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Dynamic Stability of Networks - Schneider PDF
Dynamic Stability of Networks - Schneider PDF
Dynamic Stability of Networks - Schneider PDF
Benoît de METZ-NOBLAT
Gérard JEANJEAN
CT 185 / pp.1
Glossary
H: Subtransient reactance:
Inertia constant, homogeneous with a period of Impedance of a machine in the first
time, characterising the sensitivity of speed of a 100 milliseconds after a disturbance.
machine to variations in electrical power. Redundancy:
Internal angle (δ): Used in a technical context, this term no longer
Angle between the vector representing the has its accepted meaning of « superfluous ».
supply voltage of a machine and the vector Redundancy in this case is the implementation
representing its electromotive force. of more than one channel to perform a function
Electrical distance: in order to prevent failure and/or to allow
Connection impedance. Two electrical maintenance during operation without
connections of the same length may have very interruption of operation.
different electrical distances. Primary, secondary adjustment:
Load flow: For generator regulation, describes the
Balance of the active and reactive powers frequency/active power characteristics or
exchanged on the connections of a network. voltage/reactive power characteristics (see
droop) and the correction (secondary) provided.
Voltage plan:
Set of automatic and manual procedures Dynamic stability:
scheduled to keep the network within its rated Behaviour of networks subjected to disturbances:
operating voltage limits. causes, consequences (instabilities) and solutions.
Synchronising power: Droop characteristic:
Characterises the operating point of a generator: Characterises the primary adjustment of generator
ratio of the variation in supplied power over the regulation: frequency as a function of active
variation in internal angle. The lower this ratio, power or voltage as a function of reactive power.
the greater the risk of loss of synchronism in EDF: Electricité de France:
overspeed. National electricity board.
Transient reactance:
Impedance of a machine in the first second after
a disturbance.
CT 185 / pp.2
Dynamic stability of industrial
electrical networks
Sommaire
1 General 1.1 Electrical networks pp. 4
1.2 Quality of electrical energy pp. 4
1.3 Stability of networks pp. 5
1.4 Industrial networks pp. 6
2 Behaviour of an industrial 2.1 Passive loads pp. 6
electrical network 2.2 « Power electronic » loads pp. 6
2.3 Transformers and connections pp. 6
2.4 Asynchronous machines pp. 7
2.5 Synchronous machines pp. 8
2.6 The regulations pp. 10
2.7 The electricity board’s network pp. 11
2.8 The protection devices pp. 11
2.9 The network as a whole pp. 12
3 Dynamic stability study of 3.1 General pp. 12
industrial networks 3.2 Stability studies pp. 14
3.3 Study example pp. 16
4 Conclusions pp. 22
Appendix 1: starting of asynchronous cage motors pp. 23
Appendix 2: bibliography pp. 24
CT 185 / pp.3
1 General
CT 185 / pp.4
a - Amplitude
Tension
1.1 Un
Un
0.9 Un
b - Duration
CT 185 / pp.5
1.4 Industrial networks
At this point we shall mention a few characte- c powers: 250 kVA to 100 MVA or more,
ristics specific to industrial electrical networks: c loads: dominated by the presence of
c geographical size of sites of up to several asynchronous motors. Also note special
dozen hectares, loads linked to the process (e.g. electrolysis,
c length of connections, lines and cables, of up to furnaces…),
several kilometers for the various voltage levels, c complexity of the network architecture which
c energy sources: external electricity boards, must be able to supply priority loads, possess
autonomous energy production (isolated supply backup sources and have reconfiguration
network) and mixed solutions, abilities,
c voltages: several levels in a range varying c stability time constants: normally one to ten
from 380 V to 90 kV or more, seconds.
The behaviour of an electrical network during before the disturbance, in another stable state or
transient phenomena depends on the behaviour in an unstable state which normally results in
of each of its components. loss of one or more components due to tripping
These components, starting from a stable state, of the protection devices. Knowledge of the
will affect the transient behaviour of the network behaviour of each component is thus vital in
as a whole. When the disturbance has passed, determining the overall behaviour of the
they will either be in the same stable state as electrical network under consideration.
CT 185 / pp.6
2.4 Asynchronous machines
Their dominating presence in industrial networks
(up to 80% of power consumption in some
installations) gives asynchronous motors a
preponderant role in stability phenomena.
