Complete

Chemistry
for Cambridge IGCSE SECOND EDITION

Sample answers
Doing questions from past papers is a great way to revise. It gives you practice
in applying what you have learned, in different contexts. And often, exam
questions combine several topics. It is helpful to get used to this too.
In the exam, how you tackle each exam question can make a big difference to
your results. So remember …
1 Read the question carefully. Some students look at key words and think
they know what a question is about, and then write the wrong answer!
2 Pay attention to the instructions: Describe, Explain, and so on. Then follow
them.
3 Note the marks available for each question part. If the mark is 1 point, you
do not need to give 5 extra pieces of information. You will lose time which
you could use on other questions.
4 When you have written your answer, read it again to check that it really
does answer the question.
Below are ten questions from past exam papers. The sample answers that
follow have been written by the author to help you see the points above in
action.
They are questions that some students found difficult. The comments show
what to watch out for – and you will notice that the key message is: Read the
question carefully.
The first five questions are from Paper 3 (Core curriculum). Even if you are
taking Paper 4, you will find them helpful. The remaining five questions are
from Paper 4 (Extended curriculum).

Question 1 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Paper 2 Q7 November 2007
Compounds and elements vary in their volatility, solubility in water and
electrical conductivity depending on their bonding.
a Place copper, methane and water in order of their volatility.

most volatile

least volatile

[1]

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Sample answers 2

b Complete the table to show the solubility in water and electrical

conductivity of various solids.

soluble or does it conduct

solid structure
insoluble electricity?
silver metallic insoluble
sodium chloride ionic no
sulfur covalent no
copper sulfate ionic soluble

[4]
c The apparatus shown below is used to electrolyse concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride.

concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride

electrode A electrode B

+ –

i Suggest a suitable substance which could be used for the

electrodes. [1]
ii State the name of the gas given off
at electrode A,
at electrode B. [2]
iii State the name given to electrode A. [1]
iv Explain why aqueous sodium chloride conducts electricity but
solid sodium chloride does not. [2]
[Total: 11]

Model Answer
a The order is:
methane
water
copper
b silver – yes
sodium chloride – soluble
sulfur – insoluble
copper sulfate – no

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Sample answers 3

c i graphite (or platinum)

ii at electrode A: chlorine; at electrode B: hydrogen
iii anode
iv In the aqueous solution the ions are free to move, but in the solid they
are held in a lattice and cannot move freely.

Comment
a Volatile means evaporates readily. Volatile substances have low boiling
points, and this fact will help you answer the question.
ii If you know the general rules for the electrolysis of solutions (page 105
of your textbook), you should be able to work out the products for any
solution, using inert electrodes.
iii Remember PA – Positive Anode.
iv Remember that electrons carry the current in the wires, but ions carry
the current in the electrolyte. If the ions cannot move (as in solid
sodium chloride) the substance cannot conduct.

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Sample answers 4

Question 2 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Paper 2 Q5 June 2008
Pure dry crystals of magnesium sulfate can be made by reacting excess
magnesium powder with dilute sulfuric acid.
a During the reaction, bubbles of a colourless gas are given off. State the
name of this gas. [1]
b i Why is excess magnesium used? [1]
ii How is the excess magnesium removed from the reaction mixture? [1]
c Describe how you can obtain pure dry crystals of magnesium sulfate
from a solution of magnesium sulfate. [2]
d i Describe one other reaction that makes magnesium sulfate. [1]
ii Write a word equation for the reaction you suggested in part d) i). [1]
iii Magnesium sulfate can be used as a medicine. Explain why the
chemicals used in medicines need to be as pure as possible. [1]
e A student repeats the experiment using excess sulfuric acid.
She obtains 24 g of magnesium sulfate from 4.8 g of magnesium.
How much magnesium sulfate can the student obtain from 1.2 g of
magnesium? [1]
f A sample of 20 g of impure magnesium sulfate contains 19.5 g of
magnesium sulfate.
Calculate the percentage purity of the magnesium sulfate. [1]
[Total: 10]

