    coca is
    is bene.(i.cial
    beneficial wpen
    and is detrimenJ!!~
    when u$!
    used
    cf appropri-
    detrimental when used in excess.
    APPENDIX
    APPENDIXBB

    Labs

    Tlus is aaLisr
    This listof
    oflabs
    labs\\which
    1
    hicl1do doanalysis
    analysisofof street
    srrccr results ~ccause
    r~~ts becausei~ itisisillegal
    illegalcotopro~~dc
    provideany any quan-
    quan-
    drugs. When
    When the the use
    use of
    of~cit
    illicit drugs
    drugs~xpanded
    expanded titative
    ntaa ve 1ninformation
    fonnat1onto tl1c die general
    generalpublic.
    public
    die >60s
    in d1c '60s die
    me problem of adulteration and
    of adulceranon and Thc cu
    T11c time
    11eneeded to to gee
    get results
    resultsfrom fromthese
    these
    misrepresentation bc.x:amc
    misrcprcscnra.tion becamecommon
    commonand andabout
    about meanstl1ar
    labs m<..--ans thartl1cy
    they\\·ould
    wouldprobablv
    probablynot notbebe
    aa hundred Labs
    labs scarred
    startedoperating
    operatingro toprovicle
    provide much help
    much help coto testing
    testingquality
    qualitybefore
    beforepurcl1ase.
    purchase.
    information as
    accurate information as co
    rome diecontents
    contentsof of \i\'11enaadealer
    When dealerl1 has stockcotosell
    as stock sellifs
    it'susuallv
    usuallya\'ail-
    avail-
    street drugs.
    srrcctdrugs. able for only
    able for onlyaashore
    shorttimerime sosoititv,1ouJd
    wouldallall bebesold
    sold
    However,
    HO\.\'CV me
    by dierime
    er, bv me
    rin1e the Cocaine
    CocaineHand-
    Hand- by me
    bv dietime theanalvsis
    time tl1e analysisisisdone.done. The The main
    main useuse
    wasfirst
    book ,vas firstpublished in 1981, 1981, escalatingoffi-
    offi- could be
    could be t<?
    to cl1cck
    check die diequalit)·
    qualityof ofsomething
    somcdiingaa
    cial pressure and
    cial andrescricci,
    restrictive legislation had
    1c legislation had consumer 1s
    consumer isab0ut
    aboutco touse,
    use,ororhas
    hasused.
    used.The Theaccu-
    accu-
    reduced the nun1bcr
    number co to 9. At
    Atpresent,
    present,in
    in 1987,
    1987, racy of
    racy ofcl1cse
    theselabs
    labshas hasbeen
    beenquestioned
    questionedfrom from
    thc number
    tl1c number ofoflabs
    labshas hasdecreased
    decreasedeven evenfurther
    further time to time;
    tirnc co time; one way of
    011c\.vay ofchecking
    checking dus diis might
    mightbe be
    and now only 3 remain.These Theselabslabspro,•ide
    provideonl~
    only· to
    to send
    send me diesame
    samesamplesampletotoall all33ofofrl1e
    dielabs
    labsandand
    (what's in it, not how, 1nud1
    1 l1at'sin it, not 110,,
    qualitative (\>, muchof ofeacl1)
    each) see if
    sec if they
    they agree.
    agree.

    CALIFORNIA
    CALIFORNIA ,,
    ·illbe sent, usuallv
    will usually,,-imin
    within Thc Procedure:
    - -------
    daysof
    3 davs ofreceipt
    receiptof
    ofsample,
    sample, —Send sample to S.E Lab
    Drug Detection
    • Drug Detection or customer mav call\\with
    call ith
    1 wrapped infoilor plasac
    •
    Laboratory
    Laboratory results. — Include pertinent infor-
    Jeffrey Zehnder
    Director: Jeffrey mation and what sample
    6750 Folsom
    6750 Folsom Blvd.
    Blvd. Suite 201
    201 FLORIDA
    FLORIDA is thought to be
    Sacramento, CA
    Sacramento, CA 95819
    95819 — Assign sample a 5 digit
    Up-Front, Inc.
    • Up-Front,Inc.
    916-455-2124
    916-455-2124 code number
    Director: James
    Director: James Hall
    Hall
    — Send $25foreach sample,
    TheProgmm:
    The Program: A private
    A private lablab Biscavne Blvd.
    5701 Biscayne Blvd.
    money onicr preferred
    which tests
    which testsurine,
    urine,pills
    pillsand
    and Suite 602 '
    Suitc602
    Miami, FL 33137
    33137 Obtaining Results: Call in 20
    powders fur
    ~ders forattorneys,
    attorneys,hos-
    hos- Miami,
    305-757-2566 days and give code number.
    pitals and
    pitals andlawcnfi>rccmcnt
    law enforcement 305-757-2566
    agencies. Hours 9:~:00.
    ~ges.Hows 9:00-6:00. TheProgrant: Information
    Tb, MINNESOTA
    The Procedure: and referral; provides infor-
    -'!:11
    '&::l

    — Package sample as well as mation on street and pre- Minneapolis Health


    possible scription drugs; publishes Department
    — Send sample and $30.00; newsletter "Street Phar- 250 South 4th Street
    include return address macologist;" runs thc Minneapolis, MN 55415
    — Identify sample with a S.P. Lab 612-348-2301
    name or a number 5426 N.W 79di Avenue The Program: Sample rest
    Obtaining Rtsults: Report Miami, FL 33166
    Appendix B. Labs

    done bv pharmacy'
    by pt1ann:1.L") Obmir,
    Obtainingr117l<J. Analysis
    'J11/n: 1\n,tl,
    Results: ., ,is
    The Proctd1,n::
    TJ1c Procedure: It rccor1
    Ir is is recom-
    1- takes 55 <l:t,
    rtlkc~ days.
    •
    Callfur
    ·s. Call forri.:~ult.\
    results
    mended cl1ar
    mendcd that one call
    callfirst for
    first for and g1\'c..
    :u1dgive c<code number.
    ic ,hltn1l1c:r.
    directions but
    bur die procedure
    the pr()cedt1rc
    follows:
    is as foll
    oY.'S:
    -—Mail hand c.icLi\'cr
    Nlailin or l1and deliver
    sample
    sample
    —Assign sample aacode
    -Assign code
    number
    nun1ber
    -—Describe
    Describesample
    sampleasas\\'ell
    well
    as possible

    APPENDIX C
    APPENDIXC

    Health Centers
    Health Centers

    Problems associated with cocaine abuse varv can Jocarc


    can locate such
    suchccntas.
    centers.Many
    Many options air avail-
    with thc particular situation. Individuals with able, so
    able, so shoppin~_~is
    shopping around is probably a good
    an overdose problem are advised to go dirccdv idea.. .E«s
    idea Feesfor publicoorganizations
    furpub!ic · ~ an: often on
    to a hospital emergency room. For less acute aa sliding
    sliding scale
    scale -—from
    fiomfreeup, depending on
    problems of abuse there are thousands of public income. Group therapy can be as low as S20.00
    and private treatment and counseling centers in a week. Private care is usually more expensive
    the U.S, Individual states publish a resource but sometimes a sliding scale offeesalso oper-
    directory of such centers and it may be obtained ates. In-hospital care can rangefromS350 to
    by writing to thc stated department of health S4000 a week.
    and welfare. The telephone direcrorv lists crisis The following is a partial list of health centers
    intervention agencies in thefrontof the book and which were in operation as ofJanuary, 1987
    manv communities also have a "hot line" which

    NATIONAL 28 day treatment designed Drug Abuse Information


    to work on addiction plus and Referral line
    Carcuait improve total health of thc National Institute on
    1-800-556-CARE (2273) individual; lifetime aftercar Drug Abuse
    (24 hour) for adults and adolescents. RockviUe.MD
    Service: Local centers arc or- 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
    ganized on a national basis (except Alaska and Maryland)
    bur all provide: in-patient
    Appendix
    Appe BB.u,1,s
    11di.1;; Lcihs

    Fair Oaks Hospital


    m Fair~ Hospital proved and
    pro\·cd and major
    majormcd.JCaJ
    medical
    Summit, New• Jersev
    Sununit, ~e1. JCTSC}' insurance accepted.
    insurance accepted. Adolescent counseling
    Re: -~olescenc
    Fr-e: counseling
    1-800-262-2463
    1-800-262-2463 slidingscal
    on a sliding scale (ability
    e (abilit\·
    Service:
    Se,,,iu: Alcoholism,
    Alcoholism, infor-
    infor- co pay . Other
    to pay). Other fenfeespaid
    paid.
    (1-800-COC\LNE)
    ( 1-800-COC.-\L"-.;t) mation schoo
    mation schooll (for teen
    teen
    (except .'\Jaska)
    (except Alaska) through donations
    through donations
    groups), crisis inrer\'enrion,
    groups ). crisis intervention, grants,
    and grant5.
    family counseling, informa-
    famil}·counseling. informa- S^rPKf; A training
    trainingprogram
    program
    •• Narcotics
    NarcoticsEducatio
    Education
    n Se1-vic~: .-\
    tion andrcfi:rral
    tion and referral, out-patient
    , ouc-pati<.:nt forcommWlit}·
    for community groups
    groups andand
    Washington,
    \ \ ashmgron. D
    DCC treatment and
    creaoncnr and COWlSCling
    counseling leaders
    leaders to totrain
    trainindi\iduals
    individuals
    1-800-548-8700
    1-800-548-8700 provided by certified
    certified sub-
    sub-
    pro idcd ~ in ~l
    in early intervention
    y intt.T\ andpre-
    'enrion and pre-
    ((except Alaskaand
    c:xcepr.-\laska and stance abuse
    abusecounselors.
    counselors.
    srance vention
    ,·cna programs.
    on programs.
    \Washington DC)
    \'3Shington DC
    •• i\North point-Milam Inc.
    onhpoint-~lilam Inc. TucsonAwareness
    •• Tucson AwarenessHouse
    House
    •• Palmer
    PalmerClinics
    Clinics
    Dirt."CtOr JJim
    Director: lJll Griffin Director: Rod Mullen
    Rodi\1uJJcn
    1-800-BE
    l-800-BESOBER 44 26 \ \ .right St.
    4426Wright Box
    P.O. Bo 60520
    x 60520
    ALABAMA
    ALABAMA Anchorage,
    \nch oragt; .AK
    .- 99507
    .\K 99507 Tucson,
    Tuc.so AZ 85751-6520
    n,AZ
    907-562-4011 602-749-3797
    ,• Care
    Careunit
    unir of ofLlo)·d
    Lloyd Hours: 8:00-5:00
    Hours: 8:00- 5:00
    Sliding scale
    Re: Sliding
    nc: scale(hascd
    (basedonon
    Noland
    ~ olan d H Hospital
    ospital Area sen't:d:
    Ann served: Anchorage
    .-\nchoragc ability to ~·
    abilit)· co pay))
    701
    7 01 Ridgewav
    Ridge....,_, Road
    ~· Road
    Fee:Sliding ~scale
    Re: e Service:
    S&TPi« Therapeutic
    : Therapeutic andand resi-
    resi-
    Fairfield,
    Fairfield. :\AL 35064
    .L 35064
    •• Seni.ce:
    Service: Cocaine
    Cocaineand and poly-
    polv* drugand
    dential drug andalcohol
    alcoholpro-
    pro-
    205-783-5156
    205-783-5156
    drug addiction treatment;; gram lasting
    gram lasting18--24
    18-24 nxmths.
    months.
    Service:
    Se;-vice: Adolescent
    :\ doldieenr (12-18
    {12-18 drug addiction_creaoncnr
    adult program
    adult program IS is 12
    12 \\weeks,
    'Ceks ,
    On-going counseling
    On-going counselingonce
    once
    vrs)) onJ,
    \TS only.
    . •. patient isisrelea"Cd.
    releascd-
    adolescent program is~ is 8
    .
    adolescent program
    ALASKA ___
    ALASKA _ months. ProgramconslStS
    months. Program consists ARKANSAS
    AR KANSAS
    of family counseling,absti-
    famil\· counseling, absti-
    •• Center
    Centerfor
    forDrog
    Dnig Problems
    Problems nence, plusin\'olvemenr
    nence, plus involvementin in •• TheBridgeway
    The Bridgeway
    Director; Cvnthia
    Director: C:nth Aiken
    ia :\iken Alcoholics Anom-mous, Nar-
    AlcoholicsAnonymous, Nar- Director: Sharon
    Dii«tor: Sharon Stewrm
    Stevens
    520 E. 4th ' cotics Anonvmous
    cotics ,\nonvmous and/or
    and/or #21 Bridgevvav Road
    #21Bridgeway&ad
    Anchorage, AK
    Anchorage. AK 99501
    995()1 Cocaine
    •
    Anonvmous.
    Cocaine Anonvmous. N. Litde~A&~~
    N. Little Rock, AR 72118
    907-276-6430
    907-276-6430 w•
    so1-m-1soo
    501-771-1500
    6:30-5:00 p.m-
    6:30 - 5:00 p.m. ARIZONA
    ARIZONA Re: Sliding scale
    24 hour telephone311S\,-cr-
    hour telephone answer- Service: Adult and adolescent
    service
    ing 5(.T\ ice •- Help-on-Call
    Help-on-Call
    Tucson, A Z
    Tucson,AZ in-patient treatment pro-
    Fee: Slidingscale
    Fee:Sliding scale . 602-323-9373
    602-323-9373 gram. Length of program
    Service: Outpatient
    Semu:Outpatient medical
    medical determined by needs
    Service:
    Sema: 2424
    hourhour crisis
    lineline
    crisis of patient.
    and clinical
    and clinical treatment for
    ocaDtlCDtfor manned byaaincd
    manned bv trained roJu&..
    volun-
    cocaine and
    cocaine and opiate
    opiateabusers;
    abusers; teerswith
    teCIS withcqtified
    certified~coun- Comments: -Admittance is
    methadone dcta<
    detoxprogr.um.
    ilM"IIJaOOllC programs. voluntary, or by referral from
    selors on call.
    ~on.call. private pracitioncrs or law
    •• u-....~~ For information and referral enforcement agencies.
    Mat-SuCc,nocil
    CouncilOIi
    onthe
    thc
    ~~ ·'!"~..of~2Dlf
    Prevention Alcohol and
    M-F 8-5 call 602-881-1794.
    • Careunit of Sparks
    Drug Abuse • Matrix Community Regional Medical Center
    Director: Lam' Ross Services 1311 South I Street
    MileSBogardRoad Director: Jacob Flora Fort Smith, AR
    Wasilla, AK 1030 N. 4th Avenue 501-441-5500
    907-376-4000 Tucson, AZ 85705
    Be: Sliding scale; VA- ap- 602-884-7413
    178 AppendixC:
    C:Hen/ti;
    Appc;1d1,.\ HealthC'c11tcrs
    Cotters

    Sendee:
    St111icc: Adult
    Adule and
    ancl adolescent • Cokendcrs
    adolescent Cokenders Alcohol and and one ,vl10
    who is noc
    not alrcad\
    already1 dnLg-
    drug-
    treatment.
    rrcaancnc. Drug Program
    Drug Program free;psycl1olog
    frcc; psychological approach
    icaJap'proacl1
    Director: Dr. R.id1ard Richard used co
    used tofind out ,vhat
    find ouc whatcauses
    causes
    •i Gyst
    Gyst House
    House . Louis Miller patients
    pacic to be
    11ts to beacltiicti,
    addictive 1c per-

    Director: Gene Gibbons Powell Street


    1240 Po,vcU Street sonalities. Also,
    s011alicics. Also, they retrain
    tl1cv retrain
    Barro,,,s
    4201 Barrows (second floorfloor)) patients
    pacic work tl,1
    11ts to ,rvork dirough
    :ough
    Rock, AR 72204
    Little Rock, Emeryville,
    En1ety\ rillc, CA 9460894608 work experience.
    ,vork experience.
    501-568-1682 415-652-1772
    501-568-2989 (24 hOtlr hour 916-443-1454
    916-443-1454 •• Do
    DoItItNow
    NowFoundation
    Foundation
    crisis
    crisis line)
    line) (Sacramento)
    (Sacrruner1to ) Director: FrankPcckous
    Director: Frank Pcckous
    Fee: None 408-446-0288
    408-446 -0288 Avenue
    6136 Carlos Avenue
    Re: None
    (San
    (Sai1Jose) Hollywood,
    f-loJJ,"v0od,CA 90028
    CA 90028
    Service: Outpatient and drug
    Se.'rlrice:Outpatient and drug •
    213-463-6851 (24-hour
    (24-hot1r
    rehabilitation
    rehabilitation progran1
    program ,vith
    with 516-751-5511
    (New
    (Ne,v York City)
    Cit) 1) crisis line)
    crisis
    conducted
    peer counselingconducted 213-462-7131
    bv former
    fom1er addicts,
    addicts. Hours: 9:
    Hot1rs: 9:00-5:00
    00-5: 00
    •
    M-S (dicrapy)
    M-S (tl:i.crap y) Smnce:
    Set1.'>icc: Out-patientcounscl-
    Out-patic11c counsel-
    9:00-9:00 M
    9:00-9:00 M-Th,
    -Th, ing and uream1enr
    u1g treatment center for
    CALIFORNIA _
    CALIFORNIA ~ -- 9:00-7:00
    9:00-7:00 ~ F, poly-drug problems, drug- drug-
    (Family Center
    • ADTP (Family Center 10:00-6:00 S (phones) freecotmscling;
    free counseling;referrals.
    referrals.
    10:00-6:00 (pJ1ones)
    for Alcohol
    for Alcohol and
    and Drug
    Fee: 6 dav
    Fee: residential inten.-
    residential inten¬ Comments:
    Co>n11101 Considered
    1ts: Considered
    Treatment Program)
    Treatment Program)
    sive, $2,300;
    •
    $2,300; group sess sessions,
    ions~ among die be.st
    an1011gtl1e best in
    in tl1c
    the L.A
    L.A..
    Director; Jol1n
    Director: John Nlilncr
    Milner
    $140 per mo11tl1{
    month; one 011 on Staffed by psycl1ologistS
    area. Staffcc.i psychologists
    3475
    34 Kcnvon Street
    75 Kcnvon Street
    counseling, $70 per per counselors.
    and out-patient cotmselors.
    San Diego, CA
    San Diego, 92110
    CA 92110 one counseling,
    session.
    • They \\'ill
    They willrefer people ~~
    referpeopl~ to
    619-221-3784
    619-221-3784 sess ion.
    M. D.'s or medical
    Nl.D.'s facilities,
    medicalfacilioes.
    Out-patient program:
    Re: Out-patient
    Fee: program: Service:
    Sen>ice: Short
    Short term
    term residen-
    residen-
    tial
    tial andandlonglongterm
    termout-out- Haight/Ashbury Clinic
    • Haight/Ashbury Clinic
    Sl,500; rcsidcnoal
    $1,500; residential program
    patient detox
    patient detox and andrehab pro-
    rel:iabpro· Director: Dr.
    Director: Dr. Darryl
    Darrvl Inaba
    Inaba
    $10,000-$ 11,000-. Accepts
    $10,000--$11,000 Accepts
    gram for
    gram for drug
    drug andand alcohol
    alcohol 529
    w