I
—
c Effect of voltage sags In
The torque/speed chart for an asynchronous
motor in figure 2 is represented for a double
cage motor supplying a pump.
5
C
—
Cn
In
(a)
fig. 3: asynchronous motor - Current as a function of
1 Cn speed.
0.8
CT 185 / pp.7
deceleration of the motor (see fig. 4 ). The
motor, as it slows down, can restart without risk
when voltage is restored provided that the
voltage Ureaccel remains within acceptable limits.
When θ = 180°, Ureaccel is at its greatest value,
i.e. nearly twice network voltage. The conse- Network voltage
quences are destructive torques, and currents δ
t=0 ∆Ureaccel
(15 to 20 In) far greater than starting currents. θ
Self-induced
Points to note: residual
Deceleration voltage
c The importance of rotating mass inertia -
motor plus driven machine- characterised by its
inertia constant, H, which expresses the
t = 0.5 s
sensitivity of the speed of the machine to
variations in voltage or load: fig. 4: residual voltage and « reacceleration » of an
asynchronous motor network voltage.
rated rotating kinetic energy
H =
rated apparent electrical power
c The effect of the mechanical load torque c In motor transient behaviour, its operating
characteristic as a function of the speed of the conditions depend on the various characteristic
various rotating loads. time constants of the motor.
CT 185 / pp.8
immediate, and inertia continues the move to
P point D. From this point, deceleration to point C
finally stabilises the phenomenon, after a few
oscillations.
Energy calculations show that the position of
point E is defined by the criterion area: areas
ABC and CDE are equal. Consequently, the
maximum internal angle, δmax, can be greater
A B than 90° in transient manner. The dynamic
Pm
stability limit is thus higher than the static stability
limit.
However the difference between P1 and P2 may
at times be so great that the criterion areas
ceases to apply (see fig. 8 ).
0 90° 180°
δ
fig. 6: power generated by a generator as a function of
P
the internal angle.
Dynamic stability P
Dynamic stability problems result from the B C X
machine moving from one stable state to P2
another. Let us consider the example of a
sudden power variation on the turbine which
moves abruptly from a supplied power P1 to a
supplied power P2 (see fig. 7 ).
The slow increase in power from P1 to P2 would
cause a gradual shift from point A to point C
while remaining on the curve. However the P1 A
sudden application of this power increment is not
possible, as mechanical inertia makes it
impossible to suddenly move from an angle δ1
0 90° 180°
to an angle δ2. This explains the instantaneous δ1 δ2 δ
move from point A to point B. fig. 8: instability (overspeed) further to a mechanical
The angle δ then increases from δ1 to δ2. power step.
However on reaching point C, stabilisation is not
CT 185 / pp.9
Two important observations must be made at which shows that for a given variation in drawn
this point: power, modification of the electrical angle
c the risks of dynamic stability losses are linked decreases with the angle.
to sudden major changes in network or turbine
Note that in reality, in transient state, the
state,
transient and subtransient reactances of the
c the risks of dynamic stability losses increase machines, taking account of time variations in
as the power supplied by the synchronous flux, must be considered in addition to X.
machine reaches the static stability limit.
These facts are expressed by the notion of However speed and voltage controls play a
crucial role in enhancing the reactions of the set
dP EU
synchronising power PS = = cos δ to the network.
dδ X
CT 185 / pp.10
Any power variation is accompanied by a used to adjust network frequency and/or the
frequency variation, and the sharing of power active power transmitted.
between the generators is in proportion to their
respective droop. It is thus possible to imagine a c Voltage/reactive power regulation.
whole host of different operating configurations. If the above logic is transposed to the use
v The case of coupling a generator to a network of a generator excitation regulator, we observe
is an extension of the above case where the that network voltage amplitude and/or
network has a virtually almost zero droop. In other reactive power transmission can be adjusted
words, frequency is imposed on the generator, in order to solve the problem of the natural
and its regulation is then a power regulation. characteristic (U = f(I) at constant excitation)
v In short, the action of the electromechanical of the generator and the problem of load
regulator of the generator’s driving machine is fluctuations.
LV/MV network One week 95% period One week 100% period
Synchronous connected 50 Hz ± 1% 50 Hz ± 4% ; – 6%
to interconnected system 95% of rms Un (10 minutes) ± 10% 95% of rms Un (10 minutes) ± 10%
Not connected to inter- 50 Hz ± 2% 50 Hz ± 15%
connected system 95% of rms Un (10 minutes) ± 10% 95% of rms Un (10 minutes) ± 10%
fig. 11: accepted variations for frequency and voltage in public networks (as in EN 50160 standard).