Model Answer
a hydrogen
b i to make sure all the acid reacted
ii by filtering
c Heat to evaporate water, then leave the solution to cool. Filter off the
crystals that form, and allow them to dry on filter paper.
d i You could give any one of these: the reaction between sulfuric acid and
magnesium carbonate /magnesium hydroxide/magnesium oxide
OR the displacement reaction between magnesium and the solution of
a sulfate of a less reactive metal.
ii Give the word equation to match your answer in i). For example:
sulfuric acid 1 magnesium carbonate → magnesium sulfate 1
water 1 carbon dioxide;
sulfuric acid 1 magnesium hydroxide → magnesium sulfate 1 water;
sulfuric acid 1 magnesium oxide → magnesium
sulfate 1 water
OR e.g. magnesium 1 copper sulfate → magnesium sulfate 1 copper
iii Contaminants might make people ill/cause side effects.
e 6g
f 97.5 %

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Sample answers 5

Comment
a You are asked for the name of the gas, not the symbol or formula.
b i Answers such as ‘to keep the reaction going’ or ‘to speed up the
reaction’ will be incorrect.
c You are asked to describe the method to give dry crystals. So the question
has two marks: one is for the evaporation step, and the other for drying.
The answer ‘crystallisation’ will not answer the question.
d i Note the word other in the question.
ii Note that you are asked for a word equation, not a balanced symbol
equation.
e Don’t forget to add the correct unit, in answers to calculations (in this
case g).
f It asks for the percentage purity, not impurity. So the answer 2.5% will not
be correct.

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Sample answers 6

Question 3 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Paper 2 Q4 November 2007
The diagram shows the changes in pH in a student’s mouth after she has eaten
a sweet.

6
pH
5

3
0 10 20 30 40 50
time / minutes

a Describe how the acidity in the student’s mouth changes after she has
eaten the sweet. [2]
b i Chewing a sweet stimulates the formation of saliva. Saliva is
slightly alkaline. Use this information to explain the shape of
the graph. [2]
ii State the name of the type of reaction which occurs when an acid
reacts with an alkali. [1]
c Many sweets contain citric acid. The formula of citric acid is shown below.
CO2H
CH2
HO C CO2H
CH2

CO2H

i Put a ring around the alcohol functional group on the above

formula. [1]
ii State the name of the – CO2H functional group in citric acid. [1]
iii Ethanoic acid also has a – CO2H functional group. Write down the
formula for ethanoic acid. [1]
d Citric acid can be extracted from lemon juice as follows:
stage 1: add calcium carbonate to hot lemon juice
stage 2: filter off the precipitate which is formed (calcium citrate)
stage 3: wash the calcium citrate precipitate with water
stage 4: add sulfuric acid to the calcium citrate to make a solution of
citric acid
stage 5: crystallise the citric acid

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Sample answers 7

i When calcium carbonate is added to lemon juice a fizzing is observed.

Explain why there is a fizzing. [1]
ii Draw a diagram to show step 2. Label your diagram. [2]
iii Suggest why the calcium citrate precipitate is washed with water. [1]
iv Describe how you would carry out step 5. [1]
v Nowadays, citric acid is usually made by the fermentation of
sugars. Which one of the following is required for fermentation?
Put a ring around the correct answer.
acid high temperature light microorganisms nitrogen [1]
[Total: 14]

Model Answer
a The acidity increases at first, then decreases.
b i The sweet is acidic. As saliva is gradually produced, it neutralises
the acid.
ii neutralisation
c i You should circle the –OH group.
ii carboxylic acid group (iii) CH3 COOH
d i A gas (carbon dioxide) is given off.
ii

filter funnel
filter paper
precipitate
(calcium citrate)

flask

filtrate

iii to remove any excess lemon juice

iv Heat the solution to evaporate water, then leave it to cool.
v microorganisms

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Sample answers 8

Comment
a The question asks about how acidity changes, not pH. So you should use
the word acidity in your answer.
b ii State the name means only one word is needed in the answer.
d ii The drawing above is sufficient. There is no need to show liquid
pouring into the funnel from a beaker. (You need to demonstate that
you can show and label the precipitate and filter.)
When you are revising, practice drawing the apparatus for separation
techniques. Do not forget the labels!
iv If you are asked to describe a method, it is not enough just to name it.
So the answer crystallisation will not be sufficient.
And remember that evaporation is a key stage in this method.