    most private
    mast privatemedical
    medical
    abuse. Patient's
    Patient's initial
    initial inter-
    inter- 529 Clayton
    ClaytonStreet
    Street
    •
    insurance.
    msmance. abuse. San Francisco, CA
    San Francisco, CA 94117
    94117
    view determines
    view determinesneeds. needs. 66 415-621-2014
    Sendee:
    SerPi&e: Out-patient
    Out-patient program day residential can serve as
    1;>rogram 415-621-2014
    dayresidt."Iltial can serveas
    is about 88wecb;
    .is-about weeks; residential
    residential detox (but
    (but itit is
    is more
    more benefi-
    benefi- Re: Donations (set fee asked
    detox
    program :isis 28 clays
    days((or what-
    or what- cial if
    ifperson
    person is isdrug
    drugfree).
    free). for, but based on ability
    ever is;ttiostbendicial
    most beneficialtoto
    cial
    Bulk of ofprogram
    program is. is smaU
    small to pay)
    Bulk
    patient). Also:~~SU!>r
    family sup-
    •
    port counseling in ~J!lP,C-
    conjunc-
    tion with above programs.
    cup
    group therapy session of 2
    hours per di'.'M!lr~~
    weeksess10,p
    for at least 1
    year R)cus of therapy is
    Smnce: Out-patient counsel-
    ing and de tox program;
    acupuncture treatment and
    change of consciousness and medication are usedforget-
    Careunit of Hospital participation in A,A., N.A. ting people off drugs;
    of Orange and C A . is recommended, psychological counseling
    401 Tusrin Avenue program as well. Selected
    Orange, CA 92666 Delancy Street Foundation group counseling.
    714-633-9582 2563 Divisadcro Street
    S m k Specific cocaine
    1 San Francisco, CA 94115 Los Angeles County
    program — adult and 415*563-5326 Dept. of Drug Abuse
    adolescent. Director: Joe Egana
    Service: This is a 2-year resi- 849 South Broadway,
    dcntial treatment program
    11th Floor ":H
    and thev will not accept any-
    ..Appendix
    4ppc11di-..: Health Ce11te,-s
    C: Hcnltl, Centos
    179
    Los Angeles,
    Lo:>Angclc CA 90014
    s. C-\ 9001-! Ana sc11c:d:
    ~4,Tn senrd:Los LosAngeles,
    Angeles,
    213-624-DRUG(3784) primary method
    as prunary method of treat-
    rn:ac-
    213-624-DRCG (378-1- ) Sherman
    5l1crmar1Oaks, Oaks, and and
    ment.The
    menr. The progran
    program1 consisc.,;
    consists
    Informationand
    Service:lntonnacion
    St-71"1CC: and Beverlv
    Bc.'\·c.:rl, Hills
    w
    of aa nun1bc
    number ofphases:
    r of phases:orien-
    oricn
    referral
    referral atatmore
    mored1anthan6060 drug
    dn1g He: None
    Ftt: None tation
    tation. of45-60 davs;
    of 45-60 ..davs· dicra-
    them-
    abuse prc,·cntion
    prevention and and treat-
    treat-
    \.
    Out-patient
    Service:Ouc-patic.:n
    5t-11>1ct·: counsel-
    t counsel- peutic
    peunc center ot of88 to
    to 10
    10
    ment programs; also more more ing stafl:ed
    ing staffed by by ex-adclicts
    ex-addicts dlat that months, pre-rccntry
    months, pn.:-rccnrrv counsel-
    counsel-
    drug abuse publica-
    than 30 drug publica- have been through a 12 ing and
    ing and axntry
    ree11rn· (while still
    {\,•hilc still
    have been dirough a 12
    tions availablefor
    tions a,·ailablc forincli,iduals
    individuals step process.
    step process-
    in residence
    in residence),
    Counselors are
    and
    ), and aficrcan:.
    areformer
    aftercare.
    ad-
    and groups~
    and groups; speakers
    speakers Counselors fom1cr ad-
    available.
    availablc.:. Project Eden
    • Project Eden dicts and also
    dicts and also stare
    statecertifie
    certified.
    d.
    680
    680 W.
    \ , ~ Tennvson
    Tenn,,son Road
    Road Open 24
    Open 24 hours
    hours per dav.
    per day,
    • Narcotics Education
    Education • •
    League
    League Havward,CA
    H a,1\,· ard, CA 94544 94544 Cojnments:
    CO'J1 This
    1ts: This
    1r11e-1 is also
    isalso a a
    •
    Director: Juan Covarrubias 415-887-0566 court mandated proram.
    3315 East 14di Street
    14d1Street Re: Sliding scale
    e: Slicling
    .ftJ
    Oakland,~CA 94601
    Oakland 94601 •• Women's
    Women's .Resource
    Resource CenterCenter
    Service:
    Se11 Crisis
    >ice: Crisis line
    Linc openopen1818 Director: Jo EU
    Director: Ellen Ptaman
    cn Pasman
    415-536-4760 hours
    l1 ours per per day, 6 days per per North Fairfax
    543 North Fairfax,,
    Donations(based
    Fee:Donations (basedonon week plus an
    ,,•eek anans,,
    answering ser-
    1cring scr-
    Room 306
    Room306
    ability to
    to pay). vice. Sl1orr
    ,-icc. Short rcnn term (less
    (less than
    than l1 Los Angeles, CA CA90036
    90036
    Service:
    Se11ncc: 6-96-9monm
    month residen-
    residen- vear) our-patient
    ,·car) out-patient counseling;
    counseling; 213-653-2005
    213-653-2005
    tial programfor fordru~
    drugsand
    and provides
    pro,·idcs youth vouth intervention
    intervention
    tial program Service:
    St-n?ice Out-patient
    : Our-patient counsel-
    coW1SCl-
    alcohol; also
    also out
    out-patient programs in schools
    programs in scl1ools and and
    alcol1ol~ -paoent referralsfor
    ing and referrals forpoly-
    poly-
    trains counselors
    trains counselors in sd1oo ls;in schools;
    treatment
    crcacn1cntandand counseling
    counseling drug problems.
    provides speakers
    provides speakers tor con1- for com-
    program support
    progr.u11utilizing support munity education
    munitv education progran1
    programs. s. COLORADO
    COLORADO
    groups. •

    • Shure Hdp
    Shure Help Line •i Access
    Access
    Oakland Comm11nity
    •i Oakland Community Director: Funnin
    Director: Furmin Bro\vn
    Brown
    619-352-7873
    619-352-7873
    Counseling
    Counseling 2170 S.
    2170 S. High
    High Sacet
    Street
    Director: JJames Small, PhD
    aJ11CSSmall, PhD Areaserved
    A1~a served: : SanSan DiegoDiegoareaarea Denver, Colorado80210
    Denver,Colorado 80210
    341 MacArthur Bt,,d.Blvd. Service:
    Scn1ice Crisis
    : Crisis intervention
    intervention 303-698-2555
    303-698-2555
    Oakland, CA 9461094610 information and
    information and referralser- referral ser-
    415-839-1010
    415-839-1010 vice; 24
    ,icc; 24 l1ours
    hours per per day,
    day, 77 Fee: None
    days
    days aa ,veek.
    week. Fully
    Fullystaffed
    stalled Service: 24 hour phone-in
    Fee: S15 for initial screening, and walk-in services; refer-
    (2paid,
    (2 paid, plus volunteers)
    plus volunteers)
    sliding scale tor counseling. rals. Most services coordi-
    at
    at all times.
    all times.
    Private medical insurance nated dirough university
    accepted. Walden House with back-up by Psychology
    Service: Out-patient treat- Executive Director: Allonso Department and University
    ment and counseling; Acampora Hospital. Students, as staff,
    poly-drug and drug-free 815 Buena Vista West arc trained to provide
    counseling; referrals. San Francisco, CA 94117 short term or immediate
    415-552-7440 counseling.
    • Palmer Drug
    Abuse Program ftf;None-fundedbythc Comitis Crisis Center
    5605 Woodman Avenue, state of California. Director: Ridiaat Bamhill
    Suite 209 Senna- Residential treatment 9840 East 17th Avenue
    Van Nuys,CA 91401 program lastingforan aver- Aurora, CO 80040
    818-996-7060 s e of 18 months with indi- 303-343-9890
    10 a.m. to 5 p.m. vidual and group counseling (24-hour crisis line for
    180
    180 Appendix C: (: IHealth
    1I/J/Je11cli:\· Centers
    Jec1/th C'e11!e1·s

    the Dc11\
    tl1c Denver area)
    'Crarea) ing, general counseling
    i11g,gcncr.11 seling, aftercare
    scling, aftercare and
    andnlcth-
    meth-
    Service:
    Sen,icc: Telephone
    TelcpJ1onc crisis
    crisis and referral
    :u1d referrals.
    s. adone progra111.
    aclonc program.
    counseling ai1d
    counseling and referral
    referrals;
    s;
    Branford Counse
    •i Branford Counseling
    ling •• Delaware
    DelawareAlcohol
    Alcohol and
    and
    walk-in
    \,,alk- service
    in counseling scr,ri cc
    for (irug-abuse
    drug-abuse problc1ns.
    problems.
    Center Drug Treatment
    Drug Treatment Center
    Center
    Street
    33 Laurel Street Director: Frank M . MarJ
    rrank !vi. Mathews
    1c,-vs
    Shelter
    Sl1clter for teens.
    Biantbrd,CT06405
    Bra11ford, CT 06405 1606W 16th
    l6tl1
    Palmer Drug
    • Pahner Drug Abuse
    Abuse 203-481-4248 Wilmington,
    Wil1ningro11,D E 19806
    l)E 19806
    Treatment Program
    Treatment Program Service: Provides
    Scrpice:Pro\ out-patient
    1iclcsout-patient 302.,656-4044
    302-656-4044
    Director: Mike
    Director: Mike Williams counseling for (irt1
    drug-related
    g-rclatcd 8:00-9:00M^Th
    Hours: 8:00-9:00 M- Th
    l1050 Lashlcv'
    050 Lashlc\ ((and
    and other) problems
    proble1nsanda11d 8:00-5:00 F
    8:00-5:00
    Longmont,CO
    Longn1ont, to 80501
    80501 referrals; from 9 a.n1.
    referrals;fi·om a.m. to
    to Sliding scale
    Re: Slidii1g
    Fee:
    303-651-3600
    303-651-3600 5 p.m., lvlonday
    5 p.n,., Monday tl1rougl1
    dirough Scr11 icc: Counseli11g
    Service: Counseling center
    center
    Fee:None
    Be: None Friday.
    Friday. and alc<)J10J
    for drug anc.l alcohol (elated
    related
    Areasayed: Denver,
    A 1-east,1111cd:Dcn, Wheat-
    1er, Wl1L'at- problems
    problcn,s — - individual,
    inclividual,
    • Institute of Living
    • Institute of Living
    ridge,Evergreen,
    ridgc, Evergreen,Nortl1glcn,
    Northglen, family, marital
    group, family, marital and
    and
    400 Washi11gto11
    Washington Street
    Longmont
    Longm ont and Boulder
    Bot1lder out-patient;; reality
    out-patic11r reality dierapy
    tl1crapy
    Hartford, CT 06106
    I Iartford, Cf 06106 based on vVillian,
    William Glasser
    Glasser
    Service:
    Se111ice: Out-patient
    Out-patient counsel-
    counsel- based
    203-241-8000
    203-241-8000 reality' trai11h1g.
    training, Ccrtificci
    Certified
    ing staffed by ex-addicts;
    ing staffed ex-addicts; rcalit}
    Sliding scale for
    Be: Sliding
    Fee: forour-
    out- cotinsclors.
    counselors.
    AA-Uke seniccs,
    AA-like services, parent sup-
    sup-
    patient treatment;
    trL>atr11cnr; S235-
    $235-
    groups, referrals
    port groups, referrals given
    given FLORIDA
    FLORIDA
    S335 per day for residential
    $335 residential
    and taken.
    taken,
    program.
    •• Careunit
    Care unitof ofCoral
    Coral Springs
    Springs
    •• University
    Universityof ofColorado,
    Colorado, Service:
    Se11>icc: Out-patient
    Our-patient and
    ru1d resi-
    resi- 3275 N. N.W 99th vVav
    W 99t11 Way ,
    Sciences Center
    Health Sciences Center facilities K>r
    dential facilities for poly-
    poly- Springs, FL 33065
    Coral Springs, 33065
    1827Gaylord
    1827 Ga,,lord
    , Street treatment and
    drug abuser, crc..-arn1c11t and 305-753-5200
    Denver, Colorado
    Denver, Colorado 80206
    80206 counseling, individual
    cc>unscling, indi,·idual
    psychotherapy. Senncc:
    S1,n1icc: Adult
    Adult and
    and Adolescent
    Adolescent
    303-388-5894
    303-388-5894 psychotherapy.
    Programs
    Programs
    Be: S30 for evaluation inter- Comments:
    Co,11nze11ts: Non-profit,
    No11-profir, pri-
    pri-
    view; S75 per month for institute in
    vate institute inexistence
    existencefur
    for
    • Pact
    on-going out-patient 25 years.Treats
    25 people of
    years.Treatspeople Executive Director: Shirley
    treatment. all ages.
    allages. E. Aron
    Service: Outpatient clinic; 35 SAV. 8th Street
    DELAWARE
    DELAWARE
    treats addiction and provides Miami, FL 33130
    counseling; research being Brandywinc Counseling 305-358-1640
    conducted about cocaine and Diagnostic Center Service: Out-patient coun-
    and the results of addiction.Director: David Skinner seling and therapy for
    Also, methadone clinic. 305 W, 12 adolescents with poly-drug
    Staffed by professionals, Wilmington, DE 19801 problems, family counseling,
    302-656-2348 individual therapy- JflH
    CONNECTICUT Area served: Wilmington and I Switchboard of Miami
    • APT Treatment Services Newcastle 305-358-HELP (4357)
    904 Howard Avenue Be: Sliding scale (24-hour crisis line)
    New Haven, CI"06519 Service: Alcohol and drug Service: Provides telephone
    203-785-9023 counseling program lasting counseling and referrals a
    Service: Out-patient poly- 6 mondis, on an out-patient for drug problems and
    drug treatment and counsel- basis. Includes: relapse coun- other crises.
    Appendix C: C: f/ealt/
    .·1/J/Je11cli.v. Health ce,
    1 Centers
    1ters
    181
    181

    GEOR~G~IA
    GEORGIA ~--~ ___ _ Ana scn
    Art·n served: Idaho
    1,:d:Idaho
    counseling f0r ages 12-21
    counselingfor 12-21
    Re: Sliding scale for
    Fee: forouc-
    out- years, drug-free trcanmetlt.
    years~drug-free treatment,
    •• Midtown
    Midtown Intake
    Intake and
    and rca~1program;
    reach program; $30 S30 per
    Treatment Center
    TreatmentCe,1ter lor counseli
    session for counseling. ng. •• Care unit of
    Careunit ofSt.
    St Elizabeth
    Elizabeth
    Direaor:
    Director: Adina
    Adina\ VVeiner
    Veiner 11ice:2828 Hospital
    Hospital
    Service:
    S1,·1 dav
    dav residential
    reside11cial
    575 l4tl1
    575 14di St.,
    St.,N.W
    N.vV. •
    14~1
    1431 N.N. Clairmo nt Avenue
    Clairmont Avenue
    treatment
    n·earn,cnr lor alcohol and
    for alcol1.ol
    Atlanta,
    Atla11ta, G
    GAA 30318
    30318 drug dependency' Chicago, IL 60622
    Olucago,
    cl.tugdcpcndc11C)
    404-894-4561
    404 -894-4561 312-278~5©
    312-278-5015 15
    Service: Out-patient
    icc:Ot1r
    S1,;11 counsel-
    -pacient counsel- •• Careunit
    Careunit of ofMercy
    Mercy Medical
    Medical Service:
    Scn,icc: Adult, adolescent
    adolesce
    Ac::lult, nt
    poly-daig problems,
    ing for poly-drug Center
    Center Hispanic pr0gram.
    and Hispanic program,
    dctoxiiication prograi11
    detoxification program,, 12di Avenue
    1512 12tl1 Avenue Road Road
    referrals.
    referrals. Nampa, ID 83651 83651 •• Gateway Foundation,Inc.
    Gateway Feundatien, Inc.
    208-466-4351
    208-466-4351 (admiaistraci0.t1office)
    (administration office)
    HAWAII
    HAWAII Service:
    Sen Adults
    1ice:Adults onlyonly Residential Director:
    Reside11tdal Director:
    John Sabora
    JoJmSabora
    •• CRSP-Crisis
    CRSP—Crisis ResponseResponse •• CPC
    C P C lntem1ountain
    Intermountain Outpatient/Prevention:
    Outpatient/Prevention:
    System Project
    System Project Hospital of of Boise Charles Scl1wan:z
    Cha11lcs Schwartz
    Direaor: Karl Mullcr
    Director: Muller Director:
    Director: Mark l<ircl1er
    Kircher Director 0f
    Director of Bevelopment:
    Development:
    714 Prospect St.
    714 303 N. Allumbaugh
    Alllunbaugh. Robert S.Testorc
    Robert S.Testore
    Hon olulu, HI
    Honolulu, HI 96813 Boise, ID
    ID 83704
    83704 624 SouthMichigan
    Michigan
    208-377-8400 Chicago,
    Chicago,IL 60605
    808-521-2905
    808-521-2905 208-377-840 0
    312-663-1130
    3U-663-1130
    Fee:None
    Re: None Re: Room ancl
    Fee: and Boarcl-
    Board—
    Areaserved: Illinois
    healdi services
    l1caltl1servicesandanderisis
    crisis $225-5260 per day,J?lus
    $2.25-$260 plus
    response progran,
    program andandrem-
    tem- intensive
    intensi\ 1e carefees,
    fees,if ifnec-
    nec- Re: Sliding scale based
    porary (5 da)'
    day ma.ximum)
    maximum) essary. Co,,crcd
    essary. Coveredbv bvmost
    most on income
    pOfaf)' (5
    shelter.. Detox
    sl1clcer Detox and
    andshelter
    shelter medical insurance.
    medfcalinsurance. Service: Referral and poly-
    for drug
    for drug abusers
    abusers prior
    prior to to Service: Residential
    Residential adoles-
    adoles- drug treatment program,
    admittance to
    adminamce to aaresidential
    residential cent program and andouq,atie.mt
    outpatient three residential treatment
    treatment program. Referrals adult _programi
    program; special
    special ado-
    ado- programs, three out-reach
    n-caonentprogram. Referral s adult
    and w alk-in* lescent program
    programfor 12-18 programs- Counseling and
    andwalk-in . lescent for 12-18 treatment.
    years old.
    years old.24 24hour
    hourintake
    intake
    •• Honolulu
    Honolulu Crisis
    CrisisLine
    Line and evaluation
    and evaluationfor alcohol
    fur alco,ho INDIANA
    808-521-4555
    808-521-4555 and drug services.
    anddrug ·c
    Service: 24 hour phone ser- ~ • 8:00-5:00
    Hours: 81 •' • Mid-Town Addiction
    vice staffed by v olunteers Services
    and backed by professionals. ILLINOIS Direaor: RavBigler
    3750 N. Guion Road,
    IDAHO • Alternatives, Inc. Suite 350
    Clinical Director: Indianapolis, IN 46222
    • A . C . T Center (Alcohol Jeanne Peterson 317-630-6991
    and Chemical Dependency 1126 West Granville Areaserved: Regional
    Treatment Center) Chicago IL 60660
    Direaor: RandvTown Re: Sliding scale based
    312-973-5400 on income
    310 W.Idaho
    Boise, ID 83702 Ana served: Rogers Park, Service: Poly-drug treatment
    208-345-7722 Edgewater, uptown com- center, individual and group
    800-227-4190 (Idaho only) munities of Chicago. counseling
    Service: Out-patient care and
    182
    182 Appendix C:Jfec1/th
    1/J/>CJ/(/i.\· C.
    .· HealthCent
    Centers
    ers

