DRILLING

HYDRAULICS
 Drilling Hydraulics

• Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquid Columns

• Hydrostatic Pressure in Mixed Columns
• Forces on Submerged Body
• Effective (buoyed) Weight of Submerged Body
• Non-static (Dynamic) Well Conditions Fluid Flow
• Hydraulic Horsepower
• Types of Flow
• Axial Forces in Drillstring
• Buckling of Tubulars
 ppore < pmud < pfrac

Fig. 4-2. The Well Fluid System

 Density in a wellbore with multiple density column

Equivalent density always

refers to a specific depth

1000ft 10 ppg 1000ft

p
e
D 0.052
1500ft 520
e 1000 10 ppg
12 ppg 1000 0.052
1500ft
832
2500ft e 1500 10.7 ppg
1500 0.052

1456
e 2500 11.2 ppg
2500 0.052
 Fig. 4-3.
A Complex
Liquid
Column

p 0.052 D p0

p 0.052 D

n
p p0 0.052 i (Di Di 1 )
5
i 1
 Pa = Pf = ?

Fig. 4-4. Viewing the Well as a Manometer 6

 Figure 4.4

pa p0 0.052 { 10.5(7,000) 8.5(300) 12.7(1,700)

16.7(1,000) 9.0(10,000) }

p0 0 psig

pa 1,266 psig

7
 Buoyancy Force = weight of fluid
displaced (Archimedes, 250 BC)

Figure 4-9. Hydraulic forces acting on a foreign body 9

 Effective (buoyed) Weight

We W Fb
W- f V
W
W- f
s

We W 1 f

Buoyancy Factor

f fluid density
Valid for a solid body or an open-ended pipe! 10
 Example

For steel, s 65.5 lbm / gal

immersed in mud, ( f 15.0 lbm / gal )
the buoyancy factor is:
15.0
1 f
1 0.771
s 65.5

A drillstring weighs 100,000 lbs in air.

Buoyed weight = 100,000 * 0.771 = 77,100 lbs
11
Axial Forces in Drillstring

Fb = bit weight

12
Simple Example - Empty Wellbore
Drillpipe weight = 19.5 lbf/ft 10,000 ft

0 lbf 195,000 lbf

OD = 5.000 in
ID = 4.276 in

DEPTH, ft
A OD 2 ID 2
4

A = 5.265 in2

AXIAL TENSION, lbf

W = 19.5 lbf/ft * 10,000 ft = 195,000 lbf

13
 Example - 15 lb/gal Mud in Wellbore
Drillpipe weight = 19.5 lbf/ft 10,000 ft
- 41,100 0 153,900 195,000 lbf

OD = 5.000 in
ID = 4.276 in

DEPTH, ft
A OD 2 ID 2
4

A = 5.265 in2

AXIAL TENSION, lbf

F =P*A
= 7,800 * 5.265 Pressure at bottom = 0.052 * 15 * 10,000 = 7,800 psi
= 41,100 lbf W = 195,000 - 41,100 = 153,900 lbf 14
 Anywhere in the Drill Collars:
Axial Tension = Wt. - Pressure Force - Bit Wt.

FT W2 F2 Fb w dc x dc p 2 A 2 - Fb
FT = tension force on DS ; W2 = weight of DC section;
15
Fb = weight on bit
 Anywhere in the Drill Pipe:
Axial Tension = Wts. - Pressure Forces - Bit Wt.

At Drill Pipe : { (c) above }

FT W1 W2 F1 F2 Fb

FT w dp x dp W2 p1 (A 2 A1 ) p 2 A 2 Fb
FT = tension force on DS ; W1 , W2 = weights of DP & DC
16
sections; Fb = weight on bit
 Axial Tension in Drill String

Example
A drill string consists of 10,000 ft of
19.5 #/ft drillpipe and 600 ft of 147 #/ft
drill collars suspended off bottom in
15#/gal mud (Fb = bit weight = 0).

What is the axial tension in the

drillstring as a function of depth?
17
 A1
Example

Pressure at top of collars = 0.052 (15) 10,000

= 7,800 psi
Pressure at bottom of collars = 0.052 (15) 10,600
= 8,268 psi

Cross-sectional area of pipe,

10,000’

19.5 lb / ft 144 in2 2

A1 3
* 5.73 in
490 lb / ft ft 2
10,600’
18
 A1
Example

Cross-sectional area of collars,

147 2
A2 *144 43.2in
490
A2

2
Differenti al area A 2 A1 43.2 5.73 37.5in
19
 Example 4

1. At 10,600 ft. (bottom of drill collars)

Compressive force = pA
3
lbf 2
8,268 2 * 43.2in 2
in 1
= 357,200 lbf

[ axial tension = - 357,200 lbf ]

