Q.

1 Write a detail note on ``Quantum Theory of Radiation OR Plank’s Quantum

theory``.

This theory was introduced by Max Plank in 1900. Plank proposed that a hot body
radiates energy not in continuous waves but in small units of waves. The unit wave or pulse of
energy is called Quantum (Plural Quanta). In 1905 Albert Einstein showed that the light
radiations emitted by excited atoms or molecules were also transmitted as particles or quants
of energy. These light quanta were named as photons by him.

POSTULATES OF THEORY: -

Energy is emitted or absorbed not continuously but discontinuously in the form of

packets of energy called quanta.

The energy of each quantum is given by the relation:

E= h

E= energy,

= frequency of radiation.

h= Plank’s Constant and its value is 6.62 10-34J-s.

The total energy emitted or absorbed is either unit Quantum i.e. h or a whole number multiple
of h i.e. equal to nh , 2h , 4h ,….

Relationship of energy and frequency with wave length and the wave number: -

Wave Length (λ): -

The distance between two successive crest and troughs of a wave. It is denoted by
lambda (λ). Units of wave length Ao, cm, m.

1Ao=10-8cm=10-10m

Frequency ( :-

The number of waves which passes through a given point in one second is called
frequency. It is denoted by ( and its unit is Hertz (Hz).
Wave Number ( ): -

The number of waves in per centimeter is called wave number. It is denoted by nu bar and it
formula is given as:

As we know from max planks equation;

E= hⱱ -------(i)

As we know from speed formula of wave:

𝑐
ⱱ = 𝜆 by putting value of frequency in first equation we get:

ℎ𝑐
E= -----(ii)
𝜆

We also know from wave number which is reciprocal of wave length:

1
ῡ=𝜆

So, the equation(ii) become as;

1
𝐸 = ℎ𝑐
𝜆
𝐸 = ℎ𝑐ῡ

EXAMPLE: -

What is the energy of one photon of light having frequency of 1.5 1015 s-1, Planks constant
h=6.625 10-34 Js.

Solution:

Frequency v = 1.5 1015 s-1

h = 6.625 10-34 Js
The energy of photon is given by,

E=h

Putting the values,

E = 6.625 10-34 Js 1.5 1015 s-1

Energy of one photon= 9.93 10-19J

Q.2 Explain the BOHR’S MODEL OF ATOM, their defects and Derive Bohr`s radius
for hydrogen atom.

Neil’s Bohr Danish physicist in 1913 proposed a model of atom based upon Plank’s
Quantum Theory. This new model is called Bohr’s Model of atom.

POSTULATES OF
BOHR’S MODEL: -

1. An atom consists
of a small heavy
positively
charged nucleus
in the center and
the electrons
revolve around it
in circular orbits.
2. The electrons
revolve only in
specified permitted circular orbits which have a fixed value of energy.
3. These permitted orbits are called energy levels or stationary states (stationary means
fixed and does not change). While in these specific orbits an electron does not lose, or
radiate energy of electron is quantized.
4. An electron can move from one energy level to another by quantum or photon jumps
only. It means energy is emitted or absorbed only when the electron jumps from one
orbit to the other.

E= =h

5. Angular momentum (m r) of an electron inn an atom can have certain definite value
means fixed value the angular momentum of an electron in an atom is also quantized
like energy.

𝑛ℎ
𝑀𝑣𝑟 =
2𝜋
Where
m= mass of electron

v= velocity of electron

r= radius of orbit

n= 1, 2, 3……

h= Plank’s Constant

Defects of Bohr’s Model of atom:

1. Inability to explain line spectra of

multi-electron atoms.
2. Inability to explain splitting of lines in
magnetic field (Zeeman affect) and in
electric field (stark effect).
3. Inability to explain three-dimensional
model of atom. Inability to explain the
shape of molecules.
4. Inability to explain elongated form of
orbit.

DERIVATION OF BOHR’S RADIUS

There are many forces which acts upon an electron during revolution an electron are
centripetal force, columbic force and According to Bohr, the angular momentum of the electron
is a whole number n multiple of nh/2л.

The centripetal force which attract electron toward center of nucleus is given by;
𝑀𝑉 2
Fc = (1)
𝑟

And according to columbic force of attraction and repulsion;

𝑍𝑒 2
F columbic = (2)
4𝜋𝜀𝑟 2

By comparing equation 1 and 2 we get;

𝑀𝑉 2 𝑍𝑒 2
=
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀𝑟 2
Where Z = atomic number, e = charge of electron.

