ENVI

RONMENTALSTUDI
ES
Modul
eI
Def
ini
ti
on
Env
ironment
alst
udi
esdeal
swi
thev
eryi
ssuet
hataf
fect
sanor
gani
sm.
Scope
Mostofusl iv
ei nlandscapest hathav ebeenheav il
ymodi f
iedbyhumanbei ngs, i
nv il
l
ages, townsorci t
ies.But
event hoseofuswhol i
veincitiesgetourf oodsuppl yfrom sur r
oundi ngv illagesandt hesei ntur naredependent
onnat urallandscapessuchasf orests,grasslands,rivers,seashor es,forr esour cessuchaswat erforagr icul
tur
e,
fuelwood, f odder,andf i
sh.Ourdependenceonnat ureissogr eatt hatwecannotcont inuet olivewi thout
protectingt heearth’senvir
onment al r
esour ces.
Thei ndustrialdevelopmentandi ntensiveagricultur
et hatpr ov i
dest hegoodsf orourincr easinglyconsumer
orientedsoci etyusesupl argeamount sofnat uralr
esour cessuchaswat er, minerals,petroleum pr oduct s,wood,
etc.Non- r
enewabl eresources,suchasmi ner alsandoi laret hosewhi chwi llbeexhaust edint hef utureifwe
cont i
nuet oext r
actt hesewi t
houtat houghtf orsubsequentgener ations.Renewabl eresour ces, suchast imber
andwat er,arethosewhi chcanbeusedbutcanber egener atedbynat ur
al processessuchasr egrowt horr ai
nfal
l.
Butt hesetoowi ll
bedepl etedifwecont i
nuet ouset hem f ast erthannat urecanr eplacet hem.
I
mpor
tance
Envir
onmentisnotasi
nglesubj
ect.Iti
sani nt
egrat
ionofseveral
subj ectst
hati
ncludebot
hScienceandSocial
Studi
es.Tounderst
andal
lthedi
fferentaspectsofourenvi
ronment .Thusthescopeofenvi
ronmental
studi
esis
extr
emelywideandcover
ssomeaspect sofnearl
yeverymajordiscipl
ine.

Product
iv ev
alueofnatur
e: Asscient
ist
smakenewadv ancesinf
iel
dssuchasbiotechnol
ogywebegi
nto
underst
andt hatt
hewor l
d’sspeciescontai
nani ncr
edi
bleanduncount
ablenumberofcomplexchemi
cals.These
aretherawmat eri
alst
hatar eusedfordevelopi
ngnewmedi ci
nesandindust
ri
alpr
oductsandareast
orehouse
fr
om whi chtodevel
opthousandsofnewpr oductsint
hefutur
e.

Aest het
ic/Recr
eati
onalv al
ueofnat ur
e:Theaestheti
candr ecreati
onalval
uesthatnaturepossessesenli
vensour
existenceonear t
h.Thisiscreatedbydevelopi
ngNat i
onalParksandWi l
dli
feSanctuari
esinrel
ati
velyundi
sturbed
areas.At ruewil
dernessexperiencehasnotonlyrecreat
ionalvaluebutisanincredi
blelear
ningexperi
ence.It
bri
ngsaboutanunder standi
ngoft heonenessofnatureandt hef actt
hatwear eenti
rel
ydependentupont he
i
ntricatefuncti
oni
ngofecosy stems.

Theoptionvaluesofnat
ure:Ourpresentgenerati
onhasdev elopedit
seconomi esandlif
estyl
esonunsustai
nabl
e
pat
ternsofli
fe.However,nat
ureprovi
desuswi t
hv ar
iousopti
onsonhowweut i
li
zeitsgoodsandservi
ces.Thi
s
i
sitsoptionvalue.Wecanuseupgoodsandser vi
cesgreedi
lyanddestroyit
sintegri
tyandlongtermval
ues,or
wecanusei tsresour
cessustai
nablyandr educeourimpactsont heenvir
onment .Theopti
onv al
ueal
l
owsust o
useit
sresourcessustai
nablyandpreserveitsgoodsandser vi
cesforthefut
ure.
Needf
orpubl
i
cawar
eness
Ourenvironmenti sbei ngincreasingl ydegradedbyhumanact ivi
ti
es,i
tisevidentthatsomet hingneedstobe
done.Prev entionofenv i
ronmentdegr adati
oni nwhi chwemustal ltakepartthatmustbecomeapar tofallour
l
ives.
Student
s’ act i
vit
ies:
 Joi nanenv ironment algr oupt ostudynat ure.
 Begi nreadingnewspaperar ti
clesandper iodicalssuchas‘Downt oEar t
h’,WWF- Inewslett
er,
BNHS
Hor nbil
l,Sanct uarymagazi ne,etc.thatwilltell
youmor eaboutourenv ir
onment .
 Joi nlocalmov ement sthatsuppor tacti
vi
tiessuchassav i
ngtreesiny ourarea,goonnat uretr
eks,
recy cl
ewast e,andbuyenv i
ronment all
yfriendlyproduct
s.
 Pr acti
ceandpr omot egoodci vi
csensesuchasnospi tti
ngortobaccochewi ng,nothrowinggarbageon
ther oad,nosmoki ng
 Takepar tinev entsorgani sedonWor l
dEnv i
ronmentDay ,
Wi l
dli
feWeek, etc.
 Vi sitaNat ional ParkorSanct uary,orspendt i
mei nwhatevernatur
ey ouhav eneary ourhome.
I
nstit
uti
onsi nEnv ir
onment
BombayNat uralHistorySociety( BNHS) ,Mumbai
CentreforScienceandEnv i
ronment( CSE), NewDel hi
CentreforEnvironmentEducat ion(CEE),Ahmedabad
BotanicalSurveyofIndia(BSI)
ZoologicalSurveyofIndia(ZSI)
PeopleinEnv i
ronment
1. Char lesDarwinwr otethe‘Origi
nofSpeci es’
,whichbroughttolightthecloserelat
ionshi
pbet ween
habit
atsandspeci es.
2. Sal i
m Al i
’
sHeal sowr oteseveralgr eatbooksincludi
ngthef amous‘ BookofIndianBirds’.
3. I ndi
raGandhi asPM haspl ay edahi ghlysigni
fi
cantroleinthepr eser
vati
onofI ndi
a’swildl
if
e.
4. M SSwami nathanoneofI ndia’
sf oremostagr i
cultur
alscienti
sts
5. Sunder lalBahugna’sChipkoMov ement

Nat
ural
resour
ces
1. Renewabl er esour ces
2. Non- renewabl eresour ces
Naturalresourcesincl ude, air,
wat er,soi
l,minerals,al
ongwi t
hthecl imateandsolarenergy ,
whi chformt henon-
l
ivi
ngor‘ abiot
ic‘partofnat ure.The‘ bioti
c’orli
vingpar t
sofnatur econsist
sofplantsandani mal s,i
ncluding
microbes.
Ecosystem -Interacti
onsbet weent heabi ot
icaspect sofnatureandspeci f
icl
ivi
ngor ganismst ogetherform
ecosystemsofv ari
oust ypes.
Eart
h’sResour cesandMan: Ther esourcesonwhi chmankindisdependentar eprovidedbyv arioussour cesor
‘
spheres’.
1) At mospher e-Thel owestl ayer
Tropospher e, t
heonl ypar twarm enoughf orustosurvi
v ein,i
sonly12kilometrest hick.
Strat
ospher ei s50ki l
omet r
esthick,containsalayerofsulphateswhichisimpor tantf ortheformat i
onof
rai
n.Cont ai
nsal ayerofozone, whichabsor bsult
ra-vi
oletli
ght.
2) Hy dr
ospher e-Cl eanwat erfordrinki
ng( amet aboli
crequirementforli
vi
ngpr ocesses) .
Wat erforwashi ngandcooki ng.
Wat erusedi nagr i
cult
ureandi ndustry
.

3) Li
thosphere-Soil
,thebasisforagricult
uretoprovideuswi t
hfood.
Stone,sandandgr avel
, usedforconstructi
on.
Micronutr
ient
sinsoil,essential
forplantgrowt h.
4) Bi
osphere-Food, fr
om cropsanddomest icanimals,providi
nghumanmetabol
icr
equi
rements.
Food,forallf
ormsofl i
f ewhichli
veasi nterdependent
Speciesinacommuni tyandf or
mf oodchai nsinnatur
eonwhichmanisdependent
.
Timberandot herconstructi
onmat eri
als
Renewabl
eandnon-
renewabl
eresour
ces:
Nat
ural
resour
cesandassoci
ated
probl
ems
 Theunequal consumpt i
onofnat uralr
esources
 Landuse: Landitsel
fi samaj orresource,neededforfoodpr oducti
on,animal husbandry,i
ndustr
y,and
forourgrowinghumanset tl
ement s.Scienti
ststodaybelievethatatleast10percentoflandandwat er
bodiesofeachecosy stem mustbekeptaswi lder
nessf orthelongterm needsofpr otecti
ngnatureand
naturalr
esources.Themostdamagi ngchangei nlandusei sdemonst ratedbyt herapi
ditywit
hwhi ch
forestshavevanisheddur i
ngr ecentti
mes
 Theneedf orsustainableli
festyl
es: ‘
Humandev el
opmenti ndex’
:Incr
easedl engthofservice
Anincreaseinknowl edge
Anenhancementofi ncome.

Non-
renewableresources
Thesearemi neral
sthathavebeenf or
medinthel
i
thospher
eovermil
li
onsofyear
s
Thesenon-renewableresources,
onceused,r
emai
nonear t
hinadif
fer
entfor
m and,
unl
essr
ecy
cled,
becomewast emateri
al.
Renewableresources
Waterandbi ologi
cal
li
vingresourcesar
econsi
der
edrenewabl
e.
1.For
estr
esour
ces:
Use
FORESTFUNCTI
ONS
Wat ershedpr ot ect i
on:
•Reducet her at eofsur facer un- offofwat er.
•Pr eventf lashf l
oodsandsoi l erosion.
•Pr oducespr ol ongedgr adual r
un- offandt huspr eventef fectsofdr ought.
Atmospher icr egul at ion:
•Absor ptionofsol arheatdur ingev apo- transpirati
on.
•Mai ntai ningcar bondi oxidel ev el
sf orpl antgr owth.
•Mai ntai ningt hel ocal climat i
ccondi ti
ons.
Erosioncont rol :
•Hol dingsoi l (bypr ev ent i
ngr ai nf r
om di r
ect lywashingsoi laway ).
Landbank:
•Mai ntenanceofsoi l nut ri
ent sandst r
uct ure.
Local use-Consumpt ionoff orestpr oducebyl ocal peopl ewhocol lectitforsubsi st
ence–
(Consumpt i
veuse)
•Food-gat her ingpl ant s,fishi ng, hunt ingf rom thefor est.
(Inthepastwhenwi l
dl ifewaspl entiful,peopl ecouldhuntandki llanimalsf orfood.Nowt hatpopul
ati
onsofmost
wildli
fespeci eshav edi mi nished, cont inuedhunt i
ngwoul dleadtoext incti
on. )
•Fodder-f orcat t
le.
•Fuel woodandchar coal forcooki ng, heat ing.
•Pol es-bui ldinghomesespeci all
yi nr uralandwi lder nessar eas.
•Timber–househol dar ti
cl esandconst r
uct i
on.
•Fiber-weav ingofbasket s,ropes, net s,string,et
c.
•Ser i
cul ture–f orsi lk.
•Api culture-beesf orhoney ,for estbeesal sopolli
nat ecr ops.
•Medi ci nal plant s-t radi ti
onal lyusedmedi cines,i
nv estigat i
ngthem aspot ent i
alsourcefornewmoder ndrugs.
Mar ketuse-( Pr oduct i
v euse)
•Mostoft heabov epr oduct susedf orconsumpt i
vepur posesar eal sosol dasasour ceofincomeforsupporti
ng
thel i
velihoodsoff or estdwel l
ingpeopl e.
•Mi norf or estpr oduce-( non- woodpr oduct s):Fuelwood, frui
t,gum, fi
ber ,
et c.whicharecollect
edandsoldin
l
ocal mar ket sasasour ceofi ncomef orf orestdwel lers.
•Maj ort imberext ract ion-const ruction, i
ndust ri
aluses, paperpul p,etc.Timberext r
acti
onisdoneinIndi
abyt he
ForestDepar t ment ,buti ll
egal loggi ngcont inuesinmanyoft hef orestsofI ndiaandt hewor l
d.
Ov
erexpl
oit
ati
on-I
ndi
ashoul
dideal
l
yhav
e33per
centofi
tsl
andunderf
orest
s.Todaywehav
eonl
yabout
12per
cent.Peopl
ewholi
veinornearfor
estsknowthev
alueoff
orestr
esour
cesf
ir
sthandbecauset
hei
rli
ves
andl
iv
eli
hoodsdependdi
rect
lyontheseresour
ces.
Def
orest
ati
on
Todayloggi ngandmi ni
ngareser
iouscausesoflossofforestsinourcountr
yandallovertheworl
d.Timber
extr
acti
on, mininganddamsar ei
nvariabl
ypartsoft
heneedsofadev el
opingcount
ry.I
ftimberi
sov er
harv
ested
theecologicalfunct
ionsoft
heforestarelost
.Unfor
tunat
elyforest
sarelocatedi
nareaswher et
hereareri
ch
mineralresources.
Casest
udi
es.
JointFor
estManagement -
JFM- 1972
Theneedt oincludelocalcommuni t
iesi
nFor estManagementhasbecomeagr owi
ngconcern.Localpeopl
ewill
onlysupportgreeninganar eaiftheycanseesomeeconomi cbenefi
tfr
om conserv
ati
on.
MidnaporeDistrictofWestBengal .JFM hasnowev olvedi
ntoaformalagreementwhi
chidentif
iesandrespect
s
thelocalcommuni t
y’sr
ightsandbenef i
tsthattheyneedfr
om for
estresources.
Ti
mberext
ract
ion,
mini
ng,
dams
Ar
einv
ari
abl
ypar
tsoft
heneedsofadev
elopi
ngcount
ry.
Thei
rdef
ect
sonf
orest
sandt
ri
bal
peopl
e
Ifti
mberi
soverhar
vestedtheecol ogi
calfunct
ionsoftheforestarelost.Unfort
unat
elyfor
estsarel
ocatedin
areaswher
ethereareri
chmi neralresour
ces.Long-t
erm ecologi
cal gainscannotbesacri
fi
cedforshor
t-t
erm
economicgai
nsthatunfor
tunatelyleadtodeforest
ati
on.Thesef orestswheredevelopmentproj
ectsar
eplanned,
candi
spl
acethousandsoftr
ibal
peoplewholosethei
rhomeswhent
hesepl
ansar
eexecut
ed.Thi
sleadst
ohi
gh
l
evel
sofsuf
feri
ngforwhichther
eisrarel
yasati
sfact
oryanswer
.

2.Wat
err
esour
ces:
Thewatercy
cle,
thr
oughevaporat
ionandpreci
pit
ati
on,
mai
ntai
nshy
drol
ogi
cal
syst
emswhi
chf
ormr
iver
sand
l
akesandsupporti
navar
ietyofaquati
cecosyst
ems.
Use
Wetlandsareinter
mediat
ef ormsbetweent err
estrial
andaquaticecosystemsandcont ainspeciesofplantsand
animalsthatarehi
ghl
ymoi sturedependent.Allaquati
cecosystemsareusedbyal argenumberofpeopl efor
thei
rdail
yneedssuchasdr inkingwater
,washi ng,cooki
ng,wateri
nganimal s,andir
ri
gati
ngfiel
ds.Thewor ld
dependsonal imit
edquantityoffr
eshwat er.Watercovers70%oft heearth’ssurf
acebutonly3%oft hisisfresh
water.Ofthi
s,2%isinpolaricecapsandonl y1%i susablewaterinri
vers,l
akesandsubsoi laquif
ers.
Ov
erut
il
izat
ionofsur
faceandgr
oundwat
er
Withthegrowt hofhumanpopulati
ont her
ei sanincreasingneedforlar
geramount sofwat ertofulfi
lavari
etyof
basi
cneeds.Mostpeopl eusemorewat erthantheyreall
yneed.Agricul
tureal
sopol l
utessurfacewat erand
undergroundwat erst
oresbytheexcessiveuseofchemi calfer
ti
li
zersandpestici
des.Industrytendstomaxi mise
short
-term economicgainsbynotbotheri
ngabouti t
sl i
quidwasteandreleasi
ngitintostr
eams, r
iver
sandt he
sea.
Fl
oods
Floodshav ebeenaseri
ousenvir
onment
alhazar
dforcentur
ies.However
,thehavocr
aisedbyri
ver
sov er
fl
owing
theirbankshasbecomeprogressi
vel
ymoredamaging,aspeoplehav
edeforest
edcatchmentsandi
ntensif
ied
useofr i
verfl
oodplai
nsthatonceact
edassafet
yvalves.
Dr
ought
Inmostar i
dregionsofthewor ldtherai
nsar eunpredi
ctabl
e.Thisleadstoperiodswhent her
eisaserious
scarci
tyofwatert odri
nk,useinfarms,orprovideforurbanandindustri
aluse.Droughtproneareasar
et hus
facedwithir
regularperi
odsoff amine.Droughthasbeenamaj orpr obl
em inourcountryespeci
all
yinari
dr egi
ons.
Iti
sanunpr edi
ctablecli
mat i
cconditi
onandoccur sduet othefai
lureofoneormor emonsoons.Oneoft he
factor
sthatworsenst heeffectofdroughtisdefor
estat
ion.

Sust
ainabl
ewat ermanagement :
 Bui ldingseveralsmal lreservoirsi
nsteadoff ewmegapr ojects.
 Dev elopsmall catchmentdamsandpr otectwetl
ands.
 Soi lmanagement ,microcatchmentdev elopmentandafforestat
ion
 Tr eat i
ngandr ecyclingmuni cipalwastewat erforagr
icul
turaluse.
 Pr ev enti
ngleakagesf rom damsandcanal s
 Pr ev enti
nglossi nMuni cipalpipes.
 Ef f ectiverai
nwat erhar vesti
ngi nurbanenv ir
onments.
 Wat erconservationmeasur esi nagri
culture

Dams
Communi
ti
esandeconomi
est
hathar
nesst
hesewat
err
esour
cesf
ort
hei
reconomi
cdev
elopment
.
Benef
it
s
Curr
entesti
mat essuggestsome30- 40%ofi r
ri
gatedl
andwor
ldwider
eli
esondams.Hy dropower,
another
cont
enderfortheuseofst oredwater,
current
lysuppl
i
es19%oftheworl
d’stot
alel
ectr
icpowersupplyandis
usedinover150count ri
es.Largedamshav ehadseri
ousi
mpactsontheli
ves,l
i
vel
ihoods,cul
tur
esandspiri
tual
exi
stenceofindigenousandt r
ibal
peoples.
Pr
obl
ems
•Fragment ationandphy sical t
ransformationofr i
vers.
•Seri
ousi mpact sonr i
verineecosy stems.
•Socialconsequencesofl argedamsduet odi splacementofpeopl e.
•Wat erloggingandsal i
nizationofsur roundingl ands.
•Disl
odgi ngani malpopulati
ons, damagi ngt heirhabitatandcut
tingofftheirmigr
ati
onrout
es.
•Fi
shi ngandt r
avelbyboatdi srupted.
•Theemi ssi
onofgr eenhousegasesf r
om r eserv oi
rsduet or
ott
ingv egetat
ionandcarboni
nfl
owsf
rom t
he
cat
chmenti sar ecentl
yidentifi
edi mpact .
Conf
li
ctsov
erwat
er
Conf
li
ctsov
erdamshaveheight
enedinthel
asttwodecadesbecauseofthei
rsocial
andenvi
ronment
ali
mpact
s
andf
ail
uret
oachiev
etar
getsforst
icki
ngtot
heircost
saswellasachiev
ingpromisedbenef
it
s.