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Sample answers 9

Question 4 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Paper 2 Q2 June 2009
The table shows some observations about the reactivity of various metals with
dilute hydrochloric acid.

metal observations
calcium many bubbles produced rapidly with much spitting
copper no bubbles formed
iron a few bubbles produced very slowly
magnesium many bubbles produced rapidly with no spitting

a Put these metals in order of their reactivity.

most reactive least reactive

[1]
b Zinc is between iron and magnesium in its reactivity.
Suggest what observations are made about how fast the bubbles
are produced when zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. [1]
c Magnesium is extracted by the electrolysis of molten magnesium
chloride.
anode (+)

inert gas

molten magnesium

molten magnesium chloride

iron cathode (–)

i What information in the diagram suggests that magnesium is less

dense than molten magnesium chloride? [1]
ii Suggest why magnesium has to be extracted by electrolysis rather
than by heating its oxide with carbon. [1]
iii Suggest why a stream of inert gas is blown over the surface of the
molten magnesium. [1]
iv State the name of a gaseous element which is inert. [1]

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Sample answers 10

d In some old magnesium manufacturing plants, coal gas is blown over the
surface of the magnesium.
The list shows the main substances in coal gas.
carbon monoxide ethene hydrogen
hydrogen sulfide methane
i Draw the structure of ethene showing all atoms and bonds. [1]
ii Suggest two hazards of using coal gas by referring to two specific
substances in the list.
substance
hazard
substance
hazard [2]
e Carbon monoxide can be removed from coal gas by mixing it with steam
and passing the mixture over a catalyst of iron(III) oxide at 400°C.
CO 1 H2O CO2 1 H2
i Write a word equation for this reaction. [1]
ii What does the symbol mean? [1]
iii Iron(III) oxide reacts with acids to form a solution containing
iron(III) ions.
Describe a test for aqueous iron(III) ions.
test
result [2]
[Total: 13]

Model Answer
a calcium, magnesium, iron, copper
b bubbles produced faster than with iron, and more slowly than with
magnesium
c i The magnesium is floating on top of the magnesium chloride.
ii Magnesium is more reactive than carbon.
iii to prevent magnesium reacting with the oxygen in air
iv Any one of: nitrogen/helium/neon/argon/krypton/xenon/radon.

d i H H
C C
H H

ii Any two of:

• carbon monoxide 1 poisonous (combines with haemoglobin in blood
and prevents it from carrying oxygen around your body)
• hydrogen 1 flammable/explosive

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Sample answers 11

• hydrogen sulfide 1 poisonous

• ethene 1 flammable
• methane 1 flammable.
e i carbon monoxide 1 water/steam → carbon dioxide 1 hydrogen
ii The reaction is reversible.
iii Add sodium hydroxide solution (or aqueous ammonia); a red-brown
precipitate forms.

Comment
b Questions often ask you to predict what you will observe. Do not just
repeat the listed observations.
c i Look carefully at the diagram, for this kind of question.
ii It is not enough to write that magnesium oxide does not react with
carbon. You have to explain why.
iii Remember, inert means unreactive. Molten metals are likely
to react with the oxygen in air, and a stream of inert gas will
prevent this.
iv Note that the question asks for a gaseous element, not a compound
such as carbon dioxide.
d i Here structure means structural formula. You do not need to show the
electrons and bonding.
ii You are asked to refer to substances in the list.
e i It asks for a word equation, so do not give symbols.
iii Make sure you learn those laboratory tests!

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Sample answers 12

Question 5 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Paper 2 Q5 November 2009
Limonene is a colourless unsaturated hydrocarbon found in lemons. The
structure of limonene is shown below.

CH3 CH2
C
H
C
H2C CH2

H2C CH
C

CH3

a On the formula above, draw a circle around the bonds which make
limonene an unsaturated compound. [1]
b Write the molecular formula for a molecule of limonene. [1]
c Describe the colour change which occurs when excess limonene
is added to a few drops of bromine water. [2]
d Limonene can be extracted from lemon peel by steam distillation.

