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Introduction Completed
Introduction Completed
Introduction Completed
Thoughts are building blocks of whatever we are and in the way we act. We the
human beings have the capacity of thinking, appraising and re-appraising. Thinking
determines the way we react and act and is the basic thing, which everybody needs to
exert maximal control over it. Humans think in both positive and negative terms. It is
noted that well-being is generally associated with positive thinking. Though negative
evaluations reduce the risks involved in outcome to some extent. Constant ruminations
and negative thinking is seen as the core component in physical and mental issues,
aggressions. On this view point Automatic thoughts are thinking that or the thoughts in
subconscious mind. They are not consciously reported by a person. It is the individual
tendency to automatically think which comes into action as a result of the environmental
stimulus. These thoughts play a major role in determining the attitudes and beliefs of a
person which has a significant impact on the person’s self-esteem, expectations, self-
concepts and their desires which predominantly determines one’s own attribution. When
one tends to attribute their actions positively even in difficult situation and balance their
life circumstances which reflects their self-compassion. Being compassionate with what
they do may involve some sort of awareness about oneself and tendency to relate oneself
with others perception about them, which signifies their self-conscious emotions. Al
together, the way one think automatically, tends to have an awareness about one’s own
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Automatic thoughts and awareness of their emotions as well the attribution of others has
impact on compassion.
environmental factors around them. They actually stems from the belief of every
individual about them. These beliefs naturally tend to pop up in our conscious at anytime,
anywhere about anything but are merely related to sub-conscious mind voice. These
evaluations. These sorts of beliefs about oneself can be either rational or irrational, on
this note it is actually termed rational as positive automatic thoughts and irrational beliefs
Positive automatic thoughts are associated with good health and well-being which
are used in cognitive restructuring of core negative beliefs. Positive thoughts give
such as depression, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and also health issues in
distortions.
COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS:
4. Emotional reasoning
5. Labeling
8. Mind reading
9. Overgeneralization
which has no evidence or insufficient or irrelevant details of their life. This sort
ignored and the important context is missed. This deals with some aspect of
event.
Labeling and mislabeling – this involves the way of portraying one’s own identity
as imperfect or mistakes which were happened in the past and hence, portraying
2. Almost always believed – some thoughts are merely seem like it’s illogical but
4. Control us with Should, Ought or must – automatic thoughts often occur hand
in hand frequently they were control us with powerful words as should, ought or must
lead oneself to think about future as dangerous and bad going to happen in turn.
7. It differs from what we are saying in reality – the automatic thoughts are
Cognitive triarchic theory was explained by Aaron Beck, also known as the
Negative Triad. This is a cognitive-therapeutic view which includes three main key
factors to be considered by Beck which signifies the person’s belief system. Beck focused
approach.
Beck when focused on depressive patient with symptoms which involves triarchic model
as they perceive themselves as helpless, unlovable, worthless along with physical, mental
or moral deficits. They actually tend to feel guilt and rejected by other people and also
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they tend to view their future without any hope which lead them to feel with drawled
Many research findings related to positive and negative automatic thoughts are
more likely related with their physical and mental well-being. With positive automatic
thoughts, the people tend to be happy which had an impact on the mental health and self-
esteem of an individual. With negative automatic thoughts people tend to have more
mental health symptoms and decreased self-esteem level. Along with mental health, it
also includes some physical health symptoms. Al together negative thoughts may tend to
cause stress and burnout for the people. In that way cognitive restructuring should be
One should prevent oneself from negative thoughts which may in turn trigger
One should understand one’s own belief system, potentials, talents, and unique
skills.
through auto-suggestion.
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One should possess the nature of feeling empowered and incharge of whatever we
are doing.
For betterment in one’s life one should start accepting and should expect change
beneficial relationship.
Positive though can be enabled if, one have the self-confidence within them and
maladjustments.
maladjustment.
Fear should be reduced and should also have the resistance to change – deals with
If negative experiences turns into belief, we tend to not only excuse for not
Low self-esteem
through feelings. The thoughts are analyzed, evaluated and through self-awareness of our
Self-conscious emotions are the sort emotions that are affected by the way we
perceive ourselves and how other perceives us. Self-conscious emotions are merely
shows the healthy signs of emotional maturity. Both positive and negative self-conscious
emotions are powerful motivators in our life. But, excessive self-conscious emotions can
be extremely unhealthy for an individual with mental health problems like anxiety,
depression, borderline personality disorder and also social anxiety and isolation.
