High Temperature Ultrasonic Testing https://www.olympus-ims.com/en/applications/high-temperature-ultrason...

Background: Although most ultrasonic flaw detection and thickness

gaging is performed at normal environmental temperatures, there are
many situations where it is necessary to test a material that is hot. This
most commonly happens in process industries, where hot metal pipes or
tanks must be tested without shutting them down for cooling, but also
includes manufacturing situations involving hot materials, such as
extruded plastic pipe or thermally molded plastic immediately after
fabrication, or testing of metal ingots or castings before they have fully cooled. Conventional ultrasonic transducers will tolerate
temperatures up to approximately 50° C or 125° F. At higher temperatures, they will eventually suffer permanent damage due to
internal disbonding caused by thermal expansion. If the material being tested is hotter than approximately 50° C or 125° F, then
high temperature transducers and special test techniques should be employed.

This application note contains quick reference information regarding selection of high temperature transducers and couplants, and
important factors regarding their use. It covers conventional ultrasonic testing of materials at temperatures up to approximately
500° C or 1000° F. In research applications involving temperatures higher than that, highly specialized waveguide techniques are
used. They fall outside the scope of this note.

1. Transducers
Panametrics-NDT high temperature transducers fall into two categories, dual element transducers and delay line transducers. In
both cases, the delay line material (which is internal in the case of duals) serves as thermal insulation between the active
transducer element and the hot test surface. For design reasons, there are no high temperature contact or immersion transducers
in the standard product line. High temperature duals and delay line transducers are available for both thickness gaging and flaw
detection applications. As with all ultrasonic tests, the best transducer for a given application will be determined by specific test
requirements, including the material, the thickness range, the temperature, and in the case of flaw detection, the type and size of
the relevant flaws.

(a) Thickness gaging

The most common application for high temperature thickness gaging is corrosion survey work, the measurement of remaining
metal thickness of hot pipes and tanks with corrosion gages such as Models 38DL PLUS and 45MG. Most of the transducers that
are designed for use with Olympus corrosion gages are suitable for high temperature use. The commonly used D790 series
transducers can be used on surfaces as hot as 500° C or 930° F. For a complete list of available corrosion gaging duals that

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includes temperature specifications, see this link: Corrosion Gage Duals.

For precision thickness gaging applications using the Models 38DL PLUS or Model 45MG with Single Element software ,such
as hot plastics, any of the standard Microscan delay line transducers in the M200 series (including gage default transducers
M202, M206, M207, and M208) can be equipped with high temperature delay lines. DLHT-1, -2, and -3 delay lines may be used
on surfaces up to 260° C or 500° F. DLHT-101, -201, and -301 delay lines may be used on surfaces up to 175° C or 350° F. These
delay lines are listed in the Delay Line Option Chart.

In challenging applications requiring low frequency transducers for increased penetration, the Videoscan Replaceable Face
Transducers and appropriate high temperature delay lines can also be used with 38DL PLUS and 45MG thickness gages
incorporating the HP (high penetration) software option. Custom transducer setups will be required. Standard delay lines for this
family of transducers can be used in contact with surfaces as hot as 480° C or 900° F. For a full list of transducers and delay lines,
see this link: Replaceable Face Transducers.

(b) Flaw detection

As in high temperature thickness gaging applications, high temperature flaw detection most commonly uses dual element or delay
line transducers. All standard Panametrics-NDT flaw detection duals offer high temperature capability. Fingertip, Flush Case, and
Extended Range duals whose frequency is 5 MHz or below may be used up to approximately 425° C or 800° F, and higher
frequency duals (7.5 and 10 MHz) may be used up to approximately 175° C or 350° F. For a full list of transducers in this category,
see this link: Flaw Detection Duals.

All of the Videoscan Replaceable Face Transducers can be used with appropriate high temperature delay lines in flaw detection
applications. The available delay lines for this family of transducers can be used in contact with surfaces as hot as 480° C or 900°
F. For a full list of transducers and delay lines suitable for various maximum temperatures, see this link: Replaceable Face
Transducers.

Applications involving thin materials are often best handled by the delay line transducers in the V200 series (most commonly the
V202, V206, V207, and V208), any of which can be equipped with high temperature delay lines. DLHT-1, -2, and -3 delay lines
may be used on surfaces up to 260° C or 500° F. DLHT-101, -201, and -301 delay lines may be used on surfaces up to 175° C or
350° F. These transducers and delay lines are listed on the Delay Line Transducer List.

We also offers special high temperature wedges for use with angle beam transducers, the ABWHT series for use up to 260° C or
500° F and the ABWVHT series for use up to 480° C or 900° F. Detailed information on available sizes is available from the Sales
Department.

2. Couplants
Most common ultrasonic couplants such as propylene glycol, glycerin, and ultrasonic gels will quickly vaporize if used on surfaces
hotter than approximately 100° C or 200° F. Thus, ultrasonic testing at high temperatures requires specially formulated couplants
that will remain in a stable liquid or paste form without boiling off, burning, or releasing toxic fumes. It is important to be aware of
the specified temperature range for their use, and use them only within that range. Poor acoustic performance and/or safety
hazards may result from using high temperature couplants beyond their intended range.

At very high temperatures, even specialized high temperature couplants must be used quickly since they will tend to dry out or
solidify and no longer transmit ultrasonic energy. Dried couplant residue should be removed from the test surface and the

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transducer before the next measurement.

Note that normal incidence shear wave coupling is generally not possible at elevated temperatures because commercial shear
wave couplants will liquify and lose the very high viscosity that is necessary for transmission of shear waves.