    KENTUCKY
    KE:N
    TUC_!0' Canal Stree
    3934 Canal Street
    t
    Comments:
    Cur
    111 Open
    11e11ts: Open Monday
    1\llonday - New Orleans
    Nc,v Orleans,, LA
    LA 70119
    70119
    dirough
    tl1I Friday, 8 a.m.
    ough Friday, a.n1.to
    co
    5 p.m.
    p.m. •• JADAC-Jeffcrson
    JADAC- Jefferson 504-568-5531
    504-568-5531
    Alcohol and and Drug
    Drug Re:
    Fee: scale based
    Sliding scale based
    IOWA.
    IOWA .
    Abuse Center
    Center •
    on mcomc.
    income.
    Program Coordinator:
    Progran1
    Dave Harmon
    Dave Harn1on Service:
    S&11> Out-patient
    ice: Our-patient clinic,
    clinic,
    •• CommunityTe
    Community Telephone lepl1one counseling andand treatment
    treatment
    Counseling
    C-0unseling 600 $.S. Preston
    Prcsco11
    Louisville, KY
    Louisville, KY 40202 poly-drug abusers,
    for poly-drug abusers,
    Direaor: Paula
    Director: Paula KcUKcllv
    y alcohol, smoking, an(i
    alcol1ol, and
    515-244-6700
    515-244-6700 502-583-3951
    502-583-3951 weight pr0blcn1S.
    ,vcigJ1t problems. Offer
    Service:
    Service: crisis
    crisis intervention,
    inccr vcnrion, Fee: Slidingscale
    Fee:Sliding scale individual dierapy,, family
    individual cl1crapy family
    counseling and refcrraJ
    drug counseling referral Service:
    Service: In-patient
    In-patient andand out-
    our- therapy, group and
    cl1crapy, andcouple
    couple
    Comments:
    Com1-ner1ts: A serv ice
    A service of die
    of the patienr treatmentcenter
    patient o·eacmcnr center counseling.
    cou11Se ling.
    Red Cross offering detoxifica
    detoxification,
    tion, Comments:
    C01-n,n-e,,its:OneOneofof
    d1edie
    intervention
    inc and outreach,
    ervenrion and biggestand mosc most com-
    •• CommunityTelephone
    Community Telephone family creaancnr
    family treatmentfor foradolcs-
    adoles- programsin
    prehensive programs inthe
    the
    Line
    Crisis Line ccnrsfrom
    cents 13-18 years
    from L3-18 yearsand
    and state dfoftouisiana,
    Louisiana,staffed
    staffed
    515-244-1000
    515-244-1000 adults, peer counsel.u1g
    aduJcs, counseling,, by
    bv social workers,
    social workers, nurse,
    nurse,
    professional counseling
    •
    Service:
    Service: crisis
    crisis intervention.
    .intcr venrion. profe~sional doaor,
    doctor, and rn two consultant
    10 consultant

    fromcertified
    from certifiedcounscler'S
    counselors,, psychiatrists,
    psycl1iatiliists.
    Comments:
    Com1tw1ts: telephones
    telephon es arearc group, individual
    individual and
    and
    manned 3 p.m.—8
    p.m.-8 a.m.a.m.
    family counseling.
    familycounseling. •• New0i;lcans24-Hour
    New Orleans 24-Hour
    M-F,
    M-f; 24 hours on weekends
    l1ours on weeke nds
    8:30-5:00for
    Hours:8:30-5:00
    Houts: forout-
    out- Crisis Hot Line
    Crisis
    holidays.
    and holida ys.
    patient; 2424 hour for 504-523-2673 .fur
    504-523-2673 for i.-etc
    referrals
    •• Fust
    First Call
    Callfor
    forHelp
    Help in-patient.
    in-patient. counseling
    and coun.seliQg
    515-244-8646
    515-244 8646 Direaor: Garv Laera
    Director:~
    • KMI Medical
    • KMI Medical Center
    Center
    Service: Information
    Information andand Alcohol andDrug
    Alcohol Drug MAJNE
    MAINE
    referral
    rcfe11al Abuse Unit
    Abuse Unit
    Direaor: Don Willie
    Director: Willie Careunit of Jackson
    KANSAS
    KANSAS Grange Road
    8521 La Grange Road
    •m Brooks Institute
    Louisville, 1<¥402'2~
    Louisville, KY 40222 ~~ Running Hill Road
    • Drug Abuse Education 50~~
    502-426-3411,,r.•· Pordand, ME 04103
    Center
    Re: Hospital rates 207-761-2200
    Direaor: DianneWcrtz
    803 Clairbornc Service: 28 day in-patient • Dayone Outpatient Family
    Olathc, KS 66062 treatment and counseling and Community Services
    913-764-6463 program plus 18 mondi Direaor: Shenrv Hanson
    aftercare utilizing various w

    Fee: Flat feeforservices 23 Ocean Avenue


    methods of treatment.
    Service: Out-patient treat- Fbrdand, ME 04103
    Hours: 24 hour availability 207-874-1045
    ment and educational pro-
    for intake, evaluation, screen-
    grams for adolescents and Re: Sliding scale
    adults with alcohol, drug ing and admittance.
    Service: Counseling for
    and emotional problems. LOUISIANA families, groups and indi-
    Individual, group and family viduals with substance abuse
    counseling • New Orleans Substance problems.
    Comments: Located about Abuse Center
    Administrator: Duane Hours: 9:00-5:00 M - E
    15 miles south of Kansas
    ,Appendix C:I Health
    1/J/1,,11(/i.,·C: Centers
    let tllf, C:e11
    1e1·s
    . 183

    MARYLAND
    MARYLAND sarnc address;·rel:
    same address; Tel:617-436-
    617-436¬ cfKainc erobJc
    C<~runc problem andthat
    m 3Jld thataa
    8616, l~xt.
    8616 Ext. 30
    30 <>r
    or 33.
    33. wide varietyof
    \\'td<:\'afrcry ofhelp
    helpisisa\'ail-
    avail-
    •• Community
    CommunityGounscJjng
    Counseling able tlirough<>u
    abJc throughout thccit\•
    t rhc cityfor
    for
    and .Rt:sourcc
    and Resource Center
    Center Project Place
    •m Project Place
    anyone 1.vho
    anyc>n<.: whoisisserious
    seriousabc,ut
    about
    Director: Gina Deleonardis
    Direct<>r CJ1n.1 0( lcrn1artfis 32 Rutland ScreerStreet
    solving
    S<>l\·tng theirproblems.
    thcir problems.
    10400
    ]()400 Ridgeland Road
    Ridgeland Jlf>ad Boston, MA
    Roston \1A 02138
    Cockcwillc,MD .'\Ill)21030
    v.xkt:i·s\ 111<.. 21030 6)7-262-374() (business
    617-262-3740 line; •• E~c
    bu\1ncssJinc) Emergency Telephone
    _rgcncy Tcleph one.
    301-628-6120
    301-628-612() 617-267-9150
    617-267 9150 (l1ot (hot line)
    line) Suicide Prevention
    Surade Prevention Center Center
    I-cc:None
    Re: ~<J11c J)ccro1r,MI
    Detroit, .\ii I
    None
    Fee:N<)nc
    fee:
    Sennxe:
    Se1-vrce· General
    Gcncra.1 counseling
    ~oumcling 313-963-7890
    Service:
    St:11~e Chemical
    . C~hc1nicaJ depen-
    depen-
    and referral, crisis hot line, (Administration)
    1Adm1n1srra a ,Jn 1
    counseling for
    dency C<Jun.scling for adults
    adults . . .
    rcfcrral, cr1s1s h<)t line , 313-224-7000
    313-224-7000 (Hot fHot Line)
    J.,inc)
    and adcJlcsccncs,
    and adolescents, in<.lividuals
    individuals crisis 1
    cr1s1s intervention.
    nccrvcnric> Drop
    n . J) rop snin
    and famihcs.
    and families. center for h<,mcl~s.
    center f<>r homeless. Re: None
    /1:c:>=o ne
    flHours: 8:00—5:30
    oun 8·00-5 .30 Service: . Telephone
    Service:·rclcphc>nc only,
    onJv crisis
    .. , crisis
    •• Survival
    Survival DrugDrug .

    intervention
    mcen·cna<Jn and and .n..fc
    referral
    rraJco to
    Treatment
    Treatme nt Center
    Cent er appropriate agencies.
    agencies.
    •• State
    Stateof ofMary
    Maryland Drug
    land Drug appropriate
    Abuse Administration
    Abuse Admini stration Direaor: JoanAbramson
    l)1rccror : Joan Abramson
    Herbert CVConncr Building
    3377 \Washington
    Vas}1jngrc,n SStrca
    trc<..
    -c MINNESOTA
    MINNESOT A
    I Icrbcrt O'Cc,rmcr J3ui1iing
    <.
    Quina',
    QuiJ1c."\, MA 02169
    i\.lA -
    Maryland Ocpt.
    i\1aryland Dept. of of Hcaldi
    H<..-aJcJ1
    and
    and J\Mental
    1cnral 1Hygiene
    --Iygicn<.:
    617-471-8400 •• Chrysalis
    ChrvsalisCenterCenterfor for
    201 \\ ~Preston
    201W Street,,
    l' rc~t<JJl Scrcct Service: Offers
    cc: Offers
    <;e,-vi out-patient
    out-patient Women
    4th Floor
    4th f IC)()I" counseling
    cr)unscli1 and tream,c
    1g and treatment nt Direaor: Katherine
    l)irccro r : Kath erine \Warwick
    Varnick
    for adolescents andadult'>
    adults.. 2104 Stevens
    2104Stc."\· AvenueSoud1
    tns Avenue Soudi
    Baltimore,
    13aJrin1 c)rc, M~11D) 21201
    2 120 1 f<>radc,Jcscc ncsand
    Joseph Whiteman
    JoscpJ1\\'h House
    iccman House Minneapolis,
    .\. MN 55404
    linncapolis,Mi.'155404
    301-383-3312
    residential facilit\'
    residential facility fiJr
    foradolcs-
    adoles- 612-871-0118
    612-871-0118
    Service:
    Service Information
    : Information about
    about cents ((>(617-479-3660).
    ccnts 17-479-3660). Re:
    Fe Sliding scale
    e: Sliding scale
    treatment prc>grai11S
    trcam,cnt programsand and
    organizations whichoffer
    organiz.ations \vhicl1 offer Service:
    Service Diagnosis
    : Diagnosis andand
    MICHIGAN
    MICHIGAN screening pia:ccds
    screening preecedsadmit- admit-
    services for
    scn•iccs fordrug
    drugabusers;
    abusers;
    referrals. tanceto
    tance toprogr.um
    programswhich
    which
    referrals. •• Eastwood
    Eastwood Clinics
    Clinics include outpatient
    outpatientneat
    treat-
    include ~
    Administrative Director:
    Administrative Direaor: ment for women, peer
    mcru:forwo~g:Jt_
    MASSACHUSETTS
    MASSACHUSE I IS William Sumner
    William Sumner support sen ices and a men-
    supportscrvia:sauda
    15085 East
    15085 East77Miles
    Miles tal healthdioi~
    ta!hcalth clinic.:~
    • Dorchester Mental Detroit, MIMl 48205
    Detroit, 48205 Comments: Open ro women
    Health Center 313-526-6000(24 hour Ct,,nmmls:
    Director: Gloria H.
    313-526-6000 (24 hour over 18. --
    overl8.
    service)
    service )
    Brown, R.N.
    519 Morton Street Area served: Detroit and
    .Ai'r('lmllll: De®u:~
    ~ the• Hcnncpinn County
    Chemical Health Services
    Dorchester, MA 02124 tri-countv~
    P'A area.
    617-436-6000 Service: Fifteen programs- 1800 Chicago Street
    crisis, out-patient counsel- Minneapolis, MN 55404
    Fee: None to Massachusetts 612-347-6141
    ing, after-care, residential
    residents
    treatment detoxification, Soviet: Walk-in and agency
    Sennet: General detox pro- and health management referralsforHennepinn
    gram; walk in or agency services. Countyresidents.Cases
    referral.
    Comments: This state/county involving drug dependency
    Comments: Dorchester Men- program has existed for 15 arcreferredto appropriate
    tal Health Center also runs years. They reported that care facility.
    thc Dorchester Detoxifica- Detroit has a growing
    tion Unit (IXD.U.) at the
    184
    18-i Appendix C: C': Health
    A/JjJe11cl1~\· He t 1lth Centers
    ('e11ters

    Minnesota Institute
    •m M.innesota Institute on
    on Service:
    Si,11icc: Outpatient
    Ourpacient program •• D.A
    progran1 D.A.R.T.
    .R.T .
    Black Chemical
    Black Chemical AbuseAbuse lasting about
    lastit1g about 6 mondis.
    6 1nontJ1s. Executive Director:
    Executive
    EtetCTBeU
    Director: Peter Bell Alcohol
    Alcol10!and drug drug counsel-
    counsel- Heidi Israel
    2616 Nicollet AvenueSouth
    2616 South referral, crisis interven-
    ing, refcn-a.l, 1307 Lindberg Pla7.a
    1307 Plaza Center
    Center
    Minneapolis, .NIN
    .Nlinncapolis, M N 55408 tion.All
    tion. Allages
    agesaccepted
    accepted. . St. Louis,
    Lotus, 1MO
    \ 110 63132 and and
    612-871-7878 8:30-4:45.
    Horns:8:30-
    Ho11-rs: 4:45 . Castleman
    4471 Casck:man
    ire; Sliding scale
    Fee: St. Louis, MO 63110 63110
    •• Counseling
    Counseling and andTesting
    Testing 314-569-2161
    314-569-2 161 (also aa
    Service:
    St.11ticc: In-patient
    In-patient treatment,
    trearn1cnt, Center (Chemical
    Center (Chemical
    • 24-hour l1
    24-hour hot
    or line)
    line)
    out-care
    our-caresupport, ongoing ongomg dependency unit
    dependency unit of
    treatment prograin
    crcaanenr program (out-(ouc- Sliding scale based
    Re:• Sliding
    Fee: based
    Baptist Hospital)
    Baptist
    care),
    care rehabilitation
    ), rehabilit ation center, income
    on income
    Direaor: Minnie Rhodes
    Director:
    familiy counseling.
    familiy Sheppard Road
    180 Sl1eppard Service:
    Se1 Referral,
    1,icc:Referral, drug-free
    drug-free
    Comments:
    Com;-,,,c,its: Focus
    Focus is on
    is on Jackson, MS
    Jackson, MS 39206
    39206 out-patient counseling and
    our-patient
    minorities, but but open to to all
    all 601-362-9325
    601-362-9325 treatment
    trearn1cntforfor poly-drug
    polv-dnjg
    persons \\~ with drugabuse
    it11<.irug abuse problems.
    problen1S.
    Fee: S60 per hour
    Re: $60 l10ur
    problems.
    probJen1S. Comments:
    Com1-11mit.f: In In existence
    existence since
    since
    Service:
    S1,--111ice:Adult
    Adult and
    and adolescent
    adolescent staffed bv
    1968, sraffed by sixcoun-
    , six coun-
    •• Minnesota
    MinnesotaPrevention
    Prevention counseling referral;;
    counselingand referral two nurses
    selors, two nursesand and011c
    one
    Resource Center
    Resource Center alcohol and drug
    alcol1ol drug doaor.
    doctor.
    Direaor: Gerald Jaker
    Director: Jaker information.
    information.
    2829 Verndale
    2829 VcrndaleA,·ent1e
    Avenue • Drug and
    • Drug andAlcohol
    AlcoholReferral
    Referral
    Anoka, MN
    Anoka, NlN 55303 •• DREAM
    D R E A M (Drug
    (Drugand and Exchange
    Exchange
    612-427-5310
    612-427-5310 Educational Associates
    Educational Associates Murray
    530 N. Murrav Road
    Road
    in Mississippi)
    in Mississippi) Lees Summit,
    ••
    MO 64069
    Service:
    S1,111icc: Alcohol
    Alcohol andand drugdrug Director: June Millan1
    Millam Lees Summit, MO 64069
    Director: 816-525-0999
    intervention programs; pre-
    intervcnllion pre- 1991 Lakclarid
    LakelandDri, Drive 816-525-0999
    1991 1e
    vention center;
    vention clearing
    center; clearing Jackson,, MS
    MS 39216
    39216 Re: None
    Fee:None
    house forforfilms,
    films,books,
    books,lcc- lec-
    Jackson
    house 601-362-9329
    601-362-9329 Service:
    Service: 2424hourhour hot-line;
    hot-line;
    turesetc.
    rures etc. Staff
    Staffincludes
    includes25 25 crisis intervention;
    crisis intervention; infonna-
    informa-
    community, consultants
    communicv consultants a,'ai.1-
    avail- Area Served:
    Ami Served: Statewide,
    StatC\\,jde,
    tionandandrefer,al
    referralrotoappro-
    appro-
    tion
    able to
    able tomeet
    meet,,,jth
    withcommun-
    commun- nationwide
    nationwide agenciesininKansas
    priateagencies Kansas
    itiesor
    ities or organiz.ations
    organizationsto toplanplan Re: None
    Fee:None City area.
    City area.
    prev entionprojects
    prevention projeasor orpro-
    pro- Service:
    Service: Disseminates
    Disseminates infor-
    infor-
    vide community awareness
    videcommunity awareness mation (boob,
    mation (books, fihns,
    films, • Nasco
    presentations.
    pl'C$Cntations. pamphlets etc.).
    pamphlets etc.).Conducrs
    Conducts Director: Dr. William M.
    Comments:
    '41m:StateState funded;
    funded; training and
    training andinfonnatlQ;i
    information Harvey
    MPRCC ·is aafocal
    focalpoint
    pointfor
    for seminarsror,.sto~~-
    scininarslor groups. 2305 St. Louis Avenue
    chemical
    • abuse issucsjn
    issues in St. Louis, MO 63106
    Minnesota. MISSOURI
    MISSOURr 314-436-2832 (24-hour
    crisis line)
    MISSISSIPPI • CarcunitofSt. Louis 314-241-4310
    1755 S. Grand Boulevard Re: Sliding scale based
    • Alcohol Services Center St. Louis, MO 63104 on income
    Direaor: Bettv Bowman 314-771-0500 Service: Out-patient and resi-
    838 N. West Street Service: Adult and adolescent dential programs, Adoles-
    Jackson, MS 39202 programs. cent Treatment Program.
    601-948-2220 Also known as
    Fee: Sliding scale Nasco West: 314-647-5444
    Appendix Health Cetil
    li ."<C: flec1/lh
    A/JJJer1.c Centers
    ers
    185
    185

