4chapter-Iii Edited PDF

CHAPTER III
PROPOSED PROJECT DESIGN
This chapter presents the detailed design for the Proposed Site Development Plan
of Brgy. Tagapo, Santa Rosa City, Laguna Public Facility and Freedom Park. It includes
the layout of the facilities based from the findings of technical study, the design
considerations from the various codes which serves as the basis for the proposed design,
the preliminary design of the project and the design standards and specifications needed
to be used in the project.
A. Proposed Layout of Facilities
Site Development Plan
A site development plan is a layout of improvements and projects proposed for an
allocated lot area. The project has an allotted lot area of 25,932 square meters located in
an agricultural land. The site development plan in the proposed location and the design of
the proposed structures are planned by the proponents based on the design standards.
For the site development plan of Brgy. Tagapo, Santa Rosa City, Laguna Public
Facility and Freedom Park, the layout of the planned improvements is shown below in
Figure 11. In this plan, the common details shown are: property line, outline of the
proposed structures, parking spaces, road, traffic flow, pathways/sidewalks, perimeter
fence, other utilities and landscaped areas. Legends are also presented for better
understanding of the proposed layout.

Proposed Site Development Plan of Public … Chapter III:
Cadacio, J.K.R., Gupit, C.J.P.C., Tanyag, R.S. Proposed Project Design
Figure 11. Proposed Site Development Plan of the Project
As can be seen in Figure 11, the proposed project is located near the Silang-Sta.
Rosa River. Therefore, the proponents followed the Article 51 of the DENR
Administrative Order No. 97-05, where it is stated that the banks of rivers and streams
and the shores of the seas and lakes throughout their entire length and within a zone of
three (3) meters in urban area, along their margins, are subject to the easement of public
use in the interest of recreation, navigation, flotage, fishing and salvage. No person shall
be allowed to stay in this zone longer than what is necessary for recreation, navigation,
floatage, fishing or salvage or to build structures of any kind.
It can also be seen that the entire area will be surrounded by perimeter fence
which is denoted by a red line. The left side of the site are composed of the proposed
public library building and senior citizen center building represented as numbers 1 and 2
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in the figure. It can also be noticed that there will be a guardhouse located near the
entrance which is number 9. The parking spaces for car vehicles can be seen near public
library and senior citizen center building. Likewise, the parking spaces for motor vehicles
will be located beside the proposed public library building.
The freedom park situated at the right side of the site is composed of stage, food
hubs, pavilions, playground and basketball court. The open area allotted for the event
grounds is denoted as number 3. The stage, which is number 4, will be used in the event
grounds and is located at the northern part of the park. Also, the food hubs placed at the
northern and south eastern portion of the park is denoted as number 5. Additionally, three
pavilions are provided for users which are numbers 6 and 7. Those pavilions have
different numbers because one of them have a toilet. The left side and bottom part of the
park are composed of playground and basketball court with bleachers represented by
numbers 8 and 10. Other spaces are allocated for landscaped areas where people can
gather, assemble and enjoy the beauty of the city.
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Figure 12 illustrates the proposed drainage layout for the proposed site at
Barangay Tagapo, Santa Rosa City, Laguna.
Figure 12. Proposed Drainage Layout
The proposed drainage will be connected to the existing drainage alongside Leon
Arcillas Boulevard. As can be seen from the figure, rainwater flow is denoted by violet
arrows. The site is also near to the Silang-Sta.Rosa River which will serve as the outfall
for the proposed drainage.
B. Design Consideration
In the process of conceptualizing the design of the proposed structures of the
project, the proponents referred to the National Building Code of the Philippines 2018,
Department of Public Works and Highways Building Standards - Design Guidelines
Criteria and Standards 2015, National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015,
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Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, Batas Pambansa Bilang 344, Fire
Code of the Philippines, National Plumbing Code of the Philippines, and Philippine
Electrical Code 2017.
1. Two-storey Public Library Building, Two-storey Senior Citizen Center
Building, Stage, Food Hubs and Pavilion
All buildings or structures as well as accessory facilities thereto shall
conform in all respects to the principles of the safe construction and must be
suited to the purpose for which they are designed. (Section 104 of NBCP 2018)
For the minimum sizes of rooms and their least dimensions shall conform
the minimum dimensions given in this section. Room for human habitations
minimum of 6 m2 with at least dimensions of 2 meters, kitchens shall have at least
3 m2 with at least dimension of 1.50 meters. (Section 806 of NBCP 2018). Dining
area and kitchen should have a minimum of 3 m2 and 6 m2 per bedroom.
(Section 5.2.7 of DENR Administrative Order No.2009-09)
Buildings proposed shall comply air space requirement in determining the
size of rooms, minimum space or room for workshops, factories and offices is 12
m3 of space per person and for habitable rooms shall have at least 14 m3 of space
per person. (Section 807 of NBCP 2018)
The design requirements prescribed in the National Building Code 2018,
Batas Pambansa Bilang 344, and Fire Code of the Philippines for Public Facility
are the following:
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a) Ceiling Height
The ceiling height of rooms with natural ventilation shall be not less than
2.70 meters measured from the floor to the ceiling; rooms provided with artificial
ventilation shall have ceiling heights not less than 2.40 meters. (Section 805 of
NBCP 2018)
b) Windows
For window openings, this section state that at every room intended for
any use, not provided with artificial, ventilation system as herein specified in this
act shall be provided with windows with a total free area of openings equal to at
least ten (10) percent of the gross floor area of room if the room is fully enclosed
by heat insulating panel as cement-bonded, etc. (Section 808 of NBCP 2018)
c) Elevator and Escalator Enclosures
Walls and partitions enclosing elevators and escalators shall be of not less
than the fire-resistive construction required under the Types of Construction.
Enclosing Walls of elevator shafts may consist of wire glass set in metal frames
on the entrance side only. Elevator shafts extending through more than two
storeys shall be equipped with an approved means of adequate ventilation to and
through the main roof of the building: Provided, that in those buildings housing
Groups F (Mercantil) and G (Industrial) Occupancies equipped with automatic
fire extinguishing systems throughout, enclosures shall not be required for
escalators: Provided, further that the top of the escalator opening at each storey
shall be provided with a draft curtain. Such draft curtain shall enclose the
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perimeter of the unenclosed opening and shall extend from the ceiling downward
at least 300 millimeters on all sides. Automatic sprinkles shall be provided around
the perimeter of the opening and within 600 millimeters of the draft curtain. The
distance between the sprinkles shall not exceed 1.80 meters’ center-to-center.
(Section 1204 of NBCP 2018)
Elevator lobbies shall have access to at least one exit. Such exit access
shall not require the use of a key, a tool, special knowledge or special effort.
(Section 10.2.5.2-G of FCP)
d) Floor Construction
All floors shall be so framed and secured into the framework and
supporting walls so as to form an integral part of the whole building; the type of
floor construction used shall provide means to keep the beam and girders from
lateral buckling. (Section 1205 of NBCP 2018)
e) Roof Construction
All roofs shall be so framed and secured into the framework and
supporting walls so as to form an integral part of the whole building; dark stops,
roof drains, flushing, etc., shall be provided. Roof trusses shall have all joints well
fitted and shall have all tension members well tightened before any load is placed
in the truss. Diagonal and sway bracing shall be used to brace all roof trusses.
(Section 1206 of NBCP 2018)
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f) Exits
The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load
requirements of buildings and for the number of exits, every building or usable
portion thereof shall have at least one exit. In all occupancies, floors above the
first storey having an occupant load of more than 10 shall not have less than two
exits. (Section 1207 - b of NBCP 2018)
For the distance to exits, no point in a building without a sprinkler system
shall be more than 45 meters from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit, exit
passageway, or an enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel. In a
building equipped with a complete automatic fire extinguishing system the
distance from exits may be increased to 60 meters. (Section 1207- b of NBCP
2018)
g) Doors
Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the installation
of a door not less than 900 millimeters in width and not less than 2.00 meters in
height. (Section 1207 - c of NBCP 2018). Capacity of means of door will be based
on the given minimum width per person for stairways. The width of any means of
egress shall not be less than nine hundred fifteen millimeters (915 mm). (Section
10.2.5.2 - F of FCP). All doors shall have a minimum clear width of 0.80 m and a
minimum clear level space of 1.50 m by 1.50 m. Doorknobs and other hardware
should be located between 0.82 m and 1.06 m above the floor, 0.90 is preferred.
(Appendix C.3 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)
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h) Corridors
Exit balconies or corridors shall have a width not less than 1.10 meters as
well as for the minimum width for exit stairways. (Section 1207 - d of NBCP
2018) Corridors shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 m, waiting areas and
other facilities or spaces shall not obstruct the minimum clearance requirement.
(Appendix C.7 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344 )
i) Stairways
Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 must be 1.10 meters
wide; those serving more than 50 shall not be less than 1.50 meters. The rise of
every step shall not exceed 200 millimeters and the tread shall not be less than
250 millimeters. Handrails shall be provided on each side of every stairway
having more than four steps. (Section 1207 - e of NBCP 2018)
j) Stage
At least one exit not less than 90 centimeters (3 feet) wide shall be provided
from a passageway not less than 90 centimeters (3 feet) in width to a street or exit
court. An exit stair not less than 75 centimeters (2 feet, 6 inches) wide shall be
provided for egress from each fly gallery. Each tier of dressing rooms shall be
provided with at least two means of egress each not less than 75 centimeters (2
feet, 6 inches) wide and all such stairs shall be constructed as specified in this
Code. The stairs required in this Subsection need to be enclosed. (Section 1213 –
g of NBCP 2018)
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k) Handrails and Ramp
Handrails should be installed at both sides of ramps and stairs and the outer
edges of dropped curbs. It shall be installed at 0.90 m and 0.70 m above steps or
ramps and 0.30 m long extension of the handrail should be provided at the start
and end of ramps and stairs. Handrails attached to walls should have a clearance
no less than 50 mm from the wall. For protection at great heights, it may be
installed at 1.0 m to 1.06 m. Handrails that require full grip should have a
dimension of 30 mm to 50 mm. (Appendix A.4 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)
Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 m and maximum gradient
shall be 1:12. The length of a ramp should not exceed 6.0 m if the gradient is
1:12, longer ramps whose gradient is 1:12 shall be provided with landings not less
than 1.50 m. A level area not less than 1.80 m should be provided at the top and
bottom of any ramp. (Appendix A.4 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)
l) Toilet
Accessible water closet stalls shall have a minimum area of 1.70 x 1.80, one
movable grab bar and one fixed to the adjacent wall shall be installed at the
accessible water closet. A turning space of 2.25 sq. m with a minimum dimension
of 1.50 m for wheelchairs shall be provided. All accessible public toilets shall
have accessories such as mirrors, papers dispensers, towel racks and fittings such
as faucets mounted at heights reachable by person in a wheelchair. The maximum
height of water closets should be 0.45 m, flush control should have a maximum
height of 1.20 m. Urinals should have an elongated lip or through type, the
maximum height of the lip should be 0.48 m. Lavatories should be 0.80 m with a
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knee recess of 0.60 – 0.70 m vertical clearance and a 0.50 m depth. (Appendix C.8
of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)
m) Parking Spaces and Curbs
Parking spaces should be located as close as possible to building entrances or
accessible entrances and whenever or wherever possible, parking spaces should
be perpendicular or to an angle to the road. Accessible parking slots should have a
minimum width of 3.70 m and a walkway from accessible spaces of 1.20 m clear
width shall be provided between the front ends of parked cars. (Appendix B.1 of
Batas Pambansa Bilang 344).
The size of an average automobile (car) parking slot must be computed at 2.50
meters by 5.00 meters for perpendicular or diagonal parking and at 2.15 meters by
6.00 meters for parallel parking. (Section 707– 4 of NBCP 2018)
Dropped curbs and curb cut-outs should have a minimum width of 0.90 m and
shall be ramped towards adjoining curbs with a gradient not more than 1:12. It
should be sloped towards the road with a minimum cross gradient of 1:20 to
prevent water from collecting at the walkway. (Appendix A.1 of Batas Pambansa
Bilang 344)
Guard House
The size depends on the number of expected guards on duty; allocating 1.5
meters by 2 meters per guards. (Section 5.2.4 of DENR Administrative Order
No.2009-09) The location of the guard station should be at point where the
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guard can control entry and exit of pedestrians and vehicles, preferably at the
entrance gate. (Section 5.2.4 of DENR Administrative Order No.2009-09)
Basketball Court
The design requirements prescribed in the NBA Standards for Public
Basketball Court are the following:
a) The playing court shall have an inside dimension of 28.7 m by 15.2 m and
a minimum length of 33.53 m together with the inside length of playing
court.
b) A free throw lane shall be marked at each end of the court with