3.Mi
ner
alr
esour
ces:
Ami
ner
ali
sanat
ural
l
yoccur
ri
ngsubst
anceofdef
ini
techemi
cal
composi
ti
onandi
dent
if
iabl
ephy
sical
proper
ti
es.
Use
Anoreisaminer
alorcombi
nati
onofmineral
sfr
om whi
chausef
ulsubst
ance,
suchasamet
al,
canbeext
ract
ed
andusedtomanufact
ureausef
ulpr
oduct.
Expl
oit
ati
on
Ext
ract
ingt
hemi
ner
alsf
rom t
hemi
nes.
Env
ironment
alef
fect
sofext
ract
ingandusi
ngmi
ner
alr
esour
ces
Minesaf et y:Miningi sahazar dousoccupat i
on,andt hesaf etyofmi newor kersi sanimpor tantenv ironment al
considerat i
onoft hei ndust r
y.Sur f
acemi ningislesshazar doust hanunder groundmi ning.Met almi ningi sless
hazardoust hancoal mining.Lar geexplosi onshaveoccur r
edi ncoal mines,kil
lingmanymi ners.Mor emi ners
havesuf feredf rom disast er
sduet otheuseofexpl osi vesinmet al
mines.Mi ningposessev erall
ong- term
occupat i
onal hazardst othemi ner
s.Dustpr oduceddur i
ngmi ningoperationsi sinjuri
oust oheal t
h.Fumes
generatedbyi ncompl et
edy nami teexplosi onsareext remelypoi sonous.
Envi
ronment alproblems: Mi ningoper at
ionsar econsi deredoneoft hemai nsour cesofenv i
ronment al
degradation.Theext ractionofal lthesepr oductsfrom t helit
hospher ehasav arietyofsideef fects.Depl eti
onof
avai
lablel andduet omi ning, wastef r
om i ndustri
es,conv ersi
onofl andt oindust ryandpol l
utionofl and, wat er
andai rbyi ndustrialwastes, areenv i
ronment alsi
deef fectsoft heuseoft hesenon- r
enewabl eresour ces.
Casest
udi
es
Sar
iskaTigerReser
ve,
Rajasthan
TheForestDepart
menthasleasedlandformi
ningint
heSari
skaTi
gerReser
veareabydenot
ify
ingf
orestar
eas.
Thelocalpeopl
ehavefoughtagai
nstthemini
nglobby
,andhavef
il
edaPubli
cInt
erestLi
ti
gat
ionint
heSupreme
Courti
n1991.

4.Foodr
esour
ces:
Todayourfoodcomesal mostenti
rel
yfrom agr
icul
tur
e,animalhusbandr
yandf ishing.Al
thoughI
ndiaissel
f-
suf
fici
enti
nf oodproduct
ion,
iti
sonlybecauseofmoder npatt
ernsofagri
cultur
et hatareunsust
ainabl
eand
whichpoll
uteourenvir
onmentwithexcessi
veuseofferti
li
zer
sandpest i
cides.

Wor
ldf
oodpr
obl
ems
I
nmanydev el opingcount ri
eswher epopul ati
onsar eexpandingrapi dly,thepr oductionoff oodi sunabl et okeep
pacewi t
hthegr owi ngdemand.64oft he105dev elopi
ngcount ri
esi sl
aggi ngbehi ndt heirpopul at
iongr owt h
l
evels.Thesecount r
iesar eunabl et oproducemor efood,ordonothav et hefinancial meanst oi mpor tit.Today
thewor ldisseei ngachangi ngt r
endi ndi et ar
yhabits.Aslivi
ngst andar dsar eimpr ov i
ng, peopl eareeat ingmor e
non-vegetarianf ood.Aspeopl echangef rom eat i
nggr aintomeat ,t hewor l
d’sdemandf orf eedf orli
vest ock
basedonagr i
cul tureincreasesaswel l.
I
tisest imatedt hat18mi ll
ionPeopl ewor ldwide,mostofwhom ar echi l
dr en,dieeachy earduet ost arvationor
malnut ri
ti
on, andmanyot herssuf ferav arietyofdietarydefi
ciencies.
Foodcanbei nnov ati
velypr oducedi fwebr eakoutoft hecurrentagr i
culturalpatterns.Thi si ncl
udeswor kingon
newav enuest opr oducef ood, suchasusi ngf or
est sforthei
rmul tiplenon- woodf or estpr oduct s,whichcanbe
usedf orfoodi fhar vest
edsust ainably.Thi sincl
udesf rui
t,mushrooms, sap,gum, etc.
Changescausedbyagr
icul
tur
eov
ergr
azi
ng
Oncedestr
oyedtakethousandsofy ear
storegr
owint
ofull
ydevel
opednat
uralecosy
stemswiththei
rfull
complementofspeci
es.Forests,
grassl
andsandwetl
andshavebeenconv
ertedtoagri
cul
tur
aluse,whichhasl
ed
toser
iousecol
ogical
questions.
Ef
fect
sofmoder
nagr
icul
tur
e
Modernagricult
ural
pr acticeshav eresult
edinaseri
ousl
ossofgeneticvar
iabi
lit
yofcr ops.India’
sdist
inct
ive
tr
adi
ti
onalvarieti
esofr i
ceal onearesaidtohavenumberedbet
ween30and50t housand.
Poorenvi
ronment alagriculturalpr
acti
cessuchasslashandburn,shi
ft
ingcult
ivati
on,or‘rab’(Woodash)
cul
ti
vati
ondegr adeforests.Gl obal
ly5t o7mill
i
onhectar
esoffarmlandisdegradedeachy ear.Lossofnutr
ient
s
andov er
useofagr i
cult
uralchemicalsaremajorf
actorsinlanddegr
adati
on.Wat erscarcit
yisanimport
ant
aspectofpooragricul
turalout
puts.
Fi
shi sanimportantprotei
nfoodi nmanypar t
softhewor l
d.Modernfi
shingtechnologiesusi
ngmechanized
tr
awlersandsmal lmeshednet sleaddirect
lyt
ooverexpl
oitati
on,
whichisnotsustainable.
Moder nagri
cult
urecreatesav ar
ietyofenvi
ronmentalpr
oblems,whichult
imatel
yleadt othefor
mationof
unproducti
veland.
Fer
ti
li
zer
-pest
ici
depr
obl
ems
Pol
lut
eourenvironmentwithex cessiveuseoffert
il
izer
sandpesti
cides.useofart
if
ici
alf
ert
il
izer
seventual
lyrui
n
soi
lqual
it
y,andpesti
cides,whichar eahealthhazardforhumansaswel lasdest
royi
ngcomponentsvit
al t
othe
l
ong-t
erm heal
thofagricul
tur
al ecosystems.Whichhav el
ongter
mi ll
effect
sonhumanwel l
being.
Wat
erl
oggi
ng,
sal
i
nit
y
Sali
nizati
onandwaterlogginghasaff
ectedalargeamountofagr
icul
tur
all
andworldwi
de.Overir
rigat
ing
far
mlandl eadst
osali
nizati
on,asevaporat
ionofwaterbr
ingst
hesalt
stothesurf
aceofthesoil
onwhi chcr
ops
cannotgrow.Overi
rri
gationalsocr
eateswaterl
oggingofthet
opsoil
sothatcr
oprootsareaf
fectedandt hecr
op
deter
iorates.
.
Casest
udi
es
I
sraelbeganusingdri
pir
ri
gationsy
stemsasiti
sshor
tofwater.Wit
ht hi
stechni
que,farmer
shavebeenableto
i
mpr ovetheeff
ici
encyofi
rr
igati
onby95%.Overa20-
yearper
iod,I
srael’
sfoodproducti
ondoubl
edwithoutan
i
ncreaseintheuseofwaterforagr
icul
tur
e.

5.Ener
gyr
esour
ces:
Thesuni st
hepri
maryener
gysourceinourli
ves.Weusei tdi
rect
lyf
ori
tswar
mthandt
hroughv
ari
ousnat
ural
processest
hatpr
ovi
deuswi t
hfood,water
,fuelandshel
ter.
Gr
owi
ngener
gyneeds
Energyhasal way sbeencl oselylinkedt oman’ seconomi cgrowthanddev elopment .Presentstr
at egiesfor
developmentt hathav ef ocusedonr apideconomi cgr owthhav eusedener gyutil
izati
onasani ndexofeconomi c
development .Electricit
yi satpr esentt hefastestgrowi ngform ofend-useener gywor l
dwide.Weuseener gyfor
househol duse, agri
cul t
ur e,product ionofindustrialgoodsandf orrunningt r
anspor t
.Moder nagricultur
euses
chemi calfer
tili
zers,whi chr equirel argeamount sofener gydur i
ngtheirmanuf acture.I
ndustryyusesener gyto
Powermanuf acturi
nguni tsandt heur bancompl exest hatsupporti
t.Energy-demandi ngroadsandr ail
waylines
arebui l
ttotranspor tproduct sf rom pl acetoplaceandt oreachrawmat er
ialsinmi nesandf or
est s.
Amongt hecommer cialener gysour cesusedi nIndia,coalisapredomi nantsourceaccount ingfor55%ofener gy
consumpt ionest imat edi n2001, foll
owedbyoi l(31%) ,natural
gas(8%) ,hydro(5%)andnucl ear(1%) .
Renewabl
eandnon-
renewabl
eener
gyr
esour
ces
Ty pesofener gy :Ther earet hreemai nt ypesofener gy;t
hosecl assifi
edasnon- renewabl e;renewabl e;andnuclear
ener gy.
Non- renewabl eener gy
Non- Renewabl eEner gySour ces: Theseconsi stoft hemi neral basedhy dr
ocar bonf uelscoal ,oil
andnat ur
algas,
thatwer eformedf r
om anci entpr ehistori
cf orests.
Topr oduceelect r
icit
yf rom non- renewabl eresour cesthemat erialmustbei gni ted.Thef uel i
splacedi nawel l
cont ainedareaandsetonf ire.Theheatgener at
edt ur
nswat ert osteam, whi chmov esthroughpi pes,toturnthe
bladesofat urbine.Thi sconv ert
smagnet ism intoelectr
icit
y
Renewabl eener gy
Renewabl eener gysy stemsuser esour cest hatar econstantlyrepl acedandar eusual l
ylesspol l
uting.Examples
i
ncl udehy dropower ,sol ar
,wi nd, andgeot hermal (energyfrom t heheati nsi
det heear t
h).Weal sogetr enewable
ener gyf r
om bur ningt r
eesandev engar bageasf uelandpr ocessi ngot herplant sint
obi ofuels.
Hy droelectri
cPower
Thi suseswat erflowingdownanat uralgradientt oturnturbinest ogener ateel ectri
cit
yknownas‘ hy dr
oelectr
ic
power ’byconst r
uctingdamsacr ossr ivers.
Drawbacks: Silti
ngoft her eser voirs
Wat erisr equiredf ormanyot herpur posesbesi despowergener ation.
Reset tl
ementofdi spl acedper sonsi sapr oblem

Sol
arener
gy:
I
nonehour,t
hesunpour
sasmuchener
gyont
otheear
thasweusei
nawhol
eyear
.Todaywehav
edev
eloped
sev eral met hodsofcol l
ect i
ngt hisener gyf orheat ingwat erandgener atingel ectricity.
 Sol arheat ingf orhomes: Moder nhousi ngt hatusesai rcondi tioningand/orheat ingar eext remel y
ener gydependant .
 Sol arwat erheat ing: Mostsol arwat er-heat i
ngsy st emshav et womai npar t
s: t
hesol arcol lect orandt he
stor aget ank.
 Sol arcooker s:
 Sol ar -
Power edDev ices:
 Phot ov oltaicener gy:Thesol art echnol ogywhi chhast hegr eatestpot ent ial f
oruset hroughoutt hewor ld
ist hatofsol arphot ov olt
aiccel l
swhi chdi rectlypr oduceel ect ri
cityfrom sunl i
ghtusi ngphot ov olt
aic( PV)
(alsocal ledsol ar)cel l
s.PVcel l
sar ecommonl yusedt odayi ncal culatorsandwat ches.
 Sol art her mal electricpower : Sol arradi ationcanpr oducehi ght emper atures, whichcangener at e
elect ricity.
 Sol art her mal systemschangesunl i
ghti ntoel ectrici
ty,byf ocusi ngsunl ightt oboi lwat ertomakest eam.
Biomassener gy :
Whenal ogi sbur nedwear eusi ngbi omassener gy .Becausepl antsandt reesdependonsunl i
ghtt ogr ow,
biomassener gyi saf orm ofst oredsol arener gy .Al thoughwoodi sthel argestsour ceofbi omassener gy ,weal so
useagr i
cult ural wast e, sugar canewast es, andot herf arm by -
product st omakeener gy.
Biogas:
Biogasi spr oducedf rom pl antmat eri
al andani mal wast e, garbage, wast ef rom househol dsandsomet y pesof
i
ndust rialwast es, suchasf i
shpr ocessi ng, dairies, andsewaget reatmentpl ants.Ther esiduei susedasan
agr i
cul tural fertil
izer.
Wi ndPower :
Wi ndwast heear li
estener gysour ceusedf ort ranspor tati
onbysai l
ingshi ps.Thepoweri nwi ndi saf unct i
onof
thewi ndspeedandt her eforet heav eragewi ndspeedofanar eaisani mpor tantdet erminantofeconomi cally
feasi blepower .Wi ndspeedi ncreaseswi thhei ght .
Env ironment alImpact s; Thepr i
ncipal pr oblemsar ebi rdki l
ls,noise, effectonTVr ecept i
on, andaest het ic
object ionst ot hesheernumberofwi ndt urbinest hatar er equiredt omeetel ectri
ci tyneeds.
Tidal andWav ePower :Theear th’ssur facei s70%wat er.Bywar mi ngt hewat er,thesun, creat esoceancur rents
andwi ndt hatpr oduceswav es.Ti dalpoweri st appedbypl acingabar rageacr ossanest uaryandf or cingt het idal
fl
owt opasst hrought urbines.
Geot her mal ener gy :ist heener gyst oredwi thint heear th.Geot hermal ener gyst artswi t
hhot , mol tenr ock( called
magma)deepi nsidet heear thwhi chsur f
acesatsomepar tsoftheear th’scr ust.Theheatr isingf rom t hemagma
war msunder gr oundpool sofwat erknownasgeot hermal reservoirs.
Nucl earPower :
Nucl earf i
ssi oni st hepr i
nciple.Spl i
tti
ngofnucl eusofaur anium at om bybombar di ngitwi thneut rons.Ast he
nucl eusspl it,somemasswasconv ertedt oener gy .Thedi sposal ofnucl earwast ei sbecomi ngani ncr easi ngly
seriousi ssue.
Useofal
ter
nat
eener
gyr
esour
ces
Ashi fttoalter
nateenergyuseandr enewableener gysourcest hatareusedjudiciousl
yandequi t
ablywoul dbri
ng
aboutenv ir
onmentallyf
ri
endl
yandsust ai
nablelifestyl
es.Atpresentwear eunder -ut
il
izi
ngournat uralgas
resour ces.Wecoulddev el
opthousandsofmi ni damst ogener ateelect
ri
cit
y.Indiawastesgreatamount sof
electri
cityduri
ngtransmissi
on.Fuelwoodpl antationsneedtobeenhancedandmanagementt hroughJoi nt
Forestr yManagement( JFM)hasagr eatpromisef ort
hefuture.Energyeffi
cientcookingst
ov esor‘ chul
as’hel
p
themov ementofairthr
oughitsothatthewoodi sburntmor eef f
ici
entl
y.Smal l
hy dr
ogenat
ionuni tsare
env i
ronmentf ri
endly.Bi
ogasdigest
ersconv er
tani mal wast
eoragr i
cult
uralr
esiduesintogas.

6.Landr
esour
ces:

Landasar
esour
ce
Landasar esource: Landf
ormssuchashil
ls,val
l
eys,pl
ains,r
iverbasi
nsandwet landsi
ncludedi ff
erentresource
generati
ngar easthatt hepeopl
eli
vi
nginthem dependon.Manyt r
adit
ionalfarmingsoci
etieshadway sof
preservi
ngar easfrom whichtheyusedr
esources.I
flandisuti
lizedcareful
l
yi tcanbeconsi deredar enewable
resource.Landisal soconvert
edint
oanon- r
enewableresour
cewhenhi ghl
yt oxi
cindust
ri
al andnuclearwastes
aredumpedoni t.
Landdegr
adat
ion
Far
mlandi
sundert
hreatduet
omor
eandmor
eint
enseut
il
isat
ion.Whensoi
li
susedmor
eint
ensi
vel
ybyf
armi
ng,
i
tiserodedmorerapidl
ybywindandrain.Overi
rr
igat
ingfar
ml andleadstosalini
zati
on,
asev aporat
ionofwat
er
bri
ngsthesalt
stothesurf
aceofthesoilonwhichcropscannotgrow.Ov erir
ri
gational
socreateswaterl
oggi
ng
ofthetopsoi
lsothatcr
oprootsar
eaf f
ectedandthecropdeterior
ates.Theuseofmor eandmor echemical
fer
til
i
zerspoi
sonsthesoil
sothateventual
lyt
helandbecomesunpr oduct
ive.
Maninducedl
andsl
i
des
Soi
lerosi
on
Thecharacter
ist
icsofnaturalecosy st
emssuchasf or
estsandgr asslandsdependont het ypeofsoi
l
.The
misuseofanecosy st
em leadst olossofv al
uablesoilt
hrougherosionbyt hemonsoonr ai
nsand,toasmal l
er
ext
ent,bywind.Therootsoft hetreesintheforestholdthesoi
l.Deforestati
onthusleadst orapi
dsoilerosi
on.
Theprocessismor eevi
dentinar easwher edeforest
ationhasl
edt oer osi
ononst eephillsl
opesasint he
HimalayasandintheWest ernGhat s.Theseareasarecalled‘
ecologicall
ysensi
tiveareas’orESAs.
Deser
ti
fi
cat
ion.
Modul
eII
Ecosy
stems
Defi
nit
ion:
Theliv
ingcommunityofpl
antsandanimal
sinanyareat
ogetherwi
tht
henon-
li
vi
ngcomponentsofthe
envi
ronmentsuchassoil
,ai
randwater,
consti
tut
etheecosy
stem.Ecosyst
emsaredi
vi
dedint
oter
rest
ri
alorl
and
basedecosyst
ems,andaquati
cecosyst
emsinwat er
.
Conceptofanecosy
stem
Naturalecosystemsi ncl
udet hef orest
s,grasslands,deserts,andaquat i
cecosy stemssuchasponds,r iv er
s,
l
akes, andthesea.Manmodi f
iedecosystemsincludeagr i
culturall
andandur banori ndust
ri
all
andusepatterns.
Theecosy stem functi
onsthroughsev eralbi
ogeochemi calcyclesandenergyt r
ansfermechanisms.Ecosy
st ems
arehowev erfr
equent l
ydisrupt
edbyhumanact ionswhichl eadt otheext
incti
onofspeci esofplant
sandanimal s
thatcanli
veonlyi nthedi
f f
erentnatural
ecosystems.