Anything to a limit is healthy. In that way some of the healthy self-conscious emotions
are:
Accepting and feeling happy to take responsibility and tend to willfully apologize
We tend to defend oneself by placing blame on other for one’s own mistakes
understanding of the rules, standards, and goals of our super ego. It involves forming a
sense or awareness about oneself which can be developed from the age of 18 months in
children and the full range of self-conscious emotions are acquired by the age of 3.
Adolescence is more prone to high amount of self-conscious emotions as they are more
emotions are not merely learned it is genetically or predominantly acquired during the
Charles Darwin discussed and made observations, where he believes that it is the
self-conscious emotions that help on the capacity to think about the self through some
cognitive capacities only at the end of the second year of the child’s life. Though it
primarily the child can able to emerge with primary emotions as fear, anger, joy in the
first year of its life. Lewis called consciousness as awareness, with emotions that
Second set – again embarrassment as well as Shame, Guilt, Hubris, and pride.
They actually called the first set of self-conscious emotions as Exposed self-
conscious emotions. As they involves the cognitive ability in order to reflect on the self
but they do not require elaborative cognitive capacities which is done with the second set
the second half of the child’s second year of life. At first, embarrassment shows the
awareness about the idea of “me”, in this point the child comes to understand that they
are the object of attention to others which elicit naturally embarrassment. Secondly
empathy, emerges when the child can place them in role of the others. Thirdly, jealously
tend to appear when child is capable of understanding that another person has what they
want. Hence these self-conscious emotions are not the consequences of the child’s
knowledge.
and pride deals with the Standards, Rules, and Goals which are incorporated through their
family and peers. Hence, the set of these self-conscious emotions are evaluative self-
deal with socialization, which the child incorporates as it develops. The global attribution
give rise to shame and hubris and specific attribution give rise to guilt and pride. In this
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second stage of self-conscious emotion embarrassment occur when the child experience
the company of others when it violates the Standards, Rules and Goals.
Taking responsibility
Mindfulness therapy.
EMOTIONS AND COMPASSION: It’s the human nature to perceive oneself and
perceive how others perceive us and expressing the feeling of pride, embarrassment,
shame, and guilt. In this way some people tend to feel inferior and inadequate from
others. If they feel that they feel negatively about them, they typically behave
1.4. SELF-COMPASSION:
The first person who measured the term Self-compassion was Psychologist
kindness toward the self, which entails being gentle, supportive, and understanding:
“Rather than harshly judging oneself for personal shortcomings, the self is offered
warmth and unconditional acceptance.” In other words, being kind to ourselves in good
times and bad, in sickness and in health and even when we make mistakes is the better
The word compassion means “to suffer with”. That is, accepting our situation
even at difficult times is the best way to strive for compassion. It focuses on how one
perceives care and support from themselves when being in bad situations.
Most people tend to criticize and harm one for being inadequate in various
ELEMENTS OF SELF-COMPASSION:
when encountering difficulty situation of pain, personal short-comings. But who score
low in this state may ignore oneself and hurt them with self-criticism.
failing, and experiencing life difficulties is because of themselves and get angry when life
Instead of perceiving that people cannot always be or get exactly what they want
they tend to deny or fought against their suffering which increases in the form of stress,
frustration, and self-criticism. When this reality is accepted with sympathy and kindness,
Common humanity: people tend to believe that sufferings in their life are not
accompanied by an irrational but pervasive sense of isolation – as if “I” was the only
suffering and personal inadequacy is part of the shared human experience – something
that we all go through rather than being something that happens to “me” alone.
state in which one observes theirs thoughts and feelings, without denying them. We
cannot ignore our pain and feel compassion for it at the same time. At the same time,
mindfulness requires that we not be “over-identified” with thoughts and feelings, so that
emotions so that feelings are neither suppressed nor exaggerated. This equilibrated
stance stems from the process of relating personal experiences to those of others who are
also suffering, thus putting our own situation into a larger perspective. It also stems from
the willingness to observe our negative thoughts and emotions with openness and clarity,
Thinking is the way of process that determines how one act accordingly to the
situation. The compassion of an individual is the way one cares for them even in the
difficult situation rather than critizing or blaming even for the simple mistakes. If one has
positive thinking, their approach to them and others will also be in a positive way. They
play an optimistic role when facing the difficult situations. Therefore, positive thinking
victim and lacking the confidence and competence to cope with an adverse situation. But,
self-compassion is about taking care about oneself and supporting oneself in difficult
situation.