We offer two types of high temperature couplant:

Couplant G - Medium temperature couplant that can be used as temperatures up to 600°F (315°C).

Couplant H - High temperature couplant that can be used in open environments at temperatures up to 950°F (510°C).

Note that medium and high temperature couplants should not be used in unventilated areas due to the small possibility of vapor
auto-ignition. Consult Olympus for details.

For a complete list of couplants available from Olympus, along with further notes on each, please refer to the application note on
Ultrasonic Couplants.

3. Test Techniques
The following factors should always be taken into consideration in establishing a test procedure for any high temperature
application:

Duty Cycle: All standard high temperature transducers are designed with a duty cycle in mind. Although the delay line insulates
the interior of the transducer, lengthy contact with very hot surfaces will cause significant heat buildup, and eventually permanent
damage to the transducer if the interior temperature becomes hot enough. For most dual element and delay line transducers, the
recommended duty cycle for surface temperatures between approximately 90° C and 425° C (200° F to 800° F) is no more than
ten seconds of contact with the hot surface (five seconds is recomended), followed by a minimum of one minute of air cooling.
Note that this is guideline only; the ratio of contact time to cooling time becomes more critical at the upper end of a given
transducer's specified temperature range. As a general rule, if the outer case of the transducer becomes too hot to comfortably
hold with bare fingers, then the interior temperature of the transducer is reaching a potentially damaging temperature and the
transducer must be allowed to cool down before testing continues. Some users have employed water cooling to accelerate the
cooling process, however Olympus publishes no official guidelines for water cooling and its appropriateness must be determined
by the individual user.

Olympus Epoch series flaw detectors and all thickness gages have freeze functions that can be used to freeze the displayed
waveform and reading. The freeze function is very useful in high temperature measurements because it allows the operator to
capture a reading and quickly remove the transducer from the hot surface. With gages, the fast screen update mode should be
used to help minimize contact time.

Coupling Technique: The combination of transducer duty cycle requirements and the tendency of couplants to solidify or boil off
at the upper end of their usable thickness range requires quick work on the part of the operator. Many users have found the best
technique to be to apply a drop of couplant to the face of the transducer and then press the transducer firmly to the test surface,
without twisting or grinding it (which can cause transducer wear). Any dried couplant residue should be removed from the
transducer tip between measurements.

Gain Boost: The 38DL PLUS and 45MG gages have user adjustable gain boost functions, as do all Epoch series flaw detectors.
Because of the higher attenuation levels associated with high temperature measurements, it is often useful to increase gain
before making measurements.

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Velocity Variation: Sound velocity in all materials changes with temperature, slowing down as the material heats up. Accurate
thickness gaging of hot materials always requires velocity recalibration. In steel, this velocity change is approximately 1% per 55°
C or 100° F change in temperature. (The exact value varies depending on the alloy.) In plastics and other polymers, this change is
much greater, and can approach 50% per 55° C or 100° F change in temperature up to the melting point. If a temperature/velocity
plot for the material is not available, then a velocity calibration should be performed on a sample of the test material at the actual
test temperature. The temperature compensation software function in the 38DL PLUS gage can be used to automatically adjust
velocity for known elevated temperatures based on a programmed temperature/velocity constant.

Zero Recalibration: When performing thickness gaging with dual element transducers, remember that the zero offset value for a
given transducer will change as it heats up due to changes in transit time through the delay line. Thus, periodic re-zeroing is
necessary to maintain measurement accuracy. With Olympus corrosion gages this can be quickly and easily done through the
gage's auto-zero function; simply press the 2nd Function > DO ZERO keys.

Increased Attenuation: Sound attenuation in all materials increases with temperature, and the effect is much more pronounced
in plastics than in metals or ceramics. In typical fine grain carbon steel alloys, attenuation at 5 MHz at room temperature is
approximately 2 dB per 100 mm one-way sound path (equivalent to a round trip path of 50 mm each way). At 500° C or 930° C,
attenuation increases to approximately 15 dB per 100 mm of sound path. This effect can require use of significantly increased
instrument gain when testing over long sound paths at high temperature, and can also require adjustment to distance/amplitude
correction (DAC) curves or TVG (Time Varied Gain) programs that were established at room temperature.

Temperature/attenuation effects in polymers are highly material dependent, but will be typically be several times greater than the
above numbers for steel. In particular, long high temperature delay lines that have heated up may represent a significant source of
total attenuation in a test.

Angular Variation in Wedges: With any high temperature wedge, sound velocity in the wedge material will decrease as it heats
up, and thus the refracted angle in metals will increase as the wedge heats up. If this is of concern in a given test, refracted angle
should be verified at actual operating temperature. As a practical matter, thermal variations during testing will often make precise
determination of the actual refracted angle difficult.

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The EPOCH 650 is a conventional ultrasonic flaw detector
with excellent inspection performance and usability for a wide
variety of applications. This intuitive, rugged instrument is a
continuation of the popular EPOCH 600 flaw detector with
additional capabilities.
The handheld 45MG ultrasonic thickness gage is packed with
measurement features and software options. This unique
instrument is compatible with the complete range of Olympus
dual element and single element transducers, making this
gage an all-in-one solution for virtually every thickness gage
application.

The 38DL PLUS is an advanced ultrasonic thickness gage. The 27MG is a basic ultrasonic thickness gage designed to
Uses dual element transducer for internal corrosion make accurate measurements from one side on internally
applications, and has features that include THRU-COAT corroded or eroded metal pipes and parts. It is lightweight,
technology and echo-to-echo. Uses single element durable, and ergonomically designed for easy, one-hand
transducers for very precise thickness measurements of thin, operation..
very thick, or multilayer materials.

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