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Lecture 2 Fluid Statics
Lecture 2 Fluid Statics
Lecture 2 Fluid Statics
Lecture - 2
Fluid Statics
Fluid Statics means fluid at rest.
At rest, there are no shear stresses, the only force is the normal
force due to pressure is present.
Pressure is defined as:
“Force per Unit Area” Or
“The amount of force exerted on a unit area of a substance or
on a surface.”
This can be stated by the equation:
F dF
p (For Finite Area) p (For Infinite Area)
A dA
Units : N/m2(Pa), lbs/ft2 (psf), lbs/in2 (psi)
Bars and milli bars were used too 1mb=100 Pa
Pressure
They tend overturn concrete dam, burst pressure
vessels, and break lock gates on canals.
Obviously to design such facilities, we need to be
able to compute the magnitude and locations of
normal pressure forces.
Understanding them we can also make instruments
to measure pressures, and systems that transfer
pressures, such as for automobile brakes and hoists.
Example
A load of 200 pounds (lb) is exerted on a piston confining
oil in a circular cylinder with an inside diameter of 2.50
inches (in). Compute the pressure in the oil at the piston.
Solution:
Principles about Pressure
Two important principles about pressure were described by
Blaise Pascal, a seventeenth-century scientist:
1. Pressure acts uniformly in all directions on a small volume
of a fluid. In other words, the pressure at any point in a fluid
at rest is the same in every direction.
2. In a fluid confined by solid boundaries, pressure acts
perpendicular to the boundary.
Direction of fluid pressure on boundaries
Pressure at a Point is same in All direction
(Pascal’s Law)
1. Consider a wedge shaped element of fluid at rest.
2. Thickness dy (perpendic ular to plane of paper).
3. Let p Avg. pressure in any direction.
4. p x and p z are avg. pressure in horizontal and vertical direction.
5. Forces in y direction need not be considered because they cancel.
6. No tangentia l force is involved, since the fluid is at rest.
7. Equilibriu m Condition : Sum of the force components on element
in any direction must be equal to Zero.
8. Fx 0; p cos dl dy - p x dy dz 0
Since dz dl cos
Therefore;
p px
Pressure at a Point is same in All direction
1
9. Fz 0; p z dx dy - p dl dy sin dx dy dz 0
2
Neglecting 3rd term due to higher order.
Since dx dl sin
Therefore;
p pz
10. We can also proof p py by considerin g a three dimensiona l case.
Thus pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is same in all direction.
Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid
(Hydrostatic Law)
It states:
“Rate of increase of pressure in vertical downward direction
must be equal to Specific Weight of fluid at that point.”
Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid
(Hydrostatic Law)
1. Consider an element of static fluid.
2. Assume density of fluid to be constant w ithin the element
(Since the element is very small).
3. Pressure at the center of element is p.
4. Dimensions of element are x y and z.
5. Force acting in vertica l direction are :
a. Body force : the action of gravity on the mass within th e fluid.
b. Surface force : transmi tted from the surroundin g fluid.
6. If the forces are summed in the horizontal direction, that is x and y,
the only forces acting are the pressure forces on the vertical faces of
element.
7. To satisfy Fx 0 and Fy 0, the presssures on the opposite vertical
faces must be equal.
p p
8. Thus 0
x y
9. Summing forces in the vertical direction and putting it equal to zero.
p z p z
Fz p xy p xy xyz 0
z 2 z 2
After simplifica tion :
p
z
Since p is independen t of x and y, we can write above equation as :
dp
dz
This is the general expression that relates variation of pressure in a
static fluid to vertical position. The minus sign indicates that as z gets larger
(increasin g elevation) , the pressure gets smaller.
To evaluate the pressure anywhere in a fluid at rest, we must intergate previous
equation between appropriat e chosen limits.
dp dz
dp dz
p z
Say; z h
p h
Or
p
h (Pressure Head)
For the case of a liquid at rest, it is convenient to measure distances vertically
downward from the free liquid surface. If h is the distance below the free liquid
surface and if the pressure of air and vapor on the surface is arbitrarily taken as
zero, we may also use the above equation.
Pressure expressed in Height of Fluid