St
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionofanecosy
stem
Str
uct ural aspect s
Component sthatmakeupt hest r
uct
uralaspect sofanecosy stem i
nclude:
1)Inor ganicaspect s–C, N, CO2,H2O.
2)Organi ccompounds–Pr otei
n,Carbohydrates,andLipids–l i
nkabioti
ctobiot
icaspect
s.
3)Climat icr egimes–Temper atur
e,Moisture,Light&Topogr aphy.
4)Producer s–Pl ant s.
5)Macr oconsumer s–Phagot r
ophs–Lar geani mals.
6)Mi croconsumer s–Sapr otr
ophs,absorbers–f ungi.
Functional aspects
1)Ener gycy cles.
2)Foodchai ns.
3)Div ersity-i
nterl
inkagesbet weenorganisms.
4)Nut rientcy cles-biogeochemicalcycl
es.
5)Evol ution.
Eachecosy stem hasanon- l
ivi
ngandal ivi
ngpar tthatareli
nkedt oeachother
.
Pr
oducer
s
Plantsaret
he‘producer
s’i
ntheecosyst
em astheymanuf
act
urethei
rfoodbyusi
ngenergyfr
om thesun.I
nthe
forestt
heseform communit
iesofpl
antli
fe.I
ntheseat
hesei
ncludet
inyalgal
for
mstolargeseaweed.
Consumer
s
Theherbiv
orousani
mal sarepri
maryconsumer sastheyli
veontheproducers.Theher bi
vorousanimal
sincl
ude
forexamplehar
e,deerandelephant
st hatl
iveonplantl
if
e.Car
nivor
ousanimal s,orsecondaryconsumers,
which
l
iveonherbiv
orousanimals.I
nourforests,
thecarniv
orousani
malsareti
gers,leopards,j
ackals,
foxesandsmall
wildcat
s.
Decomposer
s
Decomposersordetri
vor
esar eagroupoforganismsconsi
sti
ngofsmal l
animalslikeworms, i
nsects,
bacteri
a
andfungi
,whichbreakdowndeador gani
cmat eri
ali
ntosmall
erpar
ticl
esandf i
nall
yintosimplersubst
ancesthat
areusedbyplant
sasnut r
it
ion.Decomposit
ionthusisavi
talf
uncti
oninnature,aswithoutthi
s,allt
henutr
ients
wouldbeti
edupi ndeadmat terandnonewl i
fecoul
dbeproduced.
Ener
gyf
lowi
ntheecosy
stem
Ever yecosy st em hassev eralint errel
atedmechani smst hataf fecthumanl ife.Thesear et hewat ercycle,the
carboncy cle,t heoxy gency cle, theni tr
ogency cleandt heener gycycle.
TheWat erCy cl e
Thewat erist ranspi r
edf rom thel eav esaswat erv apourandr etur
nedt otheat mospher e.Asi tislighterthanai r
,
wat ervapourr i
sesandf ormscl ouds.Wi ndsbl owt hecl oudsf orlongdi st
ancesandwhent hecl oudsr i
sehi gher ,
thev apourcondensesandchangesi nt
odr opl ets, whi chf allont helandasr ai n.
TheCar boncy cl
e
Thecar bon, whi choccur sinor gani ccompounds, i
si ncl udedi nbotht heabi ot icandbi oticpar tsoft heecosy stem.
Inthepr esenceofsunl ight,plant stakeupcar bondi oxi def rom t heat mospher ethrought heirleav es.Thepl ants
combi necar bondi oxi dewi thwat er,whichi sabsor bedbyt hei rrootsf rom thesoi l
.Inthepr esenceofsunl ight
theyar eabl et of or m car bohy dr atest hatcont ai ncar bon.Thi spr ocessi sknownasphot osynt hesis.Plantsuse
thi
scompl exmechani sm f ort hei rgrowt handdev elopment .Int hi
spr ocess, plantsrel
easeoxy geni ntothe
atmospher eonwhi chani mal sdependf ort heirr espi ration.Al l ofmanki ndthusdependsont heoxy gengener ated
throught hiscy cle.
TheOxy genCy cle
Oxy geni stakenupbypl antsandani mal sf rom t heai rdur ingr espiration.Thepl antsretur noxy gent ot he
atmospher edur ingphot osynthesi s.Thislinkst heOxy genCy cl etotheCar bonCy cl
e.
TheNi t
rogenCy cle
Whenani mal sdef ecat e,thiswast emat eri
al i
sbr okendownbywor msandi nsect smost lybeet l
esandant s.
Thesesmal l‘soil animal s’breakt hewast emat er i
al intosmal lerbit
sonwhi chmi croscopi cbact eriaandf ungi can
act.Thismat er i
al i
st husbr okendownf urtheri nt onut ri
ent st hatplant scanabsor bandusef ort heirgrowth.Thus
nutrientsar er ecy cledbackf rom ani malst opl ant s.Si mi larlythebodi esofdeadani mal sar eal sobr okendown
i
ntonut rient st hatar eusedbyt hepl antsfort hei rgr owt h.Thust heni trogency cleonwhi chli
f eisdependenti s
compl eted.
TheEner gyCy cle
Theener gycy cleisbasedont hef lowofener gyt hrought heecosy stem.
Ecol
ogi
cal
successi
on
Ecologi
cal successi
onisapr ocessthroughwhi checosyst
emst endtochangeoveraperi
odoftime.Successi
on
canber elatedtoseasonalenvir
onment alchanges,whichcreat
echangesinthecommunityofplant
sand
ani
mal sli
v i
ngintheecosystem.Ot hersuccessionalevent
smayt akemuchlongerper
iodsofti
meext endi
ngto
severaldecades.
Foodchai
ns
Energymustpassfr
om onel i
vi
ngorganism toanotherbyeat
ingorbei
ngeaten.E.
g.whenherbi
vor
ousani
mal s
feedonpl
ants,ener
gyistransf
err
edfrom plantstoanimal
s.Eachchai
nusuall
yhasonlyfourt
ofi
vesuchl
inks.
Thusthedi
ffer
entplantandanimalspeciesareli
nkedtooneanothert
hroughfoodchai
ns.
Foodwebs
Eachplantorani
malcanbelinkedt
osev
eral
otherpl
ant
sorani
mal
sthr
oughmanydi
ff
erentl
i
nkages,
thesei
nter
-
l
inkedchainscanbedepi
ctedasacomplexf
oodweb.
Ecol
ogi
cal
pyr
ami
ds
Theproducer
s,ut
il
izeenergydir
ectl
yfrom sunl
i
ghtandconver
titi
ntomatter.Alar
genumberoft heseorgani
sms
for
mt hemostbasic,orf
ir
st‘t
rophi
clevel
’ofthefoodpyrami
d.Theherbi
vorousanimalsthateatpl
antsareatthe
secondtr
ophicl
evelandarecall
edprimaryconsumers.Thepr
edator
sthatfeedont hem f
ormt het
hir
dtrophi
c
l
evelandareknownassecondar yconsumers.Onlyafewani
malsformthethirdtr
ophicl
evelconsi
sti
ngof
carni
vor
esattheapexofthefood
Int
roducti
on,
Types,
Char
act
eri
sti
csf
eat
ures,
str
uct
ureandf
unct
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
ecosystem
Terrestr
ial
Ecosy st
ems Aquati
cEcosyst
ems
Forest Pond
Grassland Lake
Semi -
ari
dar eas Wetl
and
Deserts Riv
er
Mount ai
ns Del
ta
I
slands Mari
ne
Ecosy
stem goodsandser
vices
Dir
ectValues:
Theseareresour
cest
hatpeopl
edependupondi
rect
lyandar
eeasyt
oquant
if
yineconomi
cter
ms.
ConsumptiveUseValue-Non-
marketval
ueoffr
uit
,fodder
,fi
rewood,et
c.thatar
eusedbypeoplewhocol
lect
them f
rom t
heirsur
rounds.
Product
iveUseValue–Commer ci
alval
ueofti
mber,fi
sh,medici
nalpl
ants,et
c.t
hatpeopl
ecol
lectf
orsal
e.

I
ndi r
ectValues:
Thesear eusesthatdonothaveeasyway stoquantifythem intermsofacl ear
lydef
inabl
epri
ce.
Non- consumpti
veusev alue–sci
enti
fi
cresearch,bi
rd-watchi
ng, ecot
ouri
sm, et
c.
Opt i
onv al
ue-maintaini
ngopti
onsforthefut
ure,sothatbypr eservi
ngthem onecouldreapeconomi
cbenef
it
sin
thefuture.
Existenceval
ue-ethicalandemoti
onalaspectsoftheexistenceofwi l
dli
feandnatur
e.

Ter
rest
ri
alecosy
stems
1.For
estecosy
stem
Forestsareformedbyacommuni tyofplantswhi chispr edominantlystr
uctur
all
ydefi
nedbyi
tstrees,shr
ubs,
cl
imber sandgr oundcov er.
ForesttypesinI ndi a:Thef or esttypedependsupont heabi ot
icfactorssuchasclimat
eandsoil
char act
eri
sti
csof
aregion.
ForestsinIndiacanbebr oadl ydividedinto
Coniferousforest s
 Gr owi nt heHi mal ay anmount ainregion
 Wher et het emper aturesar elow.
 Tal lstat elytreeswi thneedl el
ikeleaves
 Hav econesi nsteadofseedsandar ecalledgy mnosper ms.
Broadleavedfor est s.Broadl eav edforestshav elargeleavesofv ari
ousshapes.
Evergreenforest s, deciduousf orests,t
hornf orest
s,andmangr ovef or
ests.

Evergreenfor est s
 Gr owi nt hehi ghr ainfall areasoft heWest ernGhat s,NorthEast ernIndia
 Ev ergr eenpl antsshedaf ewoft heirl eavest hroughoutt hey ear.
 Anev er gr eenf orestt husl ooksgr eent hroughoutt heyear .
 Thef or esti srichi nor chidsandf erns.
 I smostr ichini nsectl if
e.
Deciduousf or est s
 Moder ateamountofseasonal rainf all
 Mostoft hef orest si nwhi chTeakt reesgr owar eoft histype.
Thornf or
ests
 Foundi nt hesemi -ar i
dr egi onsofI ndi a.
 Thet rees, whichar espar selydist ribut ed,ar esurroundedbyopengr assyar
eas.
 Thor nypl antsar ecal l
edxer ophy ticspeci esandar eablet oconser v
ewat er
.
 Someoft heset r
eeshav esmal lleav es,whi leotherspeci eshav ethick,
waxyleav
est
oreducewat
er
l
ossesdur i
ngt ranspi ration.
Mangr ovefor est s
 Gr owal ongt hecoastespeci al
lyi nt her iv
erdel tas.
 Thesepl antsar eabl et ogr owi nami xofsal ineandf reshwat er
.
 Themangr ov et r
eeshav ebr eathi ngr oot st hatemer gef r
om t hemudbanks.
Dir
ectusesoff or estpr oduct s
 Fr uits–mango, jamun, awl a
 Root s–Di oscor ia
 Medi ci ne–Gl or i
osa, Foxgl ove
 Fuel wood–manyspeci esoft reesandshr ubs
 Smal ltimberf orbui ldinghut sandhouses
 Woodf orf armi mpl ement s
 Bambooandcanef orbasket s
 Gr assf orgr azingandst al lfeedingl ivestock
I
ndirectusesoff orestpr oduct s
 Bui ldingmat erialf orconst ructionandf urniturefortheur bansect or
  Medici
nalproduct
scol l
ectedandprocessedintodrugs
 Gumsandr esinsprocessedintoavari
etyofproducts
 Rawmat er
ialfori
ndustri
alproduct
sandchemi cals
 Paperf
rom bambooandsof twoods

Threat
s:Asf orestsgrowv eryslowl
y,wecannotusemor eresour
cest hantheycanproduceduri
ngagr owi
ng
season.Ift
imberi sfell
edbey ondacert
ainl
imitt
heforestcannotregenerate.For
estsar
eshri
nkingasourneed
foragr
icult
ural l
andincreases.
Conservati
on: useit
sr esourcescar
eful
l
y.Thi
scanbedonebyusi ngal t
ernatesour
cesofenergyinsteadof
fuel
wood.Af forest
ationneedst obedoneconti
nuousl
yfrom whichfuelwoodandt imbercanbejudiciousl
yused.
2.Gr
assl
andecosy
stems
Grasslandscov erar easwher er ainf al
l i
susual lylowand/ ort hesoildept handqual ityi spoor .
GrasslandTy pesi nI ndia:
Himalayanpast ur ebel t
 Ext endsupt othesnowl ine.
 Hav eal ar gev ar i
et yofgr assesandher bs.
 Thousandsofcol our ful flower ingpl ant s.
 Ther e
 Ar eal soal argenumberofmedi cinal pl
ant s.
Terai
 Consi stsofpat chesoft allgrassl andsi nt ersper sedwi thaSal forestecosy stem.
 gr owst oahei ghtofaboutf i
v emet ers
 Locat edi nt hel ow- ly i
ngwat erloggedar eas.
 TheTer ai alsoi ncludesmar shesi nl ow- l
y ingdepr essions.
Semi-ari
dpl ai nsofWest ernI ndi a, Central Indiaandt heDeccan
 Cov er edbygr assl andt ractswi thpat chesoft hornf orest.
 Sev er al mammal ssuchast hewol f,thebl ackbuck, t
hechi nkaraadapt edt ot hesear idconditi
ons.
Uses:
 Gr assl andsar et hegr azi ngar easofmanyr ur alcommuni ti
es.
 Far mer swhokeepcat tleorgoat s, arehi ghl ydependentongr asslands.
 Gr assi sal sousedt ot hat chhousesandf ar m sheds.
 Thet hor nybushesandbr anchesoft hef ewt reest hatareseeni ngr asslandsar eusedasamaj or
sour ceoff uelwood.
 Gr assl andshav edi v er sespeci esofi nsect st hatpol li
natecr ops.
 Ther ear eal sopr edat orsoft hesei nsect ssuchast hesmal lmammal slikeshr ews, r
eptil
esli
kel izards
Threats:
 Ov er ut ili
zat ionandchangesi nl anduseoft he‘ commongr azinglands’ ofrur alcommuni ti
eshasl eadto
theirdegr adat ion.
 Conv er sionofgr assl andsi ntoi rri
gat edf ar ml ands.
 Af tercont i
nuousi rrigat ionsuchl andbecomessal ineandusel essi naf ewy ear s.
 Manyoft heser esi dual gr asslandt ract shav ebeenconv ertedintoindust rial areas.
 Changi ngt hegr assl andst oot her
 For msofl andusesuchasagr iculture, treepl antati
onsandi ndust r
iali
sat i
onf ormsaser i
oust hreatto
thishi ghl ypr oduct iv eecosy stem.
Conser v
ation:
 Gr assl andsshoul dnotbeov ergrazedandar easoft hegr asslandsshoul dbecl osedforgrazing.
 Apar toft hegr assl andi nanar eamustbecl osedev eryyearsot hatar otational grazingpatt
er nis
establ ished.
 Fi resmustbepr ev ent edandr api dlycont rol l
ed.
 Topr ot ectt hemostnat uralundi st urbedgr asslandecosy stems, Sanct uariesandNat ionalParksmust
becr eat ed.
3.Deser
tecosy
stem
 Deser
tandsemi-
ari
dlandsar
ehi
ghl
yspeci
ali
sedandsensi
ti
veecosy
stemst
hatar
eeasi
l
ydest
roy
edby
humanacti
vi
ti
es.
 Deser
tandsemi-
ari
dlandsar
ehi
ghl
yspeci
ali
sedandsensi
ti
veecosy
stemst
hatar
eeasi
l
ydest
roy
edby
humanacti
vi
ti
es.
  Theclimateint
hesev asttractsi
sextremel ydr
y .
 Therearealsocolddesertssuchasi nLadakh, whicharelocatedint hehighplateausoft heHi
mal
ayas.
 Themostt ypi
caldesertl
andscapet hatisseeni nRajasthanisintheTharDeser t
.
 Therearealsoareascover edwit
hspar segrassesandaf ewshrubs, whichgrowi fitrai
ns.
 I
nmostar easoft heThart herai
nfal
li
sscant yandspor adic.
 Desertandsemi-ari
dregionshav eanumberofhi ghlyspecial
i
zedi nsect
sandr epti
les.
 Therareanimalsincl
udet heIndi
anwol f,deser
tcat ,
anddeser tfox.
Uses:
 Usedf orcamel , cattl
eandgoatgr azingi nRaj asthanandGuj arat,andf orsheepgr azingintheDeccan
Plat
eau.
 Ar east hathav eal it
tlemoi sture,suchasal ongt hewat ercourses,hav ebeenusedf orgrowi ngcrops
suchasj owar ,andbaj ra.
 Canbeusedf orgenet icengi neeringanddev elopingar i
dlandcr opsf orthefuture.
Thr
eats:
 Sev eral t
ypesofdev elopmentst r
ategiesaswel lashumanpopul ati
ongr owthhav ebegunt oaffect
desertandsemi -
aridland.
 Conv ersi
onoft hesel andst hroughext ensi v eirri
gat i
onsy stemshaschangedsev eralofthenatural
characteri
sticsoft hisr egion.
 Thecanal waterev apor atesr apidlybr i
ngi ngt hesal t
stot hesurface.Ther egionbecomeshi ghl
y
unproduct i
veasi tbecomessal i
ne
 Thushumanact i
v i
ti
esdest royt henat uralnessoft hisuniqueecosy stem.
 Thespeci alspeci est hatev olv edhereov ermi ll
ionsofy earsmaysoonbecomeext inct.
Conserv
ati
on:
 Deser tecosystemsar eext remel ysensitiv e.
 Thei recological balancet hatf ormsahabi tatf ortheirplantsandani mal siseasil
ydi sturbed.
 Deser tpeoplehav etradi t
ionallyprotectedt hei rmeagr ewat erresources.
 Ther ei sashar pr educt ionint hehabi tatav ail
abl eforitsspeciali
sedspeci esbr i
ngingt hem tothev er
ge
ofext i
ncti
on.
 Weneedasust ainablef orm ofdev el
opmentt hatt akesthespeci alneedsoft hedeser ti
ntoaccount .
4.Aquat
icecosy
stems
Theaquat i
cecosystemsconstit
utethemar ineenvir
onmentsoftheseasandthefreshwatersyst
emsinlakes,
ri
vers,pondsandwet l
ands.Theseecosystemspr ovidehumanbeingswithawealt
hofnaturalr
esour
ces.Natur
al
aquati
csy st
emssuchasr i
ver
sandseasbr eakdownchemi cal
andor gani
cwastescreat
edbyman.Bey onda
cert
ainlimit
,pol
l
utiondestr
oysthisnatur
al funct
ion.