dimensions and markings as shown on the court diagram. All boundary
lines are part of the lane; lane space marks and neutral zone marks are not.
The areas identified by the lane space markings are 5 cm by 15.24 cm.
c) A free throw line shall be drawn (5 cm wide) across each of the circles
indicated in the court diagram. It shall be parallel to the end line and shall
be 4.6 m from the plane of the face of the backboard.
d) The three-point field goal area has parallel lines 0.9 m from the sidelines,
extending from the baseline and an arc of 7.24m from the middle of the
basket which intersects the parallel lines.
e) Four hash marks shall be drawn (5 cm wide) perpendicular to the sideline
on each side of the court and 8.53 m from the baseline. These hash marks
shall extend 0.9 m onto the court.
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f) Two hash marks shall be drawn (5 cm wide) perpendicular to the baseline
on each side of the free throw lane line. These hash marks shall be 3’ from
the free throw lane line and extend 15.24 cm onto the court.
g) Four hash marks shall be drawn (5 cm wide) parallel to the baseline on
each side of the free throw circle. These hash marks shall be 3.96 m from
the baseline and 0.9 m from the free throw lane lines and shall be 15.24
cm in length.
h) A Restricted Area shall be marked with a half-circle 1.2 m from the center
of the basket ring and then parallel to the lane line to the face of the
backboard with a solid two-inch line.
Bleachers
For the design requirements of bleachers, the minimum unit live load for
reviewing stands, grandstands, and bleachers shall be 500 kilograms per square
meter of horizontal projection for the structure as a whole. Seat and footboards
shall be 180 kilograms per linear meter. The sway force, applied to seats, shall be
35 kilograms per linear meter parallel to the seats and 15 kilograms per linear
meter perpendicular to the seats. Sway forces need not to be applied
simultaneously with other lateral forces. (Section 1207 – n of NBCP 2018)
The minimum spacing of rows of seats measured from back-to-back shall be:
600 millimeters for seats without backrests in open air stands; 750 millimeters for
seats with backrests, and 850 millimeters for chair seating. (Section 1207 – n of
NBCP 2018)
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2. Road and Drainage Design
The concrete road and drainage design will be based on Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH) - Design Guidelines, Criteria and
Standards (DGCS) Volume 4. The design of the road should conform Table 3-2 of
DGCS Vol 4 which tackled the minimum design standards for tourism roads.
Based on DGCS, the requirement for the road pavement type is a Portland
Cement Concrete Pavement with a minimum width of 6.1 m for two lanes and a
minimum of 1.5 m for the shoulder width. Moreover, a minimum of 910 mm in
diameter of a pipe culvert will be used as the road drainage.
3. Elevated Water Tank and Water System
Whenever available, the potable water requirements for a building used for
human habitation shall be supplied from existing municipal or city waterworks
system. (Section 902 of NBCP 2018). Since, Level III systems is operated by
Laguna Water Management Services Corporation, a subsidiary of Manila Water
Company, Inc. (MWCI). Laguna Water obtains water supply from the
Matangtubig springs of Cabuyao. Currently, the company operates in the cities of
Binan, Santa Rosa and Cabuyao and in the municipality of Pagsanjan. Therefore,
the main water source of the site will be the water supply included in the area will
be provided by Laguna Water Management Services Corporation. However, the
proponents have suggested having a water storage to be used in an emergency
situation such as water scarcity. The proposed water tank has a capacity of 12,700
gallons adapted to the demand of the buildings in the proposed project. The water
demand projection is based on Recommended Basic Water Requirements for
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Human Need table of the Department of Public Works and Highways – Design
Guidelines Criteria and Standards Volume 6.
4. Sanitary and Plumbing System
Waste management design, water distribution system, and sanitary
orientations should comply with the standards of the National Plumbing Code of
the Philippines, and Plumbing Design.
The minimum size of any building sewer shall be determined on the basis of
the total number of fixture units drained by such. No building sewer shall be
smaller than 150 mm diameter nor less in size than the building drain.
For culverts crossing under local roads, a minimum internal width and clear
depth of 910 mm is required. (DGCS 2015 Volume 3)
Every water supply to a urinal shall be protected by an approved type vacuum
breaker or other approved backflow prevention device. For each urinal added in
excess of the minimum required, one water closet shall be permitted to be
deducted. The number of water closets shall not be reduced less than two thirds of
the minimum requirement. 610 mm of wash sink, 457 mm of circular basin, when
provided with water outlets for such space, shall be considered equivalent to 1
lavatory.
Septic tank shall be located not less than 25 meters from any well, spring,
cistern, or other sources of drinking water supply; not less than 1.5 meters from
any water service line; and not less than3.0 meters away from water main. Septic
tank shall not be located under the building. (P.D. 856)
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5. Electrical System
The main power supplier of the project site will be the Manila Electric
Company (MERALCO) since most of the electrical supplier of nearby structures
and houses are come from the same electric company. Moreover, all electrical
systems, equipment and installation mentioned in this Code shall conform to the
provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code, as adopted by the Board of Electrical
Engineering pursuant to Republic Act No. 184 otherwise known as the Electrical
Engineering Law. (Section 1301 of NBCP 2018)
Based on the electrical standards of DGCS 2015 Volume 6, service
entrance conduit shall be made of intermediate metallic conduit (IMC).
Underground runs shall be encased in concrete envelope or reinforced concrete
envelope when crossing a roadway. Ends of conduits shall be provided with a
sealing compound.
Wires shall be properly designed in accordance with Article 3.10 and the
grounding system shall conform to Article 2.50 of the PH Electrical Code (PEC).
(DGCS 2015 Volume 6)
Each room/enclosed space must be provided with a lighting product(s) that
can produce 400 lux or better at the tabletop/ countertop level. Convenience
outlets must be provided in each rooms or enclosed spaces. (DGCS 2015 Volume
6)
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6. Internet System
The Brgy. Tagapo, Santa Rosa City, Laguna Public Facility and Freedom
Park, particularly the Public Library may coordinate with the following leading
internet service provider in the Philippines such as Globe Telecom, Smart
Telecom, PLDT Home, Sun Telecom and Bayantel. However, the internet access
in the project location will depend on the available line of internet facility within
area.
C. Preliminary Design
The preliminary design of facilities of the project contains building design,
structural design, electrical design, and plumbing and sanitary design. All the design will
be based on the design considerations. This project used design software to help the
researchers produce optimum designs.
AutoCAD is computer-aided design (CAD) software that architects, engineers,
and construction professionals rely on to create precise 2D and 3D drawings. It is used
for the drawings and layouts.
Google Sketch Up 2017 is a 3D modeling computer program for a wide range of
drawing applications such as architectural, interior design, landscape architecture, civil
and mechanical engineering, film and video game design. This software provides a
thorough architectural view of each building perspectives and site development plan.
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I. Building Plans
The building standards prepared in the building plans of the projects were all
complied in the NBCP, DENR, and FCP in order to meet the design requirements and
design quality in terms of design preferences. Thus, the project proponents presented the
building design plans to form the overall features of the proposed site development plan
of Brgy. Tagapo, Santa Rosa City, Laguna Public Facility and Freedom Park:
a. Vicinity Map
b. Site Development Plan
c. Perspective
d. Floor Plans
e. Elevations
i. Front Elevation
ii. Rear Elevation
iii. Left Side Elevation
iv. Right Side Elevation
f. Two Sections
i. Longitudinal Section
ii. Transverse Section
g. Doors and Windows Schedule
See Appendix C for the design plans of Proposed Public Facilities and Park in
Santa Rosa City, Laguna
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Vicinity Map
Figure 13. Vicinity Map
Figure 13 shows the Vicinity Map of the site. The lot allotted for the proposed
projects are surrounded by numerous landmarks: Multi-Purpose Complex, Polytechnic
University of the Philippines and Canossa School. Furthermore, the site is adjacent to the
Leonor Arcillas Boulevard which makes it very accessible for the public.
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Two-Storey Public Library
Figure 14. Perspective View of Public Library
The proposed Public Library provides resources and services in various ways to
meet the educational needs of individuals and groups. With a total floor area of 1696
square meters, this structure has two (2) fire exits in each floor, the perspective design of
two-storey Public Library is shown in Figure 14.
Figure 15. Public Library, Ground Floor Directory
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Figure 16. Public Library, Second Floor Directory
1. Reference Desk
Reference desk is a public service counter where library users could ask for the
directions in the library. Two (2) reference desks are provided in the building, having
one (1) reference desk at the ground floor beside the Lounge, and one (1) reference
desk at the second floor with a total area of approximately 50 square meters.
2. Lounge
Lounge is where people can sit, relax and wait for their acquaintance. The lounge
is provided beside the reference desk in the ground floor to accommodate the library
users and to avoid interruption for those who are in the study area. It covers an area of
25 square meters
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3. Admin Office
Admin office is responsible for the transactions, activities and proper
management of the building. It is located in the ground floor, beside the Storage room
and near the entrance. It covers an area of 40 square meters.
4. File Room
File Room is where files and records are being stored for the confidentiality and
safety of the activities and transactions of the library. File room has a total area of 20
square meters and is located beside Admin Office.
5. Maintenance Room
Maintenance room is provided for the staffs who are maintaining the good
condition of the equipment and the building. It is located beside the admin office. It
occupies a total area of 20 square meters.
6. Study Space
Study space is intended to accommodate the library users. It is located beside the
library stack. There are study spaces located in the ground and second floor, which
has a total area of approximately 300 square meters.
7. College Section
College section provides library stack which store books for college students. It is
located beside the rest room with an allocated area of 50 square meters.
8. Elementary Section
Elementary section provides library stack which store books for elementary
students. It is located beside the high school section with an allocated area of 40
square meters.
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9. High School Section
High School section provides library stack which store books for high school
students. It is located beside the elementary section with an allocated area of 40
square meters.
10. Toilet
Toilets are provided for the library users and workers. It can be found in both
floors. Two (2) toilets are provided in the ground floor and another two (2) in the
second floor. Each toilet covers an area of 25 square meters with a total of 100 square
meters.
11. Thesis Section
Thesis section is provided for the library users who need reference for their
research. It is also provided with reference desk and library stacks specifically for
studies and research that could provide information for the users. Thesis section has a
total area of 45 square meters located beside the toilet at the ground floor.
12. Group Room
Group room is for the group of library users where a discussion can be held it is
provided a white board. Two group rooms is provided beside the children’s section
with a total of 40 square meters
13. Children’s Section
Children’s section provides an area and reading promotion for children. Library
stacks is also provided for children’s books and games. With a total area of 20 square
meters, it is located beside the group room
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14. Conference Room
Conference room is a room for event such as meetings and presentations. It is
located in the second floor beside the tech services room. It covers an area of 40
square meters.
15. Tech Services Room
Tech services room is intended for the library personnel who assist library users
in multimedia technology installed in the library. They also facilitate the multimedia
technology for the installation and maintenance. It is located in the second floor,
adjacent to the office of the librarian. It covers an area of 20 square meters.
16. Librarian’s Office
It is an office for the librarians who are responsible for managing the staff and
provide services to meet the public needs. Librarians also provide access to the
information needed by the library users. It covers an area of 50 square meters. It is
located beside the Tech Services room
17. Electronic Library
Electronic library enables its users to use a faster medium for accessing
information and data with the aid of internet and computers. Printers and
photocopiers would also be provided for ease of access of the users. It is provided
with 20 computers and is located in the second floor. The Electronic Library
comprises a total area of 99 square meters.
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18. PNL Section
Philippine National Library donates approximately 600 books upon its opening of
the public library in Santa Rosa, Laguna. 40 square meters is the allocated area for the
PNL section beside the literary section.
19. Literary Section
Literary Section provides library stacks for fiction books, archives and special
collections. With an allocated area of 50 square meters beside the PNL section.
Table 4 will provide the summarize dimensions and floor areas of each facilities
in two-storey public library.
Table 4
Summary of Dimensions and Floor areas of each facility in Public Library
Facilities Dimensions(m) Floor Area (m2)
Ground Floor
Reference Desk 5x5 25
Lounge - 25
Admin Office 4x10 40
File Room 5x4 20
Maintenance Room 5x4 20
Study Space - 185
College Section 10x5 50
Elementary Section 10x4 40
High School Section 10x4 40
Women’s Toilet 5x5 25
Men’s Toilet 5x5 25
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Continuation of Table 4…
Thesis Section 5x9 45