CT 185 / pp.11
2.9 The network as a whole
Overall network behaviour is the result of the c Dynamic stability constraints condition network
individual behaviour of each of its components, evolution according to operating modes and
including protection and monitoring/control incidents, as well as the actions to be taken to
equipment, and of their interactions. minimise risks and disturbances to the process.
c Static stability defines the power flows in the Note that monitoring and control plays an
network for all normal operating modes of the important role in both normal and abnormal
industrial site (configuration of the network and operation of the network in that it provides
productions in progress). In each case the knowledge at all times of generator power flows,
« voltage operating schedule » specifies the voltage and load.
actions to be performed to keep voltage within At this level the complexity of the global problem
acceptable limits (e.g. better than 3%) and to is far greater than that of a « static » state.
minimise losses for: Dynamic stability studies are then used to
v power delivered by the sources, recommend the most appropriate measures to
v adjustment of transformer taps, be taken and solutions to be implemented for
v compensation capacitors. each individual case.
The purpose of this chapter is to provide general dynamic instabilities. Finally a study conducted
information on the objectives assigned to the by the « Electrical System Analysis »
studies and on the study content, with particular Department will be presented as an example.
emphasis on the causes, effects and solutions of
3.1 General
Study objectives Each study is based on a specific case
depending on:
Dynamic stability studies consist of analysing
and acquiring prior knowledge of the variations in c types of sources,
time of electrical quantities at various points of a c types of loads,
network, and of the changes in the mechanical c network architecture,
parameters of rotating machines as a result of c network operating mode,
sudden disturbances.
c the instability causes taken into account.
The purpose of these studies is to find:
There are various reasons for studying dynamic
c the network operating conditions able to stability:
ensure proper continuity of load supply, c preventive study when designing a network,
c the maximum available power when a c addition of high power generators and/or
disturbance occurs, loads on an existing network,
c the optimum adjustment values of the c curative study when an incident occurs.
protection system components,
If the study is conducted before the installation is
c the load shedding plan to ensure supply of produced, these factors can be modified for the
vital loads, most part. Operators can thus be certain that in
c the best machine regulation adjustments. transient modes, the behaviour of the network
CT 185 / pp.12
and machines will match expectations and v the rated operating point of generators, on
requirements. which the available power margin and the
Studies can either be global or limited to a synchronising power depend,
precise problem, for example in the case of v the regulation mode of synchronous
coupled operation between an EDF network and machines: speed or active power regulation,
a generator: determining the exchanged energy voltage or reactive power regulation,
limit ensuring in the event of decoupling that an v coupled impedances (e.g. parallel-connected
unstable operating point of the priority network is transformers),
not reached (see fig. 12 ). v the protection plan: types of protections and
adjustments, coupling/decoupling logic, load
shedding/restoration,
v the characteristics of motor torques and driven
Public distribution machine load torques (see appendix 1).
network G
c Process operation.
In the case of backpressure turbo-generators,
process fluctuations cause variations in steam
Coupling consumption and thus variations in the
mechanical power supplied by the turbine. These
fluctuations can generate unstable operating
states of the electrical network due to the
resulting power fluctuations and oscillations.
Fluctuating loads, such as resistance furnaces
M regulated by a.c. voltage controllers, by their
very nature cause power variations.
Non-priority Priority Piston compressors have a load torque
feeders feeders comparable in absolute value to the one supplied
by diesel motors. The resulting speed
fig. 12: double source network with priority feeders. oscillations have a high probability of entering
into resonance with a natural frequency of the
regulation system and of causing stability losses.
Causes of instability
This phenomenon is likely whenever the load
c Electrical phenomena. supplied by the network varies rapidly, for
The disturbing phenomena affecting network example in tack welding workshops.
stability are those which cause variations in
Effects of instability
active/reactive power:
v variation in source characteristics: c On rotating machines.
- short-circuit power, During transients, the power exchanged between
- voltage sags and drops, machines and between machines and the
- short or long power cuts, network generate sudden variations in torque.
