Chapter 1 (Problem 21)

Question : How much longer (percentage) is a one-mile race than a 1500 m race (“the metric
mile”)?

Answer : One mile is 1.61 x 103 m. It is 110 m longer than a 1500-m race. The percentage
110 𝑚
difference is 1500 𝑚 × 100% = 7,3 %

Chapter 4 (Problem 21)

Question : Sketch the free-body diagram of a baseball
(a) at the moment it is hit by the bat, and again
(b) after it has left the bat and is flying toward the outfield.

Answer : (a) Just as the ball is being hit, if we ignore air resistance, there are two main forces on
the ball – the weight of the ball, and the force of the bat on the ball.
(b) As the ball flies toward the outfield, the only force on it is its weight, if air resistance
is ignored.

Chapter 7 (Problem 21)

Question : From what maximum height can a 75 kg person jump without breaking the lower leg
bone of either lag? Ignore air resistance and assume the CM of the person moves a
distance of 0.60 m from the standing to the seated position (that is, in breaking the fall).
Assume the breaking, strength (force per unit area) of bone is 170 x 106 N/m2 and its
smallest cross-sectional area is 2.5 x 10-4 m2
Answer : Find the velocity upon reaching the ground from energy conservation. Assume that all
of the initial potential energy at the maximum height hmax is converted into kinetic
energy. Take down to be the positive direction, so the velocity at the ground is positive.
 When contacting the ground, the impulse on the person causes a change in momentum.
That relationship is used to find the time of the stopping interaction. The force of the
ground acting on the person is negative since it acts in the upward direction.

We assume that the stopping force is so large that we call it the total force on the person
– we ignore gravity for the stopping motion. The average acceleration of the person
𝐹
during stopping (𝑎 = 𝑚 )to find the displacement during stopping, hstop

We assume that the person lands with both feet striking the ground simultaneously, so
the stopping force is divided between both legs. Thus the critical average stopping
force is twice the breaking strength of a single leg.

Chapter 10 (Problem 21)

Question : Estimate the density of the water 6.0 km deep in the sea. (See the table 9-1 and section
9-5 regarding bulk modulus). By what fraction does it differ from the density at the
surface?

Answer : Water will not flow from the holes when the cup and water are in free fall. The
acceleration due to gravity is the same for all falling objects (ignoring friction), and so
the cup and water would fall together. For the water to flow out of the holes while falling
would mean that the water would have an acceleration larger than the acceleration due
to gravity. Another way to consider the situation is that there will no longer be a pressure
difference between the top and bottom of the cup of water, since the lower water
molecules don’t need to hold up the upper water molecules.