Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hafta9 PDF
Hafta9 PDF
Telecommunication
Frequency Modulation
System Examples and Example Problems
Overview
The objective of today’s lecture is to wrap up our discussion of
the characteristics of FM signals by discussing a few examples.
Reading
4.9
1
Example 11.1
A message signal has the following characteristics
f (Hz)
f 3.5kHz
Further, since ∆f=kfmax{|m(t)|} and the peak voltage is found
to be 3.5 Volt.
f 3.5kHz
kf 1000 Hz / Volt
max m(t ) 3.5
2
Example 11.2
t nT
Consider the following message signal: m(t ) 2 rect
n
3
Example 11.2 – cont.
Message Spectrum
The message is a periodic signal (thus power signal).
The spectrum of a periodic signal can be determined from
the Fourier Series as
Mf c f nf
n
n 0
4
Example 11.2 – cont.
With T=1ms and =50μs, we find that the first-null bandwidth
is approximated by
● W ≈ f=1/=1/5010-6=20kHz
t
sNBFM (t ) Ac cos 2 f c t Ac 2 k f m( ) d sin 2 f c t
0
Ac Ac k f M f f c M f f c
S NBFM f f f c f f c
2 2 f fc f fc
A Ac k f A f 0
c f f c f f c
2
2 ff
sinc(n f0 ) f nf0 fc
n
c
Ac k f A f 0
sinc(n f ) f nf
2 f f c n
0 0 fc
5
Example 11.2 – cont.
Approximated vs. Actual Spectrum
Ac2 1 1
SWBFM f pm f f c pm f f c
4k f k f k
f
6
Example 11.2 – cont.
Wideband Spectrum
The pdf of the message signal is
(Volt)
0 2
f (kHz)
100 102
1–/T=0.5
7
Example 11.2 – cont.
Actual Spectrum
Taking the Fourier Transform of the FM signal we have:
BT≈2f = 4kHz
Multiplexing
Multiplexing allows to transmit a number of signals over the same
channel (allows signals to share channels).
● In order to be able to separate the signals at the receiving end,
● they must be kept apart so that they do not interfere with each
other.
8
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Baseband signal: Several messages are translated by
modulation to different spectral locations of a composite signal.
● Different modulation schemes can be used to form the
baseband: AM, DSB, SSB, FM, …
● The baseband signal is transmitted over a single channel,
using a single modulation scheme.
9
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Baseband can have different modulation schemes:
Broadcast FM
FM radio was originally monophonic.
10
Stereo FM Broadcasting
Stereo FM transmitter
Message signal is Frequency Division Multiplexed for stereo sound.
Composite message signal contains right and left channels and
pilot for coherent demodulation of stereo info.
m t mL (t ) mR (t ) mL (t ) mR (t ) cos 4 f p t K cos 2 f p t
mL (t ) mL (t ) mR (t )
mL (t ) mR (t ) m(t )
mR (t )
K
Stereo FM Broadcasting
Stereo FM transmitter – cont.
FDM is used to multiplex 3 signals:
● 0-15kHz: Left+Right signal (compatible to mono FM)
● 23-53kHz: DSB-SC modulation of Left-Right signal
● 19kHz: Pilot for coherent DSB-SC demodulation
Also pilot is used to differentiate and switch between mono and
stereo receiver circuits.
mL (t ) mL (t ) mR (t ) m t mL (t ) mR (t )
mL (t ) mR (t ) cos 4 f p t
K cos 2 f p t
mL (t ) mR (t ) m(t ) sFM (t )
mR (t )
11
Stereo FM Broadcasting
FM baseband spectrum
Spectrum of composite message signal.
● Monophonic receivers only detect the bottom portion of
the signal using standard FM receiver.
● Stereo receivers demodulate both portions and recreate
left and right channels.
m t
mL (t ) mR (t ) mL (t ) mR (t ) cos 4 f p t
K cos 2 f p t
0-15kHz: Left+Right signal 23-53kHz: DSB-SC modulation of 19kHz: Pilot for coherent
compatible to mono FM Left-Right signal DSB-SC demodulation
Stereo FM Broadcasting
Specifications
The entire composite message signal is applied to an FM
transmitter with
● ∆f=75kHz
kf=75000Hz/volt if max{|m(t)|}=1Volt.
● W=15kHz (music)
● fc=88.0MHz – 108.0MHz in 200kHz increments
B ≈200kHz
12
Stereo FM Receiver
Superheterodyne Receiver
● Limiter removes amplitude modulation.
● Discriminator performs frequency demodulation.
● De-emphasis removes high band gain and improves SNR.
● Demux network recovers right and left channels for stereo systems.
(Monophonic receivers do not have this part. They use the
mL(t)+mR(t) signal)
Common
Tuning
Stereo FM Receiver
Limiter
13
Stereo FM Receiver
Demux Network
First use FM demodulation to get back baseband.