    MONTANA
    MONTANA methadone
    mcch maintenance;
    .atlonc n11ai 11te11ancc;
    Areaserved:
    Arva s1,n1cd: WeWestern United
    stern Unjted
    also aasexuaJly
    sexuallycrai1
    transmitted
    s1nirrccl States
    The Recovery
    • Tlic Recovery Founda
    Foundation .ti:on Inc
    Inc. disease
    diseaseclinicclinic(in
    (inaascr>
    separate
    arace
    LibbvArdev
    Director: Libby Artley facility).
    fuciliry). Sliding scale based
    Re: Sliding
    !lice: based<'>on
    11
    incomec and set fee
    incon1 fee
    Providence Bttilding
    Pro,,idcncc Building
    554 W W Broad\vay
    Broadway 1 •• Wome11s
    Womcns Ce11ter-Center—Teen Teen Service:
    Scr1 1ic_c: A residential
    A residential treat-
    treat-
    Missoula,
    Nlissoula,M i\tITT 59802 Challenge of die
    Cl1allcnge Midlandss
    the Midland ment out-patient clinic
    n1cntand out-patient clinic
    406-721-1880 Director: QuimbvQui1nl,y Collier as \vcU
    as well as
    ascommunity
    communitycare care
    2916 N. N, 58th
    58tl1 programs arc are provided
    provided
    Area served: Missoula councv
    Arcn sc11,cd: 1\llissoula county dirough counseli
    through counseling, dierapy
    ng, tl1crapy
    w Omaha, NE 68104
    On1al1a, 68104
    and surrou11ding
    and surrounding area ,u·ea 402-551-2322 and support
    ancl support by trained
    by trained
    Re: Sliding scale
    Fee: professionals.
    professionals.
    None
    Re: No
    Fee: 11c (supported by l1y
    Service:
    S1,,;,
    > Out-patient
    ice: Our-patient treat-
    treat- donations
    tion:1tio 11 from churcl1
    s fi·o111churches)cs)
    ment for the drug dependent
    t11cdrug NEW
    NEW HAMPSHIRE
    HAMPSHIRE

    and fan1ily;
    family; counsel- Sc111icc: In-patientprogrru11
    Sovice:In-pacicnt program
    person ancl cottnscl-
    ing;, 24 liour
    ing· hour intake screen- of 6-14
    6- 14monthsn1011tl,s male
    for n1ale •• Careunit
    CarcunitofLakcshorc
    of Lakcshore
    . and
    a1 female adolescents and
    1d fcn1alc and Hospital
    Hospital
    ing; transportation
    ing; program.
    cransportaoon program.
    adults. 2411ot1r
    adltlts. 24 hour phone
    phone 200 ZacharyRoad
    ZacharyRoad
    Hours:
    Ho1 8:00-6:00M-F
    ,trs:8:00-6:00 M-F service.
    •
    SCl"\'lCC. Manchester, N
    Mand1estcr, NHH 63103
    Comments: Involvement
    lnvolvcn1cnt
    C<»r1r11c11.ts: 603-645-6700
    603-645-6700
    Shodair Cliildrens
    • Shodair Childrens
    Hospital
    Hospital with churches
    ,itl1cl1ur
    \,, isencouraged
    cl1cs is encouraged Re: Varies
    Fee: according
    Variesaccording
    Shodair Adolescent
    Shodair Adolescent but
    bt1rmaintains aa no11-
    non- to hospital
    Treatment Program
    Treaonent Program sectarian philosopl1y
    scctarian philosophy.. Sennce:
    Sen,ice: AdultAdult treatment
    trcaanent pro¬
    pro-
    Doug Setde
    Director: Doug Settle consisting of 28 day
    gram consisting day
    NEVADA
    NEVADA
    ------ in-patient designedto
    in-patientcaredesigned to
    840 Helena
    Helena Avcnttc
    Avenue
    Helena, MT
    I-Iclcna, N1T59604
    59604 improve
    improvetotal totalhealth-
    healdi—
    •• Theraputic
    TheraputicAssociates
    Associates includes lifetimeaftercare,
    includeslifetime aftercare,
    406-442-1980 Paul Casey
    Director: Patil Casey behavior modification,fiun-
    behaviorn1odification, fam-
    Re: Set feesbased
    R:c:Ser basedon
    onhospi-
    hospi- 3101 Marvland
    3101 Maryland Park\
    Parkway
    ..•ay ily
    ilv counseling, reality
    counseling, reality
    tal rares
    rates Las Vegas, NV
    lJasVegas~ NV 89109
    89109 ' •
    dierapy,
    •
    setting
    tl1erapy,semngpnona.es • • •
    priorities
    Service:
    Service: Intervention
    Intervention and
    and 702-735-2057
    702-735 -2057 etc. Participation
    F^irticiparion in~
    in AA, NA..::~r
    etc. ~~iJi.lf,
    referral;
    referral· evaluation and
    , evalt1ation treat-
    . treat- Ann Served:
    Areascrved: Nevada
    Nevada is encouraged.
    is encouraged.
    ment. 28 day in-paacnt
    111cnt. in-patient pro- About $50.00
    Re:: About
    Fee S50.00
    gram for
    gran1 tor adolescents ((12-18
    12-18 Service: Poly-drug counseling NEWJERSEY
    NEWJERSEY
    years old). Service:Poly-drugcounseling
    vearsold). by staffcomposed
    bv staff composedof ofcer-
    cer-
    Ho,,rs: 8:00-5:00daily
    Honrs:8:00-5:00 daily tified licensed
    licensed counselors
    counselors • Corner House
    tified 369 Wirhei spoon Street
    and psychologists.
    and psychologists. Conven-
    Conyen-
    NEBRASKA
    NEBRASKA tionaland and non-conventional Princeton, NJ 08540
    tional non-convennonal 609-924-8018
    methods used
    methods used for
    fora-caancnt.
    treatment.
    Equilibria Arm Served: Mercer county
    Director: Douglas Wagner • Western Counseling Assoc. and surrounding
    544 S> 24th Avenue Fitz House communities.
    Omaha, NE 68105 Executive Director: Dick Fee: Sliding scale based on
    402-345-2252 ability to pay
    Steinberg
    Fee: Sliding scale 900 East Karen, Suite C 215 Service: Non-residential,
    Service: Out-patient drug Las Vegas, NV 89109 drug-free counseling and
    treatment program dealing 702-737-7601 referral; out-patient care,
    with opiate and poly-drug 702-369-5700 (Admin.) familv and adolescent
    abuse; detox program; counseling.
    Appendix C: J-Jer1/IIJ
    A/J/Je11clf.\· Health ce,1ters
    Centers
    186
    186

    was developed b)
    ,,·as dc,,clopcd by Fair Oaks Poly-drug
    Sennce:Pol~·-drug
    Service: treatment
    rreacrncnt
    Damon House
    •m Damon House
    physician-researchers at
    pl1ysician-rcscarcl1crs at Yale
    Yale program, both
    prograi:n, out-patient
    b~th our-pacicnt
    Director: Ted Dcqucrcio
    and Fair Oaks. Spccialiv
    and Specially and rc.:s1d<.:naal,
    and residential, indi,idual
    individual
    369
    369 Market Street
    MarkerSrreet
    Patterson, NJ 07501 work close!\'
    trained staff ,,·ork closely and group
    and group cl1crapy,
    therapy, referrals.
    referrals.
    Parrers 1 07501
    on, 2'
    with famil\'
    ,,·icl1family and as
    and asaareferral
    referral
    201-279-5563
    201-279-5563 • Comments:
    Cw11;-11e1irs: Staffed
    Staffed bvby
    source to to prevent
    prevent relapse.
    relapse. therapists ,,·ith
    cJ1erapisrs with mast~r's
    master's
    •• Damon
    DamonHouseHouse Residential
    Residential degrees ~vorking
    dcgrc~ working under
    under the
    the
    • Operation
    • Operation Junction
    Junction
    Facility
    Facility supervision of
    supen•1s1on of a psychiatrist.
    psychiatrist.
    North
    Nml1
    105 Joyce
    105 Jovcc Kilmer
    KilmerA,·enue
    Avenue 1cnue
    Thcv
    T1 have three.:
    1c.:' ha,,c threeoffices
    offices
    804 ,, 'esle\'
    Weslcv A,
    Avenue
    ~c\,.
    New Bruns,,i~
    Bnimwick,NJ 01 08901
    08901 located around
    located around the cirv.
    city,
    Ocean Cirv,
    Ocean Citv, NJ 08226
    08226 •
    201-828-6002
    201-828-6002
    609-398-4200 NEWYORK
    NEWYORK
    Based on income
    Be: Based
    Fu: income
    Service: Residential treatment South
    Suuth
    SerPicc: Residentialcrearrnenr •• Daytop
    DavtopVillage
    Village
    program 115\.'\~
    115 W Da,·is
    DavisAvenue
    Avenue
    program((drug-free)
    drug-freeJ forado- 1ood, NJ08260 W 40th
    54 \V. 40th Scrc<.:t
    Street
    lescent persons. Wildvvood,
    \\TJ.ldv, NJ 08260
    lescentpersons. New York, ~ry
    Ne,,· York, NY 10018
    10018
    609-729-1404
    609-729-1404
    Comments:
    C01,n11enrs: Staff
    Staff of coun-
    of coun- 2212-474-3800
    U-4 74-3800 ((information)
    information)
    selors, professional
    selors, professional and para Central
    Cc11traJ
    Department
    Health Deparrmcnt Area served:
    Area serred: New
    Ne,,· lorkYork
    StateState
    professional
    professional
    Crest Ha,·cn
    Cn!St Haven Road Sennce: Treat
    Trear
    St-"11>ice: allall
    drugdrug abuse
    abuse
    • DamonHouse
    • Damon HouseOut-Reach
    Out-Reach May Court House,
    Cape Iv1a)' problems, staff
    problerns, staffconsistsof of
    Center NJ 08216
    NJ08216 professionals
    professionals
    . and cx-addias·
    and ex-addicts;,
    MarketStreet
    371 Iv1arket Street 609-465-3181
    609-465-3181 out-patient counseling
    out-paocnt counseling and and
    Patterson, ~ry
    Parrcrson, NJ 07501
    07501 therapy; d1~'
    thcr~py; dicv l1a,
    have ·cfive resi-
    6\'c resi-
    Fee:None.
    Be:
    201-279-5563
    201-279-5563 dential treatment facilities
    denaal treannc.'Tlt facilities in
    in
    Sennce:
    Scnlice: Out-patient
    Our-patient direct
    direct the New York
    Yorkarea.
    area.(Have
    (Have
    Be: None
    Fee: ~e Ne\\'
    counseling, psychological
    counse~ng, psychological six ambuJarorv
    ambulatory treatment
    six rreaonent
    Service: Out-patient counsel- counseling,
    counseling, drug-free
    ~ervice:
    ing
    Out-patient
    groupand
    mgand group
    counsel-
    andindi,•id-
    indiv id- rehabilitation, inmate
    rehabilitation,
    clinics ~
    clinics Ne\v
    in New York
    YorkCity
    out-patient coW1SCling.)
    counseling)
    Citvfor for
    our-paaent
    ual carefor
    ualcare forpersons
    personsof of counseling.
    counseling.
    any age.
    any age. NORTH CAROLINA
    NORTH CAROLINA
    NEWMEXICO
    NEW MEXICO
    • Fair Oaks Hospital • Drug Action of
    Direaor: Dr. Mark Gold White County
    • Careunit of Hospital of
    19 Prospect Street 2809 Industrial Drive
    Albuquerque
    Summit, NJ 07901 Raleigh, NC 27609
    505 High Street WE.
    201-522-7000 Albuquerque, NM 87102 919-832-4453
    1-800-262-2463 505-848-8088 Be: Sliding scale and set tee
    Areaserved: Unrestriacd Adult and adolescent for court programs.
    Be: One of die more expen- programs SenHcc: Crisis line, prev en-
    sive private facilities in the tion and intervention treat-
    U.S.A. Most insurance com- • Drug Counseling Services
    Direaor: Rick Micra ment programs; out-patient
    panies* hospitalization covers care, referrals; drug educa-
    thc costs. 9301 Indian School Road
    N.E.,Suitc 105 tion programs.
    Service: Residential program Albuquerque, NM 87112 Comments: Mandated by
    and out-patient care utilizing 505-292-8103 courtsforfirstoffenders.
    new non-opiate treatments
    for addicts. Be: Sliding scale based • Raleigh North Carolina
    Cjmmems: This treatment on income Crisis Line
    919-755-6555
    Appendix
    , 1cli:r C: llHealth
    AJJ/Je Centers
    ec1lih Ce,,
    1ters
    187

    OHIO programs
    ing. Also, progran1 inc<.l
    s in edu-
    u- Re: None,
    Fee: None.
    cacion , intervention
    cation, and Jpre
    intc1-v<.:1'lt:ion
    an<l )rc-
    Carcunit of
    • Careunit of Hospital
    Hospital vention in scl1
    schools; special Scr11ic,;:
    Service; Out-patient
    Gut-p,a counsel
    ticnr counsel-
    vcntion ools; special
    of Cincinnati
    of Cincinnati Hist gradeprogr:11n
    first gra,le program, asv.well
    ru. 1cll mg program,
    ing staffed
    program,staffc bvrc-
    <lbv re-
    3156 Glenmore Avenue
    3156 Glcnn1orc Avenue as other elementary
    1
    school covered dn
    covcrccl drug-abusers/
    1g-abusers/·
    as otl1cr clcn1 c11ca
    1y school
    Cincinnati,
    Cincu1na O H 4521
    t i, OJ-I 45211 1 programs.
    progran1s. alcoholics
    ak:c who have
    >holic~v,ho haveparrici-
    partici-
    513-481-8822
    513-481-8822 pated in
    parcd inaa12-stcp
    12-stepprogram
    program
    of trai11
    of training
    i11g for at least
    for at least
    Service:
    Scn,icc:Adult Adult and
    artll adolescent •• Uni
    adolescent United
    ted HHealth Service
    caltl1 Ser vice
    one
    Direaor: Elanc
    Director: Elanor Graham
    >r GraJ1ai11 011cyear.
    vcar.
    programs.
    progran1s. •
    184 Salcn1
    184 Salem Ave Avenue
    nue ORE
    OREGONGON
    • CIVAC Suite 210
    Suitc 210 -
    ((Community
    CommlUl.ity Info Information
    rm ation Dayton, O H 45406
    l) avron, 01-145406 •' Carcurut
    Carcunit Ho Hospital
    spital
    Volunteer
    and Volwi Center)
    teer Cen t er) 513-220-6600
    513-220-6600
    of Portland
    ofPoJrtland
    Dircccor:
    Director: l\Oscn,aric
    Rosemarie DorseyDorsey J-cc:None
    Re: No11c 1927 N.WN.W. Lovejoy Street
    LovejoyStreet
    2800 f:- Euclid
    t1cli<l Avenue,
    Avenue,
    Sennce:
    Se111icc: Outreach;
    Ourrcach; informa-
    inforn1 a- Poitland,
    l.,0 d, 0OR
    1'tla11 97209
    R 97209
    600
    Suite 600 tion
    ric.>nand referral by
    anti bv tele¬
    tclc- 503-225-0031
    Cleveland,
    ClcvelanJ,01 OH144115
    44115 pl1onc; drug
    phone; ,in 1g preve
    •
    prevention
    ntion Service:
    St-'11, Adult
    icc:Adult andand adolescent
    adolescent
    216-696-4242 programs
    progra11 for schools;
    1sfor schools;crisiscrisis programs.
    Fee:None.
    Re: No11c. help available.
    help available Comprehensive Options
    • Con1p.rchensivc Options
    Service:
    S1,11>icc:2424 hour
    hot1r information
    inforn1ario n
    OKLAHOMA for Drug Abuse
    for Abuse
    referral
    and referral. OKLAHOMA Director: PatrickVanzo
    Director: Patrick Vanzo
    Drug and
    • Drug and Alcohol
    Alcohol Manager:
    Manager: AnnUhler
    Ann Uhler
    Clinic
    • Free Clinic Center
    Center Inc. DrugTrcaanenc
    Drug TreatmentServices
    Services
    Jane Yacks
    Director: Jane Yackshaw
    ha\.V Direaor: Sl1ar
    Dirccror: Sharon Toothakcr
    o n Tootl1akcr 306 NE 20th
    20th Avenue
    Avenue
    Euclid Avenue
    306 NE
    12201 EL tclid Avcn ttc 1312WHenslev
    1312 W. 1-lcnslcy Portland, OR
    Portland, OR 97232
    97232
    Cleveland, 01-144106
    Cleveland, OH 44106 Bartlesville, OK
    Bartlesville, OK 74003
    74003 503-239-8400
    503-23,-8400
    216-721-4010
    216-721-4010 918-336-2110
    918-336-2110 Sliding scale
    Re: Sliding
    Fee: scalebased
    based
    c: None,
    Re:
    F,; None. Re:: Sliding
    Fee scale
    Slidingscale on income.
    Sennce:
    Sm > Out-patient
    icc:Our-patient clinic
    clinic Service: Out-patient
    sm ,ice:Out-panent •
    pro-pro- Service: Poly-drug out-
    provides support~ups;
    pro\·idcs support groups; gram,, adolescent
    gram adolescent peerpeersup-sup- patient center, counseling
    individual
    1ndi, family
    1idual and family port groups
    port groups staffed
    staffedby by and referrals.
    certified substance
    substanceabuse
    abuse
    w

    counseling.
    counseling. Adolescent
    Adolescent certified
    groups 13-18yrs.
    from 13-18
    groupsfrom old;
    yrs.old; counselors and
    counselors and aayouth
    youthcoun-
    coun- Lane County Community
    adult
    adult groups
    groupsfrom
    from1919yrs.
    yrs. selor. Also,
    selor. Also,family
    familycounseling
    counseling Health and Social Services
    and
    and older.
    older. is p.rovid«t
    is provided. Director: Jim Lakehomer
    Drug Program
    • Options, Inc. Grand Lake 1901 Garden Avenue
    Director: Louise Wilson Mental Healdi Center Eugene, OR 97403
    1 Stranahan Square 415 S. Dewey, Suite 302 503-687-4000; 687-4463
    Toledo, OH 43604 Bartlesville, OK 74003 Ire: Sliding scale.
    419-242-7474 918-336-6332 Service: Drug, alcohol and
    Fee: Sliding scale Sennce: Drug abuse info. correction porogntm consist-
    Sennce: Confidential counsel ing of education, group
    ing for adolescents (12-18) palmer Drug Program counseling and referrals to
    with drug-related problems. 711 S. Sheridan other appropriate programs.
    Out-patient, group, indi- Tulsa, OK 74112
    vidual and family counsel- 918-837-7763
    188
    188 Appendix C:
    Appe,1cli.'< C:flectlth
    HealthCe11te,·s
    Centers

    Comments; Clients
    Cllenrs
    C0111J11e11ts: must
    muse be be RD#10
    RD#lO 401-826-2750
    referred bv
    by
    rc.:fcrrcd courts.
    courrs. East Northampton Street
    Easr Nortl1ru11pton
    • Fee: S225 per dav
    Re: $225 day. .
    Wilkes-Barre, PA
    \¥ilkcs-Barrc, l'A 18702 •