𝑍𝑒 2
𝑀𝑉 2 = 4𝜋𝜀𝑟
(3)
Since the electron’s energy is characteristic of its orbit, the energy cannot be lost or gained. It
is quantized. According to Bohr, the angular momentum of the electron is a whole number n
multiple of nh/2л

Mvr = nh/2π (4)

where ‘v’ is the velocity of electron, `m` is the mass of electron and ћ is plank`s constant.

V = nћ / 2πmr -------- (5)

Substitution eq (5) in eq (3)

𝑛ℎ 𝑧𝑒 2
𝑀(2πmr)2 = 4𝜋𝜀𝑟 2

𝑀𝑛2 ℎ2 𝑧𝑒 2
=
4π2 𝑀2 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜀𝑟

𝑛2 ℎ2 𝑧𝑒 2
=
π𝑀𝑟 𝜀

𝜀𝑛2 ℎ2
r = 𝑧𝑒 2 π𝑴 (7)

This is the final equation for determination of Bohr`s radius of an atom.

For the radius of hydrogen’s atom

Z=1 n=1

h = 6.6262 x 10-34 J-s

m = 9.1096 x10-31 kg

e = 1.6022 x 10-19 C

r = 0.529 A⁰ (n2) or

r = 0.529 x 10-10m (n2)

Q.3 Derive Quantized energy for CALCULATION OF ENERGY OF ELECTRON

IN HYDROGEN ATOM
 The total energy of the electron is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies.

ET = E k.e + E p.e (i)

𝑚𝑉 2 𝑍𝑒 2
E= − 4лεr (ii)
2

we have Mv2 = Ze2/r and by putting value of mv2 in eq (ii) we get;

𝑧𝑒 2 𝑧𝑒 2
𝐸 = (2)4лɛ˳𝑟 − 4лɛ˳𝑟 (iii) Where mv2 = ze2/4лɛr

𝑧𝑒 2 𝑧𝑒 2
𝐸= −
8лεr 4лɛ˳𝑟
2𝑧𝑒 2 −𝑧𝑒 2
𝐸= 8лεr

−𝑧𝑒 2
𝐸= (iv)
8лεr

By putting value of r in eq (iv)

𝜀𝑛2 ℎ2
r = 𝑧𝑒 2 𝜋𝑀

𝜀𝑛2 ℎ2
𝐸 = −z𝑒 2 ÷ 8𝜋ε( )
ze2 πM
8𝜋ε2 𝑛2 ℎ2
𝐸 = −𝑧𝑒 2 ÷
𝑧𝑒 2 πM
𝑧𝑒 2 πM
𝐸 = −𝑧𝑒 2 ×
8𝜋ε2 𝑛2 ℎ2
−𝑧 2 𝑒 4 πM
𝐸=
8𝜋ε2 𝑛2 ℎ2
−𝑘
E= 𝑛2

Where
𝑧𝑚𝑒 2
𝑘 = 8лɛ˳2 h2 And K = 2.18x10-18

Negative Value of Energy: -

The energy of an electron at infinity is arbitrarily assumed to be zero. This state is called zero
energy state. When an electron moves and comes under the influence of nucleus, it does some
work and spends its energy in this process. The energy of the electron decreases, and it becomes
less than zero i.e. it acquires a negative value.

Q.4 How De-Broglie wave equation is helpful to explain the DUEL nature of light?

DE BROGLIE’S HYPOTHESIS OR DE BROGLIE EQUATION: -

Louis de Broglie a French physicist in 1924 advanced the idea that like photos, all
material particles i.e. electron proton, atom (microscopic and macroscopic objects) also
possessed due character. The wave associated with a particle is called a matter wave or de
Broglie wave.

Louis de Broglie derived an equation with the help of plank’s Quantum theory and Einstein’s
theory of relativity.

According to Planck’s Quantum Theory

E=hⱱ ----------(i)

ⱱ= Frequency

h=Planck’s Constant

According to Einstein equation

E=mc2 --------- (ii)

m= Mass of photon

c = velocity of light

From equation (i) and (ii) we get

hⱱ =mc2 --------- (iii)

𝑐
We know ⱱ=𝜆

By putting value of ⱱ in equation (iii) we get:

ℎ
= 𝑚𝑐
𝜆

ℎ
𝜆= 𝑚𝑐
De Broglie applied this equation to any material particles (microscopic and
macroscopic). The mass of photo is replaced by the mass of the particles and the
velocity “c” is replaced by the velocity of the particles.

OR

The momentum if a particle in motion is inversely proportional to wave length and

Planck’s constant is the constant of proportionality.

SIGNIFICANCE OF DE BROGLIE EQUATION: -

Although the Broglie equation is application to all material object, but it has significance
only in case of microscopic particles.