TypesofAquat icecosy st ems-basedont hesal i

nit
ylevels.
Fr
eshwat erecosy stems
1. Flowi ngwat er-r unningwat er
Streams-Somepl antsandani mal ssuchassnai l
sandot herbur rowi nganimalscanwi thstandtherapi
d
fl
owoft hehi l
l st r
eams.
River s-l
iv i
ngf or msar especi al
lyadapt edtodifferentr at
esoff l
ow.Thecommuni tyoff l
or aandfaunaof
ri
ver sdependsont heclarit
y ,f
lowandoxy gencont entaswel last henat ureoftheirbeds.
2. Stil
l wat er-wat erdoesnotf l
ow
Ponds- thesi mpl estaquat i
cecosy stem toobser ve,Thev egetationi nthewat erconsistsoff loat
ing
weedsandr oot edv eget at
ionont heper ipherywhi chgr owont hemuddyf l
oorunderwat erandemer ge
outoft hesur faceoft hewat er.
Wet lands-speci alecosy st
emsi nwhi chthewat erlev elfl
uctuatesdr amat i
call
yindi f
ferentseasons.
Lakes- Al akeecosy stem functionsl i
keagi antpermanentpond.Al argeamountofi tsplantmat eri
al
istheal gae, whi chder iv
esener gyf rom thesun.
Br
ackishwat er
1. Deltas-hav elesssal inewat er,arecov er
edbymangr ov eforests,thewor ld’
smostpr oduct i
ve
ecosy stems, l
ar gestmangr oveswampsar eintheSunder bansi nthedel taoftheGanges.
Marineecosy stems
1. Salinewat er-highl ysal i
ne
Coast al-canbesandy ,r
ocky ,shellcoveredormuddy .
DeepOcean
Shal l
ows
 Coralr
eef
s-v
eryr
ichi
nspeci
es,
aref
oundi
nonl
yaf
ewshal
l
owt
ropi
cal
seas,
AndamanandNi
cobar
i
slands

Uses:
 Cl eanwat ertodr i
nkandf orot herdomest icuses.
 Wat erisessent ialforagr iculture.
 Peopl ecat chfishandcr abs.Theyal socol lectedibleplants.Thisisusedl ocallyasfoodorforsal
ein
themar ket .
 Agr icultur eandi ndustr yar ehi ghlydependentonl argequant it
iesofwat er.
 Damsar ebui ltacrossr iverst ogener ateel ectr
ici
ty.
 Moder nmani mpoundswat eri ndamst obeabl etost oreitthroughoutthey ear.
Threat
s:
 Wat erpol lutionoccur sf rom sewageandpoor l
ymanagedsol i
dwast einur banar eas
 Sewagel eadst oapr ocesscal ledeut rophicat i
on,whichdest roysli
feint hewat erastheoxygencontent
i
ssev erelyr educed.Fi shandcr ustaceacannotbr eatheandar ekil
l
ed.
 I nrural areast heexcessi veuseoff ertil
iser scausesani ncreaseinnut r
ients,whichleadsto
eutrophi cat i
on.
 Cont ami nat i
onbyheav ymet alsandot hert oxicchemi calsaffectsthehealthofpeopl ewholivenear
thesear easast heydependont hi
swat er.
Conservation
 Forsust ainableuseofanaquat i
cecosy stem, waterpolluti
onmustbepr evented.
 Aquat icecosy stems, especi allywet lands, needpr otecti
onbyi ncl
udingthem inSanct uar
iesorNati
onal
Parksi nt hesamewayi nwhi chwepr otectnat uralforests.
Bi
odi
ver
sit
yandi
tsconsi
der
ati
on
Div
ersi
tyofl
i
vingcr
eat
uresf
ormsasuppor
tsy
stem whi
chhasbeenusedbyeachci
vi
li
zat
ionf
ori
tsgr
owt
hand
devel
opment.
I
ntr
oduct
ion
Biological
div
ersi
tydealswit
hthedegreeofnature’
svar
iet
yinthebiospher
e.Thisvari
etycanbeobservedat
threelevel
s;t
hegeneticvari
abi
l
itywi
thinaspecies,
thevar
iet
yofspecieswithi
nacommuni t
y,andthe
organisati
onofspeci
esi nanareai
ntodist
inct
ivepl
antandanimalcommuni ti
esconsti
tut
esecosystem di
ver
sit
y.
Defi
nit
ion:
Geneti
cdiver
sit
y
Eachmemberofanyani mal orplantspeci
esdif
ferswidel
yfrom otheri
ndi
v i
dual
sinit
sgenet i
cmakeupbecause
ofthelargenumberofcombinationspossibl
einthegenesthatgiv
eev er
yindivi
dual
specifi
ccharact
eri
sti
cs.Thi
s
geneticvar
iabi
l
ityi
sessent
ialforahealthybr
eedingpopul
ationofaspecies.Thediv
ersit
yinwildspeci
esforms
the‘genepool’
from whi
chourcr opsanddomesticanimalshavebeendev el
opedoverthousandsofyears.
Speci
esdi
ver
sit
y
Thenumberofspeciesofplantsandanimal
sthatar
epr esenti
nar egionconstit
utesi t
sspeciesdiversit
y.This
div
ersi
tyi
sseenbothinnaturalecosyst
emsandinagri
cultural
ecosy stems.Naturalundist
urbedtropicalforests
haveamuchgr eat
erspeci
esr i
chness.1.
8mill
i
onSpeciesonear t
h.Ar easthatarer i
chinspeciesdiversi
tyar e
call
ed‘
hotspot
s’ofdiv
ersi
ty.I
ndiaisamongtheworl
d’s15nat i
onst hatareexceptionall
yri
chinspeci esdiversi
ty.
Ecosy
stem di
ver
sit
y
Therearealargevari
etyofdiff
erentecosystemsonear t
h,whichhav etheirowncomplementofdisti
ncti
veinter
l
inkedspeciesbasedont hediff
erencesinthehabit
at.Ecosystem di
versi
tycanbedescr i
bedforaspecifi
c
geographi
calregi
on,orapolit
icalenti
tysuchasacount ry,
aSt at
eorat aluka.Di
sti
ncti
veecosyst
emsi ncl
ude
l
andscapessuchasf orests,
grasslands,deser
ts,
mount ai
ns,etc.
,aswel lasaquati
cecosystemssuchasr iv
er s,
l
akes,andthesea.Anecosy stem isref
erredtoas‘natur
al’whenitisrel
ativel
yundi
stur
bedbyhumanact i
vit
ies,or
‘
modi f
ied’
wheni ti
schangedt oothertypesofuses,suchasf armlandorur banar
eas.Indi
aisexcept
ionall
yrich
i
nitsecosystem di
versi
ty.
Bi
o-geogr
aphi
cal
classi
fi
cat
ionofI
ndi
a
Ourcount r
ycanbeconv enient
lydiv
idedinto10majorregi
ons,basedonthegeography,
climateandpatt
ernof
vegetat
ionseenandt hecommuni ti
esofmammal s,
birds,
repti
les,
Amphibi
a,i
nsectsandot heri
nver
tebr
atest
hat
l
iveinthem.
I
ndia’
sBi ogeographicZones
1.Thecol dmount ainoussnowcov eredTransHi
mal ay
anr egi
onofLadakh.
2.TheHi malayanr angesandv al
l
eysofKashmi r
,Himachal Pr
adesh,Ut
tar
akhand,Assam andother
 NorthEaster nStat
es.
3.TheTerai,thelowlandwher etheHimalayanRiversfl
owintothepl
ains.
4.TheGanget icandBr ahmaput r
aplains.
5.TheTharDeser tofRaj asthan.
6.Thesemi-ar i
dgrasslandr egionoftheDeccanpl at
eauGujarat
,Maharashtr
a,Andhr
aPradesh,
Kar
nat
aka
andTamil Nadu.
7.TheNortheastSt atesofIndia,
8.TheWest ernGhat sinMahar ashtr
a,Karnat
akaandKer al
a.
9.TheAndamanandNi cobarIslands.
10.Thelongwest ernandeast erncoastalbel
twit
hsandybeaches,forestsandmangrov
es.
Val
ueofbi
odi
ver
sit
y
Env i
ronment al ser v
icesf r
om speci esandecosy stemsar eessentialatgl obal,r
egionalandl ocallevels.Thewor ld
nowacknowl edgest hatthelossofbi odiversitycont r
ibut
est oglobal cli
mat i
cchanges.Thel ossoff orestcover,
coupledwi t
ht hei ncreasingr eleaseofcar bondi oxideandot hergasest hroughindustri
alizati
oncont ributestothe
‘
greenhouseef fect’
.Gl obalwar mi ngismel tingicecaps, resulti
nginar i
sei ntheseal evel whichwillsubmer ge
thelowl y
ingar easi nthewor ld.Itiscausingmaj orat mospher i
cchanges, leadi
ngt oincreasedt emper atures,
seriousdr ought sinsomear easandunexpect edfloodsinot herareas.
Biologicaldiversityisal soessent ialforpreser vi
ngecol ogicalprocesses, suchasf ixi
ngandr ecycli
ngofnut ri
ent
s,
soilformat i
on, circulati
onandcl eansi ngofai randwat er
,globalli
fesuppor t(pl
antsabsor bCO2, gi
veoutO2) ,
mai ntaini
ngt hewat erbalancewi thinecosy stems, wat er
shedpr otection,mai nt
ainingstream andr i
v erflows
throughoutt hey ear,erosioncont rolandl ocal fl
oodr eduction.
Consumpt
iveusev
alue
Thedirectuti
l
isati
onoftimber
,food,
fuel
wood,f
odderbylocalcommunit
ies.Thebiodiv
ersi
tyhel
dinthe
ecosystem pr
ovidesfor
estdwell
erswit
hall
thei
rdai
lyneeds,f
ood,bui
l
dingmat er
ial
,fodder
,medici
nesanda
vari
etyofotherproduct
s.
Pr
oduct
iveusev
alue
Market
ablegoods.
Tothepharmacist,bi
ologi
caldiv
ersit
yistherawmat eri
alf
rom whi
chnewdr ugscanbei denti
fi
edfrom plantor
ani
malproducts.Toindustr
ial
ist
s,biodi
versi
tyi
sarichstore-
housefr
om whichtodevelopnewpr oducts.Forthe
agr
icul
tur
alsci
entistt
hebiodiversi
tyint
hewi l
drel
ati
v esofcr
opplant
sisthebasisfordevelopi
ngbettercrops.
Soci
alv
alue
Apartfrom t
helocaluseorsal
eofpr oductsofbi
odiversi
tyther
eisthesoci
al aspecti
nwhichmoreandmor e
resour
cesar eusedbyaffl
uentsociet
ies.Thebi
odiversi
tyhastoagreatextentbeenpreser
vedbytr
aditi
onal
societ
iesthatval
ueditasaresourceandappreci
atedt hati
tsdepl
etionwouldbeagr eatl
osstot
heirsoci
ety
.
Et
hical
val
ue
Ethicalval
uesrel
atedtobiodi
versit
yconservat
ionar
ebasedont heimport
anceofprotect
ingal
lformsofli
fe.
Apar tf
rom theeconomicimportanceofconservi
ngbiodi
ver
sit
y,ther
earesever
alcul
tural
,moralandet
hical
valueswhichareassociat
edwi t
ht hesanct
it
yofallf
ormsoflif
e.
Aest
het
icv
alue
Knowledgeandanappreciat
ionoft
hepresenceofbi
odiver
sit
yfori
tsownsakei sanotherr
easontopreser
vei
t.
Quit
eapartfr
om kil
l
ingwil
dli
feforf
ood,
itisimpor
tantasatouri
stat
tract
ion.Bi
odiv
ersit
yisabeauti
fuland
wonderful
aspectofnat
ure.
Opt
ionv
alue
Keepi
ngfut
urepossi
bil
it
iesopenforthei
rusei
scal
l
edoptionv
alue.I
tisi
mpossibl
etopr
edictwhi
chofour
speci
esort
radi
ti
onalvar
ieti
esofcropsanddomest
icani
malswil
lbeofgreatusei
nthef
uture.
Bi
odi
ver
sit
yatGl
obal
,nat
ional
,andl
ocal
lev
el
 Ther ear eatpr esent1.8mi l
l
ionspeciesknownanddocument edbysci ent i
stsinthewor l
d.
 Mostoft hewor ld’
sbio-r
ichnati
onsar ei
ntheSouth,whi
char et hedev elopingnat i
ons.
 Themaj ori
tyoft hecountri
escapableofexploi
ti
ngbiodi
versit
yar eNor thernnat i
ons,intheeconomical
ly
dev elopedwor l
d.
 Thedev el
opedwor l
dhascomet osupporttheconceptt
hatbi odiversi
tymustbeconsi deredtobea
‘
global r esource’
.
 Thev alueofbi ologi
call
yrichnat
uralareasisnowbeingincreasinglyappr eciat
edasbei ngof
unimagi nablevalue.
 Internationalagr eementssuchast heWor l
dHerit
ageConv entionattemptt opr otectandsupportsuch
areas.
  I
ndiahasal sosignedtheConvent
ioni
ntheTradeofEndanger
edSpeci
es(CI
TES)whi
chisi
ntendedt
o
reducetheutil
i
zationofendanger
edpl
antsandanimalsbycontr
oll
i
ngt
radei
nthei
rpr
oduct
sandi nt
he
pettrade.
I
ndi
aasamegadi
ver
sit
ynat
ion
Geological event
sinthelandmassofI ndi
ahavepr ov
idedconditi
onsf orhi
ghlevel
sofbi ologi
cal di
versi
ty.Among
thebiologicall
yri
chnat i
ons, Indiastandsamongt hetop10or15count ri
esfori
tsgreatv ari
etyofplantsand
animals, manyofwhi char enotf oundelsewhere.I
ndiahas350di ff
erentmammal s.1,200speci esofbirds.I
tis
esti
mat edt hat18%ofI ndianpl ant
sar eendemictothecountryandf oundnowhereelsei nthewor l
d.Among
amphi biansfoundi nI
ndia, 62%ar euniquetothiscountr
y.Thereisalsoagreatdiver
sityofcul t
ivat
edcr opsand
breedsofdomest icli
vestock.
Hotspotofbi
odi
ver
sit
y
Theear th’
sbi odi
versi
tyisdistributedinspecif
icecologicalregi
ons.Thereareov erathousandmaj orecoregions
i
nt hewor ld.Ofthese,200ar esai dtobet heri
chest,rarestandmostdi st
inct
ivenaturalar
eas.Thesear easar e
referr
edt oast heGlobal200.I thasbeenest imatedthat50, 000endemicplantswhichcompr ise20%ofgl obal
plantli
fe,probablyoccurinonl y18‘ hotspots’i
nthewor l
d.Countri
eswhichhav ear el
ati
velyl
argeproportionof
thesehotspot sofdiver
sit
yar er efer
redtoas‘ megadi versi
tynati
ons’
.Ourgloballyacceptednati
onal‘hotspots’
areinthef orestsoftheNorth- Eastandt heWesternGhat s,whichareincl
udedi nthewor l
d’smostbior i
chareas.
TheAndamanandNi cobarIslandsar eextremelyri
chi nspeciesandmanysubspeci esofdiff
erentani
mal sand
birdshav eevolved.
Thr
eat
stobi
odi
ver
sit
y:
Manhasbegunt oover
useormi susemostofthesenat ur
al ecosyst
ems.Thecurrentdestr
ucti
onoft he
remaini
nglargeareasofwi
ldernesshabi
tat
s,especial
lyinthesuperdiv
ersetr
opicalforest
sandcor alr
eef
s,i
s
themostimpor t
antthr
eatworl
dwi det
obiodi
versi
ty.Largenumberofpeopl ewhosubsi stl
argel
yonf or
est
agri
cult
ure.Thesemethodsarenowunsustainabl
eandar eleadingt
oalossofforestbiodi
versi
ty.
Habi
tatl
oss
Duetothis‘unsustai
nable’resource-
use,oncepr oductiveforestsandgrasslandshavebeentur
nedintodeserts
andwastelandhav eincreasedallovert
hewor l
d.Mangr oveshavebeencl earedforf
uel
woodandpr awnf ar
ming,
whichhasledt oadecr easeinthehabitatessentialf
orbr eedingofmarinef i
sh.Wetl
andshavebeendr ai
nedto
i
ncreaseagricul
turall
and.Thel ossofwi l
dhabitatsduet orapidhumanpopul ati
ongrowthandshortt
er m
economicdev el
opmentar emajorcontri
butorstot herapidglobaldest
ruct i
onofbiodi
ver
sit
y.Habi
tatlossalso
resul
tsfr
om man’ sintr
oduct i
onofspeciesf r
om onear eaintoanother
,disturbi
ngthebal
anceinexi
sting
communi t
ies.
Poachi
ngofwi
l
dli
fe,
man,
andwi
l
dli
feconf
li
cts
Poaching:Specifi
ct hreatstocert
ainanimalsarerelatedt
olargeeconomicbenefi
ts.Ski
nandbonesf rom t
iger
s,
i
voryfrom elephants, hornsfr
om rhinosandtheper fumefr
om themustdeerareextensi
velyusedabroad.Bears
ar
ekill
edf ortheirgallbladder
s.Av ari
etyofwil
dpl antswi
threaloratt
imesdubiousmedi ci
nalval
uearebeing
overharvested.Thecommonl ycol
lectedpl
antsincludeRauvolf
ia,
Nuxvomica,Dat
ura,et
c.Coll
ecti
onofgar den
pl
antsincludesor chids,fer
nsandmoss.
Endanger
edandendemi
cspeci
esofI
ndi
a
Ofthewell-
knownspeci es, ther
ear esev er alwhichar eendanger edbyhumanact i
vit
y .Theendanger edspeci esi n
thecount
ryar ecat egor i
sedasVul nerabl e,Rare, Indet ermi nateandThr eatened.Ot herspeciesaref oundonl yin
Indi
aandar et husendemi correstri
ctedt oourcount ry.Someoft hesemayhav ev erylocali
zeddistri
but i
onand
areconsi
deredhi ghlyendemi c.
CommonPl antspeci es
 Teak: Thistreei sfrom theSout hwestpar tsofpeni nsularI
ndia.Iti
sacommont reeindeciduousf orests.
Ityieldsamuchsoughtaf t
ert i
mberusedf ormaki ngex cell
entfurnit
ure.Teaki sgrownext ensiv el
yby
theFor estDepar tmentandi sahi ghlypr icedwood.
 Sal : Thisisacommonspeci esofsev er al typesoff orestsoftheNor th-
east ernregionofIndia,extendi ng
i
nt oMadhy aPr adeshandOr issa.Sal woodi shar danddur abl
e.Sal getsal argenumberofseedswhi ch
areusedi nmaki ngcosmet i
cs.
 Mango: Thishasbecomeoneofourmostpopul arhor t
icult
uralspecieswi t
hdi ff
erentvari
etiesgr ownal l
overt hecount ry.Themangot reei sanev ergreenspeci esandget ssmal lfl
ower sthatarepol l
inatedby
i
nsect s.
 Fi cussp. :Peepal ,Banyanandmanyot herf icusspeci esform apar tofthisgr oupofimpor t
antt rees.
Theyar eal lecological
lyofgr eati mpor tance.Fi cust reessuchasPeepal andBany anareconsi dered
sacr edandar epr otectedinIndi a.
  Neem: I
thasbeent r
aditi
onall
yusedini ndigenousmedi cine.Ithassmal lyell
owfrui
t.Theleavesand
fruitarebi t
tertot
aste.I
tisusedextensi v
elyasanenv ir
onment al
lyfr
iendl
yinsecti
cide.
 Tamar ind:OneofthebestknownI ndiant r
ees,itgrowst oal argesizeandi sknownt ol
iveforover200
year s.Itisusedasanaddi t
iveinf
oodt ogi veat angyf
lav our.Itisval
uedforitsti
mberaswel lasfor
fuelwood.
 Babul :Itisusedforfodderandfuelwood.
 Jamun: Thi
st r
eeisanevergreenspecieswhi chhasat ast ypur pl
efruit
.
 Jackf ruit
 Aml a
 Pine
 Coconut
 Or chids