    •• Switch
    Switch Board
    Board Inc.
    Inc. Service;
    S1,'1'J1 Program
    ice:Progi-ai lasting
    n Jasttng
    717-823-1171
    556 Pearl
    Itarl Street
    Street about 21-25 days
    about 21-25 <. includes
    iavs i11cludcs
    Re; $
    FctJ: S125 per clay.
    125 ~1cr day. Recog-
    Recog- inpatient
    ~111,1aticnrpsychiatric and
    psychiatric and fu
    fam
    n1-
    Eugene,
    Eugene, 0OR R 97401
    97401 nized bv most n,ajor
    by n1ost major insur-
    insur- ily counseling,.
    1lycounseling
    503-686-8453 ance carriers.
    •
    ancc carriers.
    Sennce;
    Se1-11iu: Information
    Information andand Fbpulnt'wn
    Popt1lntio11 sored:
    str1,cd: Co-ed,
    Co-cti, in- in- SOUTH
    S O U T H CAROLINA
    CAROLINA
    referral
    referralfor Lane CounC\
    for Lane County,
    •
    ', patient drugdrug anti
    and alcohol
    -
    Oregon.They
    Oregon. have access
    They ha,'c accesstoto •• Cl1aps
    Chaps BakerTreatment
    Baker Treatment
    rehabilitation cc11rer
    n.:habilirarion centerfor for per-per-
    all agencies
    all agenciesandand"''ill
    willans,vcr
    answer Center of
    C~nter of Baker Hospital
    Hospital
    sons \.\who havebeen
    •110 have beenicic11-
    iden-
    anv qucsoons.
    questions. Director: C.W. "Pepped
    •
    an)' C.W «Poi)pcr"
    tified as substance abusers.
    cificd abusers.
    Phillipss
    Pl1illip
    •. White
    White Bird
    Bird Clinic
    Clinic Bcilities:
    Fncif "TheLodge.:
    ities:"Tl1e Lodge" ,,- - 2750 Spcissegger
    2750 Speissegger DriveDrive
    Direaor: Robert Dritz
    Director: Oritz capacityof of 50
    50 pcrso11s
    personsfi·om from N. Charleston,
    Charleston, SC 29405 29405
    341
    341 E. 12th Street
    E. 12tl1 Screet 12-18 vcars
    12-18 .years olti·
    old;' ''T11c
    "The 803-744-2110
    Eugene, OR
    Eugene, OR 97401
    97401 Manor"—capacity
    ~lru1or" -capacity of 50 per-
    503-342-8255 sons, 1919 years a11and older;
    d oJder; Re: Based on
    Fee: on l1ospiraJ
    hospital rares
    rates
    "Focus-The
    "Focus-T11cFamily"—addic-
    Familv"-add ic- Sennce;
    Se11>ice: In-patient
    In-pacicnr carecare
    forfor
    Be: Crisis
    Fee: counseling
    Crisiscot1n free;
    scling is free;
    tion awarenesstotof.t,nilv
    tion avvru·cncss family rehabilitation and
    detox, rel1abilirario11 an<.l
    counseling: slitling
    drug cotmscling: sliding
    members/significant
    111cn1bors/signi ficanrothers.
    ochers. family support;
    family support; 66 \\'eek
    weekdrugdrug
    scale; legal counseling:
    scale; legal counseling: program, 4 4 week alcohol
    Capacity is 20~
    Capacity 20, ages
    ages13 13 & 5cup.
    up. pr0gran1, ,vcekalcol10J
    ! S5.00; medical
    $5.00; medical trl-am1cnt:
    treatment:
    ~ $25.00.
    S25.00. Sennce:
    St.'111icc: Quality
    QualiC\· treatment
    treatment torfor program
    progran1for for adults
    adults andand ado-
    ado-
    lescents; aftercare supported
    lcsccnrs; aftercare supported
    Sennce:
    Se11>icc: 2424 hour
    hour crisis
    crisis coun-
    coun- alcoholism an~i
    alcol1olism and cl1e1nical
    chemical
    by participation
    by participation ininAAAA oror NA.
    NA.
    seling; counseling, tl1er
    seling;drug counseling, ther-- dependency. 28-42
    <.iepcnde11"'· 28-42 dav day trl'at-
    treat-
    •
    n1cntincludes intcnsi, c indi-
    ment
    •
    includes intensive
    •
    indi- Comments:
    C0111,ne11ts: A private
    A private non-non-
    apy and
    andtn.-atmcnt
    treatmentprogran1,
    program, 1

    medical treatment program;


    program; vidual,
    vi<.iual~ group and
    gr0up and f.u11ilv
    family center.
    profit treatment center.
    medical
    general and
    general andlegal
    legalcounseling
    counseling counseling. After
    counscfmg. After care in-
    care in-
    •• Help
    HelpLineLineof of
    programs..
    programs cludes out-patient counseling
    cludesot1t-pacicntcow1Scling the Midlands
    the Midlands
    and involvement
    and involvementin commu-in commu-
    Comments:
    Cotm1Jents: A division
    A division of of Director: Patti
    Director: Parti Fo\\
    Fowler•ler
    nity based AA/NA
    nity basedANNA groups. groups.
    Lane Countv
    Lane Countv Mental Healtl1.
    Mental Health. Box 6336
    Box6336
    •
    r
    Comments:
    Con1111n1ts: Transportation
    Transportarion Columbia,
    Columbia,SC 29260
    PENNSYLVANIA _ _ . be arranged
    can be arrangedwith withfacility.
    facility. 803-771-4357
    803-771-4357
    • Center for Addictive •• The
    TheInstitute
    Instituteofofthe
    thc Re: None,
    Diseases Pennsylvania ~jtal
    Pennsylvania Hospital Service: 24 hour phone ser-
    Director: Daniel A. Director: DonaldJ
    Director~ Donald JV Gill,,M~t)
    '.l(
    Gill, M.D. vices: crisis and suicide inter-
    Wallace, M.D. The Stredcer Program
    ~Streektt1P vention, information
    Paoli Memorial Hospital 111 North49thStreet and referral.
    21 Industrial Boulevard, #200 Philadelphia, PA 19139 Comments: Has been in exis-
    Paoli, PA 19301 215-471-2021 tence since 1972.
    215-648-1130 215-471-2022
    Service: Out-patient treat- SOUTH DAKOTA
    ment providing counseling RHODE ISLAND
    m A.C.T (Accessible Commu-
    and therapy for poly-drug • Good Hope Center nity Treatment) of Capital
    abusers. Director: Alan Area Counseling Service
    WilIoughbv,PhD Executive Director: Lynn
    • Clear Brook Inc.
    President: Dave Ixxnbard PO Box 470 Calcote
    E, Greenwich, Rl 02818
    •Appendix
    lp/Je11c!L\·C:C:fl Health Centers
    eallh Ce11lers
    189
    189

    Director: Dan
    Director: Dan Rounds
    Rounds Nashville,TN T N 37228
    37228 Comments:
    C<n1111u:nts: In existence
    In existence sincesince
    804 Euclid
    804-Euclid 615-254-6547
    615-254-6547 1973. Funded b\' by
    • state, fed-
    1973. State> fed-
    Pierre, SD
    Pierre. SD 5-501
    57501 615-244-4357 (Crisis
    615-2-1-1-4357 (CrisisCenter)
    Center) eral, corporate
    cral, corporateand andprivate
    private
    605-224-5811
    605-224-581 l sources.
    sources.
    Re: Free
    E:c: Free
    Hours:
    Hours: 8:00-5:30
    8:00-5:30
    Smice:
    5,:111 Consultationsand
    1cc: Consultations and Palmer Drug
    • Palmer Drug Abuse
    Abuse
    fie:Sliding
    lt·r: Sliding cale scale referrals;
    rctcrrals~ education,
    l.-ducation, preven-
    pn.-..·cn-
    Sermt: Out-patient Program
    Program
    ·t'11'iu·:Ouc-r1:1cicnr tion,and
    cion, andcounseling.
    counseling.
    treatmentfor
    m:auncnt adults
    for adulcs 313 ~orth
    313 North C<..-nccr
    CenterScre<:t
    Street
    Arlington, TX 76011
    adolescents
    and adolt'SCcnrs • Sumner Countv
    • S,1mner Counn• Mental
    Mental
    Health
    Health
    •
    817-277-0111
    817-277-0111
    TENNESSEE
    TENNE~SEE Director: J.m1es
    D1rea:or. James Knctf
    KnefF Area!t"11~d:
    Arra served:FortFort Worth,
    \\orth, and and
    528 E. ~Main Street
    [:un Scrcct Arlington
    Crisis Intcn
    • Crisis Intervention"ention
    PO Box
    PO Box120934
    120934 Gallatin, TN
    G.illarin. T N 37066
    37066
    · ·u -,1., 615-259-3754
    615-259-3-54 510W.
    510\\: 35th
    35th Street
    Srrc<..-t
    Nashville,
    >-:lSh\'1. t!, T N ~37212
    "T"..·
    J. ....
    ...
    - - Austin,
    A . TX
    usnn.. TX• ""g;:,
    - -,_
    78752
    ,
    615-244-7444
    615-244- -4-14 615-452-1354 (Crisis
    615-452-135-! Line)
    Cnsis Linc)
    512-458-6361
    Service:
    •--,·:cc- Trained
    ·Tr.11nc\.i volunteers
    ,-oluntt~rb Re: scale..
    ii·(· Sliding ~alt:
    Areaserred:
    Anrn served: Austin,
    Austin, includes
    includes
    answer the
    ..u1.5,,-cr the 24-hour
    24-hourline linemd and Service: Out-patient
    5m1u: Our-patient center;
    Cl.'11tc:r; Georgetown, Wacoand
    Georgcco,\·n.\\'aco andSanSan
    provide rctc:rral
    provide referralJ.11d andtele-
    tele- it providl!S
    ic provides COWlSCting
    counselingtor for Marcos
    .1.\larcos
    phone collfbt:
    phone counseling. '.mg. earlv' a.ddica<
    t-arl\ addiction in relating
    n:lacingto to
    polv-drug problems.
    pol~··drug problems- 113 Clemmer,
    113 Clcmmer, Suite
    Suite•.\A
    Meherry· Alcohol
    • ~Iehern Alcohol and and Conmtaits:
    C011:1n,·11rs: Runs
    Runs Children
    Children Corpus Christi,
    Corpus Christi,TX 78415
    TX 78415
    Drue
    Drug Abuse Program
    ...:\buse Program and l·sc.:
    and Use,. .1a th<.TJpettric
    therapeutic 512-887-8900
    512-887-8900
    (MADAP)
    l~LID.-\P) nursery.
    nurscn·. .
    Director: Larrv Benton
    l)1m.-ror. l-1m lk.'nt,>n 3966 ~lcKinnc:v
    3966 McKinncv •
    1310 JeftcrsonStreet
    1310 Tefttr-l1n tn."ct T E X A S Dallas,TX
    Dallas, TX 75204
    75204
    ~ash, ille.-~ 3-2os
    >^ishvil(c,TN 37208 TEXAS-'-=--- - 214-526-8110
    214-526-8110
    615-327-1890
    015-32--1$9() Carcunit of Hospital of
    • CarcwtitofH~talof Area served:
    Ami!nWIL: ~ Dallas, includes
    BICluiic s
    Dallas/Fort Worth
    Dalla.s/Fort \\brth Piano, Cairolhni,
    CarroUton,lo,,g-Long-
    F..·t:Sliding
    Re: :iidmg:sc.tlc~scale; pri\'atc
    private Plano,
    1066 \\:
    1066 W ~lagnolia
    Magnolia ..Avenue
    .\\'fflUC
    view, Dang<
    Dangcrticfd, and Tyler
    insurancefor
    insur.m'"-e residential~
    fur rcsicknnal pro- \D', 1fidd,~~
    Fort Worth,TX
    fort\\orth. TX -7610*
    6104
    grams,
    !:!rJffiS,, some government
    SOOlC go, 'CtllJ'Ilent
    ::- ~
    817-429-6763
    81--4-2 9-6- 63 8915Timberside
    8915Tunlx1side
    insurance .lC\.-eptcd
    m.surmcc: acceptedfor for
    counseling
    counseling. Service:
    Snna: Adult
    Adult andand
    adolcsccrtt Houston,lX,.7/0.-.,;,rzsr
    adolescent H~m·•~ TX 77025- llt°"=il
    programs-
    programs. 71^667-8999
    7LU67-89'»-
    •f«: 3030
    Service:
    Sc, dav dav residential
    residential
    detox and
    dctm
    •

    andrcha .
    rehabilitation pro- Help Is I W b l e
    pro- • Help Areaserved: Houston, Stat
    Direaor
    Is PossJ'hk
    Bob Scott font Conroc, Huntsvilfc,
    gram (for
    gtant mid-Tennessee
    b mid-Tcnnc:sscx Dircaor: BobScou
    area ; out-pane
    area); out-patient counselingMilCOIJOSdmg 723 S. ftrak Spnng. Victoria, Lake Jack
    7235.lbk son, UMarquc, frsadena.
    and support programs i for
    aodSIIPfO(tprogi:.OiS ix Dallas,TX TX 7Sll3
    75223
    Davidsoo
    Davidson Conv Counrv@dc1ns residents)..
    I)aib.c._ [brt Arthur, and E
    Comments: Scarfed by
    ~Swafidbv
    214-827..JB'iO
    214-827-2870
    EO Bca 10396
    tkensed substance abuse he: Sliding scale Mhlhnd.T\r9r02
    counselors;residentpro- Service: Drug-tret counseling 915-685-3645
    grams staffed by LPS and for all drug abuse problems.
    Counselors mav be recover- Area served: .\ Ikibnd,
    srajTphvsicun phis support
    person^ ins abusers, but all are cer- Odessa and San Angdo
    tifted substance abuse 301W Russell Pfcxr
    • Mid-Cum Council A & D counselors. Residenoil and San Antonio/fX 78212
    250 Venture Circle out-patient programs. 5U-"33-6in
    190
    190 Appendix Health Ce,
    :>.:C: Health
    AJJpencli Centers
    1 ters

    Areasaved:
    Ana BexarCO
    smed: Bexar County
    W1ty• Salt Lake City,
    Sale Citv, UT
    U T 84111
    84111 ment;
    n1 residential treatment
    enc; rcsideotria!
    801- 355-7413
    801-355-7413 program; rn.etl1adonc
    program; methadone 1main-
    nain-
    Administrative
    Admini Office for
    strative Office for
    Re:
    Fee: Sliding scale tenance
    te11 drug-free
    ru1ee_program; drug-: 6:ee
    the West counseling.
    Palmer Dr1.
    Palmer Drug 1g Abuse Set-vice: Referral
    Sennce:Referral service,
    service,
    6400 WestWestPark>
    Park,S1.tice
    Suite250250 information.
    infor11 1acio n. Out-patient Comments:
    CorrJ meJ' Staffed
    zts: Stat'fed by
    b>y four
    f0 1.ir
    Houston, TX 77057 service which
    servicewl1i givesout
    ch gives outinfo.IT-
    infor- counselors, tlu:ec
    eeunselors, three n1.u
    nurses, one
    -ses <i>
    .Ae
    713-977-8334
    713-977-8334 mation1 abotit
    n1ati.01 about drugs and psychiatrist.
    doctor, and a psychialll'i;t.
    ding programs;
    drtig progrruns; provides
    provi<d es
    Re: None
    Fee: WASHINGTON
    WASHINGTON
    --
    psychological c,,al
    psyd1ol0gical evaluations.
    uations.
    Out-patient
    Service:Our-patient counsel-
    counsel-
    Carcunit of
    •• Careunit ofHospital
    Hospital ofof
    program;; scaffcd
    ing progran1 staffed by by VERMONT
    VERMONT Kirkland
    Kir.klan~
    recovered
    reco,re drug
    rcti <.in abusers/
    1g abusers/
    •
    • Brattleboro
    Brattleboro Retreat—
    Retreat- 10322
    10322 N N.E.
    .E. 132nd
    alcoholics \vho
    alco11olics who l1a have partici-
    veparci.ci-
    Substance
    Substance Abuse
    AbtlSe Unit
    Unit Kirkland,, WA
    I(ivkland WA 98034
    12-step program
    pated in a 12-sccp
    Direaor: William Beach 206-821-1122
    20@-821-112,2
    for at least one
    one yearyear.
    . Dii:ecro r: Dr. William '.Bead1
    Linden Sennce; Adult and adolescent
    •
    75 l,j11dc11 ice: Adlitlt
    S1,'t'V and adolescent
    Texas Research
    •i Texas ResearchInstitute
    Instituteof of Brattleboro, VT
    Brattlel)oro, VT053O1
    05301 programs.
    pro~mns.
    Mental Sciences (TRIMS)
    MentalSciences 802- 257-7785
    802-25 7-7785
    Director: Josepl1
    Director: Joseph C. C, •• Cemmunity
    CommunityMental Mental
    Re: Adults: $399.©0
    Fee:Adults: S399.00 per per Center
    Health Center
    Schoolar,Ph.D,
    Sel1o olar,Pl1.D, MX>.M.D. day; adolescents:
    adolescents: $435.00 Director: Mark Higgins
    Directer:
    336
    336 W.W. 21st
    21st Street
    Street
    per Accepts Jli10St
    pc1:day.Aceepts most iruuu
    insur-:- South Division
    S0t1tl;i107 Division
    Houston,TX
    Hol!lSt 77030
    on, TX 77030
    ~
    ance and
    ai1cc andMedicare.
    Medicare. Spokane, WA WA 99202
    99202
    ~
    713-868-2591
    713-868-2591 Spokru1e,
    Ser11ice: Out-patient
    Sennce:Out-patient care
    care 509-838-4651
    509-$38-4651
    Areaserved:
    Ar.ca scn,cd:All All of Texas
    ofTc,'<as facilities
    faci and rcside11cial
    lities ruid residential care
    Sliding scale
    Re: Sliding
    Fee: scale
    Be: Sliding scale based
    Fee:Sliding based programs for adults
    for adults and
    andado-ado-
    0on
    11income
    •
    income lescents., Complete
    lescents Complete psyduat-
    psychiat- S~e: AllAll
    Sen>ice; forms
    for.ms of out-
    of out-
    counseling and
    patient counseling and crisis
    crisis
    Sennce;
    Service: Comprehensive
    Comprcl1ensi, 1 polv- ric
    c poly- fordrug
    ric carefor drugancl
    andalcol10l
    alcohol
    abuse. Progran1s
    abuse. Programs of of45-60
    45-60 afterl1ours.
    lineafter hours.
    treatment program;
    drug rreaonent program;
    out-patient and residential
    out-patientruid residential;; day duration.. Also
    dayd\:lrarion Also otc,erates
    operates Hoz,n: 8:30-5:00
    Hours;8:30-5:00
    chemical-free
    cl1emical-frce treatment..
    creaonenr residential houses for
    2 residential ado-
    r ado-
    lescents. Open 2411oars.
    lescents. 24 hours. Seadrunar (Seattle Drug
    UTAH
    UTAH and Narcotic Treatment
    VIRGINIA
    VIRGINIA Center)
    • Community Counseling Director: Nan Busby
    Center • Crisis Intervention PO. Box 24344
    Direaor: BobTerrhcno Richmond, VA Seattle, WA 98124
    355Soudi 600 East 804-780-8003 206-767-0244
    Salt Lake Citv,UT 84102 Human Resources Re: Sliding scale
    801-355-2846 Project Jump Street Service: Residential treatment
    Be: Sliding fee Director: Wesley Stuart forages 13 up; staff coun-
    Service: Drug-free counseling 15 West Cary Street selors are ex-addicts; 24 hour
    center treating poly-drug Richmond, VA 23220 emergency phones.
    abusers, and other problems. 804-644-4636 Comments: Duration oftreat-
    Referrals. (8:30 a.m.to5:00 p.m.) ment depends on patient's
    Be: About $750 a week needs.
    • Drug Referral Center Sennce: Out-patient counsel-
    Director: Michael Decaria, PhD
    146 East 6th Soudi ing and poly-drug treat-
    AppendixC:
    Appc,ldix C:HcnJ.t/;
    HealthCe11tcrs
    Cotters
    191
    191
    WESTVIRGINIA
    WESTVIB§IN~ 9455WWatertovvn
    9455 W WatcrtO\\'n Alcoholl and
    Alcoho and Other
    Other Drug
    Drue
    Road
    Plank Road Abuse)
    Ab use) ^
    •• Careunit
    Carcunit of
    ofCharleston
    Charleston
    Area Medical
    Medical Center
    Center Milwaukee, WI
    Mil,,·au.kec,WI 53226
    53226 Director: Judy Pfeifer
    Din:cror: Pfcifcr
    Area
    Brooks ai1d
    and ,,rashington
    Washington Sr.
    St. 414-257-7222
    414-257-7222 North Webster
    17 Nortl1 WebsterStreet
    Street
    Broo~
    Charleston, WV
    Charleston, 'vVV25301
    25301 Sennce:
    Sen>ice: Crisis
    Crisis intervention;
    intervention· , Madison,
    ~1 53703
    adison, WI 53703
    304-348-6060 (Adult)
    304--348-6060(Adult) phone and
    pl1onc and ,val.k-in
    walk-in services;
    services; 608-251-4558
    •
    304-348-6066 (Adolescent)
    304-348-6066 (Adolescenr) out-patient
    our-pat1c treatment pro-
    11rrrcaancnr Areasenxd:
    Art:n Dane
    d: Dane
    se11trJ county;
    councv·,,
    grams;
    gran1s;psychiatric
    psycl1iarriccounsel-
    counsel- state
    state
    •• Threshold—Medical
    Tiu-esh old-M edical ing
    ingfor all C)'PCS
    for all types of
    ofsituations.
    situations.
    Fee:Free; feesfor
    Re: forservice
    serviceout-
    out
    Detoxification
    Detoxifi and
    cati on and Comments:
    Cm>-11,11&1its: Funded
    Funded byby Mil¬
    :NliJ- Dane count)'
    side D3.llc county
    Residential Al
    Residential Alcohol
    coho l waukee countv
    ,,,aukcccoun mental
    n1 mcnral Service:
    Sen Information
    1ice: Information and
    and
    8c DrugTreaon
    & Drug Treatment Program
    ent Program health
    hcaltl1services.
    services. referrals, intervention
    referrals, u1tervcntio assess-
    n assess-
    Direaor:
    D irector: Jack Kinder
    Jack Kinder
    Danee Co. Mental
    Mental Heal
    Health ments,
    . consultation, educa~
    consultation educa-
    1716 7th Avenue
    A,·enuc • Dan th
    tionand
    non andtraining.
    training.
    )