X
water

lemon peel
C

heat

i State the name of the pieces of apparatus labelled A, B and C. [3]

ii At point X on the diagram, the water is in the form of steam.
Describe the arrangement and the movement of the particles
in steam. [2]

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Sample answers 13

e When limonene undergoes incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide

is formed.
i What do you understand by the term incomplete combustion? [1]
ii State an adverse effect of carbon monoxide on health. [1]
f The structures of some compounds found in plants are shown below.
A B C D
CO2H H H H H H H
C N
CO2H H C C O H
C H
H H H H

i Which one of these compounds is a carboxylic acid? [1]

ii Which one of these compounds is produced by the fermentation
of glucose? [1]
iii Which one of these compounds is a hydrocarbon? [1]
[Total: 14]

Model Answer
a You should draw the circle around the two C5C bonds.
b C10H16
c The colour change is orange to colourless.
d i A, thermometer; B, condenser; C, measuring cylinder.
ii Arrangement: the particles are far apart.
ii Movement: they move randomly in all directions, colliding with other
particles.
e i combustion in an insufficient supply of oxygen
ii It combines with haemoglobin in the blood and prevents it carrying
oxygen around the body (so it can kill).
f i A ii C iii B

Comment
This question is about a substance you will not have heard of. Do not panic!
You have met the ideas already. Just apply them in this new context. (There
may be surprises like this in your own exam.)
b This is just a matter of counting the atoms carefully.
d i Make sure you know the names of common pieces of laboratory
equipment. Questions often ask you to identify them.

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Sample answers 14

ii Questions are often asked about the arrangement of particles in solids,

liquids and gases. Practice drawing these arrangements when you
revise. And remember that the particles in liquids and solids always
touch each other – but the particles in gases touch only if they collide.
f Make sure you know the functional groups for the families of organic
compounds on your syllabus. And remember that hydrocarbons contain
only carbon and hydrogen. (There is often a question on this point.)

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Sample answers 15

Question 6 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Paper 3 Q3 November 2009
a An important ore of zinc is zinc blende, ZnS.
i How is zinc blende changed into zinc oxide? [1]
ii Write a balanced equation for the reduction of zinc oxide to zinc
by carbon. [2]
b A major use of zinc is galvanizing; steel objects are coated with a thin
layer of zinc. This protects the steel from rusting even when the layer of
zinc is broken.
thin layer steel exposed to
of zinc oxygen and water

steel

Explain, by mentioning ions and electrons, why the exposed steel does
not rust. [3]
c Zinc electrodes have been used in cells for many years, one of the first
was the Daniel cell in 1831.
voltmeter

copper electrode zinc electrode

zinc sulfate(aq)

copper(II) sulfate(aq)
porous pot - stops
solutions from mixing

i Give an explanation for the following in terms of atoms and ions.

observation at zinc electrode – the electrode becomes smaller
explanation [1]
observation at copper electrode – the electrode becomes bigger
explanation [1]

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Sample answers 16

ii When a current flows, charged particles move around the circuit.

What type of particle moves through the electrolytes? [1]
Which particle moves through the wires and the voltmeter? [1]
[Total: 10]

Model Answer
a i It is roasted in air.
ii 2ZnO (s) 1 C (s) → 2Zn (s) 1 CO2 (g)
b Zinc is more reactive than iron, the main ingredient in steel. So it gives
up electrons more readily than iron to form zinc ions: Zn → Zn21 1 2e2.
This means the zinc is oxidised instead of the iron.
c i The zinc atoms from the electrode go into solution as zinc ions.
Copper ions from the copper(II) sulfate solution gain electrons to
form copper atoms, which are deposited on the copper electrode.
ii ions; electrons

Comment
b You must use the terms ions and electrons in your answer, as instructed.
Note that there are 3 marks, which suggests that you need to make three
different points.
c i You must use the terms atoms and ions in your answer, as instructed.
ii Be prepared for a question like this, about how the current is carried.

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Sample answers 17

Question 7 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Paper 31 Q5 June 2008
Carbonyl chloride, COCl2, is a colourless gas. It is made by the following
reaction.
cool
CO(g) 1 Cl2(g) COCl2(g)
heat
a When the pressure on the equilibrium mixture is decreased, the position of
equilibrium moves to the left.
i How does the concentration of each of the three chemicals change? [2]
ii Explain why the position of equilibrium moves to the left. [2]
b Using the information given with the equation, is the forward reaction
exothermic or endothermic? Give a reason for your choice. [2]
c Carbonyl chloride reacts with water to form two acidic compounds.
Suggest which acidic compounds are formed.
1
2 [2]
d The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below.
Cl
O C
Cl

Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in

one molecule of this covalent compound.
Use x for an electron from a chlorine atom.
Use o for an electron from a carbon atom.
Use • for an electron from an oxygen atom. [4]

Model Answer
a i The concentration of the reactants (CO and Cl2) increases. The
concentration of the product (COCl2) decreases.
ii A decrease in pressure favours the side of the equation with more
molecules (or moles) of gas.
b The forward reaction is exothermic. “Cool” over the forward arrow shows
that it is favoured by reducing the temperature.
c 1 hydrochloric acid (HCl)
2 carbonic acid (H2CO3)
d The diagram is:

Cl

C
O

Cl

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Sample answers 18

Comment
a i Remember, if the concentration of the reactants increases, the
concentration of the products decreases, and vice versa. And a shift to
the left always means that the concentration of the reactants increases.
b The only way to answer this is using the information above and below the
arrows. As you can see, the back reaction needs heat so it must be
endothermic.
d You are asked to show only the valency (outer-shell) electrons. For this type
of question make sure you:
– write the symbol for the atom in the centre of its circle
– follow the instructions for using x, o and •
– show the correct number of valency electrons for each atom
– show the electrons in pairs
– draw neatly.
Don’t worry about the effect of repulsion between electron pairs on the shape
of the actual molecule. Just draw it symmetrical as here.

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Sample answers 19

Question 8 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

0620/31 June 2008 Q7
Crystals of sodium sulfate-10-water, Na2SO4.10H2O, are prepared by titration.

burette filled with

sulfuric acid

conical flask

25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide(aq)

concentration 2.24 mol / dm3

a 25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide is pipetted into a conical flask.

A few drops of an indicator are added. Using a burette, dilute sulfuric acid
is slowly added until the indicator just changes colour. The volume of acid
needed to neutralise the alkali is noted.
Suggest how you would continue the experiment to obtain pure, dry
crystals of sodium sulfate-10-water. [4]
b Using 25.0 cm of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 2.24 mol/dm , 3.86 g of
3 3

crystals were obtained. Calculate the percentage yield.

2NaOH 1 H2SO4 Na2SO4 1 2H2O
Na2SO4 1 10H2O Na2SO4.10H2O
Number of moles of NaOH used 5
Maximum number of moles of Na2SO4.10H2O that could be
formed 5
Mass of one mole of Na2SO4.10H2O 5 322 g
Maximum yield of sodium sulfate-10-water 5 g
Percentage yield 5 % [4]
[Total: 8]

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Sample answers 20

Model Answer
a Repeat the titration without indicator, adding the same volume of
acid as before. Then heat the solution to evaporate some of the water.
Allow to cool, then filter off the crystals that have formed. Dry them
using filter paper.
b number of moles of NaOH used 5 0.025 3 2.24 5 0.056;
maximum number of moles of Na2SO4.10H2O that could be
formed 5 0.028;
mass of one mole of Na2SO4.10H2O 5 322g;
maximum yield of sodium sulfate–10–water 5 9.02 g
percentage yield 5 42.8%

Comment
a Keep your instructions short and simple. The number of marks indicates
how many points you need to cover. Be sure to put your points in the
correct order.
(Note: it is also correct to say that carbon could be added to remove
the indicator, instead of repeating the titration; the carbon must then be
filtered off.)
b Take care when working out the Mr for a hydrated salt such as this.
For example there are 14 oxygen atoms and 20 hydrogen atoms in the
formula. Check that.

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Sample answers 21

Question 9 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Paper 3 Q4 November 2009
The distinctive smell of the seaside was thought to be caused by ozone, O3.
Ozone is a form of the element oxygen.
a A mixture of oxygen and ozone is formed by passing electric sparks
through oxygen.
3O 2O3
Suggest a technique that might separate this mixture. Explain why this
method separates the two forms of oxygen.
technique
explanation [2]
b Ozone is an oxidant. It can oxidise an iodide to iodine.
2I2 1 O3 1 2H1 → I2 1 O2 1 H2O
i What would you see when ozone is bubbled through aqueous
acidified potassium iodide? [2]
ii Explain in terms of electron transfer why the change from iodide
ions to iodine molecules is oxidation. [1]
iii Explain, using your answer to b) ii), why ozone is the oxidant in this
reaction. [1]
c It is now known that the smell of the seaside is due to the chemical
dimethyl sulfide, (CH3)2S.
i Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons
in one molecule of this covalent compound.
Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
Use • to represent an electron from a sulfur atom. [3]
ii Name the three compounds formed when dimethyl sulfide
is burnt in excess oxygen. [2]
[Total: 11]

Model Answer
a The two forms of oxygen have different boiling points. So you could cool
the mixture until it forms a liquid, then warm it up. The form with the
lowest boiling point will boil off first, and can be collected.
b i The solution will go from colourless to red-brown.
ii This change is an oxidation because the iodine ions lose electrons:
2I2 → I2 1 2e2
iii Ozone brings about the oxidation of the iodide ions, so it is the oxidant.