Group Room 5x4 40
Children’s Section 5x4 20
Second Floor
Study Space - 210
Conference Room 4x10 40
Tech Services Room 5x4 20
Librarian’s Office 4x10 40
Electronic Library 11x10 110
PNL Section 10x4 40
Literary Section 10x4 40
Total Floor Area 1696
It can be observed in Table 4 that ground floor consists of offices that provide
assistance to the library users such as the admin office and maintenance room. Second
floor of the building consist of upgraded resource and services such as the E-library
providing 20 computers, photocopiers and printers, office of the librarian, conference
room and tech services room. There will be allocated area for library stacks, study
space and toilets in each floor
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Two-Storey Senior Citizen Center
Figure 17. Perspective View of Senior Citizen Center
The center occupies 1696 square meters of land area and has two (2) fire exits in
each floor, the perspective design of two-storey Senior Citizen’s Center is shown in
Figure 17.
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Figure 18. Senior Citizen Center, Ground Floor Directory
Figure 19. Senior Citizen Center, Second Floor Directory
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1. Receiving Area
To have a place where people can sit while waiting for information, there will be
a receiving area that covers an area of 117 square meters. It is located in the ground
floor in front of the entrance.
2. Office of Senior Citizen Affairs
The Office of Senior Citizen Affairs (OSCA) is provided for administering
assistance to senior citizens by granting benefits and special privileges and for other
purposes. It is placed beside the receiving area. It covers an area of 224 square
meters.
3. Dental Clinic
The building will include a public dental clinic that will provide health care for
the elderly. It is positioned in the ground floor beside the receiving area. It will
consist of two (2) entrance doors. One door accessible from the outside and another
door from the inside of the building. It occupies an area of 117 square meters.
4. Maintenance Room
Maintenance room is provided for the personnel who are maintaining the good
condition of the equipment and the building. It is located in the ground floor beside
the storage room. It has an area of 40 square meters.
5. Storage Room
Storage room is for the storage of equipment and supplies. It is situated in the
ground floor beside the maintenance room. It covers an area of 25 square meters.
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6. Toilet
Toilets are provided for the SCC users and workers. It is can be found in both
floors. In the ground floor, two (2) toilets are located beside the OSCA while in the
second floor, two (2) toilets are placed beside the function hall. Each toilet occupies
an area of 20 square meters.
7. Admin
Office administration is provided for the daily activities related to financial
planning, record keeping, billing and logistics within the organization. It is located on
the ground floor, beside the elevator. It covers an area of 20 square meters.
8. Job Center
Job Center is a facility where senior citizens will be given an opportunity to do
crafting that will be offered for sale to the public. There will be a total of two (2) job
centers situated in the ground floor. Both rooms will have an area of 72 square
meters.
9. Conference Room
Conference Room will be used for meetings of the official with regards to the
development of the center. It can also be used to hold conferences with regards to
business and small team meetings.
10. Activity Room
Activity rooms will be used for various activities and occasions. Senior Citizen
building will include four (4) activity rooms that will serve as art, music and dance
rooms. Two (2) rooms will occupy an area of 40 square meters and another two (2) which
has a larger area of 72 square meters.
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11. Information Desk
Information desk is public service counter where elderly can go information
inquiries. It has an area of 20 square meters and is located in the second floor beside
the elevator.
12. Function Hall
For social events, meetings, and gatherings, a function hall is provided. It is
located on the second floor of the Senior Citizen Building in front of the chapel. It has
a total area of 386 square meters.
13. Cafe
Cafe is also provided within the building where SCC users and workers could
have their food and relax. It is located in the second floor beside the function hall. It
covers an area of 72 square meters.
14. Lounge
A lounge is where people can sit, relax and wait for their acquaintance. it is
located in the second floor in front of the Café. It covers an area of 40 square meters.
15. Chapel
Chapel is a private place for worship. Citizens can go to chapel to have peace of
mind or ask for divine assistance. It is located in the second floor in front of the
function hall. It covers an area of 162 square meters.
16. Recreational Room
Recreational room is a room used for a variety of purposes, such as parties,
games and other every day or casual use. Recreational rooms with a total area of 112
square meters will be provided in the second floor of the building. It will be
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composed of gym, mini theatre and game room. The recreational room is located
beside the chapel.
Table 5
Summary of Dimensions and Floor areas of each facility in Senior Citizen’s
Center
Facilities Dimensions(m) Floor Area (m2)
Ground Floor
Receiving Area 13x9 117
Office of Senior Citizen 14x16 224
Affairs
Medical Clinics/ Health 13x9 117
Services
Maintenance Room 8x5 40
Storage Room 5x5 25
Admin 5x4 20
Job Center 9x8 144
Activity Room 8x5 80
Second Floor
Information Desk 5x4 20
Function Hall - 386
Cafe 8x9 72
Lounge 8x5 40
Chapel 18x9 162
Recreational Room - 112
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Continuation of Table 5…