CommonAni malspecies
Mammal s:Sambar ,
Chitalorspot
teddeer
,barki
ngdeer,
Indianwildass,Himalay
antahr,
rhi
nocer
os,
wildbuf
fal
o,
el
ephant
, t
iger,
Asiati
clion,l
eopar
d,snowleopar
d,wolf
,jackal
,fox,Hornbi
l
ls,bul
bul
s,Bul
lfr
og,Tr
eefr
og,Coral
,
whal
es,sharks,dol
phins
Conser
vat
ionofbi
odi
ver
sit
y:
In-
situconser vat ion
Biodiversityatal litslevels, genet icspeci esandasi ntactecosy stems, canbebestpr eservedinsitubysetti
ng
asideanadequat er epresent ationofwi l
der nessas‘ Pr otectedAr eas’ .Theseshoul dconsi stofanet workof
Nat i
onal ParksandWi l
dl i
feSanct uarieswi t
heachdi stincti
veecosy st em i
ncludedi nthenet work.Suchanet work
woul dpreser vet het otal diversityofl i
feofar egion.
Wi l
dli
feSanct uar i
esandNat ional ParksofI ndi a
1. TheGr eatHi mal ayanNat ional Parkist helargestsanct uaryi nthisecosy stem
2. Dachi gam Sanct uary
3. Kazi rangaNat ional Par kist hemostf amouswhi chhasel ephant ,wildbuf fal
o.
4. Deser tNat i
onal Par k-largenumber sofbl ackbuck, neel gai andchi nkaracanbeseen.
Ex-sit
uconser vat i
on
Conser vationofaspeci esi sbestdonebypr otect i
ngi t
shabi tatalongwi thalltheot herspeciesthatli
vei ni
tin
nature.Thi sisknownasi n-sit
uconser v
at i
on,whi chi sconser vi
ngaspeci esini t
sownenv i
ronmentbycr eati
ng
Nat i
onal ParksandWi l
dl i
feSanct uaries.i.e.outsidei t
snat ur alhabi tatinacar efullycontr
olledsituati
onsuchasa
botanical gardenf orplant sorazool ogical parkf oranimal s,wher ether eisexper t
iset omul ti
plythespecies
underar ti
fici
allymanagedcondi ti
ons.Thesebr eedingpr ogr amsf orr areplantsandani malsar ehowev ermore
expensi vethanmanagi ngaPr otectedAr ea.
Therei salsoanot herfor m ofpr eservingapl antbypr eserv i
ngi tsger m plasm inagenebanksot hati
tcanbe
usedi fneededi nf uture.Thi sisev enmor eexpensi ve.

Modul
eII
I
Env
ironment
alpol
l
uti
onDef
ini
ti
on
Poll
utionistheeffectofundesir
abl
echangesinoursurroundi
ngsthathaveharmf ulef
fect
sonpl ant
s,animals
andhumanbei ngs.Thisoccurswhenonlyshort
-ter
m economicgai
nsaremadeatt hecostofthelong-t
erm
ecologicalbenef
it
sf orhumanity
.Pol
lut
antsincl
udesoli
d,li
qui
dorgaseoussubst ancespresentingr
eaterthan
naturalabundancepr oducedduetohumanact i
vi
ty,whi
chhaveadet r
imental
effectonourenv i
ronment.
Causes
Airpoll
uti
onbegantoincr
easeinthebeginningofthetwenti
ethcentur
ywiththedevel
opmentoft
he
tr
ansportat
ionsyst
emsandl ar
ge-scaleuseofpetr
olanddiesel.Ai
rpoll
uti
onoccursduetot
hepresenceof
undesir
ablesoli
dorgaseouspart
iclesintheai
rinquanti
ti
esthatareharmful
tohumanhealthandthe
envir
onment .

1.Pri
marypol
lut
ants-Pollut
antsthatareemit
teddir
ect
lyfr
om ident
ifi
ablesourcesar
eproducedbothbynatur
al
event
sandhumanact ivi
ti
es.Therearefivepr
imarypol
l
utantsthatt
ogethercontri
but
eabout90percentoft
he
gl
obalai
rpoll
uti
on.Thesear ecarbonoxides(COandCO2),nit
rogenoxides,sul
phuroxi
des,v
olat
il
eorgani
c
compounds(mostl
yhy drocarbons)andsuspendedpar
ti
culat
emat ter
.
2.Secondar
ypoll
utant
s-Pol
l
utant
st hatar
eproducedint
heatmospherewhencert
ainchemi
cal
react
ionst
ake
pl
aceamongt heprimar
ypol
lut
ants.E.g.
:sul
fur
icaci
d,ni
tr
icaci
d,car
boni
cacid,
etc.

Car bonmonoxi deisacol ourless, odourlessandt oxicgaspr oducedwhenor ganicmat eri

alssuchasnat uralgas,
coal orwoodar eincompl etelybur nt.
Sulphuroxi desarepr oducedwhensul phurcont ainingfossi l
f uel
sareburnt.
Nitrogenoxi desar efoundinv ehicularexhaust s.Ni t
rogenoxi desaresignifi
cant,astheyareinvol
vedint he
product ionofsecondar yairpol lutantssuchasozone.
Hy drocar bonsar eagr oupofcompoundsconsi sti
ngofcar bonandhy drogenat oms.Theyei t
herevaporatefrom
fuel suppl i
esorar eremnant soff uel t
hatdi dnotbur ncompl et el
y.
Par ti
culatesar esmal lpiecesofsol idmat eri
al (forexampl e,smokepar ti
clesfrom fi
res,bi
tsofasbestos, dust
particlesandashf r
om indust ries)dispersedi ntot heatmospher e.
Leadi samaj orairpoll
utantt hatr emainsl argelyunmoni toredandi semi t
tedbyv ehicl
es.
Ef
fect
s
Effectsofai rpol lut i
ononl ivi
ngor gani sms
Prolongedsmoki ngorexposur et oai rpol lutant scanov er loadorbr eakdownnat ur aldef encescausi ngor
cont ri
but ingt odi seasessuchasl ungcancer ,ast hma, chr oni cbr onchi tisandemphy sema.El der lypeopl e,i
nf ant s,
pregnantwomenandpeopl ewi thhear tdisease, ast hmaorot herr espi ratory.Respi r
at orydi seasesar eespeci ally
vulnerabl et oai rpol lut i
on.Ascar bonmonoxi der emai nsat tachedt ohaemogl obini nbl oodf oral ongt ime, it
accumul atesandr educest heoxy gencar ryi
ngcapaci tyofbl ood.Sul phurdi oxi dei rrit
at esr espi rat oryt i
ssues.
Chr onicexposur ecausesacondi tionsi mi l
art obr onchi tis.Ni trogenoxi desespeci allyNO2cani rri
tatet helungs,
aggr avat east hmaorchr oni cbr onchi ti
sandal soi ncreasesuscept i
bili
tyt orespi rat oryi nf ect ionssuchas
i
nfluenzaorcommoncol ds.Suspendedpar ticlesaggr av atebr onchi t
isandast hma.
Effectsonpl ant s
Whensomegaseouspol l
ut ant sent erl eafpor est heydamaget hel eav esofcr oppl ant s.Chr oni cexposur eoft he
l
eav est oai rpol lutant scanbr eakdownt hewaxycoat ingt hathel pspr eventexcessi v ewat erl ossandl eadst o
damagef rom di seases, pest s, dr oughtandf rost .Atahi gherconcent r
at i
onofsul phurdi oxi demaj orityoft he
fl
owerbudsbecomest iffandhar d.
Effectsofai rpol lut i
ononmat erial s
Ever yy earai rpol l
ut ant scausedamagewor thbi l
lionsofr upees.Ai rpol lutantsbr eakdownext eriorpai ntoncar s
andhouses.Al lar oundt hewor l
dai rpol lutant shav edi scol our edi rreplaceabl emonument s, histor icbui ldings,
mar blest atues, etc.
Effectsofai rpol lut i
onont hest rat ospher e
TheCFCsandt hehal onsmi gr atei nt ot heupperat mospher eaf tert heyar ereleased.Ast heyar eheav iert hanai r
theyhav etobecar riedbyai rcur rent supt ojustabov et hel owerat mospher eandt hent heysl owl ydi ffusei nt ot he
upperat mospher e.Thi sat tackst heozonemol ecul eresul tingi ni tsspl itti
ngi ntoanoxy genmol ecul eandan
oxy genat om.Theozonedepl etioni sespeci allypr onouncedov ert heSout hPol eduet ot heext remeweat her
condi t
ionsi nt heAnt ar cticat mospher e.Thepr esenceoft hei cecr ystalsmakest heCl -Obondi ngeasi er .
Effectsonhumanheal th: Sunbur n, catar act,agi ngoft heski nandski ncancerar ecausedbyi ncr easedul tr
a-violet
radiati
on.
Foodpr oduct ion: Ul trav i
ol etr adi ationaf fectst heabi l
ityofpl ant st ocapt urelightener gydur ingt hepr ocessof
phot osy nthesi s.Pl antandani mal pl ankt onsar edamagedbyul tr
a-v i
oletr adiation.
Effectonmat er ials: I
ncr easedUVr adiat i
ondamagespai ntsandf abrics, causingt hem t of adef ast er.
Effectoncl i
mat e: At mospher icchangesi nducedbypol lutioncont ribut etogl obal war mi ng, aphenomenonwhi ch
i
scausedduet ot hei ncr easei nconcent rati
onofcer t
ai ngasesl ikecar bondi oxi de, nitrogenoxi des, met haneand
CFCs.Tr apheati nt hef or m ofi nf ra-redr adiat i
onneart heear th’ssur face.Thi sisknownast he‘ Gr eenhouse
Effect’.Thephenomenoni ssi mi lart owhathappensi nagr eenhouse.Thegl assi nagr eenhouseal lowssol ar
radiati
ont oent erwhi chi sabsor bedbyt heobj ectsi nside.Theseobj ect sradiat eheati nt hef or m oft er restrial
radiati
on, whi chdoesnotpassoutt hrought hegl ass.
Ther ecoul dbesev er aladv er seef fect sofgl obal war mi ng.
 Pol ari cecapswi llmel tcausi ngar i
sei noceanl ev elsandf l
oodi ngofcoast al areas.
 Mal div est hiswoul dbecat astrophi c.I ftheseal ev el risesby3m. ,Mal div eswi l
l disappearcompl etely
beneat ht hewav es.
 Ther isei nt emper atur ewi llbringaboutaf al
l inagr icul t
ur alpr oduce.
 Changesi nt hedi stribut ionofsol arener gycanbr ingaboutchangesi nhabi tats.
 Changesi nt hespeci esofnat ural plant s, agricul t
ur al crops, i
nsect s,livest ockandmi cr o-organi sms.
 I nt hePol arRegi onst emper atur erisescausedbygl obal war mi ngwoul dhav edi sast rousef fect s.
Cont
rol
measur
esofAi
rpol
l
uti
on
TheAirPoll
uti
onControlActinIndi
awaspassedin1981andtheMotorVehi
cleActforcont
rol
l
ingt
heai
r
pol
lut
ion,
veryrecent
ly.Theselawsarei
ntendedt
opreventai
rfr
om bei
ngpol
luted.

Ai
rpol
l
uti
oncanbecont r
oll
edbyt wof undament alappr oaches: prev enti
v etechniquesandef f
luentcontrol
.
 Oneoft heef f
ecti
vemeansofcont rol
lingai rpollut i
oni stohav epr operequipmentinplace.
 Thi si ncl udesdev icesf orremov alofpollutantsf rom t hefluegasest houghscrubbers,cl
osedcol l
ect
ion
recov er ysy stemst hroughwhi chitispossi bletocol l
ectt hepol lutantsbeforetheyescape, useofdry
andwetcol lect
ors,fi
lters,electrostat
icpr ecipit
at ors,etc.
 Pr ov i
di ngagr eaterheightt othest ackscanhel pi nfacili
tatingthedi schargeofpollutantsasfaraway
from t hegr oundaspossi ble.
 I ndust riesshoul dbel ocat edinpl acessoast omi ni
mi zet heef fectsofpol l
uti
onafterconsideri
ngthe
topogr aphyandt hewi nddi recti
ons.
 Subst itut i
onofr awmat er
ialthatcausesmor epol l
utionwi tht hoset hatcauselesspol l
uti
oncanbedone.
 Put tingagr eateremphasi sonpol l
uti
onpr eventionr athert hancont r
ol
 Reduci ngt heuseoff ossil f
uels
 I mpr ov ingt hequal i
tyofv ehicularfuel
 I ncreasi ngt heuseofr enewabl eenergy
Wat
erpol
l
uti
on
Alt
hough71%oft heearth’
ssur f
acei scoveredbywat eronlyatinyf
racti
onoft hi
swaterisavai
labl
etousas
fr
eshwater.
Wateravail
abi
li
tyont heplanet:
 Wat erthati
sfoundi nstreams, r
ivers,
lakes,wetl
andsandar ti
fi
cial
reserv
oir
siscall
edsurfacewater.
 Wat erthatper
colatesintothegroundandf i
l
lstheporesinsoilandrockiscall
edgroundwater.
 Por ouswater-
saturat
edl ayersofsand, gr
avelorbedrockthroughwhichgroundwaterflowsarecall
ed
aquif
ers.