    Charleston, WV 25312
    C11arleston, vVV Services
    Services
    304-346-9589 Direaor: Robert
    Director: Comments:
    Comn Private
    wnts:Private non-non-
    304-346-9589
    Mohelnitzky
    Mol1clniczkv drug abuse center.
    profit dn1g center
    irr:
    Fee: Sliding scale Soudi1Henry
    31 Sout1 I-Icnry
    Sennce:
    St-11,ice: In-patient,
    In-pacienr, 2828 day
    day m• Underground
    Underground
    Madison,
    N1adison, WI 53705
    program utilizing counseling
    prograin Switchboard
    608-251-2341
    608-251-2341
    support; decox
    andsupport; detox program
    program Financed the Milv.ra
    1ccdby the
    Fina1 Milwaukee
    ukee
    available
    a,-ail
    able (based on method Fee:Sliding scaleand
    Re: Sliding andinsur-
    insur- Council on Drug Abuse
    made popular
    made popularbybyA.A.)
    AA) ance
    w billing
    cc billing (24-hours)
    414-271-3123 (24-hours)
    Areast-
    A1i-a served:
    n ,ed: Dane Dane county
    count\'
    ; Sennce:
    Service: Crisis
    Crisis intervention;
    inter.•
    ention;
    WISCONSIN
    WISCONSIN Sennce:
    Sen,icc: Acts
    Acts asas a clearing
    a clearing referral
    information and referral
    ·-
    •• The
    The CoW1
    Counseling Center
    seling Center house for
    house for information.
    information. Docs
    Docs Comments:
    Om1m 4 workers
    ents:4 workers on on
    Direaor:
    Director: Ted Seaver
    Ted Seaver assessment
    initial asses sment for drug volunteers.
    duty, over 100 volunteers.
    1428 Farwell Avenue
    1428 North Farn·ell Avenue and alcol1ol
    and alcohol treatment, refers
    refers
    •
    Milwaukee, WI
    Mil,,raukee, WI53202
    53202 to appropriate agcn~'·
    to appropnatc agency. WYOMING
    WYOMING
    414-271-4610
    414-271-4610 • New Horizons
    Horizons S1.lbstaoce
    Substance
    Milwaukee CoWlcil
    • Milwaukee Council on
    on
    414-271-2565
    414-271-2565 Center
    Abuse C..entcr
    Drug Abuse
    DrugAbuse
    Free (donations)
    Re:: Free
    Fee (donations) Farwell
    1442 N. Farv Avenue
    vellAvenuc Direaor;
    Direct Sid Hamrick
    or: Sid Hamrick
    Milwaukee, WI
    WI 53202 837 EastC
    837 East C
    Service:
    Service Counseling
    : Counseling pro-
    pro- Casper, WY 82601
    gram, referrals
    gram, referrals for
    forpoly-drug
    poly-drug 414-271-7822 ~per, WY82601
    307-237-7077
    307.237 ..707:l
    problems,
    probl ems,men'sand and Sennce: Prevention and inter-
    women's
    women support groups
    ~ support groups,, vention programs to groups Sliding
    Re; Sli
    Fa: ' scale
    freelegal
    he legal counseling.
    coWlSCling . and organizations; peer .
    Service:
    ~ Information and
    support programs for referral; education and treat-
    • Crisis Intervention Line adolescents. ment. 28 day residential
    Madison, WI treatment for 19 years old
    Comments: No outreach,
    608-251-2345 (9 a.m. to 12.) and older Out-patient
    groups must come in to have
    Comments: Crisis Interven- programs set up. Staff of counseling.
    tion Line is part of Dane 9 including 1 certified Hours; 8:00-5:00 M - F
    countv mental health substance counselor, 2 Comments; Participants must
    services. with M.A.V be drug-free for 72 hours
    before entering program
    • Hie Crisis Project PICADA (Prevention and (urine analysis testing).
    Direaor: Bruce Berg Intervention Center for
    APPENDIX D
    APPE~TIIXD

    Crack (Garbage Freebase)

    This book was \\'as thc


    d1cfirst
    first to \\'arn
    warn cocaine
    cocaine users
    users about die d1e
    futility
    futili~- of freebase smoking, srarti11g
    freebasesmoking, starting \\'irn
    with the fact
    fact that it's
    it's pl1~
    phys-·s-
    ically impossible to recapture
    icall,,u11possiblc rccaprurc d1c die glory
    glor~· of die
    tl1efirst hit m
    first Ilic in sub-
    sub-
    sequent arren1pts.
    sequent attempts. E,·ci:'thing
    Eventliing that that \\'as
    was said
    said abOLlt
    about die dangers
    d1edangers
    of
    of neebase
    freebasegoes double for
    goes dot1ble for crack.
    crack.
    The crack
    Tl1e crack pl1enomcnon
    phenomenon began ,,·hen when tl1edie U.S. Drug
    Enforcement Adrninisrrarion
    Enforcement Administration pressuredpressured Colon1bia
    Colombia into outla,,·-
    oudavv-
    cdier, the sol,·ent
    ing ed1er. solvent used co to con,•crr
    convert cocaine
    cocaine basebase i.t1to
    into died1e
    hvdrochloride. t\-lajor
    h,·drochloridc. Major labs sl1ifrcdshifted to chc the Caribbean,
    Caribbean, ,,• where
    here
    chemists s,,·irchcd
    chemists switched to to rl1e
    the cruder
    cruder baking-soda
    baking-soda process
    process andanclintro-
    mrro-
    duced "baking
    duccd "baking soda base" base» to to Miami New Y
    }.liam.iand Ne,,· York. Thc \\rord
    ork. The word
    "crack" first
    "crack'' appeared in
    first appeared in the NeivYm·/1
    the Neu, Ywk Times
    TI1,1cs on on November
    No,·cmber 17,17,
    1985. . \\
    1985 Within
    rithin aa )·car
    year more
    n1orcthan 1,000 press
    than 1,000 press stories
    stories about
    about it it l1ad
    had
    appealed.
    appeared.
    freebasingprocess ,,,as
    The frccbasing
    The was originally designed to rcmo,·c
    originally designed remove
    impurities and adulterants
    impurities adulterants Ica,·ing
    leaving onl~·
    only tl1e
    die pure basebase alkaloid
    alkaloid
    to be smoked.
    smoked.
    C~
    Crack, l10WC\
    however, freebase. Crack processing
    'er, is not freebase. processing (boil-
    (boil-
    cocaine dissolved
    ing cocaine dissolved in ,vatcr
    water ,,•ith
    with baking
    baking soda to produce a
    waxy substance
    waxy substance ,vhose
    whose ,,apors
    vapors are are inhaled)
    inhaled) does
    docs not remo,re
    remove
    whatever cuts
    whatever cuts and imeurities
    impurities ,verc
    were inin die original cocaine;
    the original cocaine; and and
    the ~
    the baking soda soda remaming
    remaining in in the
    the product
    product actually
    actually reduces
    reduces diethe
    ~purity of of 90
    90 percentt cocaine
    cocaine hydrochloride
    hydrochloride to to about
    about 36 36 per-
    per-
    cent ~~
    cocaine (Street
    ~Ph Phannacolqgist^ Sept.
    . , Se}'t. 1986).
    1986).
    As a result, crack users ~~ arc inhaling any aod~DJlB
    and all impurities
    ..
    diat were in thc original cocaine, plus baking soda and any-
    thing added during the process. Remember, crack is not made
    in labs: adulterants may include dirt, insects, bkxxi, and any-
    thing die dealer feels like adding to make more weight.
    This garbage is then cut into little chunks and sold for S10-
    S20 apiece, mostly to kids and people who don'r know much
    about cocaine. Thc news media must bear responsibility for
    popularizing crack—almost even- story told dealers that by
    converting their street coke to even shoddier crack, they could
    double their money. Every consumer should be aware that
    despite the lower unit price, crack is more expensive than
    cocaine.
    Glossary
    G/()SSCltJ'
    193

    Finally, crack l1its


    Final!,-.Lr,1...:khits fast a11<.i
    and lets vouyou dt)\\111
    down st1<.idc
    suddenly. The
    111\'.The
    depression ·r11.1r
    ,.icr,rcssi<>11diat coccurs about six
    al1c>t1t
    >l.'.curs minutes s after tak.i11g
    six 111i11t1tc taking a hit
    bit is
    isso
    so
    strong
    sLrc> 11 diat ali11c>st
    g that almost l'.vc
    everyone
    ryc> wants a11
    11c ,vanrs another hit immediately
    othcr l11t in1mccliarel, ,.
    Thus
    ·1·1,ususe leads instantly t<
    leatls 1nsrai1rJ~, to> al)ttsc.
    abuse. There
    There is 11no middle grow1c.i
    0 nutlcUc ground
    of
    c)f"social
    ''social use" with crack.
    ,,•itl1crack.
    Thc sc>c
    Tl1c social
    ial oorr rccrcario11al
    recreational cc>cai
    cocainenc.:user ,,would
    1
    ot1ld be
    l)c well
    ,veil
    advised tc)
    a<.l,·1scd to sta\'
    stay a,,,a,·
    away from crack, freebase,
    fron, crack, fi·tcl1asc,and intravenous
    ai1tlinoc1vc nous uset1sc
    the <.irug.
    of rJ,c ding. ~ These extremes lca<.t
    tl,csc ·cxrrcn,cs lead very quic:kly
    quickly to n1cmental,
    11ral,emo-
    cn10-
    tional a1
    rjc.>nal and physical
    pl1ysicalproblems,
    1<.I problcrns, andan1..lmake thc
    nlak.c habit n1uch
    cl1c.:
    l1al)it much l1ardcr
    harder
    to kick.
    kick.

    MichaelR.
    Micf,acl R.Ald1·
    Aldnch, PhD
    i cl1J,
    Pl,D
    San Francisco,
    Sru,Francisco,
    November 1986
    No\'cn1l)cr 1986

    '
    Glossary

    Bolivian style cocaine


    Bolivian cocaine hydrochloride .- also
    also
    A known as "Bolivian rock"-a
    rock" - a dense crystal-like
    crystal-like
    absolute (alcohol) --100%
    absolute (alcohol), anhydrous,
    100% (alcoJ1ol), anhydrous, form of
    ~orn1 of illicit
    illicit cocaine
    cocaine hydrochloride-
    hydrochloride-the
    the origin
    origin
    having no trace of water in itit is not
    is necessarily Bolivia
    not necessarily Bolivia
    acetone-a
    acetone - a flammable organicorganic solvent often
    eften butacaine - aa sy,
    synthetic
    nthetic local anesthetic, sul-
    anesthetic, the sul-
    used as aa degreasing
    degreasing cleaner-it
    cleaner- it mixes with
    with fate has a melting point of 138.5-139.5°C
    point of 138.5-139.5°C
    water inin all
    allproportions
    proportions
    adulterant-a
    adulterant substance added to aa sample to
    - a substance C
    decrease
    decrease the concentration of of the original
    original caffeine-an
    caffeine - an alkaloid
    alkaloid which is a stimulant and and
    material
    material found in in coffee, tea and and numerous other
    other plants
    plants
    aguadedecoca
    agua coca-water infusionofofcoca
    - water infusion cocaleaves,
    leaves, (mp 238°C)
    238°C)
    drunk as a tea in America
    in South America capillary tube
    capillary tube-when - when referring to melting point
    alkaloid-a
    alkaloid - a nitrogen-containing
    nitrogen-containing organic com-com- tests, it
    tests, it is the thin-walled tiny tiny glass tube
    tubewhich
    which
    pound which reacts like aa base, exan1ples
    examples are is filled with
    with powdered sample sample andand observed
    observed
    caffeine and
    caffeine and cocaine
    cocaine heating
    while heating
    ammonium hydroxide - the basic compound compound Cheyne-Stokes
    Cheyne-Stokesrespiration respiration - a pattern whereby
    whereby
    results when ammonia gas
    which results reacts with
    gas reacts with builds deeper and
    breathing builds and deeper
    deeper to a point,
    point,
    water-it is
    water-it is the active ingredient inin household
    household becomes progressively
    then becomes progressively shalJower,
    shallower, with
    with a
    ammonia cleaner
    ammonia cleaner period of of no breathing
    breathing between
    between cycles
    cycles
    amphetamine - a synthetic central nervous sys-
    amphetamin'! sys- cinnamylcocaine -- an
    cinnamylcocaine an alkaloid related to
    alkaloid related to cocaine
    cocaine
    tem stimulant-the
    tern stimulant-the word "speed''
    "speed" and
    and amphet- where oinnamic
    where cinnamic acid acid replaces
    replaces benzoic
    benzoic acid
    acid in
    pi
    amine aro
    artdno are almost
    almost synonymous the molecule
    rnoleoule
    Clorox test - a method used
    Oorox used to test cocaine
    co®ht.efor
    B adulterants which
    adulterants wliich uses
    uses a ~
    glass o
    of liquid
    d laundry
    base smoking-the heating of cocaine
    .. the heating cocaine base
    base to (5,25%so<!Amn
    bleach (S.2S%
    bleach sodiumbhypochlorite)
    vaporize it and inhaling the
    d )®sling the vapors—usually
    vapon-\lSllilly coca-a
    coca-a .. R' ... ,b originating in the Andes from
    shrub
    done in a glass pipe which the alkaloid cocaine is derived
    baseable-the property of a compound which cocaine - the alkaloid obtained from coca leaves
    will make it soluble in an organic solvent like which has activity both as a local anesthetic and
    petroleum ether when the pH is made basic a stimulant of the central nervous system
    benzocaine-a synthetic local anesthetic with a cocaine base - the form the cocaine molecule
    melting point of 88-92°C has in a basic solution having no electrical
    benzoic acid - an organic acid which is one of charge; it is soluble in organic solvents
    the building blocks of the cocaine molecule cocaine hydrochloride (pharmaceutical) - a salt
    benzoylecgonine - a combination of benzoic form of pure cocaine wldch has an electrical
    acid and ecgonine-each is a building block of charge and is soluble in water
    the cocaine molecule cocamine (truxillines) - a group of alkaloids re*
    Glossary
    GIOSSCI '] '

    lated to cocaine in in structure


    structure but
    but not liaving
    having the of the cocaine molecule (not
    (not the salt form)
    pharmacological
    pharn1 acologicalactivity of cocaine which is used 'for
    wluch for smoking
    smoking
    crystal-for
    crystal - for cocaine, refers to cocaine hydro-hydro-
    G
    chloride
    crystal lab - an illicit lab, usually in
    crystal Jab in Soutl1
    South Amer-
    Amer- chromatograph(y) -aa usually
    gas chromatograph(y)- usuallyanalytic
    analytic tech-
    ica wltich converts
    ica,, which converts cocaine
    cocaine base
    base into cocaine
    into cocaine nique which separates a mixture of ca.rnpounds
    compounds
    hydrochloride from
    fro ~ each other inin a stream of moving
    moving gas
    gas
    adulterant
    cut - slang for adulterant which passes tl1rough
    whlch throughaaspecially
    speciallydesigned
    designedtube
    tube

    D H
    DEA-the
    DEA - the acronym for Drug Enforcement Ad-
    Ad- Huanaco-a
    Huanaco - a region inin South America
    America where a
    ministration
    ministration of coca
    species of cocaisistl1ought
    thought to
    to originate
    originate
    duff-term
    duff - term used to describe
    describe the ffine
    me powder hygrines
    hygrines -- a which are
    a group of coca alkaloids whlch
    when
    which passes through a screen \Vhe
    n a sample is oily bases
    bases
    gently shaken
    I
    E inositol -aatype
    inositol- typeofofsugar-alcohol
    sugar-alcohol(mp
    (mp22$-227°C)
    225-227°C)
    ecgonine - the
    ecgonine tl1e central molecular building block bl00k which is frequently used to
    which adulterate ea-eaine
    t0 adultei:ate cocaine
    of the
    of the major
    major coca alkaloids, from
    coca alkaloids, from the
    t11eGreek
    Greek forfor hydrochloride
    hydrochloride
    son or
    son or descendant
    descendant Ipadu ((or
    lpadu Amazonian) coca -- one
    or Amazonian) one of
    of the
    the species
    species
    empanada - the form the crystals of cocaine coca
    of coea
    hydrochloride
    hydro chloride take after drying
    take after drying inside the flat-
    appearance being similar
    tened filter paper, the appearance similar L
    to a South American meat meat pie
    pie lactose - a sugar also known as milk-sugar (mp
    Erythroxylumcoea
    Brrythroxylum coca - one
    - one of of
    thethe species
    species 0f of coca
    eoea 201-202°C) which is sometimes used to adulter-
    Erythroxylum novogranatense
    Erythroxylum novogranatense - one- oneof of the the ate cocaine hydrochloride
    species of
    species of coca
    coca lidocaine - a local anesthetic (mp 68-69°C) fre-
    Erythroxylum truxillense
    ErythroJCylum truxillense - oneof ofthethevarieties
    - one varieties quently used to adulterate cocaine hydrochlor-
    of coca
    coca ide or sold as cocaine hydrochloride itself
    ether (diethyl)-
    ether (diethyl) - the solvent
    solvent traditionally used
    make cocaine
    to make cocaine hydrochloride;
    hydrochloride; this ether ether is M
    M
    extremelyflammable
    extremely and forms
    flammableand forms explosive
    explosive per-
    per- mannitol - a sugar-alcohol (mp 166-168°Q which
    oxides on
    oxides onexposure
    exposureto
    toair
    air is currently the most commonly seen adulterant
    of cocaine hydrochloride
    F mass spectrometer (high resolution) - an analy-
    flake cocaine - a form of cocaine hydrochloride tical tool which fragments and separates mole-
    that appears to be made of many paper thin cules into various building blocks which can
    layers of pearly crystals, sometimes "Peruvian frequently provide enough information to re-
    flake"; it is more properly Peruvian style flake construct what the original molecule looked
    since it refers to the form rather than the like
    country of origin melting point - the temperature or range o
    foil bum test - a test for cocaine hydrochloride temperature at which a solid turns to a liquid
    adulterants where a small sample is heated melting point test-the determination of the
    from below on a sheet of aluminum foil melting point or range of a sample to estimate
    forensic (labs) - refers to an argument used in its degree of purity; impurities lower the melt*
    court, as a lab it usually means a police lab ing point and widen the range of the melting
    freebase - the slang term for the alkaline form point
    196 Glossary'
    G/r;ssct') '

    methanol - methyl
    methanol methyl alcohol
    alcohol,also
    ,also known wood
    known as wood ffrom
    ro1n diverse regions
    alcohol, aa poisonous
    poisonousOammable
    flammablesolvent
    solvent pprocaine
    rocaine --aalocaJ
    localand
    andspinal
    spinalanesthet
    anesthetic (mp
    ic (mp 6161°C)
    °C)
    methyl benzoate-a
    methyl benzoate - a compound
    compound with with aa strong
    strong sometimes
    someti used to
    mes used to adulterate
    adulterate cocaine
    cocaine
    wintergreen aroma;
    wintergreen aroma; it
    it is
    is produced
    produced when
    when cocaine
    cocaine
    is heated
    is heated with
    with absolute
    absolute methanol
    methanol in in aa basic
    basic Q
    solution
    solution an alkaloid
    quinine - an from cinchona
    alkaloid from cinchona bark
    bark usually
    usually
    mother-of-pearl cocaine
    mother-of-pearl cocaine -- cocaine
    cocaine hydrochloride
    hydrochloride used to treat
    used malaria; the
    treat malaria; the sulfate
    sulfate is
    is sometimes
    sometimes
    crystals in
    crystals inflake form which
    flake form which have
    have the
    the appear-
    appear- used to
    used to adulterate
    adulterate cocaine,
    cocaine, and
    and is
    is dangerous
    dangerous toto
    ance of
    ance of mother-of-pearl
    mother-of-pearl the user
    the