HIGH SELF-COMPASSION:
difficult.
It helps to attribute oneself internally and stable to the cause of our behavior.
themselves.
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LOW SELF-COMPASSION:
Self-criticism
Anxiety
Rumination
Thought suppression
Over Perfectionism.
Depression
Inadequate feeling.
IMPROVING SELF-COMPASSION:
2. Practice mindfulness.
Teachers are meant to play many roles in spite of their teaching. Their teaching
behaviour has an impact on their students and work place. They are naturally people
oriented and deal with the students. They tend to have more stress and burnout in the way
they work. Their psychological well-being also has an impact of their work-life balance.
They are exhaustive and their satisfaction determines their automatic thoughts, which in
turn bring them self-conscious emotions of how they perceive themselves and aware of
working for the development of the organization and have flexibility in doing their job
but are machine oriented. They were highly stressful in coping their work-life is the
biggest thing to consider. They generally work in the basis of ergonomics. They were
highly tends to have dissatisfaction in their work. There their automatic thoughts are
Self-compassion with respect to Teachers and IT workers. This study focus on the role of
Automatic thoughts has any effect on self-conscious emotions and self-compassion of the
teachers and IT workers. It also focuses on how teachers and IT workers differ in their
Automatic thoughts, conscious emotions and self-compassion in their personal and work
life balance. In this case, the teachers are generally people oriented. On the other hand, IT
workers were machine oriented in their work place situations. The way, they tend to
perceive themselves and others was seems to be different in the way of their approach.
On this note, as from many study it was found that negative Automatic thoughts and
negative self conscious emotions were related to psychological affect whereas when self-
compassion is low it lead to negative attribution and poor balance in life. On perceiving
this with the common population the study can be focused on teachers and IT workers
who posses more emotional exhaustion and burnout with low compassion. Therefore, this
study needed for the people with broad understanding of positive thinking and positive
conscious emotions helps them to attribute their life situation positively in both their
personal life and work life balance even at difficult times especially it helps for the
professionals.
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2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(2017) for 240 patients with HIV/AIDS, who were randomly selected. They were found
counseling alone especially for their Adherence and depression, CBT specifically
Montgomery- As berg Depression Rating Scale (MDARS) at baseline. The analysis was
done using Autoregressive crossed-lagged panel models. From the study, they found that
automatic thoughts were followed by decrease in depression but in ISP group that is
significant influence on each other. Hence, this interventional study showed the evidence
base for Cognitive Interventions for depression in individual with chronic medical
conditions of HIV/AIDS.
states during sexual activity by Maria, et.al (2017), the objective dealt with the
incomplete schemas, Automatic thoughts, and affective states that have been described as
maintenance factor for female with different sexual orientation. The study was conducted
among 775 women among them 593 were heterosexuals and 182 were lesbians. They
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were assessed using cognitive schemas activation in sexual context, positive affect –
negative affect scale, female sexual functioning index, the sexual modes questionnaire –
Automatic thoughts subscale through online survey. This study was analyzed using
structural equation modeling and the result suggests that for heterosexuals’ samples, their
failure thoughts, lack of erotic thoughts were found to be mediated by positive and
negative affective state. Meanwhile, for lesbians additionally sexual abuse thoughts were
also influenced with mediators of positive and negative affective state. Hence, the study
revealed the role of automatic thoughts was significantly mediating the relationship
Psychological and mental health status of pregnant women through the effect of negative
life events and antenatal depression among 495 rural pregnant women through interview
method with the help of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, pregnancy pressure scale,
automatic thoughts questionnaire and life event scale for pregnant women. The data was
analyzed with logistic regression and path analysis to mediating effect. The result
suggests that the prevalence of antenatal depression was 13.7% and the analysis was
found that only socio-demographic and health behaviour factor significantly related to
antenatal depression was sleep quality but, negative life events were not associated with
depression. Path analysis showed that the eventual direct and general effects of positive
automatic thoughts were 0.39 and 0.51which revealed that they were larger than the
effect of negative life events. Hence, the study concluded that there was a potentially
significant mediating effect of negative automatic thoughts among pregnant women. The
Pregnant women who had lower scores of negative automatic thoughts were likely to
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suffer less from negative life events but which was eventually leaded to antenatal
depression.