Mostaqui fersar er epl eni shednat ural l

ybyr ainfallthatper col atesdownwar dt hr ought hesoi landr ock.Thi s
processiscal lednat ur al rechar ge.
Anypollutantt hati sdi schar gedont ot hel andabov ei sal sopul ledintot heaqui ferandpol l
utesthegr oundwat er
resul
ti
ngi npol l
ut edwat eri nt henear bywel l
s.
 Poi ntsour cesofpol lut i
on: Whenasour ceofpol lut i
oncanber eadilyident if
iedbecausei thasadef i
nit
e
sour ceandpl acewher ei tent erst hewat eritissai dt ocomef rom apoi ntsour ce.E.g.Muni cipal and
Indust rial Di schar gePi pes.
 Nonpoi ntsour cesofpol lution: Whenasour ceofpol luti
oncannotber eadi l
yi dentifi
ed, suchas
agricul tur alr unof f,aci dr ain, etc. ,theyar esai dt obenon- pointsour cesofpol lution.
Causesofwat erpol l
ut ion
 Ther ear esev er alclassesofcommonwat erpol l
ut ant s.Thesear edi sease- causi ngagent s(pat hogens)
whi chi ncl udebact er ia, vir
uses, pr otozoaandpar asi ti
cwor mst hatent erwat erfrom domest i
csewage
andunt reat edhumanandani mal wastes.
 Anot hercat egor yofwat erpol lut ant sisoxy gendepl etingwast es.Thesear eor ganicwast est hatcanbe
decomposedbyaer obi c( oxy genr equiri
ng)bact eria.Theamountofoxy genr equi r
edt obr eakdowna
certainamountofor gani cmat teri scal l
edt hebi ol ogical oxygendemand( BOD) .TheamountofBODi n
thewat eri sani ndicat oroft hel ev elofpol lution.
 At hirdcl assofpol lut ant sar ei nor ganicpl antnut rient s.Thesear ewat ersol ubleni t
ratesand
phosphat est hatcauseexcessi v egr owthofal gaeandot heraquat i
cpl ant s.Theexcessi vegr owt hof
algaeandaquat icpl ant sduet oaddednut rient siscal ledeutrophi cation.Excessf erti
li
zer scause
eutrophi cat ion
 Thechemi cal si nf ertilizersandpest ici
despol l
ut esoi landwat er.
 Pest icidescausebi oaccumul ationandbi omagni ficat i
on.Pest icideswhi chent erwat erbodi esar e
i
nt r
oducedi nt ot heaquat i
cf oodchai n.Eachl inki nt hef oodchai nthesechemi calswhi chdonotpass
outoft hebodyar eaccumul at edandi ncreasi ngl yconcent ratedr esul t
ingi nbi omagni f
icationoft hese
harmf ul subst ances. eg.pest i
ci dessuchasDDT
 Af our thcl assofwat erpol lutant si swat ersol ubl ei nor ganicchemi calswhi char eaci ds, salt
sand
compoundsoft oxicmet alssuchasmer cur yandl ead.Hi ghl ev el
soft hesechemi calscanmaket he
wat erunf itt odr ink
 Anot hercauseofwat erpol l
ut ioni sav arietyofor gani cchemi cals,whi chi ncludeoi l,gasol i
ne, plasti
cs,
pest i
ci des, cleani ngsol vents, det ergentandmanyot herchemi cals.Thesear ehar mf ultoaquat iclif
e
 andhumanheal th.
 Sedi mentofsuspendedmat terisanot hercl assofwat erpollutants.Thesear einsol ublepar ti
clesofsoi l
andot hersol idst hatbecomesuspendedi nwat er.Thisr educest hephot osy ntheticact ivi
tyofaquat i
c
plantsandal gaedi srupti
ngt heecol ogical balanceoft heaquat icbodies.
 Wat ersol ubl er adi oact i
veisot opesar eyetanot hersour ceofwat erpolluti
on.Causebi r
thdef ects,cancer
andgenet icdamage.
 Hotwat erl etoutbypowerpl ant sandi ndust ri
est hatusel argev olumesofwat ert ocool t
hepl antr esul
t
inrisei nt emper at ureoft helocal wat erbodi es.
 Oi liswashedi ntosur f
acewat erinr unof ffrom r oadsandpar kinglotswhi chal sopol lutesgroundwat er
.
Cont
rol
measur esf orpr ev ent ingwat erpol l
ution
 Pr ev ention
 Set tingupef fl
uentt reatmentpl ant sandt r
eat ingwast et hrought hesecanr educet hepol lut
ionl oadin
ther ecipientwat er.
 Thet r
eat edef fluentcanber eusedf orei t
hergar deningorcool i
ngpur poseswher ev erpossible.
 RootZonePr ocesshasbeendev elopedbyTher max.Thi ssy stem involvesr unningcont aminat edwat er
throught her ootzonesofspeci allydesi gnedr eedbeds.Ther eeds,whi char eessent ial
lywet l
andpl ants
hav ethecapaci tyt oabsor boxy genf rom thesur roundingai rthrought heirst omat al openings.The
oxy geni spushedt hrought hepor ousst em oft her eedsi ntot hehollowr ootswher ei tenterst her oot
zoneandcr eatescondi ti
onssui tablef orthegr owt hofnumer ousbact eri
aandf ungi .Thesemi cro-
organi smsoxi di zei mpur i
ti
esi nt hewast ewat er s,sot hatthewat erwhichf i
nal l
ycomesouti scl ean.
Soi
lpol
l
uti
on
Causesofsoi ldegr adat i
on
Erosi on
Soil erosioncanbedef i
nedast hemov ementofsur facel it
terandt opsoi lfrom onepl acet oanot her .Soilerosion
accel eratedbyhumanact i
vit
iessuchasf arming, const ruction,ov er grazingbyl ivestock, burningofgr asscov er
anddef orestati
on.Lossoft het opsoi lmakesasoi llessf erti
leandr educesi t
swat erhol dingcapaci t
y.Thet opsoil,
whi chi swashedaway ,
alsocont ri
but est owat erpol lutioncl oggi ngl akes, increasingturbi dityofthewat erand
alsol eadst olossofaquat icli
fe.
Wat erandsoi lareconser vedt hroughi ntegratedt reat mentmet hods-t wot ypes
 Ar eat reat mentwhi chinvolvest r
eati
ngt heland
 Dr ainagel i
net reatmentwhi chi nvolvest reatingt henat ur alwat ercour ses
Cont inuouscont ourt renchescanbeusedt oenhancei nfi
lt
rationofwat err educet her unof fandchecksoi l
erosi on.Theyar emostef fectiveongent leslopesandi nareasofl owt omedi um rainfal
l.
Gradoni escanal sobeusedt oconv ertwast elandsi nt oagr icultur allands.
Livecheckdamswhi chbar r
ierscreat edbypl antinggr ass, shr ubsandt reesacr osst hegul l
iescanbeusedf or
thispur pose.
Abundconst ruct edoutofst onesacr osst hest r
eam canal sobeusedf orconser vingsoi landwat er.
AnEar thencheckbundi sconst r
uctedoutofl ocal soil acrosst hest ream t ochecksoi lerosi onandf l
owofwat er
.
AnUnder gr
oundbandhar aisanunder groundst ructur eacr ossanal l
abedt of unctionasabar ri
ert ocheckt he
groundwat ermov ement .
Probl emswi t
hpest icideuse- Pesticidesnotonl yki l
lt hepest sbutal soal argev ari
etyofl ivi
ngt hi
ngsi ncludi
ng
humans.
Mar
inepol
l
uti
on
Mari
nepol l
utioncanbedef inedast heintroducti
onofsubst ancest othemar i
neenvironmentdirect
lyorindi
rectl
y
bymanr esulti
ngi nadv erseef f ectssuchashazar dstohumanheal t
h, obst r
uctionofmar i
neactivi
ti
esand
l
oweringthequal i
tyofseawat er.
Causesthatpol lut
emar i
newat ers.
 Themostobv iousi nput sofwast ei sthroughpipesdi rectl
ydi schar gi
ngwast esintothesea.
 Pest i
cidesandf ertili
zer sfrom agr i
cult
urewhi char ewashedof fthelandbyr ain,
enterwatercourses
andev entual
lyreacht hesea.
 Pet roleum andoi lswashedof ffr
om ther oadsnor mallyentert hesewagesy st
em butstorm water
overflowscar ryt hesemat eri
alsintoriversandev ent
ual l
yintot heseas.
 Shi pscar r
ymanyt oxicsubst ancessuchasoi l,
liquefiednatur algas,pesti
cides,indust
ri
alchemicals,et
c.
Shipacci dentsandacci dentalspill
agesatseat hereforecanbev erydamagingt othemar i
ne
environment .
 Of fshor eoilexplor ationandext racti
onal sopollutetheseawat ertoalargeextent.
 Pol lutionduet oor gani cwast es
Cont rolmeasur es:
Intr oduct i
onofsewaget r
eat mentpl ants.Thi swi l
lreducet hebi ol
ogi cal oxy gendemand( BOD)oft he
final pr oductbef orei tisdischar gedt other ecei v i
ngwat ers.
Primar ytreat ment :Theset reat mentpl ant susephy sical processessuchasscr eeningandsedi ment ationt o
remov epol lutant st hatwi ll set tl
e, f
loator ,thataret ool arget opasst hroughsi mpl escr eeningdev i
ces.Thi s
i
ncl udes, stones, st
icks, rags, andal lsuchmat er
ial thatcancl ogpi pes.Ascr eenconsi st sofpar all
elbar sspaced
2to7cmsapar tf ollowedbyawi r
emeshwi thsmal ler .Openi ngs.Onewayofav oidingthepr oblem ofdi sposal of
mat erialscol lect edont hescr eensi stouseadev i
cecal ledacommi nuterwhi chgr indst hecoar semat erialint
o
smal lpiecest hatcant henbel eftint hewast ewat er .Af terscr eeningt hewast ewat erpassesi ntoagr i
tchamber .
Thedet entiont i
mei schosent obel ongenought oal lowl ighter,organi cmat erial t
oset tle.From t hegr i
tchamber
thesewagepassesi ntoapr imar ysettlingt ank( alsocal ledassedi ment ati
ont ank)wher et hef l
owspeedi s
reducedsuf ficient l
yt oal lowmostoft hesuspendedsol idst oset tl
eoutbygr avity
Secondar yt reat ment :Themai nobj ect i
v eofsecondar yt r eatmenti stor emov emostoft heBOD.Ther ear ethree
commonl yusedappr oaches: tri
cklingf ilters,activat edsl udgepr ocessandoxi dat i
onponds.Secondar yt reatment
canr emov eatl east85per centoft heBOD.
Adv ancedsewaget reat ment :Thi sinv olvesaser iesofchemi cal andphy si
cal pr ocesst hatr emov esspeci fi
c
pollutantsl ef tint hewat eraf terpr i
mar yandsecondar yt reatment .Sewaget r
eat mentpl antef fl
uent scont ain
nit
ratesandphosphat esi nl argeamount s.Thesecont ribut etoeut r
ophi cation.Thusadv ancedt reatmentpl ants
aredesi gnedt ospeci fical lyr emov et hesecont ami nant s.
Cont rolmeasur esf oroi l pol lution:
Cleani ngoi lfr om sur facewat ersandcont ami natedbeachesi sat imeconsumi ngl abouri ntensiv epr ocess.The
natural processofemul si fi
cat i
onofoi l inthewat ercanbeaccel eratedt hrought heuseofchemi cal disper sants
whi chcanbespr ayedont heoi l
.
Effectsofmar inepol l
ut i
on:
 Lar geamountofor gani cwast escanal sor esul ti nthedev elopmentofr edt i
des.
 Eut r ophi cation
 Oi lsl icksdamagemar inelifet oal argeext ent .
 Fi shandshel lfishpr oduct i
onf aciliti
escanal sobeaf f
ect edbyoi lslicks.
 Themosti mpor tantcommer cial damagecanhowev eral socomef r
om t ai
nt i
ngwhi chi mpar tsan
unpl easantf lav ourt of ishandseaf oodandi sdet ectableatext remel yl owl evelsofcont aminat ion.
Noi
sepol
l
uti
on
Noisemaynotseem ashar mf ulasthecont ami nationofai rorwat erbuti tisapolluti
onpr obl
em t hataf f
ects
humanheal t
handcancont r
ibutetoagener aldet er
ior ati
onofenv ir
onment alquali
ty.Noiseisundesi rabl
eand
unwantedsound.Notal lsoundi snoi se.Whatmaybeconsi der edasmusi ct ooneper sonmaybenoi seto
another
.Iti
snotasubst ancet hatcanaccumul at eint heenv i
ronmentl i
kemostot herpol l
utants.Soundi s
measuredinauni tcall
edt he‘ Deci
bel ’.
Eff
ectsofnoi sepolluti
ononphy si
cal health
 Themostdi r
ecthar mf uleffectofex cessi venoi seisphy sicaldamaget otheearandt het empor aryor
permanenthear i
ngl ossof t
encal l
edat empor ar
ythreshol dshi ft
 Per manentl oss,usual l
ycal l
ednoi seinducedper manentt hr esholdshift(
NIPTS)
Eff
ectsofnoi sepolluti
ononment al health:
 Noi secanal socauseemot ional orpsy chol ogicaleffectssuchasi rr
it
abil
it
y,anxietyandst r
ess.
 Lackofconcent r
ationandment al f
atiguear esignif
icantheal theffectsofnoise.
 I thasbeenobser vedt hattheper f
ormanceofschool chil
dr enispoori ncompr ehensiont askswhen
school saresituatedi nbusyar eas
 I ncreasest herateofacci dent sespecial l
yini ndustri
es.
 I tcanal soleadt olower edwor kerefficiencyandpr oduct ivityandhi gheraccidentratesont hejob.

NoiseCont
roltechni
ques
Therear
efourfundamental waysinwhi
chnoi
secanbecont
rol
l
ed:
 Reducenoi seatthesource
 blockt hepathofnoise
 increasethepathlength
 protectthereci
pient
Ther
mal
pol
l
uti
on
Sources:
Thedischar
geofwar
m wat
eri
ntoari
veri
susual
l
ycalledather
malpoll
uti
on.Itoccur
swhenani
ndust
ry
removeswaterfr
om asour
ce,
usest
hewaterf
orcool
i
ngpurposesandthenr
eturnstheheatedwat
ert
oit
s
source.
Eff
ects:
 Thewar mert emper atur
edecr easest hesol ubili
tyofoxy genandi ncr
easest hemet abolism offi
sh.
 Thi schangest heecologicalbal anceoft her iver
.
 Wi t
hincer tai
nl imit
sthermal addi ti
onscanpr omotet hegr owthofcer tai
nf i
shandt hef i
shcat chmaybe
highint hev i
cinityofapowerpl ant .
 Howev ersuddenchangesi ntemper aturecausedbyper iodi cplantshutdownsbot hpl annedand
unintentionalcanchanger esulti ndeat hoft hesefisht hatar eaccl i
mat i
zedtoli
vinginwar merwaters.
 Changei nthedi versi
tyoffaunaasonl yt hosespeci est hatcanl i
veinwar merwat ersurv i
ve.
Control
measur es:
 Ther mal poll
utioncanbecont rol ledbypassi ngt heheat edwat erthroughacoolingpondoracool i
ng
toweraf teritleavesthecondenser .
 Onemet hodi st oconstructal ar geshal lowpond.Hotwat eri spumpedi nt
ooneendoft hepondand
coolerwat erisr emov edfrom t heot herend.
 Asecondmet hodi stouseacool ingt ower .Thesest ructur estakeupl esslandareat hant heponds.
Nucl
earhazar
ds
Nuclearenergycanbebot hbenefi
cialandharmfuldependingont hewayi
nwhi chitisused.X-rayst oexamine
bonesforfractur
es,t
reatcancerwithradi
ati
onanddi agnosediseaseswit
hthehelpofr adi
oactiveisotopes.
Approximately17%oft heel
ectri
calenergygenerat
edi ntheworldcomesfrom nuclearpowerpl ants.The
radi
oactiv
ewast esfr
om nuclearenergyhavecausedser i
ousenv i
ronment
aldamage.Sev eralseriousaccident
s
havecausedwor ldwi
deconcer naboutsafet
yanddi sposalofr
adioacti
vewastes.
Sol
i
dwast
emanagement
:
Theterm munici
palsoli
dwast e(MSW)i sgenerall
yusedtodescribemostoft henon-hazardoussol i
dwast efrom
acit
y,townorv i
ll
agethatrequir
esrouti
necol l
ecti
onandt r
ansporttoaprocessi
ngordi sposal si
te.Sourcesof
MSW includepri
vatehomes, commer ci
alestabl
ishmentsandinsti
tuti
onsaswel lasindust
r i
alfacil
it
ies.Howev er
MSW doesnoti ncl
udewast esfrom i
ndustr
ialprocesses,
constr
uctionanddemol it
iondebris,sewagesl udge,
mini
ngwast esoragri
cultur
al wast
es.Municipalsoli
dwastecontainsawidev ar
ietyofmat eri
als.
Causes
Foodscrapsandot
herwasteswer
esimpl
ythrownintotheunpav
edst
reetswheret
heyaccumul
ated.Ar
ound
mosttownsandcit
iesi
nIndiat
heappr
oachroadsareli
tter
edwit
hmul
ti-
colour
edpl
asti
cbagsandothergar
bage.
Ef
fect
s
Lackofspacefordumpi
ngsol
idwastehasbecomeaseri
ouspr
obl
em i
nsever
alci
ti
esandt
ownsal
lov
ert
he
worl
d.Hazardouswast
esaret
hosethatcancausehar
mtohumansort
heenvi
ronment
Cont
rol
measur
esofur
banandi
ndust
ri
alwast
es
Moder nmet hodsofdi sposalsuchasi ncinerat
ionandt hedev elopmentofsani t
arylandfi
ll
s,etc.arenow
attempt i
ngt osol vethesepr obl
ems.Themet hodofcol lecti
on,processing,resourcerecoveryandt hef i
nal
disposal shouldmeshwi thoneanot hertoachiev eacommonobj ecti
v e.
Ani ntegratedwast emanagementst rategyincludesthreemai ncomponent s:
1.Sour cer eduction-isoneoft hefundament alwaystor educewast e.Thiscanbedonebyusi nglessmat eri
al
whenmaki ngapr oduct,reuseofproductsonsi t
e,designingproductsorpackagi ngtoreducet heirquant it
y.
2.Recy cling-isreusingsomecomponent softhewast et hatmayhav esomeeconomi cvalue.Recy cli
nghas
readilyvisibl
ebenef i
tssuchasconser vati
onofr esourcesr educti
oninener gyuseddur ingmanuf act ureand
reducingpol luti
onl evels.
3.Di sposal-Disposal ofsol i
dwastei sdonemostcommonl yt
hroughasani tarylandfi
llorthroughi ncinerati
on.A
moder nsanitarylandfilli
sadepr essioninani mpermeabl esoi ll
ayerthatislinedwithani mper meabl emembr ane.

I
ncinerati
oni stheprocessofburningmuni cipalsolidwast einapr oper l
ydesignedfurnaceundersuitable
temperatureandoper ati
ngconditi
ons.I nci
ner ati
oni sachemi calprocessinwhi chthecombust ibl
epor t
ionoft
he
wast ei
scombi nedwithoxygenformi ngcar bondi oxideandwat er
, whicharereleasedint
ot heatmospher e.
Vermi –Compost i
ng-Naturehasper fectsol uti
onsf ormanagi ngt hewast eitcreat
es,ifl
eftundist
urbed.The
biogeochemi calcycl
esaredesignedt ocleart hewast emater i
alproducedbyani malsandplants.Al
ldeadanddr y
l
eav esandt wigsdecomposeandar ebr okendownbyor ganismssuchaswor msandi nsects,andisfinall
y
brokendownbybact eriaandfungi,toform adar kri
chsoi l-
li
kemat er
ialcal
ledcompost .
StepsforVer mi-Compost
 Di gapi tabouthalfametersquar e, onemet erdeep.
 Li nei twithstr
awordr i
edl eavesandgr ass.
  Organizet hedisposal oforganicwasteintothepi tasandwhengener
ated.
 I
ntroduceacul tureofwor mst hati
snowpr oducedcommer cial
l
y.
 Ensuret hatthecont entsarecov er
edwi t
haspr inkli
ngofdri
edleav
esandsoil
ever
yday
.
 Watert hepitonceort wiceaweekt okeepitmoi st.
 Turnov erthecont entsoft hepitever15day s.
 Thesoi lderi
vedi sferti
leandrichinnutri
ents.
Rol
eofani
ndi
vi
dual
inpr
event
ionofpol
l
uti
on.
I
fwearet orespondt ot hesepr obl emswehav etorecogni zethateachofusi si
ndividuall
yresponsibleforthe
qual
i
tyoftheenv i
ronmentwel iv ein.Ourper sonalactionscanei therworsenori
mpr ov eourenv i
ronment al
qual
i
ty.
 Dev elopr espectorr ever encef orallf
ormsofl i
fe.
 Tr yt opl anttreeswher every oucanandmor eimpor t
antlytakecareofthem.Theyr educeai rpoll
ution.
 Reducet heuseofwoodandpaperpr oductswher everpossible.
 Reuseasmanyenv elopest haty oucan.
 Usepest i
cidesi ny ourhomeonl ywhenabsol utel
ynecessar yandusethem i nassmal lamount sas
necessar y
 Adv ocat eor ganicf ar mi ng
 Reducet heuseoff ossi lfuelsbyei t
herwalkingupashor tdi
stanceusi
ngacarpool ,shari
ngabi keor
usingpubl i
ct ranspor t.Thi sreducesai rpol
lution.
 Shutof fthel i
ghtsandf answhennotneeded.
 Don’ tuseaer osol spr aypr oducts
 User echargeabl ebat ter i
es.
 Recy cleal lnewspaper , glass,alumini
um andot herit
emsaccept edf
orrecyclingi
ny ourarea.
 Setupacompostbi niny ourgar den
 Rememberenv ir
onmentpr otectionbeginswi thYOU.
Pol
l
uti
oncasest
udi
es
Acasest udyofgr oundwat erpol l
utioninIndia
Anexampl eofgr oundwat erpolluti
oncausedbyexcessi v eextr
actionist hatfl
uori
decont ami nati
on.Fluorosisi
s
notalocali
zedpr obl em.Ithasspr eadacr oss19st atesandacr ossav arietyofecologi
cal r
egi onsrangingfrom
theTharDeser t,
theGanget i
cpl ai
nsandt heDeccanpl ateau.Thisisrelatedtotheov erextractionofgroundwat er
whichhasr esult
edi nt hetappingofaqui ferswithhighfluori
deconcent rati
ons.
Acasest udyofpest ici
depol l
utioni nIndia
Oneofthemostt erri
fyingeffectsofpest i
cidecontaminationofgroundwat ercamet olightwhenpest i
cide
resi
dueswer efoundi nbot t
ledwat er.
Acasest udyofr iverpol l
uti
oni nIndi a
Almostalltheriversi nIndiaarepol luted.Thecausesofpol l
uti
onmayal sobemor eorlesssi mi l
ar.Thi
sisacase
studyofther i
verDamodarasr epor tedinDownt oEar t
h.
Di
sast
ermanagement
:
 Postdi sast ermanagementi nvolvi
ngpr oblemssuchasev acuation,warnings,communi cati
ons,sear
ch
andr escue, f
ire-
fighti
ng,medi calandpsy chi
at ri
cassi stance, provi
sionofr eli
ef,shelter,etc.
 Afterthei niti
al t
raumaandt heoccurrenceoft henat ural disasterisoverandr econst ructionand
rehabilit
ationi sdonebypeopl e,NGOsandt heGov ernment ,it
smemor iesar erelegatedt ohist
ory.
 Natural hazar dscanbemi nimizedbyt hepr esenceofawel l-
functioni
ngwar ni
ngsy stem combinedwith
prepar ednessonpar tofthecommuni tyt hatwi l
l beaf f
ect ed.
 Pre-disaster ,
dur i
ngdi sasterandpostdi sasterplans.
 Pre-disastermi t
igati
oncanhel pinensur ingf asterrecov eryfrom theimpact sofdi sasters.
 Mitigationmeasur esmustensur eprotectionoft henatur alandcul tur
al assetsoft hecommuni ty.