    R
    N
    N rock cocaine
    rock cocaine - a form
    form of
    of cocaine hydrochloride
    hydrochloride
    non-baseable -- the
    non-baseable the chemical
    chemical characteristic of an
    characteristic of an which is
    which is dense, unlayered,
    unlayered, and
    and similar
    similar in
    in appear-
    appear-
    adulterant
    adulterant which leaves it
    which leaves in the
    it in the water phase
    water phase ance (o
    ance to rock
    rock salt
    when
    when the cocaine base
    the cccaine filtered or
    is filtered
    base is extracted
    or extracted
    with
    with organic
    organic solYent
    solvent sS
    .. p
    snorting - taking
    snorting
    the
    the nose
    nose
    taking aa drug
    drug byby inhalation
    inhalation through
    through
    P
    pasta - cocaine sulfate
    pasta sulfate (with
    (with other alkaloid sul-
    other alkaloid spectrophotometer -an
    spectrophotometer - an optieal
    opticalinstrument
    instrumentwhich
    which
    fates), a water
    fates), water soluble salt saltproduced
    producedininan
    anearly
    early much light of aa partieular
    reads how much particularwavelength
    wavelength
    stage of
    stage ofrefining
    refiningillicit
    illicit cocaine
    cocaine absorbs
    a sample absorbs
    pasta lab
    pasta lab-the lab, usually
    -the lab, usually in in South
    South Ameriea,
    America,
    where coca
    where coca leaves
    leaves are
    are brought
    brought to be be turned
    turned into
    into T
    pasta
    pasta tetracaine - a local anesthetic (mp of hydro-
    Peruvian style
    Penman style cocaine
    cocaine hydrochloride
    hydrochloride -- aa flake
    flake chloride, 147-150°C) sometimes used to adul-
    form of cocaine
    fonn cocaine hydrochloride
    hydrochloride crystals
    crystals which
    which in in terate cocaine
    ~Pt.
    the past was
    was thought
    thought to
    to originate
    originate in
    In Peru;
    Peru; now
    now Tliiele-Dennis tube - a special glass tube used in
    it refers to the
    if'.:eJ.i
    to the fonn
    form of
    of eiystal;
    crystal; the
    the alkaloid
    alkaloid can
    can in determination of melting points; it allows
    come from~e anywhere slow, even elevation of temperature
    petroleum ether - not a true ether but a fraction thin-layer chromatography - usually analytical
    of petroleum distillation, similar to gasoline in method for separating a mixture into its pure
    chemistry compounds; it uses a thin, solid Aim on a plate
    pH-a scale used to measure acidity, pH 1 is and a special solvent which slowly moves across
    extremely acidic, pH 14 extremely basic, and the plate and moves the different compounds
    pH 7 is neutral different distances
    phenylpropanolamine - a compound (mp 101- tropacocaine - one of the alkaloids in coca which
    101,5°C) used In antihistamines and non-pre- is related to cocaine
    scription diet pills, similar to amphetamines in truxfllic acid - one of the building blocks of
    chemistry and sometimes used to adulterate alkaloids related to cocaine; they take the place
    cocaine of benzoic acid in cocaine
    potassium permanganate - a chemical which is
    frequently used to oxidize and break down or- W
    ganic compounds; in refining cocaine it can be wash - the process of mixing a solid and solvent
    used to eliminate non-cocaine alkaloids which will not dissolve the solid and separating
    Potpourri - a mythical country or region where the liquid and solid by decantation or filtration;
    many samples of illicit cocaine really originate; impurities soluble in the liquid are removed in
    most cocaine now results from leaves gathered the process
    Index
    Index

    A Bolivia, 23
    Bolivia, 23,1 25,
    2 5 , 30,
    30,335,
    5 , 4 11
    Abstinenc~. from
    Abstinence, from cocaine use, 16, 48
    cocaine use, 48 "Bolivian rock"
    "Bolivian cocaine, 83, 85, 94, 133, 142-3,
    rock" cocaine, 142-3
    Acetone , 89-90,
    Acetone, 89-90, 137 150-2, 153, 155, J159,
    138 1 150-2,
    137,1 138, 59, 144-5 '
    160,161,
    160, 161, 162-4 162-4,1 169;safety,
    169;safety, 12 12 "" B
    Book
    o o k standard,,1
    standard '(of (of cocaine),
    coc aine), 83,
    83, 93, 42, I144-5
    93 J142 44- 5
    Acetone wash,
    Acetone wash, J147-55,
    47 -55, 166, 169; equipment,
    equipment, Borax, 15,15, 72
    72
    148; procedure,
    procedure, 149, 149. 150- 2
    150-2 Brazil,, 25, 29, 30
    Brazil 30
    Acid, in crystallization,
    crystallization, 159, 159,161, lo2-3
    161, 1152-3 Buta caine , 74, 89, 107
    Butacaine, 107
    Adulterants and
    Adulterants adulteralion, I19,
    and adulteration, 9, 43, 44, 45, 46, 46, Buye
    Buyers rs (of coca),
    coca), 4141,, 45
    45
    70-5,
    7 0 - 5 , 79,
    7 9 , 880,
    0 , 83, 146-7;
    146-7; melting
    melting poi nt s, I107;
    points, 07;
    solubilities, 89-90. See
    so lubiliti es, 89-90. See also Cutti ng, of cocaine
    Cutting, cocaine
    Aesthetics,
    Aesthetics, 52, 79,153, 79, 153, 155, 156, 157, 157,161611
    Aging process, acetone ,vash,
    process, in acetone wash, 155
    155 C
    Agua de
    Agua coca, '.!4
    de coca, 24
    Caf feine, as
    Caffeine, as adulterant,
    adulterant, 14,
    14, 72, 84, 100,
    100, 107
    107;;
    Alcohol poison ing , 50
    Alcohol poisoning, 50
    det ect ion in test
    detection s, 89, 97, 99, 144-5
    tests, 144-5
    Alcohol use, 57; with
    Alco hol use, with cocaine,
    cocaine, 50, 54; as so lvent ,
    solvent,
    Caffeine,
    Caffeine, as as stimulant,
    stimulant, 57, 60 60
    155
    155
    Carbon disulfide, 89-90
    Carbon disulfide, 89-90
    Alkaloid s, in coca,
    Alkaloids, coca, 24, 25, 30, 31, 32-9, 40 40;; in
    in
    Cheyne-Stokes
    Cheyne-Stokes breathing,
    breathing, 5757
    cocaine, 79, I104
    cocaine, 04
    Chloroform,
    Chloroform, 89-9089-90
    Amazonian coca (var.
    Amazonian of E. coca).
    (var. of See [padu
    coca). See Ipadu coca
    coca Chuspa (coca
    Chuspa pouch), 131
    (coca pouch), 131
    Ammonium
    Ammonium hydroxide hydroxide,, 52, 110, 111, 112, 114, 114, Cinnamic acid,
    Cinnamic acid, 38
    38
    116, 122, 155 155
    Cinnamylococaine
    Cinnamylococaine (alkaloid),
    (alkaloid), 32, 36, 38
    38
    Amphetamine,
    Amphetamine, as adulterant,adulterant, 72, 85, 107; detec-
    detec-
    Clitoris, 56
    Clitoris, 56
    tion in tests,
    tion tests, 89, 97, 142-3,
    142-3, 144-5
    144-5
    Clorox
    Clorox test, 90-100; advantages,
    test, 85, 90-100; advantages, 100; pro-
    pro-
    Amphetamine,
    Amphetamine, as as stimulant,
    stimulant, 57 57 cedure,
    cedure,91, 91, 100; reliability,
    reliability, 99, 100
    100
    Anesthetics,
    Anesthetics, as adulterants,
    adulterants, 71, 74, 100. See also
    100, See 23-31, 32-9; alkaloids, 24, 2S,
    Coca, 23-31, 25, 30,
    30, 31, 32-9;
    31,32-9;
    specific
    specific anesthetics
    anesthetics chewing,
    chewing, 23-4, 29, 31; and and children,
    children, 23; as
    23; as
    Aphrodisiac, coca as, 24, 25. See
    Aphrodisiac, See also Sex and aphrodisiac, 24,
    aphrodisiac, 25; cocaine
    24, 25; cocaine conte,it, 29, 30,
    content, 2t 30,
    •
    cocaine
    cocaine cultivation, 18,
    31, 37; cultivation,
    31,
    cription, 2S,
    25, 28.,
    18, 25,
    25, 29-3l;le~ty.,
    29-31; legality, 2-2
    30, ~1-t
    28, 30. ,w~*-
    31, 40; des-
    29, 30, 31;and
    longevity, 24, 2S;
    longevity, 24, o~~
    25;origin, 25, 29-31; processing,
    B illicit, 33-7; production, 40; propagation, 25,
    fW~t,33':{.l-j~~Q.~U'.Ctl
    Barbiturates, 57
    30, t;l
    30 31; !,
    species, 25, 29-31; vitamin content,
    24, 54
    Base labs, 3 5 - 6 , 4 1 , 4 2 , 45
    Coca leaves, 12-13, 25, 29, 31, 38,40, 71, 129¬
    Benzene, 89-90, 155
    31; dry, to make pasta, 35, 41, 45; effects, 13¬
    Benzocaine, 74, 89, 100, 107
    15, 24; odor, 29, 30
    Benzoic acid, 34, 37, 38
    Benzoylecgonine, 32, 34, 38, 39, 89, 107, 134 Cocaine abuse, 14-15,47, 173-4, 179
    Cocaine addiction, 48, 50, 173-4
    Bernhardt, Sarah, 26
    Cocaine, adulterated. See Adulterants and adul-
    Bindle, 44, 78, 79
    teration; Cutting, of cocaine
    Black market. See Cocaine market
    Cocaine (alkaloid), 32, 33, 38, 52, 110; chemical
    Bleach. See Clorox test
    198 Index
    /JI(/(!.\.

    structure,
    structure, 34; 34; description,
    description, 38. See also
    38. Sec also Cocaine
    Cocaine (01..ainc volurnc
    Cocaine volume, 78-9 78-9
    Co1.a-Cola, 25,
    Coca-Cola, '9 , 30,
    2 5 , 229, 30,31 31
    base
    Cocaine
    Cocaine andand health,
    health, 4 7-62 . See
    47-62. See also specific
    also specific Cocan1inc (truxillinc)
    Cocamine (truxilline) (alkaloid),
    (alkaloid), 32, 32, 37-9,
    37-9, 78, 78 89
    effects and l107,
    07, I112, 12, 134;I 34; effects,
    effects, 37-8;37-8; taste,
    taste, 38,38,79 79 ' ' '
    effects and body
    body partsparts
    Cocaine Coca wine, 25. 25. See also V Yin
    i n Mariani
    Mariani
    Cocaine base,
    base, 33,33,3 36,6,4411 ,, 445,
    5 , 552,
    2 , 56,
    56,7 71,
    1 , 776, 133-
    6 , 133¬
    4, Colombia, 25, 25, 29, 29, 30, 35, 36, 39, 41,
    4 1 , 45,
    45, 71 132
    4 140-1
    140-1,, 155,155, 160 ;a mounl needed needed to to make
    Colombia, 30, 35, 36, 39, 7 1 , 132
    160;amount make
    cocaine, 134,155 ' '
    cocaine, 4S. 4 5 ; and
    and crystallizati on, 155-70;
    155-70; melt- 134,155
    crystallization, melt-
    ing point, 74, Color rcactton
    reaction test, 123
    test, 123
    ing point, 74, I112;
    n s osolubility, 89, 154
    l u b i l i t y , 89, 154
    Cocaine Connoisseurship,
    Connoisseurship, of of coc
    cocaineaine use,
    use, 11-16,
    11-16, 54, 54 55 55
    Cocaine base,
    base, converting
    converting to to cocain
    cocaine e hydro
    hydrochlo- chlo·
    ride, 7700 --1, 5 5-6. See 156
    156 '
    ride, 1 , I155-6. See also
    alsoCrystalCrystallab s;
    labs;
    Crystalli1.at1on Consumers(of
    Consumers (of cocaine), coca ine) , 11-16,
    11-16, 17- 19 4433 , 4
    17-19, 444t 45
    45 ,
    Crystallization , J

    Cocaine
    Cocaine basu,
    base, pharmaceutical,
    pharmaceutical, 107 l 07 74
    74,, 78-9,
    78-9, l100, 00, 179;
    I79;andan d judgment,
    judgme nt , 15, 1 5 ,444 4 , 48
    48,'
    Cocaine base test, 110-22, 161 ; equipme nt , 11 I ; 77, 123, 123, 173 I 73 ' '
    Cocaine base test, 110-22, 161; equipment, 111;
    procedure, 11O, 114-22 ""Cooks,"
    C o o k s , " 33 3 3 -7,
    - 7 , 132,
    1 3 2 , 134,
    134, 155, 155, 157
    157
    procedure, 110, 114-22
    "Cocaine bugs" phenomenon, 6 1 Cost, o
    Cost, off cocai
    cocaine. ne. See Cocaine
    Cocaine cost cost
    "Cocaine bugs" phenomenon, 61
    Cocaine, chronic use, 14, 48 , 61 "Cr
    " C r aashlng,"
    shing," 4 488
    Cocaine, chronic use, 1 4 , 4 8 , 6 1
    Cocaine co lor, 78 -9 ""Crysta
    C r y s t a l" (cocaine hhydr
    l " (cocaine y d r ooc
    c hhloride),
    loride), 3 36,6 , 4S
    4 5 , S6.
    56.
    Cocaine color, 78-9
    Cocaine cos t, 44, 45, 62 -3, 70; actua l cost, 4S,
    Cocaine cost, 4 4 , 4 5 , 62-3, 7 0 ; actual cost, 4 5 ,
    See also
    See alsoCocaine Cocainehydro h y d r chloride
    ochloride
    146 ; equivalents, 62-3 Crystal labs,
    Crystal labs, 36-7,36-7, 41 4 1 , 42
    42, 4 455
    146; equivalents, 62-3
    Cocaine "crinkles," 139
    Cocaine " c r i n k l e s , " 139 Crysra
    C r y s t allizati
    l l i z a t ion,
    on, 3 35,
    5 , 36-7,
    36-7, 147, 147, 149,
    149, 155-70;
    155-70;
    Cocaine dependency, 14, 48
    Cocaine dependency, 14, 48 chemical
    chemicals, s, 159;
    159; c coo mpletion,
    mpletion, 1 169;
    6 9 ; aand
    n d cutting
    cutting,
    Cocaine, dirty, as deterrent to overuse, 155
    Cocaine, dirty, as deterrent to overuse, 15 5 71;equipment,
    71;cquipmcnt, 1 158;procedure,
    5 8 ; procedure, 160-8 160-8 '
    Cocaine dosage,
    Cocaine dosage, 13; 13; frequency,
    frequency, 16 16 Crystals,
    Crystals, o off cocaine,
    cocaine, 52, 52, 8 86,
    6 , 114
    114, , 1170
    7 0 ; drying,
    drying,
    Cocaine effects,
    Cocaine effects, 11, 13-15, 38,
    11, 13-15, 3 8 , 44,
    4 4 , 47-53,
    4 7 - 5 3 , 56·
    56¬ 168-70;
    168-70; growth, 157-69 ; washing,
    g r o w t h , 157-69; washing, 169 169
    62,
    6 2 , 774, 173-4;ancsthetic,
    4 , 173-4; anesthetic, 14-15, 14-15, 32, 3 2 , 37
    3 7 ,, 4
    44;
    4; CCutting,
    utting, o off cocaine,
    cocaine, 13, 13, 42,4 2 , 45,
    4 5 , 71,
    71, 774, 4 , 83,100.
    8 3 , 100.
    and ingestion
    and ingestion method
    method,, 47-8 47-8 See
    See alsoalso Adulterants
    Adulterants and and ad ulteration; specific
    adulteration; specific
    Cocaine
    Cocaine etiquette,
    etiquette, 78 78 names o
    names off adulterants
    adulterants
    Cocaine
    Cocaine exporting,
    exporting, to to U.S.
    U.S. and and Europe,
    Europe, 4 422 Czar and Czarina Czarina (of (of Russia),
    Russia), 26 26
    Cocaine hydrochloride,
    hydrochloride, 12, 12, 13, 36-7, 36-7, 41,4 1 , 45,
    4 5 , 552,
    2,
    S6,
    56,7 79,87,95,
    9 , 8 7 , 9 5 , 110,133
    110, 133,, 13S-6, 15S; crysta l-
    135-6, 155;crystal-
    lization,
    lization, lSS-70
    155-70;; melting
    melting point,point, 74, 74, 104,
    104, 107, 107, D
    142-3;solubility,
    142-J ;so lubility, 88, 88, 89,
    89, 1S3, 153, 154;
    154; tests,
    tests, 113,
    113,
    145
    14S Dealer-users
    Dealer-users (of
    (of cocaine), 44, 45
    cocaine), 44, 45
    Cocaine
    Cocaine hydrochloride, converting to
    hydrochloride, converting cocaine
    to cocaine Dealers (of
    (of cocaine),
    cocaine), 43, 4S, 46,
    43, 45, 46, 76-7,
    76-7, 100
    Dccantalion, 149,
    Decantation, 151, 166,
    149, 1S1, 169. See
    166, 169. See alsoAAce-
    bae,
    base, S'2,
    52, 1 S5. See
    155. also Freebase
    Seealso Freebase
    tone wash
    tone wash
    Cocainee, hydrochloride,
    hydrochloride, pharmaceutical.
    pharmaceutical. See See
    c:euticalcocaine
    Pharmaceutical cocaine Decomposition,
    Decomposition, of of cocaine, 32, 34,;312
    cocaine, 32., 34, 37, 39, 71, 78
    ~ll,methods,
    Cocaine ingestion methods, 1S-16,
    15-16, 47-8,
    47-8, SO,
    50, 52, DehydraUon,SO,S4,S6
    Dehydration, 50, 54, 56
    56, 62. See~fl
    alsospecific
    specificmethods
    methods of ofin&estioJJ
    ingestion Depression, 48, SO.,J0.3
    Dep.ression, 50, 173
    Cocaine Karma, 46 6. Dlet,48, O
    Diet, 48, 50,54
    Cocaine laws, 25, 63-9 J.1;te1ffi~I'.;~
    Diethyl ether. See Ether
    Cocaine market, 13, 17-19,40-6, 70 Distributors, major (of cocaine), 42, 43, 45
    Cocaine odor, 78, See also Wintergreen (odor) Dr. McDopc's Amazing Facts! (cartoon), 59
    Cocaine overdose, 18, 5 0 , 5 1 , 5 7 , 179 Doonesbury (cartoon), 58
    Cocaine processing, illicit, 33-7, 155. See also Drug analysis labs, 15, 123-4, 175-7
    "Cooks"; Kitchens; names of specific tech- Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 15,
    niques 124
    Cocaine purity, 12, 17-18, 70, 78-9; and color, Duff (powder), 78, 80-2, 87
    42,78-9. See also Adulterants and adulteration
    Cocaine, reinforcement by, 11, 14
    Cocaine sulfate. See Pasta E
    Cocaine taste, 38, 79 Ecgonine, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 71, 89, [01
    Cocaine trade- See Cocaine market Ecgonine conversion process, 33-7
    Cocaine u*ers. number of, 11*12, 179 Ecuador, 25, 30
    f 11cle:\·
    199
    Edison, Thomas, 26
    Edison, Thomas. 26 Hydrogen chloride, 159
    Hydrogen chloride 159
    Emp anad a, 136, 152, 167, 168, 169
    Empanada, -7 0
    169-70
    Eph edrin e, 89,
    Ephcdrine, 89. l107 07 . . acid ' 38
    l·lygric
    Hygric acid, 38 '
    1-lygr rne (alkaloid), 32, 36, 37, 38-9 79 89
    Erythroxylum
    Ery rhro.Y:yl u,n coca, 25, 2 5 , 229,
    9 , 330
    0 ,, 104,
    104 , 129-31,
    129-31; . 1~7, 112, 113, 134, 137, 147 , ' , JOO.
    cocaine
    cocaine co ntent , 225;
    content, 5 ; vitamin
    vitamin content,
    content, 5454
    liygr1ne
    Hygrine hydrochloride,
    hydrochloride, 89, 07' 153
    89' I107, 153
    Erythroxylum
    Erytllrox; novogratiatense,
    1 lu1n novogra;1ac e 11se,29,29, 30,
    30, 31,
    31, 39:
    39;
    cocaine content, 29
    cocaine content, 29
    Erythroxylum iruxt/lense
    Er;1throxylu111 truxillense (va (var. of E.
    r. of novograna-
    £ novograna· II
    tense),
    tense), 30 3 0, , 31,
    31,3 377
    Th
    Thee "impossible
    "i mpo ssible flakenake,"" 134134
    Ethanol, 89-90
    Ethanol, 89-90
    Ether, 36, 89-90,
    Ether, 89-90, 133, 133,147,155, 159;safety, 12
    147, 155, 159;safety, 12.. Impurities.. See
    Im~urilies See Adulterants
    Adult;ranls and ad ult eratio n
    adulteration
    Indian
    Indians, s! South
    South American,
    American, 13, 13, 23, 24,, 25
    23, 24 25
    alsoPetrol~um
    See also Petroleumether ether
    Ethyl ace tate , 89-90 Inhalation, of
    lnJ:tala.t1on, of cocaine,
    cocaine, 48,48, SO,
    50, 54,
    54, 5S
    55,, I157
    S7
    Ethyl acetate, 89-90 lnJc~tlon,ofcocainc,
    Injection, of cocaine, 14, 14, I15,61-2
    S,6 1-2
    Exhaustion, 54
    Exhaustion, 54
    See also
    also Cocaine
    Inos1lol, 72, 73,
    Inositol, 72, 84, 89,
    73, 84, 89, 107;
    I 07; detec tion in
    detection in tests
    tests
    Extraction
    Extraction process,
    process, 52, 155. See
    52, 155. Cocaine 72,
    72,8 87,
    7 , 888, 6 , 999,
    8 , 996, 9 , 142-3,
    142-3, 144-5
    144-5 '
    base test lIpadu
    base test coca (var
    padu coca off E.
    (var.. o coca), 25,
    f . coca), 25, 29,
    29, 30