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Sample answers 22

c i

H H

H C S C H

H H

ii carbon dioxide, water, and sulfur dioxide

Comment
a This question may seem difficult since ozone is not on your syllabus.
But what you learned about separating the gases in air (by fractional
distillation) might have given you a clue.
b i You are asked what you would see, not for an explanation of it.
ii Remember OILRIG. You need to mention electron transfer.
c i See the comments for question 7(d) above.
d ii Organic compounds form carbon dioxide and water when they burn in
a good supply of oxygen. This compound also contains sulfur so sulfur
dioxide will form too.

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Sample answers 23

Question 10 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Paper 3 Q7 November 2008
The alkanes are generally unreactive. Their reactions include combustion,
substitution and cracking.
a The complete combustion of an alkane gives carbon dioxide and water.
i 10 cm3 of butane is mixed with 100 cm3 of oxygen, which is in excess.
The mixture is ignited. What is the volume of unreacted oxygen left and
what is the volume of carbon dioxide formed?
1
C4H10(g) 1 6 O2(g) 4CO2(g) 1 5H2O(l)
2
Volume of oxygen left 5 cm3
Volume of carbon dioxide formed 5 cm3 [2]
ii Why is the incomplete combustion of any alkane dangerous,
particularly in an enclosed space? [2]
b The equation for a substitution reaction of butane is given below.
CH32CH22CH22CH3 1 Cl2 CH32CH22CH22CH2 2Cl 1 HCl
i Name the organic product. [1]
ii This reaction does not need increased temperature or pressure.
What is the essential reaction condition? [1]
iii Write a different equation for a substitution reaction between
butane and chlorine. [1]
c Alkenes are more reactive and industrially more useful than alkanes. They
are made by cracking alkanes.
C7H16 CH32CH5CH2 1 CH32CH22CH5CH2 1 H2
heptane propene but212ene
i Draw the structural formula of the polymer poly(propene). [2]
ii Give the structural formula and name of the alcohol formed when
but-1-ene reacts with steam.
name [1]
structural formula [1]
iii Deduce the structural formula of the product formed when propene
reacts with hydrogen chloride. [1]
[Total: 12]

Model Answer
a i 35 cm3; 40 cm3
ii Carbon monoxide is formed. This gas is lethally poisonous because it
prevents blood from carrying oxygen around the body.

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Sample answers 24

i chlorobutane (or 1-chlorobutane)

ii light (or UV radiation)
iii CH32CH22CH22CH3 1 Cl2CH32CH22CHCl2CH2 1 HCl
c i CH3 H

C C

H H

ii You should give one of these three answers:

butan-1-ol H H H H

H C C C C OH

H H H H

or butan-2-ol H H OH H

H C C C C H

H H H H

or butanol, with either of those structural formulae.

iii You should give one of these two answers:
H H H or H Cl H

H C C C Cl H C C C H

H H H H H H

Comment
a i Remember, the volume ratio in which gases react is the same as the
mole ratio. (This is because 1 mole of every gas occupies the same
volume at the same temperature and pressure.) From the equation, the
mole ratio of butane to oxygen is 1: 6.5, so 10 cm3 of butane will react
with 65 cm3 of oxygen. That leaves 35 cm3 of oxygen unreacted.
Using the same logic, 10 cm3 of butane will form 40 cm3 of carbon
dioxide.
Be prepared for equations like this one, where some numbers are not
whole numbers.
iii A further substitution reaction for chlorobutane does not answer the
question, which asks about butane.
c i Remember, the structural formula of poly(propene) should contain no
double bonds. It is a saturated compound.
iii There’s no need to give the name of the product – the question doesn’t
ask for it.

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