Themai
nel ementsofami t
igationst rategyareasf ol
lows:
 Ri skassessmentandVul ner abil
it
yanaly si
s
 Appl iedresear
chandt echnol ogytransfer
 Publ icawarenessandt raining
 Inst i
tut
ionalmechanisms
 Incent i
vesandresourcesf ormi t
igati
on-Toav erylar
geext
entt
hesuccessofmit
igat
ionpr
ogr
amswi
l
l
dependupont heav ai
labil
ityofcont i
nuedf unding.
 Landusepl anni
ngandr egulat i
ons-appr opri
ateland-
usei
nthedi
sast
erpronear
eas.
  Hazar
dresist
antdesi
gnandconstruct
ion
 St
ruct
uralandConstr
uct
ional
rei
nforcementofexi
sti
ngbui
l
dings
Fl
oods
Thelowerpl ainr egi onsofI ndiainpar ticularBi
har ,
Ut t
arPr adeshandWestBengal hav eadv erseeffect
soff l
oods
ever
yy ear.Floodscanbecausedbynat ural
,ecological orant hropogenicfactorseitheri ndiv
iduall
yorasa
combinedr esul t.Ant hropogenicact iviti
essuchasdef orest ati
onandshi ft
ingcul t
ivationcanal socontr
ibuteto
fl
oods.
Themi ti
gationmeasur esf orfloodsi ncl udebothst r
uct ural andnon- st
ruct
ur almeasur es.
Str
ucturalmeasur e
 Reser voi r
sf orimpoundi ngmonsoonf l
owst ober eleasedi naregulatedmanneraf terthepeakflood
fl
owpasses.
 Pr ev ent i
onofov er-bankspi l
lingbyt heconst ruct i
onofembankment sandf loodwal ls.
 I mpr ov ementoff l
owcondi t
ionsi nthechannel andant i-
erosi
onmeasur es.
 I mpr ov eddr ainage
Non-str
uctur almeasur es
 Fl oodpl ainmanagementsuchasFl oodPl ainZoni ngandFl oodPr oofi
ngi ncludi ngDisaster
Prepar edness
 Mai ntainingwet l
ands
 Fl oodf orecast i
ngandwar ni
ngser vi
ces
 Di sast err eli
ef,fl
oodf ighti
ngandpubl i
cheal thmeasur es
 Fl oodi nsur ance

Ear
thquake
Mi
ti
gat
ionmeasur es
 Rehabi li
tati
onhasbeendoneonamassi vescale.
 shel t
erswi t
hlessv ul
nerabi
l
itytoear t
hquakesshouldalsotakeintoconsiderat
ion
 Sel fEmpl oyedWomen’ sAssociationandt heGovernment’
sinit
iati
veincommuni tybasedliv
eli
hood
securit
yforear t
hquakesanddr oughtv i
cti
mshav ethepotenti
altoshapef ut
uredisast
er
 Women’ sbusi nessesaft
erthecalami t
yalsoprovi
desmanypr act i
cal
lessonsinregenerat
inglocal
economi esandar ti
sanmarkets.
 local communi t
yini
ti
ati
vesbothf orrescueaswellasrehabil
it
ation
Cy
clone
Tropicalcycl
onesar ethewor stnat ur alhazardsi nthetr
opics.Theyarelarger ev
olvi
ngvort
icesi
ntheatmospher
e
extendinghori
zont al l
yfr
om 150t o1000km andv er
ti
cal
lyfr
om thesurfaceto12t o14km.Thesear ei
ntensel
ow-
pressureareas.Str ongwi ndsspi rallingant iclockwiseintheNor t
hernHemi sphereblowaroundthecy
clone
centreatthelowerl evel
.
Themai ndangersf rom cy clonesar ev erystrongwi nds,t
orrent
ialr
ainsandhi ghstormti
des.
Mitigati
onmeasur es
 I nst
all
ationofear lywar ningsy stems
 Dev elopingcommuni cationi nfrast
ruct ure
 Dev elopingshel terbel t
 Dev elopingcommuni tycy cloneshel ters
 Const ruct i
onofper manenthouses
 Tr ai
ningandeducat i
on
 Landusecont r
ol andset t
lementpl anni ng
Landsl
i
des
Landsl
idesar erecur ri
ngphenomenai ntheHi malayanr egion.Landsli
desoccurasar esultofchangesonasl ope,
suddenorgr adual, eit
herinitscomposi tion,
st r
ucture,hydrologyorveget ati
on.Thechangescanbeduet o
geol
ogy ,
climate, weat heri
ng,land-useandear thquakes.
Miti
gat
ionmeasur es
 Bypr ev entingtheexposur eofpopul ationandf acili
ti
estolandslidesandbyphy si
call
ycontroll
ingthe
l
andslides.
 Dev elopment alprogramst hatinvol
v emodi fi
cationofthetopogr aphy ,
expl
oitat
ionofnat ur
alresources
andchangei nt hebalancel oadont hegroundshoul dnotbeper mi tt
ed.
 Somecr i
ticalmeasur esthatcoul dbeunder takent opreventfurtherlandsl
i
desar edrainagemeasur es,
erosi
oncont rolmeasur essuchabamboocheckdams, ter
racing,juteandcoirnetti
ngandr ockfall
 controlmeasuressuchasgr asspl
antati
on,veget
ateddr
ymasonr ywal l
,ret
aini
ngwall.
 Mosti mportantl
yprevent
ingdefor
estati
onandimprovi
ngaffor
estation.
 Disasterscannotbetotal
lyprev
ented.Howeverearl
ywarni
ngsy st
ems, caref
ulplanni
ngand
preparednessonpar toft
hev ul
ner
ablecommuni t
ywouldhelpinmi nimi
zingthelossofli
feandpr
oper
ty
duet othesedisast
ers.

Modul
eIV
Env
ironmentandSust
ainabl
edev
elopment
Sustainabl
edev el
opmentisdefi
nedasdev el
opmentthatmeet stheneedsofthepresentwit
houtcompromising
theabi l
i
tyoffut
uregenerat
ionstomeettheirownneeds.Societymustthuschangeitsunsustai
nable
developmentstrategyt
oanewf orm wheredevel
opmentwi l
lnotdestroytheenvi
ronment.Thi
sf or
m of
sustainabl
edevelopmentcanonlybebroughtabouti
feachindiv i
dual
practi
cesasustainabl
elif
estyl
ebasedon
cari
ngf ortheeart
h.
Sust
ainabl
euseofnat
ural
resour
ces-
 Italsol ooksatt heequi tybetweencountri
esandcont inents,r
acesandcl asses,genderandages.
 Itincludessoci al dev elopmentandeconomi coppor t
unityononehandandt herequir
ement sof
env i
ronmentont heot her.
 Itisbasedoni mpr ov i
ngt hequali
tyofli
feforall,
especi al
lythepooranddepr i
vedwi t
hinthecarryi
ng
capaci t
yoft hesuppor t
ingecosyst
ems.
 Itisapr ocesswhi chl eadstoabetterqual
ityoflifewhi l
ereducingt heimpactont heenvironment.
 Itsstrengt histhati tacknowl edgestheint
erdependenceofhumanneedsandenv i
ronment al
requirement s.
 Toensur esustainabl edev el
opment,anyactivi
tythatisexpect edt obringabouteconomi cgrowthmust
alsoconsi deritsenv ironmentalimpactssot hatitismor econsi st
entwi t
hlongt erm growthand
dev elopment .
 Toxi candNucl earwast escanbecomeser i
ouseconomi cproblemsasget ti
ngr i
doft hem isext
remely
cost l
y .Thust heeconomi cbenefi
tsofaprojectmustbewei ghedagai nstthepossi bl
eenv ir
onmental
cost sbef oreapr oj ectispermitt
ed.
Conv
ersi
onofr
enewabl
eener
gyr
esour
cesi
ntoot
herf
orms
Embodiedenergy
Mater
ial
sli
keiron,glass,
alumini
um,steel
,cement,marbl
eandbur ntbri
cks,whichareusedinur
banhousing,
are
ver
yenergyint
ensive.Theprocessofextr
acti
on,r
efi
nement,fabr
icati
onanddel i
veryar
eallener
gyconsuming
andaddtopoll
utionofearth,ai
randwater.Thi
senergyconsumedi ntheprocessiscal
ledembodiedener
gy.
Casest
udi
es
Energyef fi
ciency
Urbanr esidenti
alandcommerci
alfaci
li
ti
esar eresponsibl
eforapproximat
ely35%ofUSA’
sgreenhousegas
emissions.Bui l
dingsneedt
obemadeener gyeffi
cientandreducecarbondioxi
deemi
ssi
ons,
whi chcause‘
heat
i
slands’ orpocketsofhight
emperatur
eov ertheseur banar
eas.
Pr
obl
emsr
elat
edt
oener
gyandEner
gyaudi
ti
ng
 Ur bancent er suseenor mousquant it
iesofener gy .
 Int hepast ,ur banhousingr equiredr elati
vel ysmal leramount sofener gythanweuseatpr esent.
 Tr adit
ional housi nginIndiarequir edv erylittletemper atureadj ustment sasthemat eri
alsused, suchas
woodandbr ickshandledt emper atur echangesbet terthant hecurr entconcret
e,glassandst eelofultr
a-
moder nbui l
di ngs.
 Homeshadchi mney sandki tchenswer eisol atedf rom therestoft hehouse.Smokebecameapr oblem
oncet hischangedt oapar tmentbl ocks.Ur bancent er
sinhotcl i
mat esneedener gyforcooling.Theear l
y
sy stemsoff anschangedi ntoai r-condi ti
oni ng,whi chconsumesenor mousquant i
ti
esofener gy.
 Newbui ldingsi nourcount r
yhav et akent ousi ngl argear eascov eredbygl ass.Whilei
ncol dclimates
thisusest hegr eenhouseef f
ectt ot rapt hewar mt hoft hesuni nside, i
nourhotcl i
matethisaddssev er
al
degr eest ot het emperat ur
einside.Thusi tr equiresev enmor eenergyt orunlargecentr
al ai
r
condi t
ioninguni ts.
 Hi ghrisebui ldingsinur bancent er sal sodependonener gytooper ateli
ftsandanenor mousnumberof
l
ight s.
 Ur bant r
anspor tdependsonener gymai nlyf r
om f ossilf
uels.Mostur banpeopl eusetheirowni ndiv
idual
transpor trathert hanpubl i
ctranspor tsy stemsf orav arietyofreasons.Thi smeansmor eandmor e
 v
ehicl
esontheroadwhichl
eadstot
raf
fi
ccongesti
on,
wasteofti
meforal
l t
hecommut
ers,
andagr
eat
l
oadofpar
ti
culatemat
terandcar
bonmonoxi
def r
om t
heexhaustofv
ehi
cles.
Wat
erconser
vat
ion
Conservingwat erhasbecomeapr imeenv i
ronment al concern.Cleanwat eri sbecomi ngi ncreasinglyscarce
global
ly.Withdef orestati
onsur facer unoffincreasesandt hesubsoi lwat ertabledropsaswat erhasnot imeto
seepslowl yintot hegroundoncev eget ati
oni scl ear ed.Asmanyar easdependonwel ls,i
thasbecomenecessar y
togoonmaki ngdeeperanddeeperwel ls.Thisaddst ot hecostandf urtherdepl etesunder groundst oresofwater.
Thiscouldt akey earstorechar geev eni fthepr esentr ateofext ractionisr educedwhi chseemshar dlypossi
blein
mostsi t
uations.
Newwat erpol i
cy
Savingwat erinagr icul
tur
e:
Dripir
ri
gat i
onsuppl i
eswat ertoplant sneari tsr ootst hroughasy stem oft ubes,thussav ingwat er.Small
percol
ationt anksandr ainwat erharvest i
ngcanpr ov idewat erf
oragr i
cultureanddomest icuse.Rai nwater
coll
ectedf r
om r ooftopscanbest oredorusedt oef fect i
v el
yrechargesubsoi laquif
ers.
Savingwat erinur bansetti
ngs:
Urbanpeopl ewast elar
geamount sofwat er.Leaki ngt apsandpi pesar eamaj orsour ceofl ossofwat er
.Canals
andpipescar r
yingwat erfrom damst ot heconsumerl eadt onear l
y50%l ossdur i
ngtr ansfer.Reducingthe
demandf orwat erbysav i
ngi tismor eappr opri
at et hant ryi
ngtomeetgr owi ngdemands.
Rai
nwat
erhar
vest
ing
Worldfacesser iouswat ershortages, onemet hodi stomanager ainwat erinsuchawayt hatitisusedatt he
source.I
fasmuchwat eraspossi bl
ei scol l
ectedandst or edt hiscanbeusedaf t
ert her ai
nyseasoni sov er.In
manypar tsoft hewor l
despeci all
yinv erydr yar easthishasbeent radi tionallypracticed.Howev ert hest ored
waterhast obekeptpol luti
onf reeandcl eansot hatitcanbeusedasdr inkingwat er .Stor
edwat ercangr ow
al
gaeandzoopl ankt on(mi croscopicani mal s).Thiscanbepat hogeni candcausei nfect i
ons.Thuskeepi ngt he
wateruncont ami natedi sofgr eatimpor tance.
 Cur rentt echnol ogiesofr ainwaterhar v
est i
ngr equiret hatall roofandt err
acewat erpassesdowni ntoa
cover edt ankwher eitcanbest oredf oruseaf terthemonsoon.Thi sismostadv antageousi nar idareas
wher ecl eanwat erisveryscar ce.Howev ert
her ear epr acti
cal diff
iculti
essuchasconst ructinglarge
storaget ankswhi char eexpensi ve.
 Anot herwayofusi ngr ooftoprainwat erhar vestingi stocol lecti tsot hatitper col
atesintot hegr oundt o
rechar gewel l
sinsteadoff lowingov ert hegroundi ntor i
vers.Thusbyr echar gi
nggroundwat er
harvest edf rom rooftops, t
hewat ertabl eri
sesandt hesur roundi ngwel l
sr etainwaterthroughoutt he
year.
Wat
ershedmanagement
Themanagementofasi ngleunitofl andwi thitswat erdr ai
nagesy stem iscalledwat ershedmanagement .Itisa
techniquet hathassev eralcomponent s.Thi sincl
udessoi landwat ermanagementanddev elopingv egetati
ve
cover.Thenat ural drai
nagepat ter
nofawat er
sheduni ti fmanagedappr opriat
el ycanbr i
ngaboutl ocalprosper i
ty
byay earr oundabundanceofwat ert hati mprovest hequal it
yofhumanl ifeinthear ea.Water shedmanagement
enhancest hegr owt hofagr i
cult
ural cropsandev enmakesi tpossibletogr owmor ethanonecr opinay eari ndry
areas.
 Thi sisal andmanagementpr ogr am thatlooksatar egi
onf rom theper spect i
veofal lit
swat errelated
issues.
 I tcanbeusedt omanagear i
v erf r
om itssour cet oitsterminati
on.
 Wat er shedmanagementcoul dal soconsi dert hemanagementofasi ngl evall
eyasauni t
,basedoni t
s
smal lstreams.
 Sav ingwat erfr
om i t
slocal sour cebyal l
owi ngi ttopercolateint
ot hegr oundbynal apl ugsandcheck
damsi nsteadofal l
owingi tt or unof frapi
dlyal ongt hesur f
acedur ingt hemonsoon, isamaj oraspectof
goodwat er
shedmanagement .
 Thi sal l
owsunder groundaqui fer stofil
lsot hatgr oundwat erisrechar ged.
 Def orest ati
onisamaj orcauseofpoorwat ersuppl y.Afforesti
ngsuchdegr adedar easi sanimpor tant
aspectofwat ershedmanagement
Casest
udi
es
PuneDistri
ctofMaharashtr
ai ssi
tuatedinadroughtpronearea.Peoplewer enotablet
ogr owagoodcropi
n
mostyears.Cleandr
inkingwaterwasal soscar
ce.Vilasr
aoSalunkheinit
iatedamov ementknownasPani
Panchayat,t
oconservewaterinthisdroughtpr
onear ea.Watersheddevelopmentwasinit
iatedonabar
renand
uncul
ti
vatedpieceoflandbelongi
ngt oatemple.Conservati
onofsoilandwat erharv
esti
ngt hr
ougha
comprehensivemicr
owat er
shedmanagementpr ogram graduall
yledtoasur pl
usofwater.
Cl
i
mat
echange
 Theaveragetemperatureinmanyr egionshasbeeni ncreasinginrecentdecades.
 Theglobalaveragesurfacetemperaturehasincreasedby0. 6°+0.2°Cov erthelastcentury
.
 Manycount r
ieshaveex peri
encedincreasesi
nr ainfal
l,part
icular
lyinthecountri
essituatedint
hemidt
o
hi
ghlati
tudes.
 Thefr
equencyandi ntensit
yofdrought shavebeenobser vedt oi
ncreaseinrecentdecades.
 Thefr
equencyofweat herextr
emesi sli
kelyt
oincr easeleadi ngt
of l
oodsordr ought.Therewil
lbef
ewer
col
dspellsbutmor eheatwav es.
Gl
obal
war
ming
About75%oft hesolarenergyreachingtheEarthisabsorbedontheear t
h’ssurf
acewhichincreasesit
s
temperat
ure.Therestoftheheatr adiat
esbackt otheatmosphere.Someoft heheatistr
appedbygr eenhouse
gases,
most lycar
bondioxide.Ascar bondioxi
deisr el
easedbyvarioushumanact i
vi
ti
es,i
tisrapidl
yincreasing.
Thisi
scausingglobalwarmi ng.Carbondioxi
deint heatmospher
ehasi ncreasedby31%si ncepre-i
ndustri
al
ti
mes,causingmor eheattobet rappedintheloweratmosphere.
Aci
drai
n
Acidpol l
ut antsspr eadupwar dsi nt ot heat mospher e, andar ecarriedbyai rcurrents,tof i
nallyreturntot he
groundi nt hef orm ofaci dr ain, fogorsnow.Thecor rosiv enat ureofaci dr aincausesmanyf ormsof
env i
ronment aldamage.
Acidpol l
ut antsal sooccurasdr ypar ti
clesandgases, whi chwhenwashedf rom t hegr oundbyr ain,
addt othe
acidsi nther aint of orm amor ecor rosivesol ution.Thi siscal ledaci ddeposi ti
on.
Effects:
 Aci dr aindi ssol vesandwashesawaynut rient sint hesoi lwhi char eneededbypl ant s.
 I tcanal sodi ssol venat ur allyoccur r
ingt oxicsubst ancesl ikeal uminium andmer cury ,
freei
ngt hem t o
pollutewat erorpoi sonpl ant s.
 Aci dr aini ndirect lyaf fect spl ant sbyr emov ingnut rientsfrom t hesoi linwhi chtheygr ow.
 I taffectst reesmor edi rect lybycr eati
nghol esi nthewaxycoat ingofl eaves,causi ngbr owndeadspot s
whi chaf fectt hepl ant ’sphot osy nthesis.
 Far m cr opsar el essaf fect edbyaci dr ainthanf orests.
 Aci dr aint hatf allsorf l
owsasgr oundwat ert or eachr i
vers, l
akesandwet lands,causest hewat erin
them t obecomeaci dic.
 Aci dr ainal sohasf arr eachi ngef fectsonwi ldli
fe.Byadv er selyaffectingonespeci es, t
heent i
ref ood
chai nisdi srupt ed, ult i
mat elyendanger ingt heent i
reecosy stem.
 Aci dr ainanddr yaci ddeposi ti
ondamagesbui l
dings, automobi les,andot herst r
uct uresmadeofst one
ormet al.
 Theaci dcor rodest hemat er i
alscausi ngext ensi vedamageandr ui
nshi st
oricbui l
dings.
 Al thoughsur facewat erpol lutedbyaci draindoesnotdi r
ect l
yhar m peopl e,thet oxicsubst ances
l
eachedf rom soi lcanpol lutewat ersuppl y .
 Fi shcaughti nt hesewat ersmaybehar mful forhumanconsumpt i
on.
Solutions:
 Thebestwayt ost opt hef or mat ionofaci dr aini stor educet heemi ssionsofsul phurdi oxi
deand
nitr
ogenoxi desi ntot heat mospher e.
 Thi scanbeachi ev edbyusi ngl essener gyf rom f ossi lf
uel sinpowerpl ants,vehicl
esandi ndust r
y.
 Swi tchingt ocl eanerbur ni ngf uel sisal soawayout .
 Fori nstanceusi ngnat ur al gaswhi chi scleanert hancoal , usingcoal withlowersul furcont ent,and
dev elopingmor eef ficientv ehicl es.
 Usi ngscr ubber si nsmokest acksi nindust ry .
Ozonel
ayerdepl
eti
on
Ozonei sf ormedbyt heactionofsunl ightonoxygen.Theozonel ayerint heupperat mospher eabsorbsthesun’ s
ult
ravioletradiation,
preventingitf r
om reachi
ngt heeart
h’ssurface.Thi slay erintheatmospher eprotectsl i
feon
earthfrom t hedanger ousUVr adiati
onfrom t
hesun.
Chemi calscal l
edchl orof
luorocar bonsorCFCs,whi chwereusedasr ef
rigerantsandaer osolspraypropellants,
posedat hreatt otheozonel ayer.TheCFCmol eculesarevi
rtuall
yi ndestruct i
bleuntil
theyr eachthestratosphere,
wher e
UVr adiati
onbr eaksthem downt or el
easechl
orineatoms.Thechl orineat omsr eactwi t
hozonemol eculeswhi ch
breakdowni nt
ooxy genmol ecules,whichdonotabsor bUVr adiati
ons.Det ectedat hi
nni ngoftheozonel ay eri
n
theatmospher e
Thedestr
uct
ionoftheozonel
ayeri
sseent ocauseincreasedcasesofski
ncancerandcat
aract
s.I
talsocauses
damagetocert
aincropsandt
oplankton,
thusaffect
ingnature’
sfoodchai
nsandfoodwebs.Thisi
nturncauses
anincr
easei
ncarbondioxi
deduetothedecreaseinvegetati
on.
Nucl
earacci
dent
sandhol
ocaust
Nuclearenergywasr esear chedanddiscover
edbymanasasour ceofal t
ernat
eener gywhichwoul dbecl eanand
cheapcompar edt of
ossi l
fuels.
Hist
or yofnuclearener gytherehavebeenaccidentsthathavesurpassedanynaturalcalamit
yorot herenergy
sourceextracti
oni ntheiri
mpact s.Asi
nglenuclearaccidentcancauselossofli
fe,l
ong- t
ermi l
l
nessand
destruct
ionofpr opertyonal argescal
eforalongper i
odoft i
me.Radioacti
vit
yandr adioact
ivefal
loutleadsto
cancer,geneti
cdi sor
der sanddeat hi
ntheaffectedareafordecadesafter,
thusaff
ect i
ngallformsoflifefor
generati
onst ocome.
Nucl
earhol
ocaust
Theuseofnuclearener
gyinwarhashaddev astati
ngeff
ect sonmanandear t
h.TheHir
oshi
maandNagasaki
i
ncidentdur
ingWorldWarII.Theeff
ect
softher adi
ati
onfrom thesenucl
earbombscansti
llbeseent
odayi
nthe
for
m ofcancerandgeneti
cmut at
ionsi
ntheaffectedchi
ldrenandsurvi
vorsofthei
nci
dent
.
Wast
elandr
ecl
amat
ion
Lossofv eget ationcov erl eadst olossofsoi l
througher osion,whichul t
imatelycr eat eswast el
ands.Lossofsoil
hasalreadyr uinedal argeamountofcul ti
vablelandi nourcount ry.Ifitremainsunchecked, itwil
laff
ectthe
remainingland.Conser vationofsoi l,protecti
ngt heexi sti
ngcul t
ivablelandandr eclai mingt healr
eadydepl et
ed
wastelandsf i
gur espr omi nent l
yamongt hepr i
oritytasksofpl anningf orthefutur e.
Inchoosingwast elandr eclamat i
onmet hodsat tent i
onmustbepai dtot hecostf act or.Thishast obet akeninto
accountbef oredeci di
ngonapar t
icularmet hodf orr eclamationofwast el
ands.Apr operst udyofenv i
ronmental
aspectsandhumani mpact swhi char eresponsiblef orthedev el
opmentofwast el andshav et obelookedinto.
Wastelandcanbecl assifi
edi ntothr eeforms:
 Easi lyr eclaimabl e-Easil
yr eclai
mabl ewast elandscanbeusedf oragricultur alpurposes.
 Recl aimabl ewi thsomedi f f
icult
y-Thosewhi chcanber eclaimedwi t
hsomedi f
ficultycanbeut i
l
izedfor
agrof or estry.
 Recl aimabl ewi thext r
emedi ffi
culty
-Wast elandst hatarer ecl
aimedwi t hext remedi ffi
cul
tycanbeused
forfor estryort or ecreatenat uralecosyst ems.