- frequency variation (isolated network). The resulting mechanical stresses may give rise
to mechanical failures (shaft breaking).
v Variation in network load, for example:
- at rated load, generators have a low The frequency and voltage of generators stressed
synchronising power, beyond their capacity drop, and their voltage and
speed regulations may enter into resonance with
- off -load a network can become capacitive.
a disturbance and amplify the instability effects.
v Electrical faults, the most noteworthy of which
is the full three-phase short-circuit. Motors subjected to frequency oscillations and
voltage drops slow down. When the disturbances
c Network composition and operating mode. have been eliminated, the high current absorbed
The many parameters involved in network and marked voltage drops can make
operation offer a whole host of configurations, reacceleration a problem: some motors crawl or
some of which favour risky situations: even stall accompanied by abnormal temperature
v the machine interconnection mode and rises, and the network finds it harder to return to
coupling to the electricity board’s network, as stable operation except in the case of rapid load
well as the priority and non-priority busbars, shedding of some large units.
CT 185 / pp.13
c On the network. c At network level.
The power oscillations responsible for very high v All measures tending to decrease impedances
currents in the connections and transformers of tie lines increase the chances of returning to a
cause temperature rises which seriously affect stable state after an incident,
equipment withstand. v redundancy of sources and the possibility of
Voltage drops resulting from the high currents, shedding non-priority loads, minimises the
cause malfunctioning of certain sensitive duration and depth of voltage sags. Load
devices (e.g. contactors, electronic shedding/restoration by power step prevents
equipment…). Disconnection of one or more major disturbances.
generators destroys the consumption/production v Rapid, selective elimination of the short-
balance and may cause total collapse of the circuited part of the network limits harmful
network. consequences for the network (rapid-action,
limiting circuit-breakers).
Mastering instability v The protection plan must take account of
A number of measures can be taken to prevent the various instability scenarios (choice and
the instability limit from being crossed: adjustment of protection devices, use of logic
when these measures are taken at generator, discrimination instead of time discrimination).
network or load level, they either prevent v Tripping by separate phase in order to
instability or help fight against it effectively right eliminate single-phase faults in transmission
from the start. networks, and use of shunt circuit-breakers
c At generator level: for MV distribution networks, have beneficial
effects on factory network stability.
The use of generator sets with very high
mechanical inertia reduces the effect of load c At load level.
variations. v Use of « starters » to attenuate the motor
The adjustment parameters of the various energising current,
regulations give response speed choices well v implementation of undervoltage and
suited to the disturbances considered. directional protection devices and transit
Choice of generator operating point is important: monitoring of powers for large motors,
power margin available on request, v monitoring loads with cyclic or intermittent
synchronising power potential. operation.
CT 185 / pp.14
The various methods of analysis (Behn- c The calculation preliminaries.
Eschengurg, Potier’s diagram, Blondel’s As result accuracy is directly linked to the
diagram) enable knowledge of the efficiency, exactitude of network data, the study begins by
excitation current and voltage drops of collecting these data and thus looks for the exact
generators and motors. Park’s transformation numerical values of the network component
applied to machines enables both steady and characteristics.
transient states to be analysed. Modelling then consists of quantitatively
c Digital simulation. describing the physical laws governing operation
and interconnection of network components in
This method is the one universally used today. the form of a data file.
A computer digitally solves the equation
systems describing network behaviour. The Calculation of the initial state of load flows is
increasing power of microcomputers now determined by the computer whose specific
enables large networks to be simulated in stability programme processes the data file:
reasonable times and fine analyses of the voltages at nodes, currents and powers in
behaviour of machines and network components branches, sources and loads, machine operating
to be considered. As all loads and generators points.
contribute to operation of the whole and interact c The simulations.
with one another, the problem is a large-scale
one and if we are to remain within a range Network topology and components vary from
compatible with microcomputer capacity, data one study to another. Types of disturbances are
must be simplified so as to represent only a few numerous and the point of application variable.
dozen machines: In the light of the diagram studied, the specialist
v by grouping passive loads, will select the disturbances and their application
v by grouping motors as « equivalent motors » point according to how critical the problem is.
with identical behaviour, The points considered are normally undervoltage
v by grouping generators in the same way, on the electricity board’s network, short-circuits
v by comparing a very powerful source with (medium voltage, sources), partial supply losses
respect to the powers studied, with a perfect (lines, transformers, generators), starting of large
source in series with an impedance. motors and effects on electrical energy of
important process phenomena.
