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 NOLTR 62-80

o
rH
CO
UNDERWATER SHOCKWAVE FREQUENCY
SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, III FREQUENCY
SPECTRUM OF PRESSURE PULSES
GENERATED BY ONE-POUND BLACK
POWDER AND PROPELLANT CHARGES (U)

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>- { THE NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY
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Without restrictions
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NOL
APRIL 1962

UNITED STATES NAVAL ORDNANCE LABDRATDRY, WHITE OAK, MARYLAND

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i~ LOCT 111962 ,,,

Downgraded at 3 Year Interyals

JISIA .0 Declassified after 12 Yeorj. DOD Dir 5200.10
Lflj
 CONFIDENTIAL
NOLTR 62-80

UNDERWATER SHOCK WAVE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, III

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF PRESSURE PULSES GENERATED
BY ONE-POUND BLACK POWDER AND PROPELLANT CHARGES
by
J. P. Sllfko
Approved by: E. Swift, Jr., Chief
Underwater Explosions Division

ABSTRACT: The frequency composition of the initial pressure

pulse generated by underwater explosions of one-pound black
powder and one-pound propellent charges encased in heavy
cylindrical containers was obtained from an approximation to
the Fourier transform of pressure-time records of the pulses.
The spectrum level for the two explosives is about two to four
db less than that for an equal weight of TNT at very low
frequencies, but this difference increases rapidly with in-
creasing frequency, and is greater for black powder. These
compositions appear to have no advantage over the currently
used high explosives as a sound source in explosive echo
ranging.

EXPLOSIONS RESEARCH DEPARTWENT

U, S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY
WHITE OAK, MARYLAND

i
iNTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL

NOLTR 62-80 . 1 April 1962

Underwater Shock Wave Frequency Spectrum Analysis, III

Frequency Spectrum of Pressure Pulses Generated
by One-Pound Black Powder and Propellant Charges

This report Is part of a continuing study on the use of under-

water explosions as sound sources for locating submarines. By
concentrating on the near field explosion characteristics, basic
Information on the suitability of various systems can be obtained
without the expense of sea trials. The work was carried out under
WEPTASK No. RUME-3-E-000/212-1/WF001-13-006 PA 023, Echo Ranging
Explosives.

The author wishes to acknowledge the very considerable contri-

butions of W, H. Faux who performed the computation of the data
presented here.

W. D, COLEMAN
Captain, USN
Commander

(I 1 '/,
C. J. ARONSON
By direction
 CONFIDENTIAL
NOLTR 62-80

CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
Charges 1
Rig and Instrumentation 2
3. RESULTS 3
Shock Wave Records 3
Spectrum Analysis 3
k. CONCLUSIONS 4
REFERENCES 5

ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1 Initial Pressure Pulse from Charges Encased In
Heavy Metal Containers, Range Equals 2-1/2 Feet... 6
2 Amplitude Spectrum of Initial Pressure Pulse for
1-lb Black Powder and Propellent Charges Encased
In Heavy Metal Containers, Range Equals 2-1/2 Feet 7

111
CONFIDENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL
NOLTR 62-80

UNDERWATER SHOCK WAVE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, III

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF PRESSURE PULSES GENERATED
BY ONE-POUND BLACK POWDER AND PROPELLANT CHARGES

1. INTRODUCTION

The fact that the shock waves from high explosive charges
contain large amounts of energy Is an Important reason why
charges have been used for many years as sound sources In the sea.
The almost Instantaneous pressure rise and the short duration of
the shock wave pressure pulse from a small high explosive charge
results In a frequency spectrum which provides substantial amounts
of energy at the higher frequencies. As the pressure pulse Is
transmitted long distances through the water, the attenuation
due to absorption and scattering Increases and Is greater at the
higher frequencies. Hence, If the energy In an explosive charge
could be redistributed from the high frequency to the low
frequency end of the spectrum, without decreasing the total
energy, more of the energy would be transmitted to large distances.
It was suggested (a)* that such a reapportlonment could be ob-
tained with propellant compositions.

Attempts by NOL to obtain pressure-time data from black

powder and propellant charges encased In light metal containers
failed because the pressures generated were too small for
reliable measurements. Perhaps the pressure was permitted to
build up only to the bursting point of the can - a pressure which
is quite small. However, as the strength of the metal container
was Increased substantially, the amplitude of the pressure was
likewise Increased. The results presented herein are only for
the initial pressure pulse** generated by the charges encased in
thick metal containers. It may be that other types of container
would further modify the amplitude and shape of the pressure
pulse. Furthermore, since the data presented herein is from a
single experiment, caution should be exercised in the use of the
data.

2. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS

Charges. One pound of conventional (A-2)*** black powder

was hand packed in g 0.5 in. standard pipe nipple and the ends

*Refers to list of references on Page 5 .

^♦Although the geometry did not permit bubble pulse pressure
measurements of sufficient accuracy, there Is evidence that the
bubble pulse pressure amplitudes are of the same order of magni-
tude as that in the initial pressure pulse.
***Des.ignatlon used by the U. S. Naval Propellant Plant, Indian
Head, Maryland.
1
CONFIDENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL
NOLTR 6^-80

were sealed with pipe caps. In the center of one pipe cap a
hole was drilled and a 3/8-ln. diameter by approximately 1 3/^-ln.
long copper tube was soldered at its midpoint in the hole. This
tube provided an entrance for an electrical cable used in the
initiation of the explosive charge. The initiation was performed
by means of a large electric current delivered through a nichrora
wire connected across the cable leads and imbedded in the center
of the top end of the explosive.

The other explosive used was the double base propellant,

type ARP*,which consisted of grains' 0,035-in, diameter by 0,035-in,
lonts. The charge was initiated in a similar manner but a booster
was used since at that time I4: was thought the propellant was
somewhat more Insensitive, Th«i booster consisted of 10 grams of
black powder contained in a small plastic bag, the open end of
which was secured to the Inside end of the copper tube. The
total charge weight was one pound.

Rig and Instrumentation. The charges and four tourmaline

gages were mounted inside a 17-ft, diameter ring constructed
from 1-1/2-in, diameter steel bar and were set at a depth of 9
ft in about 18 ft of water. Two gages were maintained at a range
of 2-1/2 ft and two at 10 ft; another gage was placed outside the
"ring at 40 ft from the charge. The gages used were constructed**
from four 1-4-in. diameter discs of tourmaline and mounted on
lov.-noise cr-ble. These were then coated with a wax to a thick-
ness less than about l/8-ln. The other end of the transmission
cables terminated in compensation networks (b) and 100 megohm
input impedance cathode follower circuits. The output of these
was fed into Kodel ^12 Tektronix oscilloscopes and the pressure-
time records were obtained on 10-ln. strips of 35-^ filni which
were moved at right angles to the excursion of the cathode ray
tube beams produced by the pressure pulses. A calibration of
the time scale was provided by superimposing short duration
pulses upon the pressure time signal. In addition, a step
calibration voltage ("Q" step) was applied at the termination
.network Immediately before each shot. The gage rise (response)
tine to a discontinuous pressure rise was found from previous
tests to be about 8 to 10 microseconds on the average. The
frequency response of the entire recording system was essentially
flat with the 3 db points at about 1/4 cps and 100 kcps.

*Deslgnatlon used by the U, S, Naval Propellant Plant, Indian

Head, Maryland,
**The gages were manufactured by Crystal Research, Inc., h2
Concord Lane, Cambridge 38* Mass,

2
CONFIDENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL
NOLTR 62-80

3. RESULTS

Shock' Wave Records, The wave form of the pressure pulses from
the-black powder and propellant charges encased in thick metal
containers differed appreciably from the conventional high explosive
shock waves. For both explosives, the pressure increased slowly
and linearly to a maximum value after which the pressure decayed
exponentially at an even slower ra*e. For the 1-lb black powder A
charge, a maximum pressure (see Figure la) of about 16.10" dynes/cm
(232 psi) was obtained at a distance of 2-1/2 ft in about O.63
msec. The duration of this pulse was not determined since it was
cut off by the surface reflection at about 4,75 msec. For the
1-lb ARP propellant charge, a maximum pressure (see Figure lb) of
about 89,10° dynes/cm2 (1290 psi) was measured at 2-1/2 ft,. The
time to rise to maximum pressure was only about 0,14 msec; the
duration of this pulse was also cut off by the surface reflection
at about 4,75 msec. Its rate of decay, however, was much faster .
than that for black powder. For comparison, 1-lb TNT charges at
the same range show a maximum pressure.(c) of about 5.30.10° dynes/cm2
(770O psi) and a time constant of about 100 microseconds. The
shape of the pressure-time records for both explosives tested was
unaltered at the 10-ft and 4o-ft distances, except for an earlier
cut-off. Surface cut-off occurred at about 3,4 msec and 1.2 msec
at the 10-ft and 4o-ft distances, respectively, thus rendering
these records unsuitable for Integrating and spectrum analysis.