Agr
icult
ure:Wastel
andcanber eclai
medforagr
icult
urebyreduci
ngthesal
tcontentwhichcanbedoneby
l
eachingandflushi
ng.
Agr
of orest
ry:
Thisinv
olvesputti
nglandtomult
ipleuses.
For
estry:At
temptstogrowtreesinhighl
ynonalkali
nesal
inesoil
shavebeenl
argelyunsuccessf
ul.

Needforwastelanddev el
opment :Wastel
anddev elopmentpr ovi
desasour ceofi ncomef ort heruralpoor.It
ensur
esaconst antsuppl yoff uel,f
odderandt i
mberf orlocaluse.Thepr ogram helpsmai ntainanecol ogi
cal
bal
anceinthear ea.Thei ncreasingforestcov erhelpsi nmai ntai
ninglocalcl
imat i
cconditi
ons.
Component sofwast elandr eclamati
on:
 Thef i
rstmaj ortaski stheidenti
ficati
onoft heproblem att hemicrolevel.Fort
hisiti snecessarytohav
e
Distr
ict,Vi
ll
ageandpl otl
evelsurveysoft hewast el
and.
 Thenextst epi stoi denti
fythefactorsthatar eresponsi blefort
hef ormat i
onofwast el
ands.
Basedont hesef actorsthewast elandiscl assif
iedinto:mar gi
nall
y,parti
all
yorsev erelydeteri
orated
l
ands.
Consumer
ism
 Moder nsoci etiesthatarebasedonusi ngl argeamount sofgoods, especiall
ythoset hatare
manuf acturedf oronet i
meuse, ar
eext remel ywast eful.
 Thei ncreasingconsumpt i
onofnaturalresour ceshasl edtoser i
ousenv i
ronmentalpr obl
emsar oundt he
world.
 Thepr esentpat t
ernofconsumpt i
on,especi all
yi naff
luentsoci eti
es, i
smai nl
yresponsi bl
eforthehi gh
l
evel ofutil
izationofresources.
 Patternofeconomi cdevel
opmentt hatensur est hatpeopl egoonconsumi ngevenmor ethanthey
actuall
yneed.
 Iti
sseent hattoday ’
sconsumpt i
onpat ternsar edepletingnat uralresourcesatar apidrateandwi dening
theinequal i
tiesinconsumpt i
onindi f
ferentsoci eti
es
 Consumer i
sm causeswast eful
useofener gyandmat erialf
arbey ondt hatneededf oreverydayli
vingat
acomf ort
abl elevel
.
  Buy i
ngqual i
typroduct sthatar ewarranteedagai nstfai
lureorwear ingout ,l
earni ngaboutt heraw
mat eri
alsthatthi
ngsar emadeof ,
andanappr eci at
ionoft heirorigi
nf rom natur e’sst orehouse,aswel l
asknowi ngt hecondi t
ionsoft hewor kersthatmaket hem, ar esomeway sofr esi sti
ngconsumer ism and
decreasingwast e.
 Consumer i
sm isrel
at edt otheconstantpur chasingofnewgoods, wi t
hl i
tt
leattent i
ontot heirt
rueneed,
durabili
ty,
productor i
gin, ortheenvir
onment alconsequencesoft heirmanuf actur eanddi sposal.
Consumer i
sm isdrivenbyhugesumsspentonadv erti
singdesi gnedt ocr eatebot hadesi retofollow
trends,andaper sonal feeli
ngofsat i
sf acti
onbasedonacqui sit
ion.Mat eri
ali
sm i soneoft heendr esul
ts
ofconsumer i
sm.
 Consumer i
sm inter
fereswi ththesust ainableuseofr esour cesinasoci etybyr epl acingthenor mal
commonsensedesi ref oranadequat esuppl yofl if
e’snecessi t
ies.
 Indev el
opedcount ri
es, landfil
l
sarebei ngr apidlyf i
l
ledwi t
hcheapdi scardedpr oduct st hatfail
towor k
wi t
hinashor tti
meandcannotber epaired.
Wast
epr
oduct
s
 Theinordinat eamountofwast ethati sgener atedbyconsumer -ori
entedsocietiesaroundt hewor l
di s
nowaser iousenv i
ronmentalissue.
 Mosthumanact ivi
ti
esarerelatedt opr oductionandconsumpt i
oncy cleswhichpr oduceexcessi v
e
amount sofwast eintheform ofsol id,li
quidandgaseouswast epr oducts.
 Thepr oblemsofwast emanagementi nt heur banandruralsectorsarediffer
ent .
 Ruralcommuni ti
est hatweresmal ler,oncehadal imi
tedamountofwast ewhichwasr ecycledast he
communi t i
esusedt hem effecti
vely.
 Withther api di
ncreaseinpopulat i
on, theamountofwast eintermsofquant i
tyandqual ityhas
i
ncreasedwast emanagementpr essur esmanyf ol
dinrecentyears.
 Thereforer euseofgoodsandwast eut il
izat
ionshouldbecomeapar tofthepr oducti
on- consumpt ion
cycl
e.
 Iti
sest i
mat edt
hatt hepercapitapr oduct i
onofdomest icwast eismanyt i
meshi gherinadev eloped
countrywhencompar edtoadev elopi ngcount r
y.
Reduce,
Reuseandr
ecy
cli
ngofpr
oduct
s
 Reduce, Reuse, Recy cle,ort he3Rspr i
nciple, i
st henewconcepti nwast emanagement .
 Somewast ei sinevitablei nanysoci et
y,wemustmi nimi zethegener ati
onofwast eatthesour ceby
usingmi nimal resources.
 Thegoal ofev er ysocietyshoul dbet oreachal ow- wast eornowast esoci ety.
 Usey ourownr eusabl ecl oth/jut ebagsi nst eadofpl ast i
cbags.
 Ther esi dual wast ecanbeconv ertedi ntoauseabl eresour ce.Indev elopedcount ri
eswast eisusedt o
produceener gy .
 E. g.Usi ngki t
chenwetwast et omakecompostt hatcanbeusedasanor gani cfert
il
izer.
 Usi ngsewagei nabi ogaspl antt omakef uel .
 Onei ndust ry’
swast ecoul dbeav aluabler esour cef oranot herindust ry.
 Themat erialleftoveraf terext ract ionofoi lfrom seedsi susedascat t
lefeed.
 Fi nall
y ,thewast emat erialgener atedwhi chcannei t
herber eusednorr ecycled, mustbedi sposedofi na
propermannerwi t
hmi nimum i mpactt otheenv i
ronment .
1. Nont oxicsol idwast eshoul dbepr oper lysegr egatedanddi sposedofi nlandf i
ll
sthatare
proper lysealedt oav oidl eakageandcont ami nat i
onofsur roundi ngl andandgr oundwat er.
2. Toxi cwast esshoul dbet reatedordi sposedofsepar atelyinapr opermanner .
3. Sewageandi ndust ri
al wast ewat ershoul dbeadequat elytreatedandr awmat eri
alsrecovered
from itwher epossi blebef or eitisr eleasedi nt oourr i
ver sandwat erway s.
The3Rpr
incipleofReduce, Reuse, Recy cle, shoul dbef ol lowedi nthator der.
 Reduct ioni st hebestopt i
on.I fwer educeatsour ce,thereisasmal lerchanceofwast egener ati
onand
thepr essur eonoural readyst retchednat ural r esour cesi sreduced.
 Reusei st henextbestopt i
on, ast hepr oducti sr eusedi ni t
scur rentform wi thoutanyener gyexpended
toconv ertitintoanewi tem.
 Recy cli
ngi sthel astopt ion, asal thoughi tconv er tsawast eintoar esource, i
tusesener gytot r
ansform
thatresour cei ntoanewuseabl epr oduct .
Val
ueeducat
ion
Valueeducat
ioninthecont
extofourenv
ironmentisexpect
edtobri
ngaboutanewsustai
nabl
ewayoflif
e.
Educati
onboththroughfor
malandnon-f
ormalprocessesmustthusaddr
essunder
standi
ngenvi
ronment
al
val ues, v aluingnat ureandcul tures, soci al just ice, humanher it
age, equi tabl euseofr esour ces, managi ng
commonpr oper tyr esour cesandappr eci at ingt hecauseofecol ogi cal degr adat ion.
Env i
ronment al Val ues:
Ev er yhumanbei nghasagr eatv ar i
et yoff eel ingsf ordi fferentaspect sofhi sorhersur roundi ngs.TheWest er
n,
moder nappr oachv aluest her esour cesofNat ur ef ort heirut i
li
tariani mpor tanceal one.Howev ert rue
env i
ronment al v aluesgobey ondv al uingar iv erf ori tswat er ,af orestf ori tst i
mberandnon- woodf or estpr oducts,
ort heseaf ori tsf ish.Env i
ronment al val uesar ei nher enti nf eelingst hatbr ingaboutasensi tivit
yf orpr eserv i
ng
nat ur easawhol e.Thi si samor espi ri
tual , East er nt raditional value.
Val uesl eadt oapr ocessofdeci sionmaki ngwhi chl eadst oact ion.Forv alueeducat ioni nr elationt ot he
env i
ronment ,t hispr ocessi sl ear nedt hr oughanunder standi ngandappr eciat i
onofNat ur e’sonenessandt he
i
mpor tanceofi tsconser vati
on.
Env i
ronment al valuesmustal sost ressont hei mpor tanceofpr eser v i
nganci entst ruct ures.Thechar act eri
stic
ar chi tect ure, scul pt ure,ar t
wor ksandcr aftsofanci entcul turesi sani nv aluabl eenv ir
onment alasset .Ittellsus
wher ewehav ecomef rom, wher ewear enow, andper hapswher eweshoul dgo.
Val ui ngNat ur e:
Themostf undament alenv ironment al sent i
menti st ov alueNat ureher self.Appr eciat i
ngHermagni ficenceand
treasur i
ngl ifei tsel fleadst oposi tiv ef eel ingst hatar eamani festat ionofpr oenv i
ronment al consci ousness.
Not hingmakesusmor econsci ousoft hiswondr ousaspectofourear t
h’sdi versityt hanawal kt hrought he
wi lder ness, feel ingandexpl or i
ngi tsbeaut yandexper i
enci ngi tsi nf initev ariety.Thet i
nycr eat urest hatl i
ve
compl exl ivesandt het ower ingt r eesar eal l apar toft hi
sphenomenonwecal l‘li
fe’.Today , mandoesnotev en
knowi fot hercompl exf ormsofl ifeexi stout sideourownsol arsy st em i ndi stantspace.
Val ui ngt hedi ver sityofl ifeitself,wemustal sol ear nt ov alueandr espectdi versehumancul tures.Manyoft he
tribal cul turesofourcount r
yar ev ani shi ngbecauset hosewi thmor edomi nantandeconomi cal l
yadv ancedway s
ofl ifedonotr espectt heirlifest yl
est hatar ei nf actcl osert onat ur eandf requent l
ymor esust ainabl e.
Val ui ngcul tur es:
Ev er ycul tur ehasar ightt oexi st.Tr ibal peopl ear ef requent lymostcl osel ylinkedwi thNat ur eandwehav eno
rightt of oi stont hem ourownmoder nwayofl ife.Thedi l
emmai showt opr ov i
det hem wi thmoder nheal thcare
andeducat iont hatgi vest hem anoppor tuni tyt oachi eveabet tereconomi cst at uswi thoutdi srupt i
ngt heircultur
e
andwayofl ife.Thi swi l
l happenonl yi fwev aluet hei rcul tur eandr espectt hei rwayofl i
fe.
Soci al just i
ce:
Itist hedut yoft hosewhoar ebet terof ft opr ot ectt her ight soft hepoorwhodonothav et hemeanst of i
ghtfor
thei rr ight s.I ft hisi snotr espect edt hepoorwi l
l ev ent uallyr ebel ,anar chyandt errorism wi ll spr ead
Humanher itage:
Theear thi tsel fisaher i
tagel efttousbyourancest or sfornotonl yourownusebutf ort hegener ationst ocome.
Ther ei smucht hati sbeaut iful onourEar th-t heundi stur bedwi lder ness, at radi ti
onal rural landscape, t
he
ar chi tect ureofat radi t
ional vill
ageort own, andt hev alueofahi stor i
cal monumentorpl aceofwor shi p.Thesear e
all par tofhumanher it
age.
Equi tabl euseofr esour ces:
Anunf airdi st ribut ionofweal thandr esour ces, basedonawor l
dt hati sessent iall
yonl yf ort her ich,wi ll
br i
ng
aboutadi sast erofunpr ecedent edpr opor tions.Equi tableuseofr esour cesi snowseenasanessent ial aspectof
humanwel l
bei ngandmustbecomeashar edpoi ntofv i
ewamongal lsoci all
yandenv ironment allyconsci ous
i
ndi vidual s.
CommonPr oper t yResour ces:
Ourenv ironmenthasamaj orcomponentt hatdoesnotbel ongt oi ndi v i
dual s.Ther ear esev eral commonl yowned
resour cest hatal lofususeasacommuni ty.Thewat ert hatnat urer ecy cles, theai rt hatweal lbreat he, the
for est sandgr assl andswhi chmai nt ainourcl imat eandsoi l
, areal l commonpr oper t
yr esour ces.
Ecol ogi cal degr adat i
on:
Inmanysi tuat ionsv aluableecol ogi cal asset sar et urnedi nt oser iousenv i
ronment al probl ems.Thi si sbecause
weasasoci et ydonotst rongl yresi stf or cest hatbr i
ngaboutecol ogi cal degr adat ion.Ecol ogi cal degr adat i
onhas
frequent lybeenbl amedont heneedsoff uel woodandf odderofgr owi ngnumber sofr ural peopl e,ther i
ch,
ur bani zed, indust rial sectori sr esponsi bl ef orgr eat erecol ogi cal damage.