HSC

Maths Ext. 2.
Integration IV
HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Integration by parts is used to integrate a product of two functions. Not surprisingly, it is
derived from the product rule for differentiation.

Question 1 – (Conceptual)

a) If 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, where 𝑢𝑢 and 𝑣𝑣 are both functions of 𝑥𝑥, what is 𝑦𝑦 ′ ?

b) By integrating both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥, show that ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢′𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Integration by Parts

� 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢′ = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − � 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣′

Talent Tip: The choice of which function is 𝒖𝒖 (meaning that the other function is 𝑣𝑣′) is usually
crucial. The ‘wrong’ choice will send us in the wrong direction, since the second integral ∫ 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣′
will then turn out to be worse than the given integral ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢′.

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

Question 2

Find ∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 by letting 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑣𝑣 ′ = sin 𝑥𝑥.

Talent Tip: When finding an indefinite integral, it is usual to include the constant of
integration in the final answer only. Otherwise there will be multiple constants of integration
cluttering up your working.

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

Question 3

Use integration by parts to find:

a) ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑣𝑣 ′ = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )

𝑒𝑒
b) ∫1 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (let 𝑢𝑢 = ln 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑣𝑣 ′ = 1)

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

Question 4

Find:

a) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 sec 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

b) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 3 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

c) ∫ tan−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

2 2
d) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Hint: Let 𝑣𝑣 ′ = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 .

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

A SPECIAL CASE: RETURNING TO THE ORIGINAL INTEGRAL

It is always possible to integrate by parts twice so that you return to the original integral.
Usually, of course, this is a completely pointless exercise. However, in some special cases, this
approach actually helps us to find the required integral.

Question 5

Consider the integral 𝐼𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑:

a) Use integration by parts to show that 𝐼𝐼 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

b) Use integration by parts again to show that ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝐼.

c) Hence find 𝐼𝐼.

Talent Tip: Do not forget to include the constant of integration at the end.

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

Question 6

𝜋𝜋
Find the exact value of 𝐽𝐽 given 𝐽𝐽 = ∫02 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

INTEGRATING ODD POWERS OF 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙

Two weeks ago we learnt how to find ∫ sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for 𝑛𝑛 = 1, 2, 4, 6, …

Now that we know how to integrate by parts we can find ∫ sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for 𝑛𝑛 = 3, 5, 7, …

Unfortunately, none of these integrals are easy to find.

Question 6 (Conceptual)

Let 𝐼𝐼 = ∫ sec 3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

a) By writing sec 3 𝑥𝑥 as sec 𝑥𝑥 sec 2 𝑥𝑥 and integrating by parts with 𝑢𝑢 = sec 𝑥𝑥, find 𝐼𝐼.

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

b) Use the result in part a) to find 𝐽𝐽 = ∫ sec 5 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

Finding ∫ 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 for 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑, 𝟓𝟓, 𝟕𝟕, …

Change sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 to sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 sec 2 𝑥𝑥.

Then integrate by parts with 𝑢𝑢 = sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑣𝑣 ′ = sec 2 𝑥𝑥.

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

REDUCTION FORMULAE
In this section we are working with sequences of integrals (usually definite integrals).

The first integral (term) in the sequence is 𝐼𝐼1 (or occasionally 𝐼𝐼0 ), the second integral is 𝐼𝐼2 , and
so on.

The sequence is defined recursively, with the 𝑛𝑛th integral 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 usually specified in terms of
𝑛𝑛
either 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−1 or 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−2 . For example, 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛−1 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−2 .

Once we have a reduction formula for a sequence of integrals, it is relatively easy to find a
required member of the sequence.

To find, say, 𝐼𝐼5 , we have a choice. We can use the reduction formula to work from the first
term (either 𝐼𝐼1 or 𝐼𝐼0 ) up to 𝐼𝐼5 , or we can work from 𝐼𝐼5 down to the first term. In both cases it
will be necessary to work out the first term.

To prove a reduction formula, we usually use integration by parts.

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

Question 7

1
a) Given 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, find a reduction formula expressing 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 in terms of 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−1 .

1
b) Hence find the exact value of ∫0 𝑥𝑥 4 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

Question 8

a) Given 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = ∫(ln 𝑥𝑥)𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, prove that 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥(ln 𝑥𝑥)𝑛𝑛 − 𝑛𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−1 .

b) Hence find ∫(ln 𝑥𝑥)4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

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Question 9

𝜋𝜋
1
a) If 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = ∫04 tan𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, prove that 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛−1 −𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−2 . Do NOT use integration by parts.

𝜋𝜋
1
b) Hence show that ∫04 tan5 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4 (2 ln 2 − 1).

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

Question 10

a) Given 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, prove that 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−1 cos 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−2 .

b) Hence find ∫ 𝑥𝑥 4 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

Question 11

𝜋𝜋
Suppose that 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = ∫02 sin𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

a) By letting 𝑢𝑢 = sin𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑣𝑣′ = sin 𝑥𝑥, use integration by parts to show that

𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼 .
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛−2

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

𝜋𝜋
b) Hence evaluate ∫02 sin6 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .

6−1
𝐼𝐼6 = 𝐼𝐼
6 4
5 4−1
= ×� � 𝐼𝐼2
6 4
5 3 2−1
= × ×� � 𝐼𝐼0
6 4 2
𝜋𝜋
5 3 1 2
= × × � 1𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
6 4 2 0
5 3 1 𝜋𝜋
= × × ×
6 4 2 2
5𝜋𝜋
=
32

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HMX2 Integration IV © TALENT 100

Question 12

1
a) Given that 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, prove the reduction formula:

2𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼
2𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑛𝑛−1

1
b) Hence evaluate ∫0 (1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

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c) Use the reduction formula to deduce that:

1
22𝑛𝑛 (𝑛𝑛!)2
� (1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
0 (2𝑛𝑛 + 1)!

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