These calculation preliminaries are obviously
vital as they define the assumptions which must Calculations of dynamic state in time, allowing
be reasonably complex and representative of for the disturbances considered, reproduce the
reality. expected real reactions of the network and the
actions to be taken. The various scenarios are
The resolution method chosen is a stepwise one played through in order to treat all the chosen
taking account of: cases and sensitivity to parameters.
v slowly varying quantities: motor torque,
relative rotor speed, inductor winding flux, c The results.
excitation voltage, Results are given mainly by curves changing in
v rapidly varying quantities: currents and time: voltages on the various busbars, currents
voltages in the various network branches and the in feeders, power flows, machine data (speed,
various machine circuits, voltage at the machine electrical and mechanical torque, excitation),
terminals and power delivered. regulation of excitations and mechanical drive
devices.
This method is implemented by a software
designed to treat all types of industrial networks, In short the results concern operation of the
such as for example the MG-STAB calculation electrical system in disturbed operating
code developed by Schneider. conditions and enable:
v verification of stability,
Developing a study v knowledge of potential backup capacity on a
A stability study follows a certain logic and is fault,
broken down into a number of steps described v confirmation of the protection plan,
briefly below: v adjustment of the regulations.
CT 185 / pp.15
3.3 Study example
The case described below is taken from a real
study of a standard heavy industry industrial
network. The aim is to study the impact of a EDF
short-circuit at the secondary of a 63/20 kV
transformer (see fig. 13 ).
G1 G2
Description of the network F➙O
The network contains (see fig. 14 ):
c A 63 kV EDF source delivering on the 20 kV
busbar of the factory through 63/20 kV
transformers.
c An autonomous source made up of two S. C.
couplable generators delivering on the 20 kV
through 3.2/20 kV transformers. F➙O
c Asynchronous motors supplied in 5.5 kV
through 20/5.5 kV transformers connected on
the 20 kV network, on priority or non-priority
busbars: some of these motors are equivalent
machines.
c An equivalent passive load representing all non-priority priority
the other factory loads on the priority busbar.
The protection devices considered in this fig. 13: studied configuration.
example are overcurrent, directional ones,
applied to the network transformers.
The electricity board’s network supplies a current
Objective of the study corresponding to its short-circuit power in series
v Study assumption: with the parallel-connected transformers.
A full three-phase short-circuit occurs on the c The overcurrent directional protection devices
secondary of one of the two EDF 63/20 kV will eliminate the only faulty transformer.
supply transformers (see fig. 13 ). c On elimination of the fault, voltage is restored
v Undesirable event: at the 20 kV busbar. Its value depends on the
The fault must not cause the loss of the 5.5 MW combined action of the EDF network, the
motors. maximum overexcitation generators and the load
current inrush. The generators are no longer
v Question to be solved:
either in phase with one another or with the
What is the maximum acceptable fault network (in fact each source has evolved
elimination time if dynamic instability is to be separately from the others as voltage was
avoided? virtually zero) and their speeds are different. The
The qualitative description of phenomena, for the power they supply is low as turbine energy
scenario considered, is as follows: supply has been reduced by the regulators and
c When the fault occurs, voltage at the short- they will slow down. The motors have slowed
circuit point and on the entire 20 kV common down, the rotor field is shifted with respect to the
busbar is zero (negligible coupled impedances). stator field produced by the network, and their
The power supplied by the generator sets moves speeds are different. The inrush current is of the
from the initial value to a very low value due to order of magnitude of the starting current, a fact
losses in the step-up transformers: load which causes serious voltage drops in the
shedding decrease of active power results in connections as all motors try to reaccelerate at
acceleration of the generators which continue to the same time.
be driven by the turbines whose mechanical c Oscillating energy exchanges then take place
regulations do not immediately react. At the between the various machines via the network
same time the voltage regulation will raise connections and transformers. If the generator
excitation current to its maximum value to try to speed deviations, which are at the origin of these
compensate the undervoltage. transient phenomena, decrease, normal
The motors deliver in the short-circuit in the first operating conditions are resumed. Otherwise the
phase of the transient state until the flux dies out. synchronous machines fail to recover their
Then absence of motor torque, due to very low synchronism and fall out of step. The
voltage, causes a deceleration. asynchronous motors stall or crawl.
