UHS Topic 9-c Environmental Chemistry 2 ACID RAIN Discovered by Angus Smith 1650, a serious environment problem in 1950's, initially referred as precipitation, which is more acidic than natural rain The pH of unpolluted rain water should be 5.6 the rain water having pH less than 5 is considered truly acidic H,0,)* CO},, > H,COy,9, SO,+1/20,+H,O —> H,SO, 2NO, +H,0 +40, —> 2HNO, ° The acid deposition includes both wet (rain, snow, fog) and dry acidic deposition. * —_Insome countries due to release of HC! by volcanic eruption there is temporary acid rain. Harmful effeets These heavy metal are accumulated in i the fishes. ACIDIFICATION + 7 Buildings ‘The increased concentration of Al clogs ‘the gills of fishes and cause suffocation. Acidification of Soil Can leach nutrients Damaging = ———}—Plants ‘—Growth of forest Damaging Building Materials Suchas paint/O) > Steel PONDE Paint Sulphur dloxide is one of the causes of acid Plastic rain, It is formed by the combustion of Cement Masonary work > Sculptural work especially marble and lime stone * Aun ae? ‘Atmosphere ‘Ozone is low boiling point gas and an allotrope of oxygen. Presence + The main ozone layer exists in the stratosphere which is approximately hetween 15 to 40 kilometer from the earth, * Iris just above the troposphere which exists up to 15 kilometer from the carth. Amount of Ozone in atmosphere s + Itis present in small concentrations throughout the atmosphere. + The amount of ozone in the atmosphere is expressed in Dobson units (DU) + ‘The nomaul amount of ozone in stratosphere is about 350 DU, iPS ENTRY TEST SERIESAmino Acids ‘qunusssa) ejay WON sored won | seu UHS topic 7-¢ Fv cry ery ites foo Exel d1O¥ ONLY Brot On Grier itd TAPS ENTRY TEST SERIESUHS Topic 9-C Environmental Chemistry SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT The disposal of domestic refuse, commercial und industrial solid wastes or semisolid materials are sludied under the title solid waste management. Effects of dumping weste in sca and rivers. The dumping of waste materials acids, refincry wastes, explosives, domestic refuse, garbage and radinactive waste in water has damaged the marine environment and caused health hazards to human beings. Landfills, ‘The municipal solid waste is mainly disposed off by dumping it in a landfill. The landfill is a large hole in the ground or even a bare piece of land. ‘When the landfill becomes full with waste it is covered by soil or clay. The ground water which sceps in the landfill and liquid from the waste itself, all percholate through the refuse producing leachate, The leachate contains dissolved, suspended and microbial contaminants, The gases which are produced in lundfills from the waste are methane, ammoni hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen. The leachate contains volatile organic acids such as acetic acid and various fatty acids, bacteria, heavy metals and salts of common inorganic ions such as Ca’. The micro-pollutants present in municipal solid waste include common, volatile organic compounds such as toluene and dichloremethane. incineration of the Mu: lid Waste Incineration is waste treatment process in which solid waste is burnt at high temperatures ranging from 900 to 1000"C. The burning of the solid waste in the incinerator consumes all combustible materials leaving behind the non-combustible materials and the ash residues, The ash residues of the incinerator are disposed off on the land or landfills. The incineration may reduce the volume of the waste by the twe third. In incineration heat of combustion may be used in producing steam which runs the turbines to produce electricity. Treatment of industrial waste The industrial and hazardous wastes are disposed off in landfill or the wasie is first incinerated and the residual ash is then disposed off in the landfill. So that the leachate does not contaminate soil and ground water around. Incineration of Industrial and Hazardous Waste A general process of high temperatuze incineration system consists of a rotary kiln which accepts all types of wastes including liquid, solid or sludge, ‘Wastes ~ Although the volume of solid waste is reduced to a much Tesser extent by burning it inthe incinerator, it is not a clean process. Incineration of the solid waste is a significant source of dioxins which is a class of carcinogen compounds. Smoke stacks from incineration may omit oxides of nitrogen and sulphur which lead to in. metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, etc. may also be present in the leachate of the incinerators.UHS Topic 9-c Environmental Chemistry 2 Which substance is mostly used us coagulant to remove the suspended particles of raw water A) sodium chloride ©) alum B) washing soda D) chile salt Peter ‘Which one of the following substance is