GEOGRAPHY

NAME: HIBA AKHTAR

CLASS: 9’O RED
1. Find a purpose of linked canals in Pakistan?

Linked canals are also known as modern canals. Perennial canal are a
type of modern or linked canals. There are 12 linked canals present in
Pakistan. These canals flow throughout the year. They are beneficial for
the rabbi and kharif crops. Perennial canal need dams and barrages to
store water. They are mostly found in Sindh. It is an easy way to irrigate
a vast area of land easily unlike inundation canals which flow only when
the water table is high and irrigate a small area of land.

2. Purpose, working of tarbela dam, problems, issues and

solutions according to you for all the issues.
Tarbela Dam is one of two main structures (the other is Mangla Dam
on the Jhelum River) in the Indus basin system. The tarbela dam is
located on the river Indus at Bara near the village of tarbela. It is 30km
away from Attock.

Tarbela dam like all the other dams stores the water in the reservoir of
the dam. It has a storage capacity of 243 square kilometers of water
and it has nine huge gates which control the flow of the water. The
tarbela dam is the largest earth filled dam and the second project built
under the Indus water treaty signed in 1973.

While constructing the world's largest embankment dam, Tarbela in

Pakistan, the designers and contractors faced unprecedented flow
volumes and velocities, causing severe cavitation and erosion. The
problems affected the tunnels, one of which collapsed, stilling basins,
the flip buckets of both spillways, and the slops and floor of the two
spillway plunge pools.

The solutions, described in detail herein, involved application of special

concretes. Record volumes of roll Crete were used to protect the high
rock slopes, structures and foundations, and fiber concrete was used to
repair stilling basins and spillways. Epoxy paints or coats were used
early on to achieve smooth, resistant surface, but generally failed
within days. They were ultimately replaced by conventional concrete.