CT 185 / pp.16
The behaviour study for this network thus then continued for 5 seconds, which is sufficient
requires complex calculations to ensure return to to analyse network lifetime. Two assumptions
a stable operating state and knowledge of are made concerning protection device tripping
variations in electrical and mechanical quantities. time: 300 and 350 ms, values close to the
acceptable target limit.
Quantitative study
The simulation takes place as follows: once the NB: to simplify the example, only the upstream
steady state has been calculated for 0.1 second and downstream protection devices of the two
(thus ensuring good model behaviour), the EDF incoming transformers are considered.
short-circuit is simulated at the secondary of We shall now look at the simulation results for
the 60/20 kV transformer, then eliminated by one of the 12.5 MVA generators (the generators
simultaneously opening the upstream and are identical), followed by the behaviour of one
downstream circuit-breakers. The calculation is of the 5.5 MVA motors.
EDF line
63 kV
1500 MVA
G1 G2
3.2 kV
12.5 MVA 12.5 MVA
EDF
transfo transfo
63/20 3.2/20
10 MVA 10 MVA 12.5 MVA 12.5 MVA
transfo
20/5.5
6.3 MVA 6.3 MVA 6.3 MVA 6.3 MVA 7 MVA 0.284 MVA 0.284 MVA 6.3 MVA
Ucc 8% Ucc 8% Ucc 10% Ucc 8% Ucc 8% Ucc 4% Ucc 4% Ucc 8%
5.5 kV
CT 185 / pp.17
c Generator. restore synchronism between generator and
v Examination of active power (see fig. 15 ) network voltage. If the protection devices trip
As soon as the fault appears, the active power within 300 ms (the fault is removed 40 ms later),
supplied by the generator decreases markedly the power oscillations quickly decrease and
and continues to decrease throughout the settle at the initial value. In the second case,
duration of the fault. however, the oscillations continue without
Once the fault has been eliminated, an active showing any sign of decreasing, and the
power oscillation occurs which is the result of the generator is unable to resynchronise.
exchanges between this generator, the other v Examination of reactive power (see fig. 16 ).
generator and the EDF source. This power When the fault appears, the reactive power
exchange corresponds to the power required to increases markedly and is maintained at a high
MW MVA
fault fault
20 20
15
10
10
0 5
-10 0
-5
-20 sec
sec
-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
MW MVA
fault fault
20 20
15
10
10
0
5
-10 0
-5
-20
sec sec
-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
fig. 15: variations in active power of one of fig. 16: evolution of reactive power of one of
the 12.5 MVA generators. the 12.5 MVA generators.
CT 185 / pp.18
value throughout the duration of the fault. The Elimination of the fault causes deceleration of
reactive power which had settled at roughly the generator, and its speed begins to oscillate.
2.7 times the value before the fault, continues to If the protection devices trip only after 350 ms
increase after elimination of the fault due to the (see fig. 17b ), the generator is unable to
return to a value close to normal voltage value. resume a stable operating state.
The reactive power peak corresponds to the v Examination of voltage (see fig. 18 ). If the
magnetisation needs of the network loads. protection devices trip after 300 ms (see fig. 18a ),
v Examination of speed (see fig. 17 ). voltage is quickly restored to rated value after
Speed increases when a short-circuit occurs as elimination of the fault. However, voltage is not
a consequence of the power load shedding restored and even tends to drop if the protection
observed (low U!). devices trip only after 350 ms (see fig. 18b ).
V
Ω
— fault fault
Ω0
3000
1.05
2000
1
1000
0.95
sec sec
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
V
Ω
— fault fault
Ω0
3000
1.05
2000
1
1000
0.95
sec sec
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
fig. 17: evolution of speed of one of the 12.5 MVA fig. 18: evolution of voltage at the terminals of one of
generators. the generators.
CT 185 / pp.19
v Evolution of current (see fig. 19 ). after 350 ms, which does not allow correct
In the same manner as voltage, if the protection operation of the installation.
devices trip after 300 ms, current returns to the c Behaviour of a representative motor (see fig. 20 ).
initial value (see fig. 19a ). However it remains at
Behaviour of motors during two calculations
a high average value if the devices trip only after
(tripping of protection devices after 300 ms or
350 ms (see fig. 19b ).