    F J
    rarmers (of coca),
    Farmers coca), 41, 41, 4545
    Java coca, 3
    Java coca, 1, 32
    31, 32
    "Fat
    "Fat f·reddy's
    Freddy's Cat"Cat" (cartoon),
    (cartoon), 49 49
    paper (in filtra
    Filter paper tion and
    filtration and crysta llization ), 335,
    crystallization), 5, Ju dgmen t, and coc
    Judgment, ain e, 15, 44
    cocaine, 44,, 4 8, 77, 123,
    48, 123, 173
    173
    136,139,149,
    136, 139, 149, 151, 151,152,153, 167,168,
    152, 153, 167, 168, 170 170
    Filtrat ion, 35, 37,
    Filtration, 37, 52, 156;gravi ty , 135,
    52, 155, 156;gravity, 135,
    149, 153, 169; vacuum,
    149, vacuum, 133, 134 134 K
    K
    Flam mario n, Camille,
    Flammarion, Cam ille, 26 26 Th e "k
    The ind," 156,
    "kind," 156, 157
    157
    Flo rid a (port
    Florida (port of entr y ), 442
    entry), 2 Kit
    Kitchens, also "Cook
    chen s, 35, 41. See also s"
    "Cooks"
    Foil burn test, 42, 97, 101,
    bu rn test, IO I , 102 -3, 144-5;
    102-3, pr oce -
    144-5;proce-
    du re, 102-3
    dure, 102-3
    Fo labs, 124-
    rensic labs,
    Forensic 124-5 5 L
    Freebase, 14, 52,
    Freebase, 52, 56,
    56, 58 -62; ddosage,
    58-62; osa ge , 58,
    58, 6060 Laboratory testing, for cocaine, 123-5. See also
    Free base smoking,
    Freebase smoking, 14, 15 15,, 52, 54
    54,, 56
    56,, 58.
    58, 6060;; and
    and Drug analysis labs
    health,
    health, 60-
    60-1;l ; ru sh, 58,
    rush, 58,6 600 Lactose, 72, 73, 84, 107: detection in tests, 85,
    Freeba
    Freebase snorting, 1
    se snorting, 15S 8 7 , 8 9 , 9 5 , 9 7 , 9 9 , 101, 142-3, 144-5
    Freud,
    Freud, Sigmund,
    Sigmund, 62 62 Lavigerie (cardinal), 27
    Leo XIII (pope), 26, 27
    Lidocaine, 14,71, 73,74, 83, 112; detection tn
    G tests, 98, 99, 122, 145;effecis, 74
    Gasoline (as solvent),
    Gasoline (as solvent), 3S,
    35, 133
    133 Lidocaine base, 85, 89, 98, 99, 107, 144-5
    Gounod,
    Gounod, Charles,
    Charles, 27
    27 Lidocaine hydrochloride, 85, 89, 99, 107, 144-5
    Guides (gula)
    Guides (guia),. 41, 4S
    45 Lightweighting, 44, 46
    Lilly pharmaceutical cocaine, 132
    Lime, 23-4, 35
    H Longevity, and coca, 24, 25
    Hallucinations, 15, 48, 60, 61 Lungs, 15,58,60
    Health and cocaine use, 47-62. See also specific
    effects and body parts
    Health centers directory, 179-90 M
    Heart, effects from cocaine, 11, 14, 15; effects Magnesium pemoline, 90, 107
    from freebase, 60 Mama Coca, 22 ,
    Heat lamp, 153, 167, 169-70 Mannitol. 15,71 -2, 73, 83 107;
    Huanaco coca. See Erythroxylum coca
    tests, 85, 87, 90, 95. 97, 138, 142-3, 144-5
    Hydrochloric acid, 35, 36, 38-9, 71, 78, 133,
    147, 153, 155-6, 159, 160-1 Mariani, Angelo, 25, 26-7
    200 /11rle.Y

    Marijuana,
    farijuana, 18,
    1'v 18, 44,
    44, 54, 62
    54, 62 "Peruvian flake"
    "Peruvian Oake" cocaine, 83, 94,
    cocaine, 83, 94, 132,
    132, 144-5
    144-5
    McKinley, WilJiam,
    ivlcKinley, William, 2727 Petroleum ether,
    Petroleum ether, 52,
    52, 89-90,
    89-90, 134,
    134, 140, 141, 155;
    140, 141, 155·
    Melting point
    Melting test, 85,
    point test, 85, 101,
    101, 104-9,
    104-9, 110,
    110, 138,
    138, in cocaine
    in cocaine base
    base test, 113, 116-21
    test, 113, '
    142-3;;equipment,
    l42-3 equipment, 105,105, 106-7
    106-7;; kits,
    kits, 106-7;
    106-7; pH, of cocaine, 110,112,155,156,
    pH,ofcocaine, 110, 112, 155, 156, 157,159
    157, 159
    procedure, 104,
    procedure, 104, 108-9
    108-9 Pharmaceutical
    Pharmaceut cocaine (hydrochloride),
    ica l cocaine (hydrochloride), 31, 31 32
    32,
    Melting points,
    Melting points, 74.
    74, 101,
    101, 104,
    104, 106,
    106, 107,
    107, 112,138,
    112,138, 37, 83,
    37, 83,86, 94, 132,
    86, 94, 132, 144-5;
    144-5; melting
    melting point,
    point, 104
    104
    142-3;of
    142-3; of alkaloids,
    alkaloids, 38,
    38, 110
    1J 0 107,112
    I 07, l 12 '
    Merck pharmaceutical
    ~lerck pharmaceutical cocaine,
    cocaine, 83,83, 86,
    86, 94,
    94, 132,
    132, Phenylpropanolamine,
    Phenylpr opanolan,ine, 73, 73, 74,
    74, 90,
    90, I100,
    00, 107
    l 07
    144-5
    144-5 Pieces, of
    Pieces, of cocaine,
    cocaine, 78, 78, 80-2,
    80-2, 87
    87
    Methanol, 80,
    ~tethanol, 80, 161, 162, I63;as
    161, 162, solvent, 89-90
    163; as solvent, 89-90 Potassium
    Po permanganate, 36
    tassium permanganate, 36
    Methanol solubility
    i\iethanol solubility lest,
    test, 87-8,
    87-8, 89-90
    89-90 Potpourri (mixed-origin
    Potpourri (mixed-origin cocaine),
    cocaine), 41,
    41, 42,
    42 104
    104,
    Methyl alcohol,
    Methyl alcohol, 34,
    34, 37,
    37,3838 112,134
    112, 134
    Methyl benzoate,
    ~!ethyl benzoate, 771, 80
    J, 80 Procaine, 14, 74,
    Procaine, 14, 74, 90,107,
    90, 107, 113
    113
    Methyl
    Methyl benzoate
    benzoate test, 80, 113
    test, 80, 113 Psychogenetic dependency,
    Psychogenetic depe nd ency, 4848
    Methyl salicylate,
    Methyl salicy 29
    late, 29 Purification,
    Purification, 146-70
    146-70
    Moisture,
    Moist in cocai
    ure, in cocaine, 79
    ne, 79
    "Moon disc," 135
    "~foon djsc," 135
    Mother
    ~fothe r liquor, 149, 156,
    liquor, 149, 156, 166,
    166, 169
    169 Q
    Mountain
    Mountain sicksickness, 13, 24
    ness, 13, 24 Quinine, 115,
    Quinine, 72, 776;
    S, 72, 6; detection in tests,
    detection in 87,96,
    tests, 87, 96,
    144-5
    144-5
    Quiitine sulfat e, 85, 90, 107
    N
    Nasal douch
    Nasal douche, 52, 55
    e, 52, 55 Quinine sulfate, 85, 90, 107
    Nicotine,
    Nicotine, S57
    7 R
    Nose care,
    Nose care, 12, 52, 54-5,
    12, 52, 54-5, 147. Seealso
    147. See also Septum,
    Septum, Recrystallization, of freebase, 6 0
    perforated
    perforated R
    Rodin, Auguste, 27
    Nose, effects
    Nose, effects from cocaine,
    from cocai ne, 11, 12, 14,
    I I, 12, 14, 15, 50,
    15, 50, Recrystallization, of freebase, 60
    52,53,
    52, 53, 147, 157;effects
    147, 157 ; effects from
    from adulterants,
    adulterants, 14,
    14, Rodin, Auguste, 27
    72,
    72, 147;
    147
    147
    effects from
    147 ; effects hydrochloric
    from hydro acid, 39,
    chl oric acid, 39, ss
    Nose shape,
    Nose shape, after
    after prolonged
    prolonged cocacocaine use, 52
    ine use, 52 Safety, 12,
    Safuty, 56, 89, 110,149,153,159
    12,56,89, 110, 149, 153, 159
    Nosebleeds, 55 55 Sensory ex
    Sensory examination,
    an1ination, ofof eocaine,
    cocaine, 78-9
    78-9
    Septum, perf0rated,
    Septum, perforated, 14,
    14, 53,
    53, 55
    55
    Sex and
    Sex and cocaine,
    cocaine, 5656
    O
    0 Sheets (in
    Sheets (in crystallization), 35, 170
    crystallization), 35, 170
    Smugglers (of
    Smugglers (of cocaine), 42, 45
    cocaine), 42, 45
    Operation Intercept, 18
    Snarting,
    Snorting, of cocaine. See
    of cocaine. See Inhalatianl of ciel
    Inhalation, o( cocaine
    Oral ingestion, of cocaine, 16, 62 Sodium
    Sodium bicarbonate,
    bicarbonate, 52 S2
    Orgasms, 56 Sodium hydroxide,
    hydroxide, 80
    90. '&JI
    Overdose, of cocaine, 15, 50, 51, 57, 179
    Sodium hypocblo.rlte,
    hypochlorite, 90. See also Clorox test
    Oxidation process, 36
    S<Jlttbill~, ot
    Solubility, of o.oc e 81':
    cocaine, O 153, 154
    87-90,
    Sd :u
    Solubility !!
    tests, 76, 87-8
    Solvents, 33, 35, 52, 87, 88, 89-90, 147, 149,
    P 153, 155, 156, 157, 159;safety, 12, 56,89,
    Paranoia, 15 110, 149, 153, 159
    Pasta (cocaine sulfate), 35, 36, 41, 45, 134; Sox, dirty, odor of, 38
    amount needed to make cocaine base, 45 Speed, See Amphetamine
    Pasta labs, 35,41,45 Stirring, in crystallization, 161,162-3
    Peanut butter craving, 54 Stress, 14, 50, 54
    Pearl cocaine, 139, 156, 157 Sucrose, 72, 90, 107
    Pemberton, John Styth, 25, 29 Sugar cut, 72, 78, 100, 101. See also Lactose;
    Pemoline, magnesium, 90, 107 Sucrose
    Penis, 56 Sulfuric acid, 35, 36
    Peru, 23, 2 5 , 2 7 , 3 0 , 3 1 , 3 9 , 4 1 , 131 Sun drying, of cocaine, J 70
    IIndex
    11rle
    .,·
    • 201

    T V
    Talcum
    Tal cum powder,
    po,,der, 1515 Vagina, 5.6
    Vagina, 5.6
    Testing kits,
    Testing 77, 106-7
    kits, 7-, I 06- 7 Venezuela,
    Venezue 29, 30, 71
    la,29,30,7 1
    Tests, for cocaine, 72,
    Tests,forcocaine. 74, 76-145,
    72. 74, 76-145, 175. See also
    175 . Seealso Verne, Jule
    Verne. Jules, 26, 27
    s, 26, 27
    names of
    names specific tests
    of specit1c tests Victoria (q
    V~ctoria (queen
    ueen of of england),
    England), 26
    Tetracaine, 74,
    TeLracaine, 74,90,
    90, 107
    107 Vin Mariani,
    Vin Mariani, 25,25, 26
    26-7
    -7
    Thin-layer
    Thin-laver chromatography, 124
    chromatography. 124 Vitamin consumption. when using cocaine 50
    Vitamin consumption, when using cocaine,' 50,'
    •
    Tolerance, of
    Tolerance, of cocaine,
    cocaine, 14 14 54
    TOOT, 100
    TOOT, 100 Vitamins, in coca leaves, 24, 54
    Vitamins, in coca leaves, 24, 54
    Treatment inlervention,
    Treatment intervention, cocai
    cocaine overdose, 51
    ne overdose, S1
    Tropacocaine, 32.38
    Tropacocaine. 32, 38
    tropine, 38
    ljJtropine, 38
    Trujillo coca.
    TrujLllo coca- St:t
    See Tru.-..:illense
    Truxillensecocacoca w
    W
    Truxillense
    Tru~ille11se coca
    coca (va (var. of 11ovogranarense),
    r. of E. 30, 30,\Vash
    E. novograna tense), Wash,. See cetone wash
    Acetone
    See ,\
    31,37
    31, 37 Water,
    \Vat as solvent
    er, as solvent,, 87
    87
    Truxillic acid,
    Truxillic acid, 337, 38
    7, 38 Water pipe
    \Vater pipe (for
    (for freebase
    freebase smoki
    smoking), 60, 141
    ng), 52, 60, 141
    Water so
    \Valer solubility test, 87-8,
    lubility test, 87-8, 89-90
    89 -90
    Wholesalers
    \Vholesa (of coc
    lers (of cocaine), 45
    aine), 42, 45
    u
    U Wintergreen (odor),
    \Vintergreen (odor), 29, 80
    29 , 39, 71, 78, 80
    Urethra, 56
    Crethra. 56 Withdrawal, from
    Withdrawal, from cocaine,
    cocaine, 50,
    50, 173
    173
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    Botanical pets~
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    The COCAINE HANDBOOK, an essential reference for researchers,
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    tion about illicit cocaine not fbuiul in any other sourcebook.
    **In this volume, David I*e has corrected, revised, and added
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    • A D U L T E R A N T S : How consumers end up pa\ ingSlOOU per gram ofreal cocaine


    • TESTING: Hon cocaine Ls tested on location* at home, and in the lab
    • PURIFICATION: Removing adulterants, producing**the reaJ thing"
    • HEALTH: Hazards,saletv proceilures, and einergencv treatment
    • FREEBASE: The tad, the hum-up and the bum-out
    • T H E T R A D E : The storv of declining mialitv
    * ~ 1 s>

    • M A M A COCA: The traditional South American health food


    • T H E ALKALOIDS: Cocaine, cocamine. In'trfne, and the others

    SPECIAL FEATURES
    L a w s a b o u t e o c a i n e in e a c h o f ' t h e 5 0 stairs
    IVhere to lii id t r e a t m e n t r e n t e r * a n d t e s t i n g l a b s
    C h a r t s • T a b l e s • S i d e b a r s • G l o s s e i n • B i h l i o g r a p h i • Index

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