not used as disinfectant or chlorinating agent A) Ch ©) Hoc! B)Nacio D) Nacl Which salts make the water hard A) calcium ©) magnesium B) aluminum D) both A) and C) Major sourees of NOx pollutants are A) UV coming from sun ©) extensive use of CFC’ B) combustion of coal and oil D) detergents ‘Acid rain A) Ilas pH 5.6 C) effects big marble constructions B) Is controlled by basie rain D) is produced in thermosphere Ozone layer of stratosphere requires protection from indiscriminate use of A) aerosols and high flying jets C) balloons B) pesticides D) atomic explosions Smog is essentially caused by presence of A) Op and Np ©) On and 0; B) Os and Np D) Oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen Which one of the following is not affect of acid rain A) It decreases the pH] of natural rain B) It damages the buildings C) It leaches metals like aluminium mercury and lead from soil D) It increase the percentage of COs in the atmosphere The normal umount of overhead ozone is A) 300 DU ©) 350 DU B) 400 DU D) 430 DUUHS Topic 9-C Environmental Chemistry ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ‘The branch of chemistry that deals with the abnormalities in the environment and their adverse effecis on human beings is called environmental chemistry. This branch is related to the other sciences like physies, medicine, biology agriculture, public health and sanitary engineering etc. COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT (@ Atmosphere Hydrosphere (iiDLithosphere (iv)Biosphere (Ecosphere) IMPORTANCE OF PURE WATER Pure water is essential for life. A healthy man uses average 1.5dm® of free drinking waler per day. All living organism contain water e.g. an adult 60% and child 70% of the body weight. Marine life is impossible without water. Source Surface and ground fresh water are the main sources of water. HUMAN ACTIVITIES CAUSING WATER POLLUTION The following human activities may result in the contamination of surface and ground water, These activities are Livestock was Oil spillage Detergents Pesticides Disposal of industrial waste Leather tanneries Water bodies Septic tanks Mining Petroleum and natural gas production Dumped on open fanid Either a ee Livestock a Discharged into—|-Canal “River The chemicals and —Dysentery microbial contents in ; livestock waste cause reales infectious disease such as Litepatitis OIL SPILLAGE © Petroleum is a mixture of HC used as fuel, lubricant, plastics, synthetic rubber, petrochemicals and detergents. KIPS ENTRY TEST SERIESGlycine (Non-Fesential) AMINO ACID Aer Goats} amino cethanoie acid / -acning ethanoie acid Cate es ‘Non Polar Cittelity No.of chiral Ceara Gott Alanine (on-essentiat) amino Popanoie acid | Non Potar No. of chiral carbon = 3 (COOH = NHR) | ‘Yatine (Essential A.a) No. of chital ‘ubon= L | ‘Neutral a ‘Non Polar Glutamic (Non-essential) 2-Amino-t 5- pentane dioic acid (COOH> NIB} Lysine (Essentiat) 26-Diamino- hexanoie acid No. of chiral carbon = Basie cooH=1 Ne=2 (COOH < Ni) Histidine (Essentia) carbon 1 0 | (COOH < NH.) | BOOK-H Topic 7-C (UHS) Amino Acid KIPS ENTRY TEST SERIESUHS Topic 9-c Disadvantages @ i), Enters ftom the various routes (i.e. food product (fruit) and drinking water) into the food chain. Causing serious health problems to the human and animals, No Safe levels * In Jow concentration most of the organic compounds cause no serious problem but a few. * Ateven high concentration most of the compounds are tasteless and odoutless. * Chlorinated HC are carcinogenic and cause adverse effects, Diseases at Various Concentrations a (iii) High concentration of synthetic organic chemicals can cause © Nausea © Dizziness Tremors © Blindness AUlow concentration these compounds become tasteless and odourless, they may develop © Skin eruption © Central nervous system impairment Still lower concentrations when ingested over months or years cause health problems of cancer. INDUSTRIAL WASTE EFFLUENTS Chemical industries i.e. leather tanneries, fertilizer, oil refining, petrochemical, textile, paper pulp, paper board, rubber, agrochemicals are always accompanied by some:- By Products > Waste heat » Smoke > Solid waste Waste effluents or Pollutants Highly toxic Oil, grease, mineral acid Heavy metals like Pb, Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Hg..... When ingested causing Anemia Kidney disease Nervous disorder + High blood pressure LEATHER TANNERIES Leather tanning units from cottage scale to big industrial units use chromium (VI) salt for leather tanning. The effluents are discharged into (open land and sewage system), Cr (VI) highly toxic and is known to cause cancer. Only some leather tanning units have the facilily of waste water treatment by reducing Cr(VI) into Cr(lll) followed by alkaline precipitation of Cr(OH)s, KIPS ENTRY TEST SERIES