20
 Example 4

2. At 10,000 ft+ (top of collars)

Fb = FBIT = 0
FT = W2 - F2 - Fb 3
2
= 147 lbm/ft * 600 ft - 357,200
1

= 88,200 - 357,200

= -269,000 lbf
21
 Example 4

3. At 10,000 ft - (bottom of drillpipe)

FT = W1+W2+F1-F2-Fb
3
2
= 88,200 + 7800 lbf/in2 * 37.5in2 - 357,200
1
= 88,200 + 292,500 - 357,200

= + 23,500 lbf

22
 Example 4

4. At Surface
FT = W1 + W2 + F1 - F2 - Fb
= 19.5 * 10,000 + 23,500 3
2
= 218,500 lbf
1

Also: FT = WAIR * BF = 283,200 * 0.7710

= 218,345 lbf
23
Fig. 4-11. Axial tensions as a function of depth for Example 4.924
 Example - Summary

1. At 10,600 ft FT = -357,200 lbf

[compression]

2. At 10,000 + ft FT = -269,000 lbf

[compression]

3. At 10,000 - ft FT = +23,500 lbf [tension]

4. At Surface FT = +218,500 lbf [tension]25

 Fh
Fh - Fb
Buckling
of
Tubulars l

Neutral Point
l

Partially
Slender pipe buckled
suspended slender
in wellbore pipe
Neutral Point

Fb 26
 Buckling of Tubulars

• Long slender columns, like

DP, have low resistance to
l

bending and tend

to fail by buckling if...
• Force at bottom (Fb) causes
Neutral neutral point to
Point
move up
• What is the effect of
buoyancy on buckling?
Neutral • What is NEUTRAL POINT?
Point
27
Fb
 What is NEUTRAL POINT?

• One definition of NEUTRAL

l POINT is the point
above which there is no
tendency towards buckling

• Resistance to buckling is
Neutral
Point
indicated, in part,
by:

The Moment of Inertia

Neutral
I d n4 d4 in 4
64
Point
28
 Consider the
following:
19.5 #/ft drillpipe
Depth = 10,000 ft.
Mud wt. = 15 #/gal.

PHYD = 0.052 (MW) (Depth)

= 0.052 * 15 * 10,000
PHYD = 7,800 psi

Axial tensile stress in pipe at

bottom
= - 7,800 psi

What is the axial force at bottom?

29
 What is the axial force at bottom?

Cross-sectional area of pipe

= (19.5 / 490) * (144/1) = 5.73
in2

Axial compressive force = pA

lbf
7 ,800 2
5 .73 in 2
in
= 44,700 lbf.

Can this cause the pipe to buckle

30
 Axial Tension:
FT
FT = W1 - F2
FT = w x - P2 (AO - Ai )

At surface, FT = 19.5 * 10,000 - 7,800 (5.73)

= 195,000 - 44,694
= 150,306 lbf.

At bottom, FT = 19.5 * 0 - 7,800 (5.73)

= - 44,694 lbf
Same as before!
31
F2
 Stability Force:

Ai FS = Aipi - AO pO
FS = (Ai - AO) p (if pi = pO)

At surface, FS = - 5.73 * 0 = 0
At bottom, FS = (-5.73) (7,800) = - 44,694 lbs

THE NEUTRAL POINT is where FS = FT

Therefore, Neutral point is at bottom!

PIPE WILL NOT BUCKLE!!
32
Compression Tension
44,770 0
150,306

FS
FT

Zero Axial Stress

Neutral Point
150,306
Depth of Zero Axial Stress Point = = 7,708
33 ft
19.5
 Length
of
Drill Collars Neutral Point

Neutral Point

34
 Length of Drill Collars

FBIT lbf
In Air: L DC
WDC lbf / ft

FBIT lbf
L DC
In Liquid: f
lbf / ft
WDC 1
s

In Liquid FBIT * S.F.

L DC
with S.F.: f
(e.g., S.F =1.3)
WDC 1
s 35
State of stress in pipe at the neutral point?
36
 At the Neutral Point:

The axial stress is equal to the average of the radial and

tangential stresses.

r t
Z
2

37
 0 FT
Stability Force: FS

FT

FS = Ai Pi - Ao Po

If FS > axial tension then

the pipe may buckle.

If FS < axial tension then

the pipe will NOT buckle.
38
 At the neutral point:

FS = axial load

To locate the neutral point:

• Plot FS vs. depth on

“axial load (FT ) vs. depth plot”

• The neutral point is located where the lines intersect.

39
 NOTE:

If pi = po = p,

then Fs =
2 2
do di p
4
AS

or, Fs = - AS p

40
Axial Load with FBIT = 68,000 lbf

41
 Stability
Analysis with
FBIT = 68,000
lbf 42
 Nonstatic Well Conditions Fluid Flow

• Conservation of mass
Physical Laws • Conservation of energy
• Conservation of momentum

Rheological Models • Newtonian

• Bingham Plastic
• Power – Law
• API Power-Law

• Incompressible fluid
Equations of State • Slightly compressible fluid
• Ideal gas
• Real gas
 Average Fluid Velocity