Extract 19kHz pilot, use frequency multiplier to recover 38kHz
carrier for DSB-SC demodulation.
Then demodulate L+R and L-R, respectively.
W=15kHz
mL (t ) mR (t ) cos 4 f p t
cos 4 f p t
W=15kHz
cos 2 f p t
m t mL (t ) mR (t ) mL (t ) mR (t ) cos 4 f p t K cos 2 f p t
Stereo FM Receiver
Signal Power
The signal powers of
● the 19kHz pilot,
● the DSB-SC signal at 23-53kHz, and
● any other subcarrier signals (RDS (Radio Data System) etc.)
should be chosen such that 99% of the FM signal power is still
within 100kHz around the carrier (so bandwidth is still 200 kHz).
m t mL (t ) mR (t ) mL (t ) mR (t ) cos 4 f p t K cos 2 f p t
14
Stereo FM Receiver
Other subcarrier services
The FM subcarrier system has been extended to other services.
● RDS (Radio Data System) or RBDS (Radio Broadcast Data
System) at 57kHz.
● SCA (subsidiary communications authority) Services: at
67kHz or 92kHz.
Stereo FM Receiver
RDS and RBDS
RDS and RBDS are digital services.
● Use digital modulation, e.g., QPSK (studied later).
● Error correction can be used.
In Europe, a 57kHz subcarrier is used to carry a low bandwidth
digital Radio Data System (RDS) signal.
This signal runs at only 1187.5 bits per second, thus is only
suitable for text.
Applications: RDS can be used to transmit
• song title,
• artist name or
• radio station info
that can be displayed by receiver.
A variant of RDS is the North American Radio Broadcast Data
System (RBDS).
15
Stereo FM Receiver
SCA Services
SCA: subsidiary communications authority services.
Examples:
● Book/newspaper reading services for blind people.
● Private data transmission services (e.g. stock info)
● Commercial-free background music services for shops,
elevators, and restaurants.
● Paging services
Broadcast TV
Audio Signal
FM signal with carrier located 4.5MHz above the picture carrier.
● ∆f=25kHz
● W=15kHz
● B ≈ 2∆f+2W=80kHz
● D=∆f/W=1.67
wideband but not real wide.
16
Broadcast TV
Example – Analog TV (Channel 7)
fc=175.25MHz
fa=179.75MHz
Color Subcarrier
Summary
In this lecture we have presented a few examples of FM
modulation.
17
Introduction to
Telecommunication
Noise in AM Receivers
Overview
We have studied the characteristics of AM and FM signals, but
we have not yet studied performance.
Reading
9.5, 9.6
18
White Noise (8.10)
White noise (or white process): A random process W(t) is called white
noise if it has a flat power spectral density, i.e., SW(f) is a constant c for
all f.
The power of white noise is infinite:
c
P
S f df c df
W
N0
RW S f e
W
j 2 f
df
2
Different samples of white noise in time
domain are uncorrelated.
19
White Noise (8.10)
Ideal Lowpass Filtered White Noise
A white noise with zero mean and PSD N0/2 is filtered by an ideal
lowpass filter of bandwidth B and unit gain. Find the output PSD and
auto-correlation.
The output PSD:
N0
N0 , f B
S N f H f SW f 1 , SN f 2
2 2
2 0, otherwise
The output auto-correlation:
B
N e j 2 f
B
N
RN S f e
j 2 f
df 0 e j 2 f df 0
2 j 2 B
N
B
2
N0 e j 2 B e j 2 B sin 2 B
N0 N 0 Bsinc 2 B
2 j 2 2
RN S f e
N
j 2 f
df N 0 Bsinc 2 B
The average power of the output process is:
RN 0 N 0 B
which is proportional to the bandwidth.
20
Definition of Bandpass or Narrowband
Random Process
Definition: A random process X(t) is bandpass or narrowband
random process if its power spectral density SX(f) is nonzero only
in a small neighborhood of some high frequency fc.
Notes:
1. Since X(t) is bandpass, it has zero mean: E[X(t)]=0.
2. fc needs not be the center of the signal bandwidth, or in the
signal bandwidth at all.
21
Narrowband Noise (8.11) – cont.
Generating NI(t) and NQ(t) from N(t), and vice versa:
N (t ) N I (t ) cos 2 f c t N Q (t ) sin 2 f c t
N (t ) N I (t ) jN Q (t )
22
Narrowband Noise (8.11) – cont.
5. NI(t), NQ(t) and narrowband noise N(t) have the same variances
(same power):
var[NI(t)]=var[NQ(t)]=var[N(t)]
Proof:
From IFT of PSD: RX S f e
X
j 2 f
df
For zero mean X: RX 0 var X S f df
X (average power)
From the last property: S N I f df S NQ f df S f df
N
B fc B c f B
N0 N0
S N I f df N 0 df 2 N 0 B, S N f df df df 2 N 0 B
B fc B
2 fc B
2
23