Activity Room - 112
Total Floor Area 2788
Table 5 shows that ground floor comprises offices that provide assistance to
the senior citizens. such as the Office of Senior Citizen Affair, Medical Clinics/
Health Services, admin office and job centers. Second floor of the building consists of
chapel, lounge, recreational room, function hall which can accommodate 300
occupants. It also has a café which offers a cozy and welcoming environment for
visitors who want to relax and be comfortable. The space allotted for the customers
extends to the balcony, so that they can take a look at the freedom park while
enjoying their food and coffee. Toilets and activity room are both located in each
floor.
Guard House
Figure 20. Perspective View of Guard House
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Figure 20 shows the typical perspective view of proposed guard house of the site.
It will be located near the entrance/exit along Leon Arcillas Boulevard Road. The guard
house was designed for one or two guards on duty. It occupies area of 3 square meters per
occupant. It also composes of toilet with 2.7 square meters to prevent unattended posts.
Freedom Park
Figure 21. Perspective View of Freedom Park
As can be seen in Figure 21, the pathway accommodates the center and outer part
of the freedom park where people can walk, run and exercise. The concept of this park is
to have a relaxing and accommodating area for the visitors.
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Figure 22. Freedom Park Directory
• Basketball Court
Figure 23. Perspective View of Basketball Court with Bleachers
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Freedom park will have Basketball Court beside the entrance. The Basketball
court together with the bleachers will have a total of 940 square meters. The design
standards used for the basketball court having a dimension of 28.7 meters by 15.2
meters was based from the NBA Standards. Also, there will be a total of two (2)
bleachers having a total area of 32 square meters. Each bleacher will have a stair in
the middle. Furthermore, each bleacher will accommodate 124 persons. The
basketball court can also house the volleyball sport.
• Food Hubs
Figure 24. Perspective View of Food Hub
To have a place where people can eat, there will be two (2) food hubs, each
having an area of 216 square meters. One (1) Food hub is located near the stage and
the other one (1) is located near the basketball court. Each Food hub will have a total
of eight (8) kiosk with a dimension of 3 meters by 3 meters. Also, each Food hub will
have toilet room for men and women with an area of 18 meters each. Moreover, each
Food hub will have a dining area having a dimension of 18 meters by 6 meters that
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will accommodate 77 customers. Beside this food hub on the right side of the park is
one of the pavilions which can be observed on Figure 25 and 26.
One food hub adjacent to the stage and another food hub adjacent to pavilion
with public toilet.
• Pavilions
Figure 25. Perspective View of Pavilion
Figure 26. Perspective View of Pavilion with Toilet
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The proposed pavilion shown in Figure 25 and 26 show the perspective design
of pavilion with and without toilet. It has a total floor area of 328 square meters. The
freedom park will have three (3) pavilions, approximately 328 square meters in total.
Two (2) pavilions beside the stage and one (1) pavilion with toilet adjacent to food
hub, beside the Basketball court. This is a perfect place where people can sit and
relax. The pavilion with toilet will have a dimension of 17 meters by 8 meters.
Furthermore, the remaining two (2) pavilions will have dimensions of 12 meters by 8
meters excluding the space for plants on the sides of the pavilion. The proposed
pavilion can be used as a meeting place, assembly and gathering area before or after
exploring the park. It may also be a hangout area for people while waiting and
watching their children playing in the playground. It may also be a picnic area where
people can enjoy their foods.
• Event Grounds Stage
Figure 27. Perspective View of Stage
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Figure 27 shows the perspective design of Event Grounds Stage. To have a
place where political meetings, rallies and demonstrations can take place without
previous authorization from government authorities, the open field will have a stage
having an area of approximately 305 square meters. It is located beside the Public
Library and adjacent to the one of the food hubs.
Elevated Water Tank
The elevated water tank which will provide storage of water for the structures is
placed beside the Senior Citizen Center building. The projected occupants for Public
Library, Senior Citizen Center including Guard house and freedom park are 255, 784 and
336 people respectively. The elevated water tank total capacity for the structures must be
48,125 liters or approximately 12,700 gallons. The proponents used 20 liters/person/day
for sanitation services, 5 liters/person/day for drinking water and 10 liters/person/day for
cooking from the Recommended Basic Water Requirements for Human Need table of the
Department of Public Works and Highways – Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards
Volume 6 as parameters to calculate the water tank capacity. Using the vertical
cylindrical tank having a radius of 2 meters and height of 3.75 meters, the required
capacity can be achieved.
Perimeter Fence
A perimeter fence is typically constructed to enclose a given area to prevent
unauthorized access. Perimeter fence indicate a boundary and are most commonly used
for privacy, security or visual appeal.
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The proposed Brgy. Tagapo, Santa Rosa City, Laguna Public Facility and
Freedom Park will have two (2) design of perimeter fence. One perimeter fence located
along the entrance/exit part of the site. It will be a combination of steel and CHB wall
with a height of 0.9 meters and width of 3 meters. The dimension of the column would be
0.4 m by 0.4 m with a height of 2 meters. Furthermore, another design of perimeter fence
located in the remaining side of the site. It will be a CHB wall with a height of 2.40
meters from the N.G.L. and a width of 3 meters. The dimension of the column would be
0.25 m by 0.25 m with a height of 2.40 meters. However, the gate for the entrance and
exit of vehicles will be made of steel with a total width of 7 meters excluding the
pedestrian gate and a height of 2 meters. The pedestrian gate would have a width of 2.30
m and a height of 1.80 m. Figure 28 and 29 shows section of the proposed perimeter
fence for the entire project.
Figure 28. Perimeter Fence Section Design 1
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Figure 29. Perimeter Fence Section Design 2
It can be seen in Figure 28 and 29 that the proposed fence will be composed of a 4
inches CHB and a smooth cement plaster in paint finish. The design of the perimeter
fence was suggested by the proponents to ensure the privacy and security of every guests.
The approximate total length of the perimeter fence will be 638 meters.
Concrete Road and Parking Lot
The concrete road and parking design were based on DPWH – DGCS Vol 4. It
can be seen in the site development plan in Figure 13 that the proposed road has two
lanes along the entrance/exit road and a one-way road at the front of Public Library and
Senior Citizen Center. Shown in Figure 30 is the cross section of the road.
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Figure 30. Road Cross Section
Presented in Figure 30 will be the design of the cross section of the road to be
constructed in the proposed site development plan. Although DPWH provided a
minimum of 6.1 meters for two lanes, the proponents provided a width of 3.5 meters and
a paved shoulder having a width of 3m.
II. Structural Design
The structural design of the proposed project was made to provide safe and
serviceable structures conforming the standards, specifications and criteria set in the
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2015) together with the provisions of
the National Building Code of the Philippines. The load combinations were based on
NSCP 2015 which provides the equations using Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD). Considered in the analysis are the vertical and lateral loads which affect the
stability of the whole structure with its maximum axial loads, bending moments and
stresses. Loadings were computed for the design of reinforced concrete for each structure.
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The following were the computed designs by the proponents:
a. Slab Design
b. Beam Design
c. Column Design
d. Footing Design
e. Roof Design
Structural steel sections designed for beams, columns, trusses, gusset plates, and
base plates with their corresponding connections were based on AISC 2015 Manual and
ASEP Steel Handbook. Computations and analysis were based on the methods on
Structural Steel Design.
III. Electrical Design
Throughout the analysis and electrical design plans, the loads and design
calculations should be based on the Philippine Electrical Code. Electrical plans such as
lighting layout, convenience outlet layout, riser diagram, and special electrical layout
with the required electrical notes and fixtures that are required for the construction of the
proposed project follow the basic electrical standards of the Philippine Electrical Code.
IV. Plumbing and Sanitary Design
The water supply piping, sanitary and plumbing installations in the proposed
buildings and premises shall conform to the provisions of the National Plumbing Code of
the Philippines and Plumbing Code of the Philippines.
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V. Drainage Design
A stormwater drainage system must be designed to collect and transmit the runoff
generated within a river basin during and after rainfall events, for a safe discharge into a
receiving water course or into the sea.
The storm drainage system must be sized according to the rainfall intensities, slope, and
roof areas of the building. Provision shall be made for the future installation of rainwater
collection system in compliance with R.A. No. 6716 ‘An Act Providing for the
Construction of Water Wells, Rainwater Collectors, Development of Springs and
Rehabilitation of Existing Water Wells in all Barangays in the Philippines’. (DGCS 2015
Volume 6) In the project site, surface drainage is used and connected to drainage structure
of the roadway.
a. Rainfall Intensity
The rainfall intensity is a measure of the amount of rain that falls over time.
The intensity of the rain is measured at the level of the water layer that covers the
ground for a period of time. It means that if the rain remains where it falls, it would
form a layer of a certain height.
Based on the Socio-Economic Physical Profile (SEPP) of Santa Rosa Laguna,
the average annual rainfall intensity is 5.34mm/day. The maximum rainfall occurs in
October, while the minimum rainfall is measured at 2 millimeters. Although the city
is located in a region prone to typhoons, Santa Rosa is hardly affected by the
protection of peripheral mountain areas.
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b. Rational Method
The Rational Method is widely used to estimate the peak surface runoff rate
for design of a drainage structure. The method states that if a rainfall of intensity
begins instantaneously and continues indefinitely, the rate of runoff will increase until
the time of concentration, when the entire watershed is contributing to flow at the
outlet. The product of rainfall intensity and watershed area is the inflow rate of the
system, and the ratio of this rate to the rate of peak discharge is termed the runoff
coefficient.
c. Design Discharge
The value of discharge will be used in the Manning’s Equation for the
computation of the channel section. Design discharge calculation will be made by
using rational formula:
CIA
Qp =
360
Where:
𝑄𝑝 - design discharge in cu meter. per second (m3/s)
C – runoff coefficient
I - rainfall intensity in mm/hr
A – catchment area in hectares
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Table 6
Values of “C” for Use in Rational Formula
Land Use Value
Residential Area - Densely built 0.50-0.75
Residential Area - Not densely built 0.30-0.55
City Business District 0.70-0.95
Light Industrial Areas 0.50-0.80
Heavy Industrial Areas 0.60-0.90
Parks, Playgrounds, Cemeteries, 0.20-0.30

unpaved open spaces and vacant lots
Concrete or Asphalt Pavement 0.90-1.00
Gravel Surfaced Road and Shoulder 0.30-0.60
Rocky Surface 0.70-0.90
Bare Clay Surface (faces of slips, etc.) 0.70-0.90
Forested Land (sandy to clay) 0.30-0.50
Flattish Cultivated Areas (not flooded) 0.30-0.50

/Farmland
Steep or Rolling Grassed Areas / Steep 0.50-0.70
gullies not heavily timbered

Flooded or Wet Paddies 0.70-0.80
Source: DPWH Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards 2015 Volume III
In getting the required section for the open canal to be used, the equation is:
1 2 1
𝑉 = R3 S 2
n
Where:
V- Velocity of flow in m/s
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n – Manning’s frictional factor
R – hydraulic radius
Ac
R=
P
Ac – Area of the cross -section
P – Wetted perimeter
S – Slope of the canal
Table 7
Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
*For man- made channels and ditches Roughness

Coefficient
Earth, straight & uniform 0.020-0.025
Earth bottom, rubble sides / riprap 0.030-0.035
Grass covered 0.035-0.050
Dredged 0.028-0.033
Stone lined & rock cuts, smooth &uniform 0.030-0.035
Stone lined & rock cuts, rough & irregular 0.040-0.045
Lined - smooth concrete 0.014-0.018
Lined - grouted riprap 0.020-0.030
Winding sluggish canals 0.025-0.030
Canals with rough stony beds, weeds on earth 0.030-0.040