Spectrum Analysis, The frequency composition of the black"J

powder and propellant pressure-time pulses was obtained by using
the summation approximation of the Fourier transform. This trans-
form can be expressed as follows:

/«f)/.y (^(f))2 + (^(f))2

m
where ^W f P(t) cos 27rft dt

•CO

^(f) = / p (t) sin 2m dt

and p (t) is the pressure-time- data for the two explosives.

In this computation, a Telereadex record reading machine was

used to read the pressures from the pressure-time curve at equally-
spaced time Increments, The time increments used were less than
20 microseconds so that spectrum amplitudes calculated for the
frequencies of Interest ■ (less than about 20 kcps) were valid. The
measured pressure values were punched on IBM cards for use in the
IBM 704 computer. The amplitude and energy spectra were then
calculated by means of a code (d) provided for the 704 computer
for a total of 36 frequencies between 30 cps and 32 kcps.

3
CONFIDENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL
NOLTR 62-80

In Ficure 2, some of these values of the amplitude spectrum

are plotted for the A-2 black powder and AKF propellant charges.
The amplitude spectrum level is equal to 20 lo^; 0 (f) and is
expressed In db re 1 dyne/cm^/cps*. Also shown for comparison
is a dashed curve for TNT, The latter curve was calculated for
an exponential pulse (e) usin^ the maximum pressure and time
constant given above for 1-lb TNT charges at 2-1/2 ft distance.
It is seen in Figure 2 that the spectrum level is only about 2
and 4 db less for the propellant and black powder charges
respectively than It is for TNT at the lowest frequency calcu-
lated. This indicates that there is no significant difference in
the impulse for the three explosives. (This difference would be
still smaller had not the black powder and propellant pulses been
cut off at about 4,75 msec). However, as the frequency was in-
creased, the spectrum level for the two explosives decreased much
more rapidly tnan it did for TNT, For example, a comparison with
TNT of the energies in the frequency bands considered favorable
for sound transmission, i,e,, about 1 kcps to 4 kcps, shows that
a reduction of 10 db to 15 db was obtained for the propellant
charge and about 30 db to 55 db for the black powder charge.

The oscillations in the spectrum level for the two composi-

tions tested may be real. The frequency at which the first
minimum appears in each curve seems to be Inversely proportional
to the time of the maximum pressure; the proportionality factor
is about 1,45,

4. CONCLUSIONS

A reduction of energy in the higher end of the spectrum

(beyond that used in JULIE and similar systems) was obtained
for the initial pressure pulse from 1-lb black powder and pro-
pellant charges encased in thick metal c^-tainers; the reduction
was greater for the black powder. However, this energy loss did
not reappear as an increase in the acoustically useful frequencies;
in fact the energy was also reduced in the lower frequencies,
particularly in the frequencies considered favorable for sound
transmission. This reduction also was greater for black powder
than for the propellant. Therefore, when compared with an equal
weight of high explosive, such as TNT, these explosives appear
to have no advantage In most applications as a sound source in
explosives echo ranging.

*Slnce the energy spectrum level is 10 log 2/0(f)/ indb re 1

p C
2
erg/cm /cps, it is readily obtained by subtracting 48.8 db
(10 log pcjfrom the curves in Figure 'a, ^ c Is the acoustic
2 2
impedance of water in grams/cm /sec.

4
CONFIDENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL
NOLTR 62-80

REFERENCES

(a) NOL Itr E:JEA:sgm (X9) Ser 0675 of 29 Mar 1957 to BuOrd
(ReU3) with end (l), "Preliminary Suggestions Applicable
to Explosive Echo Ranging Problems", Confidential

(b) "A Study of Piezoelectric Gage Cable Termination", Otto

^eier, Jr., NOLM 10467, November 1959

(c) "Underwater Explosion Shock Wave Parameters at Large

Distances from the Charge", A. B, Arons, 195^, Journal
Acoustic Society of America, 26, 3^3

(d) "Underwater Shock Wave Frequency Spectrum Analysis,.II,

Frequency Spectrum for Shock Waves Generated by Charges of
Different Compositions'1^. H. Faux, NOLTR 62-18, Confidential

(e) "Underwater Explosions as Acoustic Sources", D. E. Weston,

Proceedings of the Physical Society, 1 Aug I960, Vol 76,
Pt 2, No. 488

5
CONFIDENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL
NOLTR 62-80

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 NOLTR 62-80

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