350 ms) is also representative of the instability
The generator protection devices must observed when tripping time is too long. When
disconnect the generator in the event of tripping this time is 350 ms, the speed of the motor
0.90
4000
2000 0.85
sec sec
0.80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2000 0.85
sec sec
0.80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
fig. 19: evolution of the current delivered by one of the fig. 20: evolution of motor
generators. speed.
CT 185 / pp.20
studied continues to decrease despite Conclusions of the study
elimination of the fault (see fig. 20b ), and the
The study of the impact of a short-circuit at the
absorbed current remains at an average value
secondary of an EDF transformer in the network
roughly equal to 2 In of the motor (see fig. 21b ).
considered shows that:
This operating situation is critical for the motor
(temperature rise of windings) and can be c a 350 ms tripping time to put the transformer
dangerous for the driven machine. out of operation is not acceptable,
The protection devices must absolutely cause c 300 ms is the maximum limit,
motor shutdown. c 250 ms allows a safety margin.
A
fault
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
sec
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
A
fault
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
sec
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
CT 185 / pp.21
4. Conclusions
A network is a set of interconnected electrical These studies have their use both in the design
energy production and consumption devices. of new networks and upgrading existing
networks. In many cases they are necessary for
The electrical state of a network is the result of
the establishment of the protection plan and are
all the interactions of its various components.
interactive with implementation of modern
Changes to this state, inherent in network life
network monitoring and control systems.
(process operation, electrical incidents) naturally
cause the network to move to a new state which Nowadays dynamic stability studies are mainly
may or may not be stable. conducted on high performance microcomputers
by means of specialised softwares some of
In the latter case (instability in transient state),
which are available on the market. Use of such
loss of energy, at least partial and sometimes
software, if it is to be effective, is however
even total (resulting in network collapse) occurs.
reserved for experienced specialists.
For industrial firms this can result in extremely
costly production losses, destruction of electrical These studies take on tremendous proportions in
and process equipment, not to mention risks for the case of complex, large-sized networks where
operating staff. there are very many possibilities to examine.
However they can be used to equal advantage
This Cahier Technique highlights the advantages
on precise cases or simple installations.
of dynamic stability studies whose purpose is to
predict the behaviour of electrical networks. The development of new contracts proposed by
Solutions can thus be recommended to avoid electricity boards and cogeneration (private
instability states, thereby optimising availability of production) points towards many potential
electrical energy. network studies.
CT 185 / pp.22
Appendix 1: starting of asynchronous cage motors
Motor torque must be adapted to the load torque Some configurations must be banned. The
of the load, from shutdown right through to rated association 2-A or 2-D requires considerable
speed. motor oversizing, and 1-A or 1-D is to be
For example, the association of a motor preferred.
complying with curve 2 and of a load complying
with curve B, is correct.
C C C C
N N N N
Curve almost flat between Curve increasing Curve with sag between Curve decreasing
Cd and Cmaxi between Cd and Cmaxi Cd and Cmaxi Cd = Cmaxi
Types of rotor:
simple cage with deep simple cage simple cage with rotor with high slipping
slots and fine bars trapezoidal, L-shaped or
simple cage with T-shaped slots.
trapezoidal, L-shaped or double cage
T-shaped slot
C C C C
Valve
open
Cn Cn Cn Cn
Valve
closed
N N N N
CT 185 / pp.23
Appendix 2: bibliography
Standards
c CENELEC EN 50160: characteristics of the
voltage supplied by public distribution networks.
Cahiers Techniques
c Analyse des réseaux triphasés en régime
perturbé à l’aide des composantes symétriques,
Cahier Technique no 18, December 1990 -
B. DE METZ NOBLAT
c MV public networks throughout the world,
Cahier Technique no 155, february 1992 -
CH. PURET
c Control, monitoring and protection of HV
motors,
Cahier Technique no 165, May 1995 -
J.Y. BLANC
c Automatic transfering of power supplies in HV
and LV networks,
Cahier Technique no 161, March 1996 -
G. THOMASSET
c HV industrial network design,
Cahier Technique no 169, October 1994 -
G. THOMASSET
c Protection of industrial and tertiary MV
networks,
Cahier Technique no 174, June 1996 -
A. SASTRÉ
Miscellaneous documents
c Guide de l’ingénierie électrique des réseaux
d’usines,
G. SOLIGNAC,
Electra, Lavoisier Tec et Doc.
c Electrotechnique Industrielle,
G. SEGUIER and F. NOTELET,
Technique et documentation.
CT 185 / pp.24