banks
Source: DPWH Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards 2015 Volume .III
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Where velocity (v):
Q
v= A
Where:
Q = the area of the room (m2) times the maximum intensity (m/s2) divided
by the number of vertical pipes connected in the roof gutter
A = area of vertical pipes
To get the Value of v, use the equation;
Q = Av ; A=bh
Where: Q = discharge
A = Assumed area of the opened channel
v = Velocity flow of storm water on open channel
D. Design Standards and Specifications
This shows the building standards and specifications used by the proponents to
design the proposed facilities which complied with the references and basis mentioned in
design considerations. Computations and analysis were based from the knowledge on,
Water Resource Engineering, Foundation Engineering, Structural Steel and Timber
Design, Transportation Engineering, and Construction Methods and Project Management
courses.
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I. Excavations and Fills
References to excavations, earthworks, grading, fills, and embankments
requirements are specified at Section 109 of the NSCP 2015. Materials quality and design
shall conform to the requirements of chapter 4,5,6, and 7. Allowable stresses and design
formulas needed for the design of excavations are indicated and specified on section
302.3.
Preparation of the ground surface starts at removing unsuitable materials in the
top layer of the ground to provide bond to the new fill. Compaction is needed to have a
stable soil in the construction. All fills shall be compacted in lift not exceeding 20 cm in
thickness to a minimum of 90 percent of maximum density as determine by American
Standards for Testing Materials Standard D-1557(ASTM Standard D-1557) as indicated
by section 302.4.4 of Chapter 3 of the NSCP. It is also indicated in this section the
required number of tests to conform to the compaction requirements. The in-place
densities shall be determined and conform to ASTM D-1556, D-2167, D-2922, D-3017
or equivalent.
II. Structural Analysis
This section shall apply to methods of analysis, modeling of members and
structural systems and calculation of load effects.
Relative stiffness of members within structural systems shall be based on
reasonable and consistent assumptions. To calculate moments and shears caused by
gravity loads in columns, beams, and slab, it shall be permitted to use a model limited to
the members in the level being considered and the columns above and below that level. It
83
shall be permitted to assume far ends of columns built integrally with the structure to be
fixed. (NSCP 2015 Section 406.3)
Under the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 and Design
Guidelines, Criteria and Standards 2015 of DPWH, the following standards and
specifications were considered:
A. Methods of Analysis
For the structural analysis, the proponents will be using STAAD Pro. This
software is widely used by professionals for steel, concrete, timber and other designs
for low and high-rise buildings. It has a flexible modeling environment which makes
it easy for its users to utilize the software. The proponents will be using this software
for the analysis of the structures in terms of shear, bending moment, deflections, and
seismic behavior.
B. Modeling of Members
Through STAAD Pro, modeling your entire structure can be quick, including
decks, slabs, slab edges and openings, beams, columns, walls, braces, spread and
continuous footings, and pile caps.
The whole structure will be modeled by using node and beam elements. All
loads will be placed and translated to the beam, including live loads and dead loads
that the slabs will be carrying. In addition, the proposed structures will be subjected to
multi-degree of freedom system.
A Multi-Degree of Freedom (MDOF) System is one, which requires two or
more coordinates to describe its motion. These coordinates are called generalized
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coordinates when they are independent of each other and equal in number to the
degrees of freedom of the system.
In truss analysis, trusses will also be modeled using node and beam elements.
All loads to be considered such as truss’ self-weight and computed wind load will be
placed and translated as uniformly distributed load and point loads.
Supports for each structure will be assumed to be fixed and are assumed to be
able to resist vertical and horizontal forces as well as moment.
C. Structural System
Structural system in the field of Civil Engineering, specifically in Structural
Engineering, refers to the load-resisting sub-system of a building or object. The
structural system supports and transmits applied loads safely to the ground without
exceeding the allowable stresses in the members. Basic types of structural systems
include bearing-wall, post-and-lintel, frame, membrane, and suspension.
The proponents will be having framed structural systems for the analysis of
proposed structures. Framed systems or framed building is a structure in which
weight is carried by a skeleton or framework, as opposed to being supported by walls.
A framed structure in any material is one that is made stable by a skeleton that is able
to stand by itself as a rigid structure without depending on floors or walls to resist
deformation. The essential factor in a framed building is the frame’s strength.
Materials such as wood, steel, and reinforced concrete, which are strong in both
tension and compression, make the best members for framing.
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1. Special Moment Resisting Frames
Reinforced Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frames (RC-SMRF) are
used as part of seismic force-resisting systems in buildings that are designed to
resist earthquakes. Beams, columns, and beam-column joints in moment frames
are proportioned and detailed to resist flexural, axial, and shearing actions that
result as a building sways through multiple displacement cycles during strong
earthquake ground shaking. Special proportioning and detailing requirements
result in a frame capable of resisting strong earthquake shaking without
significant loss of stiffness or strength.
These additional requirements improved the seismic resistance in
comparison with less rigidly detailed Intermediate and Ordinary Moment Frames.
Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRFs) are expected to withstand significant
inelastic deformation during a design earthquake, so special proportioning and
detailing requirements are therefore essential to resisting strong earthquake
shaking.
2. Trusses
A truss, also referred to as an open web girder, is basically a triangulated
structure of typically straight pieces of metal or timber to form interrelated
structural components. The individual components are connected at nodes; the
networks are often assumed to be technically pinned. The external forces applied
to the scheme and the reactions at the supports are mostly applied at the nodes. It
gives a stable form capable of supporting considerable external load over a large
86
span with the component parts stressed primarily in axial tension or compression.
The individual pieces intersect at trust joints or panel points. The connected
pieces forming at the top and bottom of the truss are referred to respectively as the
top and bottom chords. The sloping and vertical pieces connecting the chords are
collectively referred to as the web of the truss.
Trusses are used in a wide range of buildings, mainly where there is a
requirement for very long spans, such as in airport terminals, aircraft hangers,
sports stadia roofs, auditoriums and other leisure buildings. They are used to carry
heavy loads and are sometimes used as transfer structures. It consists of
assemblies of tension and compression elements. Trusses are an efficient way to
span long distances while minimizing the amount of material used. This is
because the internal loads of the members are induced axially in the form of
compression or tension. This means less material can be used, and the system as a
whole is more efficient, as the force is distributed among a number of members.
Under gravity loads, the top and bottom chords of the truss provide the
compression and tension resistance to overall bending, and the bracing resists the
shear forces. A wide range of truss forms can be created. Each can vary in overall
geometry and in the choice of the individual elements.
Truss has an ability to get better performance in terms of resistance and
stiffness, with a truss with comparison to an I-beam. This difference is better for
long spans and/or heavy loads. The full use of this advantage is attainable if the
height of the truss is not limited by criteria other than the structural efficiency,
e.g. a limit on total height of the building. However, fabrication of a truss is
87
generally more time consuming than for an I-beam, even considering that modern
fabrication equipment is highly efficient.
The balance between minimum weight and minimum cost depends on many
conditions: the equipment of the fabrication factory, the local cost of
manufacturing; the steel unit cost, etc. Trusses generally give an economic
solution for spans over 20 m. An advantage of the truss design for roofs is that
ducts and pipes that are required for operation of the services can be installed
through the truss web, i.e. service integration.
D. Calculation of Load Effects and Displacements
This section discusses design load considerations, ultimate strength design,
and serviceability design.
1. Design Load Considerations
a) Material Requirements
The materials to be used in the construction of the proposed buildings shall
meet the necessary requirements such as:
• Concrete Mixture
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand and aggregates. It can have different
properties depending on its type of mixture. Table 8 shows the mixture class and its
corresponding proportion.
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Table 8
Concrete Proportions
Mixture Cement in Bag Sand Gravel

Class Proportion 40 kg. 50kg. cu. m. cu. m.
AA 1:1 ½ :3 12.0 9.5 .50 1.0

A 1:2:4 9.0 7.0 .50 1.0
B 1:2 ½ :5 7.5 6.0 .50 1.0
C 1:3:6 6.0 5.0 .50 1.0
Source: Concrete Proportions. Taken from Simplified Construction Estimate 2000

Edition (pp. 8), by M. B. Fajardo Jr.
Each mixture class is suitable for a certain structure or part of the structure.
The compressive strength of the mixtures tells where the mixture is most suitable.
As for the concrete mixture ratio used in the proposed project, Class A will be used
for the columns and footings, Class B will be used for the concrete hollow blocks
(CHBs), Class A will be used for reinforced concrete slab and beam and Class A
will be used for the slab on fill.
• Compressive Strength
According to the NSCP 2015, the compressive strength of concrete
(fc’) will be determined by testing to failure of 28-day old 6-in by 12-in
concrete cylinders at specified rate of loading. Concrete shall be used to
minimize the frequency of strengths below the compressive strength. For
concrete designed and constructed in accordance with the Code, fc’ shall not
be less than 21 MPa as prescribed in Section 428.3.1. Requirements for fc’
89
shall be based on tests cylinders made and tested unless otherwise specified,
fc’ shall be based on 28-day tests.
• Modulus of Elasticity
Based from Section 408.6 of NSCP 2015, modulus of elasticity Ec for
concrete for values of wc between 1500 and 2500 kg/m3 may be taken as:
EC =wc 1.50 (0.043)√f' c (in MPa)
Where: 𝒇′ 𝒄 = the 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa
𝒘𝒄 = the unit weight on concrete in kg/m3
For normal weight concrete, Ec= 4700√𝒇′ 𝒄 Modulus of elasticity Es for
non-prestressed reinforcement may be taken as 200,000 MPa.
• Steel Reinforcements
Steel reinforcement bars acts as a tensioning component to the reinforced
concrete to keep the concrete in a compressed state that supplements the
compressibility of concrete. Proper spacing and pattern are considered in laying-
out the reinforcement for a better bond. The required yield strength of reinforcing
bars is presented in Table 9.
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Table 9
Yield Strength of Reinforcing Bars
Yield
Yield
Structural Description Strength
Strength (Psi)
(Mpa)
Columns And Shear Walls 414 60,000
Beams And Girder 414 60,000
Non-Load Bearing Wall Partitions, Bedded Slabs, Floor
275 40,000
And Roof Slabs, Parapets, Catch Basin, Side Walk
Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
• Structural Steel
Steel structure in the process will be using the various forms of action (load,
uneven settlement, temperature, etc.), therefore, the requirements of steel structure
should have good mechanical properties (strength, ductility and toughness) and
processing properties (hot and cold processing and welding performance), to ensure
the safety and reliability of the structure.
Structural steel used in the seismic load resisting system (SLRS) shall meet
the requirements of Specification Section 501.3.1.1, except as modified in these
Provisions. The specified minimum yield stress of steel to be used for members in
which inelastic behavior is expected shall not exceed 345 MPa for systems defined
in Sections 522, 523, 525, 526, 528, 529, and 530 nor 380 MPa for systems defined
in Sections 524 and 527, unless the suitability of the material is determined by
testing or other rational criteria. This limitation does not apply to columns for
which the only expected inelastic behavior is yielding at the column base. (Section
519.1, National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015)
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The structural steel used in the SLRS described in Sections 522, 523, 524,
525, 526, 527, 528, 529 and 530 shall meet one of the following ASTM
Specifications: A36/ A36M, A53/A53M, A500 (Grade B or C), A501,
A529/A529M, A572/A572M [Grade 42 (290 Mpa), 50 (345 Mpa) or 55 (380
Mpa)], A588/A588M, A913/A913M [Grade 50 (345 Mpa), 60 (415 Mpa) or 65
(450 Mpa)], A992/A992M, or A1011 FISLAS Grade 55 (380 Mpa). The structural
steel used for column base plates shall meet one of the preceding ASTM
specifications or ASTM A283/A283M Grade D. (Section 519.1, National
Structural Code of the Philippines 2015)
Other steels and non-steel materials in buckling-restrained braced frames
are permitted to be used subject to the requirements of Section 529 and Section B-
5. (Section 519.1, National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015)
When required in these Provisions, the required strength of an element (a
member or a connection) shall be determined from the expected yield stress, RyFy,
of an adjoining member, where Fy is the specified minimum yield stress of the
grade of steel to be used in the adjoining members and Ry is the ratio of the
expected yield stress to the specified minimum yield stress, Fy, of that material.
(Section 519.2, National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015)
Furthermore, Section 519.3 of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines2015 states that for structural steel in the SLRS, in addition to the
requirements of Specification Section 501.3.1c, hot rolled shapes with flanges 38
mm thick and thicker shall have a minimum Charpy V-Notch toughness of 20 ft-lb
(27 J) at 70 °F (21 °C), tested in the alternate core location as described in ASTM.
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A6 Supplementary Requirement S30. Plates 50 mm thick and thicker shall
have a minimum Charpy V-Notch toughness of 20 ft-lb (27 J) at 70 °F (21 °C),
measured at any location permitted by ASTM A673, where the plate is used in the
following:
1. Members built-up from plate
2. Connection plates where inelastic strain under seismic loading is
expected
3. At the steel core of buckling-restrained braces
b)Strength Reduction Factor
This section shall apply to the selection of strength reduction factors used in
design, except as permitted by Section 427 of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2015.
As stated in Section 421.2.1 of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2015, strength reduction factors, , shall be in accordance with Table
421.2.1, except as modified by Sections 421.2.2, 421.2.3, and 421.2.4. (See
Appendix D for the table)
Section 421.2.2 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015,
Strength reduction factor for moment, axial force, or combined moment and axial
force shall be in accordance with Table 421.2.2. (See Appendix D for the table)
In addition, Section 421.2.4 of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2015 states that for structures that rely on elements in (a), (b), or (c) to
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resist earthquake effects, F, the value of 0 for shear shall be modified in accordance
with Sections 421.2.4.1 through 421.2.4.3.
a. Special moment frames;
b. Special structural walls;
c. Intermediate precast structural walls in structures assigned to seismic
zone 4.
For any member designed to resist E, 0 for shear shall be 0.60 if the nominal
shear strength of the member is less than the shear corresponding to the
development of the nominal moment strength of the member. The nominal moment
strength shall be calculated considering the most critical factored axial loads and
including E. (Section 421.2.4.1 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines
2015)
For diaphragms, 0 for shear shall not exceed the least value of 0 for shear
used for the vertical components of the primary seismic-force-resisting system.
(Section 421.2.4.2 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015)
For beam-column joints and diagonally reinforced coupling beams, 0 for
shear shall be 0.85. (Section 421.2.4.3 of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2015)
c) Load Combination
In load combination, equations using Load and Resistance Factor Design
provided by NSCP 2015 were used by the proponents to make sure that the structure
is capable of supporting the loads. All applicable loads shall be considered,
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including both earthquake and wind, in accordance with the specified load
combinations.
Where load and resistance factor design are used, structures and all portions
thereof shall resist the most critical effects from the following combinations of
factored loads given in Table 10 based on Section 203.3.1 of NSCP 2015:
Table 10
Required Strength (Factored Load, U)
Type of Occupancy Load Density (VA per m2)

