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Switching Lab
Switching Lab
Switching Lab
Slides adapted from Liebeherr and El Zarki, and Kurose and Ross 1
Outline
• Interconnection devices
• Bridges/LAN switches vs. Routers
• Learning Bridges
• Transparent bridges
2
Introduction
Ethernet Ethernet
Hub Hub
Hosts Hosts
Bridge Router
Token- X.25
ring Network
Gateway
3
Ethernet Hub
Ethernet Ethernet
Hub Hub
Host Host
IP IP
LLC LLC
4
Bridges/LAN switches
Token-
ring
Bridge
IP IP
Bridge
LLC LLC LLC
802.3 MAC LAN 802.3 MAC 802.5 MAC LAN 802.5 MAC
5
Terminology: Bridge, LAN switch, Ethernet switch
Convention:
• We will use the three terms interchangeably.
6
Ethernet Hubs vs. Ethernet Switches
Hub Switch
CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD
HighSpeed
Backplane
CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD
Input Output
Buffers Buffers
7
Dual Speed Ethernet hub
• Dual-speed hubs
operate at 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps 100 Mbps
100 Mbps per second
• Conceptually these 100 Mbps 100 Mbps
hubs operate like two
Ethernet hubs
separated by a bridge
10 Mbps 10 Mbps
10 Mbps 10 Mbps
Dual-Speed
Ethernet Hub
8
Routers
Application Application
TCP TCP
X.25 SNA
IP Network
Host
Network Network Host
Gateway Gateway
10
Bridges versus Routers
11
A Routed Enterprise Network
Router
Internet
Hub
FDDI
FDDI
12
A Switched Enterprise Network
Router
Internet
Bridge/
Switch
13
Interconnecting networks:
Bridges versus Routers
• If network is reconfigured, IP
addresses may need to be • No network configuration needed
reassigned
14
Bridges
15
(1) Frame Forwarding
16
(1) Frame Forwarding
Not
Found? found ?
17
(2) Address Learning (Learning Bridges)
Src=x,
Src=y, Dest=y
Dest=x Src=x, Dest=y
Port 3 Port 6
18
(2) Address Learning (Learning Bridges)
Learning Algorithm:
• For each frame received, the source stores the source
field in the forwarding database together with the port
where the frame was received.
• All entries are deleted after some time (default is 15
seconds). Src=y, Dest=x
Port 1 Port 4
x is at Port 3
y is at Port 4
Port 2 Port 5
Src=y, Dest=x
Port 3 Port 6
19
Example
Bridge
Bridge 12 Bridge 2
A B C D E F
20
Need for a forwarding between networks
• What do bridges do if
some LANs are LAN 2
reachable only in d
multiple hops ?
Bridge 3 Bridge 4
LAN 1
Bridge 2
LAN 3 LAN 4
21
Problems with network of bridges
22
Transparent Bridges
23
Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1d)
Bridge 3 Bridge 4
• SPT organizes bridges and LANs as
spanning tree in a dynamic
environment Bridge 1 LAN 5
– Frames are forwarded only along
the branches of the spanning tree
Bridge 5
– Trees don’t have loops
LAN 3 LAN 4
24
Configuration BPDUs
Set to 0 Set to 0
protocol identifier Set to 0
Destination
MAC address version
Source MAC message type lowest bit is "topology change bit (TC bit)
address
flags
ID of root Cost of the path from the
root ID
bridge sending this
Cost
Configuration message
Message bridge ID
port ID ID of bridge sending this message
message age
ID of port from which
maximum age
message is sent
Time between hello time
Time between
BPDUs from the root forward delay time since root sent a
recalculations of the
(default: 1sec) message on
spanning tree
which this message is based
(default: 15 secs)
25
What do the BPDUs do?
26
Concepts
• Root Bridge: The bridge with the lowest identifier is the root
of the spanning tree.
• Root Port: Each bridge has a root port which identifies the
next hop from a bridge to the root.
27
Concepts
• Root Path Cost: For each bridge, the cost of the min-cost
path to the root.
28
Steps of Spanning Tree Algorithm
29
Ordering of Messages
ID R1 C1 ID B1 ID P1 ID R2 C2 ID B2 ID P2
M1 M2
30
Initializing the Spanning Tree Protocol
B 0 B P
• Each bridge looks at the BPDUs received on all its ports and
its own transmitted BPDUs.
• Root bridge updated to the smallest received root ID that has
been received so far
31
Operations of Spanning Tree Protocol
• Each bridge B looks on all its ports for BPDUs that are better than its
own BPDUs
• Suppose a bridge with BPDU:
M1 R1 C1 B1 P1
receives a “better” BPDU:
M2 R2 C2 B2 P2
Then it will update the BPDU to:
R2 C2+1 B1 P1
• However, the new BPDU is not necessarily sent out
• On each bridge, the port where the “best BPDU” (via relation “<<“) was
received is the root port of the bridge.
32
When to send a BPDU
R Cost B x
33
Selecting the Ports for the Spanning Tree
• B’s ports that are in the spanning tree will forward packets
(=forwarding state)
• B’s ports that are not in the spanning tree will not forward
packets (=blocking state)
34
Building the Spanning Tree
Bridge LAN 5
R
D
Bridge
D
LAN 3 LAN 4
35
Example
• Assume that all bridges send out their BPDU’s once per second, and assume that
all bridges send their BPDUs at the same time
• Assume that all bridges are turned on simultaneously at time T=0 sec.
Bridge ID 7 Bridge ID 5
LAN LAN LAN
port A port C port A port C
port B port B
port B
port A Bridge
port A port A
Bridge LAN ID 1
port B LAN
ID 3
port C Bridge ID
port B 2
port B
port C
LAN port A port D LAN
36
Bridge ID 6
Example: BPDU’s sent by the bridges
T=1sec
(1,0,1,port) (2,0,2,port) (1,1,3,port) (1,1,5,port) (1,1,6,port) (1,1,7,port)
A,B A,B A,C B,C A,C,D A
T=2sec
(1,0,1,port) (1,2,2,port) (1,1,3,port) (1,1,5,port) (1,1,6,port) (1,1,7,port)
A,B none A,C B,C D none
• In the table (1,0,1,port) means that the BPDU is (1,0,1,A) if the BPDU is sent on port A
and (1,0,1,B) if it is sent on port B.
• At T=1, Bridge 7 receives two BPDUs from Bridge 1: (1,0,1,A) and (1,0,1,B). We assume
that A is numerically smaller than B. If not, then the root port of Bridge 7 changes. 37
Example: Settings after convergence
Bridge ID 7 Bridge ID 5
LAN LAN LAN
port A port C port A port C
port B
port A Bridge
port A port A
Bridge LAN ID 1
port B LAN
ID 3
port C Bridge ID
port B 2
port B
port C
LAN port A port D LAN
Bridge ID 6 38
VLANS
39
VLANs: motivation
consider:
v CS user moves office to
EE, but wants connect to
CS switch?
v single broadcast domain:
§ all layer-2 broadcast
traffic (ARP, DHCP,
Computer
unknown location of
Computer
Science Electrical Engineering destination MAC
Engineering address) must cross
entire LAN
§ security/privacy,
efficiency issues
switch(es) supporting
VLAN capabilities can … …
be configured to Electrical Engineering Computer Science
define multiple virtual (VLAN ports 1-8) (VLAN ports 9-15)
… …
2 8 10 16
2 8 10 16 2 4 6 8
… …
type
dest. source
preamble
address address
data (payload) CRC 802.1Q frame