Pipe Flow Annular Flow

q q
v 2 v
2 .448 d 2
2.448 d 2 d12

WHERE
v = average velocity, ft/s
q = flow rate, gal/min
d = internal diameter of pipe, in.
d2 = internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in.
d1 =external diameter of inner pipe, in.
 Law of Conservation of Energy

States that as a fluid flows

from point 1 to point 2:

Energy In – Energy Out = Work done

E2 E1 p2 V2 p1V1
1 2
g D2 D1 v2 v12
2
W Q
In the wellbore, in many cases
{ Q = 0 (heat)
= constant
 In practical field units
this equation simplifies to:

p2 p1 0.052 D2 D1
4
8.074 *10 v 22 v12 Pp pf
where
p1 and p2 are pressures in psi
is density in lbm/gal.
v1 and v2 are velocities in ft/sec.
pp is pressure added by pump
between points 1 and 2 in psi
pf is frictional pressure loss in psi
D1 and D2 are depths in ft.
Determine the pressure at the bottom of the drill
collars, if

pf 1,400 psi
q 400 gal/min.
12 lbm/gal.
D2 10,000 ft. (bottom of drill collars)

D1 0 (mud pits)

IDDC 2.5 in.

pp 3,000 psi
 Velocity in drill collars

q (gal/min)
v2 2 2
2 . 448 d (in )

400
v2 2
26 .14 ft/sec
2 .448 * (2 .5 )

Velocity in mud pits, v1 0

p2 p1 0.052 (D 2 D1 )
-4 2 2
8.074 * 10 (v 2 v )
1 Pp Pf

p2 0 0.052 * 12 (10,000 - 0)
- 8.074 * 10 - 4 * 12 ( 26.14 2 0 2 ) 3,000 1,400
0 6,240 6.6 3,000 1,400

Pressure at bottom of drill collars = 7,833 psig

NOTE: KE in collars
0
May be ignored in many cases
 Hydraulic Horsepower at the pump

HHP of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?

Power rate of doing work
F* s/t
q
p*A
A
PH q p

In field units:
q p 400 * 3,000
HHP 700 hp
1714 1714
q p 400 * 1,400
Pf 327 hp
1714 1714
p2 p1 0 .052 ( D2 D1 )
-4 2 2
8 .074 * 10 (v 2 v )
1 Pp Pf
 Fluid Flow Through Nozzle

Assume: D2 D1 v1 0

Pp 0 v2 vn
Pf 0

4 2
p2 p1 8.074 * 10 v n

p
and vn 4
8.074 * 10
 If Pf 0
Equation may be written as

p
vn cd 4
cd 0.95
8.074 * 10

This accounts for all the losses in the nozzle.

1,000
Example: vn 0 .95 305 ft/sec
8 .074 * 10 4 * 12
 For multiple nozzles in //

Vn is the same for each nozzle even if the dn

varies!
This follows since p is the same across each
nozzle.

p q
vn cd & vn
8 .074 * 10 4
3 .117 A t

8.311 * 10 -5 q2
Δp bit 2 2
C A
d t
 What is Hydraulic Impact Force
developed by bit?

Consider:

CD 0.95
q 400 gal/min
12 lb/gal
Δp n 1,169 psi
57
 Impact = rate of change of momentum

mv m q vn
Fj v
t t 32 .17 * 60

CD 0.95
q 400 gal/min
Fj 0 .01823 c d q p
12 lb/gal
Δp n 1,169 psi

Fj 0 .01823 * 0 .95 * 400 12 * 1,169 820 lbf

58
 Types of Flow

Laminar Flow

Flow pattern is linear (no radial flow)

Velocity at wall is ZERO

Produces minimal hole erosion

59
 Types of Flow - Laminar
Mud properties strongly affect pressure losses
Is preferred flow type for annulus (in vertical wells)
Laminar flow is sometimes referred to as sheet flow,
or layered flow:

* As the flow velocity increases, the flow type changes

from laminar to turbulent. 60
3D View of Laminar Flow in a pipe
- Newtonian Fluid
 Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)

Fig. 4-26. Velocity profiles for laminar flow:

(a) pipe flow and (b) annular flow
 Types of Flow

Turbulent Flow

Flow pattern is random (flow

in all directions)

Tends to produce hole erosion

Results in higher pressure

losses (takes more energy)

Provides excellent hole

cleaning…but…

63
 Types of flow
Turbulent flow, cont’d

Mud properties have little effect on pressure losses

Is the usual flow type inside the drill pipe and collars

Thin laminar boundary layer at the wall

Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a)
laminar flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c)
64
turbulent flow
 Turbulent Flow - Newtonian Fluid

The onset of turbulence in pipe flow is characterized by

the dimensionless group known as the Reynolds
number
_
vd
N Re

_
In field 928 ρ v d
units, N Re
μ
65
 Turbulent Flow _
928 ρ v d
- Newtonian Fluid N Re
μ

where ρ fluid density, lbm/gal

_
v avg. fluid velocity, ft/s
d pipe I.D., in
μ viscosity of fluid, cp.

We often assume that fluid flow is

turbulent if Nre > 2,100
66