(Equation 203-1)
U = 1.4 (D +F)
U = 1.2 (D + F + T) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5(L or R) (Equation 203-2)
(Equation 203-3)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
(Equation 203-4)
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
(Equation 203-5)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
(Equation 203-6)
U = 0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (Equation 203-7)

Source: NSCP 2015, Section 203.3.1
Where:
D = dead load
E = earthquake load set forth in Section 208.6.1
F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and
maximum heights H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and
water in soil
L = live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live
load reduction
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LR = roof live load, including any permitted live load
reduction
R = rain load on the undeflected roof
T = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or
expansion resulting from temperature change, shrinkage, moisture
change, creep in component materials, movement due to
differential settlement, or combinations thereof
W = load due to wind pressure
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of
4.8 kPa, and for garage live load, or 0.5 for other live loads
• Dead Loads
The proponents may be used the minimum values of dead loads in table 204
– 1 and 204 – 2 of NSCP2015. Floors in buildings where partitions locations are
subjected to change shall be designed to support, in addition to all other loads, a
uniformly distributed dead load equal to 1.0 kPa of floor area.
• Live Loads
Floors and slabs shall be designed for unit live loads according to Table 11.
These loads shall be taken as the minimum live loads of horizontal projection to be
used in the design of buildings for the occupancies listed.
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Table 11
Minimum Uniform Live Loads
Use or Occupancy Uniform Load

Category Description kPa
Fixed Seats 2.9
Assembly Areas Movable Seats 4.8
Lobbies and platforms 4.8
Recreational Areas 3.6
Cornices and marquees 3.6
Dining Rooms and restaurants 4.8
Exit facilities 4.8
Residential Basic floor area 1.9
Exterioir balconies 2.9
Storage 1.9
Source: NSCP 2015, Table 205-1
Table 11 was extracted from NSCP 2015, Table 205 -1 based on the uses of
the floors and slabs in the proposed building that will be constructed in the site
location of the project. If necessary, table 205 – 2 of NSCP 2015 will provide
special loads that can be use in the design. Moreover, Section 207A of NSCP 2015
gives the basic parameters of wind loads on both Main Wind Force Resisting
System (MWFRS) and Components and Cladding (C&C) are determined.
• Wind Loads
Wind load is the force in the structure arising from the impact of wind on it.
All vertical structures must be designed and constructed to resist wind loads.
Calculating wind loads is important in design of the wind force-resisting system,
including structural members, components, and cladding, against shear, sliding,
overturning, and uplift actions. Since the location of the project is in Laguna
province, it is classified as Zone II with a velocity of 255 kph.
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The formulas to be used in calculating the wind load are:
𝒒𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝑲𝒛 𝑲𝒛𝒕 𝑲𝒅 𝑽𝟐 Equation 207B.3-1 from NSCP 2015
𝑷 = 𝒒𝑮𝑪𝒑 − 𝒒𝒊 (𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 ) Equation 207B.4-1 from NSCP 2015
where 𝑲𝒅 is the wind directionality factor, 𝑲𝒛 is the velocity pressure
exposure coefficient, 𝑲𝒛𝒕 is the topographic factor defined, 𝑽 is the basic wind
speed, 𝒒𝒛 is the velocity pressure calculated at height z, 𝒒 is 𝒒𝒛 for windward walls
evaluated at height z above the ground and 𝒒𝒉 for leeward walls, side walls, and
roofs, evaluated at height h, 𝒒𝒊 is 𝒒𝒉 for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls,
and roofs of enclosed buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in
partially enclosed buildings and 𝒒𝒛 for positive internal pressure evaluation in
partially enclosed buildings where height z is defined as the level of the highest
opening in the building that could affect the positive internal pressure, 𝑮 is the
gust-effect factor, 𝑪𝒑 is the external pressure coefficient, and (𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 ) is the internal
pressure coefficient.
Design procedures in wind load computation are based from NSCP 2015.
Basic parameters in determining wind load are as follows:
1) The basic wind speed (v) and wind directionality factor Kd shall be
determined in accordance with Section 207A.5.1 and Table 207A.6-
1 respectively. (See Appendix D)
2) An exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure

exposure coefficient Kz or Kh, as applicable, shall be determined for
each wind direction in accordance with Section 207A.7.3.
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3) A topographic factor Kzt shall be determined in accordance with

Section 207A.8.2.
4) A gust effect factor G or Gf, as applicable, shall be determined in

accordance with Section 207A.9.
5) An enclosure classification shall be determined in accordance with

Section 207A.10.
6) Internal pressure coefficient GCpi shall be determined in accordance

with Section 207A.11.1.
7) External pressure coefficients Cp or GCpf, or force coefficients Cf,

as applicable, shall be determined in accordance with Section
207C.4.1.1.
8) Velocity pressure qz, as applicable, shall be determined in

accordance with Section 207C.3.2 and 207E.3.2.
• Earthquake Loads
Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering
which means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a structure.
Structures and portions thereof shall, as a minimum, be designed and
constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions as provided in the
Section 208 of NSCP 2015.
The formula to be used in calculating the seismic load is:
𝑬 = 𝝆𝑬𝒉 + 𝑬𝒗 Equation 208-18 from NSCP 2015
where 𝑬 is the earthquake load on an element of the structure resulting from
the combination of the horizontal component and the vertical component, 𝑬𝒉 is the
earthquake load due to the base shear, 𝑬𝒗 is the load effect resulting from the
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vertical component of the earthquake ground motion, and 𝝆 is the
reliability/redundancy factor.
From Figure 208-1 of NSCP 2015, Santa Rosa City is under the Zone 4 of
the Seismic Zoning. (Provision 208.4.4.1 NSCP 2015) The design shall consider
the following:
1) Seismic Zones in the Philippines are divided into two (2) zones. The
location of the proposed project is located at “Zone 4” based on Figure
208-1 on the NSCP. Seismic zone factor Z is indicated on Table 208-3.
(See Appendix D)
2) For earthquake-resistance design, project structures shall be categorized in
one of the occupancy category lists specified at Table 103-1. Table 208-1
indicates the seismic importance factor Ip, and structural observation
requirements for each category. (See Appendix D)
3) Seismic Zone 4 near-source factor shall be determined in accordance with
Table 208-5 and 208-6 based on the seismic source type indicated at
Section 208.4.4.2. (See Appendix D)
4) The type of seismic sources shall be established based on the approved
geological data. Types of seismic sources are indicated at Table 208-4.
(See Appendix D)
5) Seismic Response Coefficients shall be assigned in each structure. Seismic
coefficient Ca is indicated in Table 208-7 and seismic coefficient Cvis
indicated in Table 208-8 of Chapter 2 Section 208.4.4.4 of the NSCP. (See
Appendix D)
100
6) Earthquake loads indicated in Section 208.6.1 shall be used in the load
combinations set forth by Section 203.
7) Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of concrete, steel,
masonry, and wood are indicated on Tables 208-11A, 208-11B, 208-11C,
and 208-11D respectively. (See Appendix D)
The procedures and the limitation for the design of structures shall be
determined considering seismic zoning, site characteristics, occupancy,
configuration, structural systems an height in accordance with this section.
Structures shall be designed with adequate strength withstand the lateral
displacement included by the Design Basic Ground Motion, considering the
inelastic response of the structure and inherent redundancy, over strength and
ductility of the lateral force-resisting system.
2. Ultimate Bearing Strength
a) Slab
The proponents used the Coefficient Method for the design of slab. It
consists of table of moments for different slab edge configuration. In order to
determine if the slab is a one-way slab or two-way slab, it must be calculated. If the
short side to the long side is greater than or equal to 0.5 the slab was two-way,
however, if it is less than 0.5 the slab was one-way.
The coefficients are determined from the table of coefficient method for
two-way slab to calculate moments, short span, and middle strip at continuous edge.
The coefficient is then multiplied to the factored load and the square of the short
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span length giving moments. The same process also applied to the long span. For
midspan, the coefficients for moment caused by the dead and live loads is
determined and then multiplied to the factored dead and live loads and the square of
the short and long span respectively.
For continuous edge, mid span and continuous edge of each span, the
strength design is also calculated by the equation, 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 , where Mu is the
moment from each of the conditions, strength reduction factor, ∅ that is equal to 0.9
for tensioned-controlled slabs, b for the 1 meter strip consideration and d for short
span or long span. Next is to solve for the steel ratio, ρ and the minimum and
maximum steel ratio and determine which of the steel ratio governs. After such,
compute for the steel area, As for the longitudinal and transversal using the formula
As = ρbd. Lastly, for the maximum spacing of reinforcing steel bars, S it [-shall be
lesser of 2h or 450 mm at critical sections, and the lesser of 3ℎ and 450 mm at other
sections.
b)Beams
For non-prestressed beams not supporting or attached to partitions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflection, overall beam depth ℎ shall
satisfy the limits in Table 12.
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Table 12
Minimum Depth of Non-Prestressed Beams
Support Condition Minimum ℎ
Simply supported ℓ/16
One end continuous ℓ/18.5
Both ends continuous ℓ/21
Cantilever ℓ/8
(Source: NSCP 2015, Table 409.3.1.1)
Table 12 shows the minimum depth of non – prestressed beams accordance
with Table 409.3.1.1 of NSCP 2015.
Expressions are only applicable for normal weight concrete and fy = 420
MPa. For other cases, minimum ℎ shall be modified in accordance with the
following:
a. For fy other than 420 MPa, the expressions in Table 12 shall be multiplied
by (0.4 + fy/700).
b. For non-prestressed beams made of lightweight concrete having wc in the
range of 1440 to 1840 kg/m3, the expressions in Table 12 shall be
multiplied by greater of (b.1) and (b.2)
b.1) 1.65 – 0.0003 wc
b.2) 1.09
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c. For non-prestressed composite beams made of a combination of
lightweight and normal weight concrete that are shored during
construction, where the lightweight concrete is in compression, the
modifier of (b) shall apply.
d. The thickness of a concrete floor finish shall be permitted to be included
in ℎ if it is placed monolithically with the beam, or if the floor finish is
designed to be composite with the beam.
• Flexural Beam Design Procedure
The following procedures for beam design conform to Section 409 of
NSCP, 2015. The following design plans will be incorporated in the project.
1. Identify different loads applied, ultimate loads, to be carried by the beam.
2. Assume the possible section and compute for the weight of the beam.
3. Use the factored moment (Mu) from Staad-Pro analysis.
4. Determine the nominal moment (Mn)
Mn = Mu / ∅ ; use ∅ = 0.90 for flexure
5. Compute for the value of steel ratio 𝜌, on its maximum
3 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1
𝜌max = 7 ( )
𝑓𝑦
𝛽1 = 0.85 for f’c < 28MPa
𝛽1 = 0.85- 0.008 (f’c – 30) for f’c > 28MPa
6. Use maximum steel ratio, 𝜌max in computing for the steel area, As,
As = 𝜌maxbd, note b – base and d – effective depth
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7. Compute for the ultimate moment, Mu if satisfies the Mu used in step 3 using
bd used step 6.
1𝜌𝑓𝑦
Mu = ∅𝜌fybd2[1- 1.7𝑓′𝑐 ]
8. If Mu < Mumax, then the beam is singly reinforced proceed to step 9.
If Mu > Mumax, then the beam is doubly reinforced proceed to step 12.
9. Compare the value of 𝜌min, 𝜌 and 𝜌max to determine 𝜌 to be used to solve for
steel area, As.
Mu = 𝜌Rnbd2 ; Rn =?
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [ 1- √1 − 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐]; 𝜌 =?
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝜌 min=𝑓𝑦 ; 𝜌min = ?
3 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1
𝜌max = 7 ( )
𝑓𝑦
𝛽1= 0.85 for f’c < 28MPa
If 𝜌 min < 𝜌 < 𝜌max, then use 𝜌
If 𝜌 min > 𝜌 < 𝜌max, then use 𝜌min
10. Solve the steel area using resulting 𝜌
As = 𝜌bd
11. Solve for the number of steels to be used.
N = As / Ad; where Ad is the area per reinforcement bar
Note: Spacing of bars should be greater than or equal to 25mm or 1 inch.
12. Solve for As1:
As1 = 𝜌maxbd
105
Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
13. Solve for a and c.
C 1 = T1
0.85f’cab = As1fy; a =?
a = 𝛽 1c, c =?
b
C2 =A’sf’s
d’
A’s a C1
𝑎
d-2
d d-d’
T1 = As1fy
As
14. Solve for Mu1, Mu2 and As2.

T2 = As2fy
Mu1 = Mumax
Mu2 = Mu - Mu1
Mu2 = ∅T2 (d-d’) = ∅As2 (d-d1)
As2 =?
15. Solve for the compression of steel.

0.003
E’s = f’s/Es
d’
Es = 200, 000
c
c-d’
106
𝑓′𝑠 0.003
𝐸𝑠 = 𝑐
𝑐−𝑑′
𝑐−𝑑′
𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 600 - 𝑐
If f’s > fy, proceed to step16
If f’s < fy, proceed to step17
16. If f’s > fy, then use f’s = fy (compression steel yields)
A’s = As2
17. If f’s < fy, then use f’s (compression steel does not yield)
A’s = As2 (fy/f’s)
18. Solve for the number of steel to be used.
N = A’s / Ad
N = As2 / Ad
c) Walls
Unless otherwise demonstrated by an analysis, the horizontal length of the
wall considered as effective for resisting each concentrated load shall not exceed the
lesser of the center-to-center distance between loads, and the bearing width plus
four times the wall thickness. Effective horizontal length for bearing shall not
extend beyond vertical wall joints unless design provides for transfer of forces
across the joints. Table 13 shows the minimum thickness of walls.
107
Table 13
Minimum Wall Thickness, ℎ
Wall type Minimum Thickness, ℎ
Bearing Greater of: 100 mm
1/25 the lesser of unsupported length

and unsupported height
Non-bearing Greater of: 100 mm
1/30 the lesser of unsupported length

and unsupported height
Exterior basement and 190mm

Foundation
Source: NSCP 2015, Table 411.3.1.1
Thinner walls are permitted if adequate strength and stability can be
demonstrated by structural analysis. For each applicable factored load combination,
design strength at all sections shall satisfy 𝜙Sn ≥U, including (a) through (c).
Interaction between axial load and moment shall be considered.
a. 𝜙Pn ≥Pu
b. 𝜙Mn ≥Mu
c. 𝜙Vn ≥Vu
d)Columns
Columns are structural members that transmits, through compression, the
weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. Columns usually
support compressive loads with or without bending. Columns may also be designed
to resist lateral forces. Depending on the magnitude of the bending moment and the
108
axial force, column behavior will vary from pure beam action to pure column
action. Since failure of columns often cause extensive damage, they are designed
with a higher factor of safety than beams.
The formula used in calculating the axial load capacity for columns with
concentric loads and loads with eccentricity less than or equal to ten (10) percent of
column dimension is:
Pu = ϕ(0.85(fc’)(Ag-Ast) + fy(Ast))
Where, Pu is the axial load capacity, ϕ is the strength reduction factor,
0.85fc’ is the maximum concrete stress permitted in column design, Ag is the gross
area of concrete, Ast is the total area of steel bars, and fy is the steel yield strength.
For columns having an eccentricity that exceeded ten (10) percent of the
column dimension, the use of column interaction diagrams will be more appropriate.
Columns are subjected to axial and bending moments, therefore, usage of
column interaction diagram is more appropriate in the design of columns. A column
interaction diagram is a visual representation of the combined loads (bending and
axial) that will cause the column to fail. See figure below.
109
Figure 31. Interaction Diagram for Combined Bending and Axial Load
The diagram is used to help visualize what magnitude of loads and
eccentricity of loads concrete columns can safely handle. The X - axis represents the
Bending Moment the column might experience, while Y-axis represents the Axial
Forces the column might experience. Red line represents column failure.
Combinations “under” the curve and to the left of curve can safely be applied to the
column. Combinations above and to the right will cause failure. indicates the load
combination that will (in theory) cause the column to fail in tension (from bending)
and compression (from axial load) simultaneously. In addition, failure combinations
above the line will fail in axial (in compression) and failure combinations below the
line will fail in bending (tension face of column).
110
e) Foundations
Soil classification in Section 302.2 indicates that the classification of
materials shall conform to the ASTM D-2487. Different laboratory and field test are
required to determine the in-situ soil parameters. Table 303-2 of Section 303
Chapter 3 of the NSCP specified those laboratory and field tests.
Moreover, Section 413.2.6 of NSCP 2015 indicate that foundations shall be
proportioned to resist factored loads and induced reactions. It shall be permitted to
be designed by any procedure satisfying equilibrium and geometric compatibility.
External moment on any section of a strip footing, isolated footing, or pile cap shall
be calculated by passing a vertical plane through the member and calculating the
moment of the forces acting over the entire area of member on one side of that
vertical plane.
f) Footings
Footings and foundations shall be constructed of masonry, concrete or
treated wood in conformance with Chapters 4, 6 and 7. Footings of concrete and
masonry shall be of solid material. Foundations supporting wood shall extend at
least 150 mm above the adjacent finish grade. (NSCP 2015, Section 305.1) Except
for special provisions of Section 307 covering the design of piles, all portions of
footings shall be designed in accordance with the structural provisions of this code
and shall be designed to minimize differential settlement when necessary and the
effects of expansive soils when present. Slab-on-grade and mat- type footings for
buildings located on expansive soils may be designed in accordance with the
111
geotechnical recommendation as permitted by the building official. (NSCP 2015,
Section 305.2)
Footings shall be designed for the most unfavorable load effects due to
combinations of loads. The dead load is permitted to include the weight of
foundations, footings and overlying fill. Reduced live loads as permitted in the
Chapter on Loadings are permitted to be used in the design of footings. (NSCP
2015, Section 305.2.1)
The proponents will be considering the soil bearing capacity of the site for
the design of foundations.
3. Serviceability Design
Structural systems and members thereof shall be designed to have adequate
stiffness to limit deflections, lateral drifts, vibration, or any other deformations that
adversely affect the intended use and performance of buildings, towers and other
vertical structures. The design shall also consider durability, resistance to exposure to
weather or aggressive environment, crack control, and other conditions that affect the
intended use and performance of buildings, towers and other vertical structures.
(Section 104.2.1, NSCP 2015)
a) Deflections
Deflections in structural members and structural systems under appropriate
service load combinations shall not impair the serviceability of the structure.
(Section 512.3, NSCP 2015)
Permissible deflection shall be that deflection up to which a diaphragm and
any attached distributing or resisting element will maintain its structural integrity
112
under assumed load conditions, i.e. continue to support assumed loads without
danger to occupant of the structure. (Section 614.1, NSCP 2015)
• Deflections in Bending Members
If deflection is a factor in design, it shall be calculated by standard methods
of engineering mechanics considering bending deflections and, when applicable,
shear deflections. Consideration for shear deflection is required when the reference
modulus of elasticity has not been adjusted to include the effects of shear
deflection. (Section 616.5.1, NSCP 2015)
The deflection of curved bending members with constant cross section shall
be determined in accordance with 616.5. Horizontal displacements at the supports
shall also be considered. (Section 618.4.1.4, NSCP 2015)
A flexural member shall be considered to have passed the test if the
maximum deflection D at the end ot the 24-hour period does not exceed the value
of Eq. 706-1 or 706-2 and the beams and slabs show a recovery of at least 75
percent of the observed deflection within 24 hours after removal of the load.
(Section 706.1.10, NSCP 2015)
• Vertical Deflections
Elements supporting masonry shall be designed so that their vertical
deflection will not exceed 1/600 of the clear span under total loads. Lintels shall
bear on supporting masonry on each end such that allowable stresses in the
supporting masonry are not exceeded. A minimum bearing length of 100 mm shall
be provided for lintels bearing on masonry. (Section 706.2.9, NSCP 2015)
113
• Calculated Deflection Limits
For non-prestressed slabs not satisfying Section 407.3.1 and for prestressed
slabs, immediate and time-dependent deflections shall be calculated in accordance
with Section 424.2 and shall not exceed the limits in Section 424.2.2. (Section
407.3.2.1, NSCP 2015)
For non-prestressed composite concrete slabs satisfying Section 407.3.1,
deflections occurring after the member becomes composite need not be calculated.
Deflections occurring before the member becomes composite shall be investigated,
unless the pre-composite thickness also satisfies Section 407.3.1. (Section
407.3.2.2, NSCP 2015)
Immediate and time-dependent deflections shall be calculated in accordance
with Section 424.2 and shall not exceed the limits in Section 424.2.2 for two-way
slabs given in (a) through (c):
a) Non-prestressed slabs not satisfying Section 408.3, 1
b) Non-prestressed slabs without interior beams spanning between the
supports on all sides and having a ratio of long-to-short span
exceeding 2.0;
c) Prestressed slabs. (Section 408.3.2.1, NSCP 2015)
For non-prestressed composite concrete slabs satisfying Sections 408.3.1.1
or 408.3.1.2, deflections occurring after the member becomes composite need not
be calculated. Deflections occurring before the member becomes composite shall
114
be investigated, unless the precomposite thickness also satisfies Sections 408.3.1.1
or 408.3.1.2. (Section 408.3.2.2, NSCP 2015)
For non-prestressed beams not satisfying Section 409.3.1 and for
prestressed beams, immediate and time-dependent deflections shall be calculated in
accordance with Section 424.2 and shall not exceed the limits in Section 424.2.2.
(Section 409.3.2.1, NSCP 2015)
For non-prestressed composite concrete beams satisfying Section 409.3.1,
deflections occurring after the member becomes composite need not be calculated.
Deflections occurring before the member becomes composite shall be investigated
unless the pre-composite depth also satisfies Section 409,3.1. (Section 409.3.2.2,
NSCP 2015)
• Calculation of Immediate Deflections
Immediate deflections shall be calculated using methods or formulas for
elastic deflections, considering effects of cracking and reinforcement on member
stiffness. (Section 424.2.3.1, NSCP 2015)
Effect of variation of cross-sectional properties, such as haunches, shall be
considered when calculating deflections. (Section 424.2.3.2, NSCP 2015)
Deflections in two-way slab systems shall be calculated taking into account
size and shape of the panel, conditions of support, and nature of restraints at the
panel edges. (Section 424.2.3.3, NSCP 2015)
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Table 14
Maximum Permissible Calculated Deflections
Deflection to be Deflection
Member Condition
Considered Limitation
Immediate deflection
Flat Not Supporting or attached to 𝐿⁄
due to maximum of Lr 180
Roofs non-structural elements and R
likely to be damaged by large
deflection Immediate deflection 𝐿⁄
Floors 360
due to L
Likely to be That part of the total
damaged by deflection occurring 𝐿⁄
Supporting or large 480
after attachment of non-
attached to deflections
Roof or structural elements, due
non-
Floors Not likely to to all sustained loads
structural
be damaged and the immediate
elements 𝐿⁄
by large deflection due to any 240
deflections additional live load
Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
For non-prestressed members, effective moment of inertia, Ie, shall be
calculated by Eq. 424.2.3.5a unless obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,
but Ie shall not be greater than Ig.
• Calculation Time-Dependent Deflections
Unless obtained from a more comprehensive analysis, additional time-
dependent deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members
shall be calculated as the product of the immediate deflection caused by
sustained load and the factor 𝜆𝛥 . (Section 424.2.4.1.1, NSCP 2015)
116
b)Drift
Drift or horizontal displacements of the structure shall be computed where
required by this code. For both Allowable Stress Design and Strength Design, the
Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Aw, of the structure caused by the
Design Basis Ground Motion shall be determined in accordance with this section.
The drifts corresponding to the design seismic forces of Section 208.5.2.1 or Section
208.5.3.5, A5, shall be determined in accordance with Section 208.6.4.1. To
determine AM, these drifts shall be amplified in accordance with Section 208.6.4.2.
(Section 208.6.4, NSCP 2015)
Drift of a structure shall be evaluated under service loads to provide for
serviceability of the structure, including the integrity of interior partitions and
exterior cladding. Drift under strength load combinations shall not cause collision
with adjacent structures or exceed the limiting values of such drifts that may be
specified by this code. (Section 208.512.4, NSCP 2015)
• Storey Drift Calculations
Storey drifts shall be computed using the Maximum Inelastic Response
Displacement, 𝛥𝑀 . (Section 208.6.5, NSCP 2015) Calculated storey drift using 𝛥𝑀
shall not exceed 0.025 times the storey height for structures having a fundamental
period of less than 0.7 sec. For structures having a fundamental period of 0.7 sec or
greater, the calculated storey drift shall not exceed 0.020 times the storey height.
(Section 208.6.5.1, NSCP 2015)
117
• Drift Limits
The calculated storey drift of masonry structures due to the combination of
seismic forces and gravity loads shall not exceed 0.007 times the storey height.
(Section 709.2.1.4, NSCP 2015)
E. Structural Design Process
Structural design process is an essential part in structural design which is
carried out for developing a great structural framework for the proposed facilities.
The structural design process involves analyzing design drawings, checking code
requirements, and designing the structural elements and components that will come
together during the construction phase.

Designing the
Structural
Extraction of Members by
Computation Structural Manual
Analysis using Member Forces
of Loadings from STAAD- Calculation
STAAD-PRO or Excel
PRO
Program
Figure 32. Structural Design Process Flow Chart
Figure 32 shows the structural design process flow chart to be used by the
proponents. This will serve as guide in designing structural members for each
structure. Starting from the computation of loads by considering material
requirements, strength reduction factors, and combination of loads. Then analyzing
the structural system and extracting the member forces using STAAD-PRO. And
lastly, designing the structural members by manual calculation or excel program
considering ultimate strength design and serviceability design for the structure.
118

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CHAPTER III

PROPOSED PROJECT DESIGN

to be used in the project.

A. Proposed Layout of Facilities

Site Development Plan

A site development plan is a layout of improvements and projects proposed for an

proposed structures, parking spaces, road, traffic flow, pathways/sidewalks, perimeter

understanding of the proposed layout.

Figure 11. Proposed Site Development Plan of the Project

floatage, fishing or salvage or to build structures of any kind.

will be located beside the proposed public library building.

gather, assemble and enjoy the beauty of the city.

Barangay Tagapo, Santa Rosa City, Laguna.

Figure 12. Proposed Drainage Layout

for the proposed drainage.

In the process of conceptualizing the design of the proposed structures of the

Department of Public Works and Highways Building Standards - Design Guidelines

Electrical Code 2017.

1. Two-storey Public Library Building, Two-storey Senior Citizen Center

Building, Stage, Food Hubs and Pavilion

All buildings or structures as well as accessory facilities thereto shall

minimum of 6 m2 with at least dimensions of 2 meters, kitchens shall have at least

area and kitchen should have a minimum of 3 m2 and 6 m2 per bedroom.

(Section 5.2.7 of DENR Administrative Order No.2009-09)

Buildings proposed shall comply air space requirement in determining the

per person. (Section 807 of NBCP 2018)

The design requirements prescribed in the National Building Code 2018,

are the following:

by heat insulating panel as cement-bonded, etc. (Section 808 of NBCP 2018)

c) Elevator and Escalator Enclosures

than the fire-resistive construction required under the Types of Construction.

storeys shall be equipped with an approved means of adequate ventilation to and

Groups F (Mercantil) and G (Industrial) Occupancies equipped with automatic

fire extinguishing systems throughout, enclosures shall not be required for

(Section 1204 of NBCP 2018)

(Section 10.2.5.2-G of FCP)

lateral buckling. (Section 1205 of NBCP 2018)

(Section 1206 of NBCP 2018)

exits. (Section 1207 - b of NBCP 2018)

For the distance to exits, no point in a building without a sprinkler system

passageway, or an enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel. In a

building equipped with a complete automatic fire extinguishing system the

distance from exits may be increased to 60 meters. (Section 1207- b of NBCP

Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the installation

(Appendix C.3 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)

(Appendix C.7 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344 )

Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 must be 1.10 meters

250 millimeters. Handrails shall be provided on each side of every stairway

having more than four steps. (Section 1207 - e of NBCP 2018)

k) Handrails and Ramp

dimension of 30 mm to 50 mm. (Appendix A.4 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)

bottom of any ramp. (Appendix A.4 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)

as faucets mounted at heights reachable by person in a wheelchair. The maximum

of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)

m) Parking Spaces and Curbs

Parking spaces should be located as close as possible to building entrances or

accessible entrances and whenever or wherever possible, parking spaces should

be perpendicular or to an angle to the road. Accessible parking slots should have a

Batas Pambansa Bilang 344).

6.00 meters for parallel parking. (Section 707– 4 of NBCP 2018)

meters by 2 meters per guards. (Section 5.2.4 of DENR Administrative Order

entrance gate. (Section 5.2.4 of DENR Administrative Order No.2009-09)