existing relationship between the level of anxiety, the frequency of automatic negative
also with no such medical history of about 50. They have filled the assessment of
analysis. From the analysis it was found that the psychological anxiety was positively
negatively correlated with both psychological anxiety and somatic as well as with
Automatic negative thoughts. From all these variables there were significant difference
found in Rheumatoid Arthritis as compared to the controlled population. From the result,
the study concluded that there is a presence of greater extent of anxiety and automatic
negative thoughts along with reduced unconditional self-acceptance among people with
Rheumatoid Arthritis. Hence, the intervention on these variables through support and
counseling can lead to reducing anxiety and depression by altering the coping styles and
Automatic thoughts, distress, neuroticism in people with pain and role limitations due to
Physical Health problems. The study tends to display that these people have higher risk
emotional system. This study showed the predictive factors among Resilience, Automatic
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contexts. Hence, the study revealed that Automatic thoughts and pain is predictor for both
emotional distresses as a whole and sub factors of fear, sadness and also resilience is a
fear. The study concluded that resilience has a favorable impact on health, reducing
emotional stress, pain; automatic thoughts, neuroticism, and distress represent factors of
psychological vulnerability.
Automatic thoughts in a college student sample of about 252 and their patients. The main
idea of this study was to found the intergenerational transmission of certain domains of
psychological functioning and the result of the study revealed that positive Automatic
thoughts differ for male and female college students and also their anxiety, self-esteem
and positive and negative Automatic thoughts were significantly predicted by this
mother’s anxiety and self-esteem. Hence, the study finding suggested that Automatic
examined by Carolyn, et.al (2004) among samples of children and adolescence of age 7-
16 years among them 200 were community youth and 160 youth of clinical samples with
Anxiety, Depression, / Disruptive behaviour disorders. The samples were assessed using
internalizing problems. The analysis was done using multivariate analysis which focuses
on the inter-relationship between beliefs and non-cognitive symptoms. From the analysis
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it was revealed that thoughts of loss / personal failure were the strongest predictors of
aggression. From the study, it was found that the data revealed a clear evidence of
youth, through automatic thoughts as beliefs and negative emotions of the patients.
Automatic thoughts, Quality of life and happiness which was investigated by Babamiri,
et.al (2004) among patients of 3 Hospitals who were randomly selected with 100 cardio-
vascular patients analyzed using Coping inventory for stressful situations, health survey
index automatic thoughts questionnaire and oxford happiness inventory. The analysis was
done using correlation and regression analysis. The data showed that there was
style, negative Automatic thoughts, life quality, and happiness among cardio-vascular
patients. The regression analysis shown that the predictive variables like negative
automatic thoughts, life quality and task-oriented coping style, which predicts happiness
with 67% and were consider as the best predictors of happiness. Hence, the study was
concluded that improving coping styles will improve life Quality and interventional style
thoughts and Automatic thoughts questionnaire was used among depressed and non-
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depressed subjects. Hence, the experimental study revealed and supported the view that a
high frequency of automatic thoughts toward the self and future in non-depressed
mindfulness, and self-compassion by Flett, et.al (2016) was done using Academic
and self-compassion & depression scales. This was studied among 214 under-graduate
students. They were analyzed using Correlation which showed that both measures of
procrastination were associated with rumination brooding and reduced mindfulness and
self-compassion. Overall, findings resulted as that coping with the cognitive risk factors
of rumination brooding and procrastination related automatic thoughts were related with
resilience of mindfulness and low level of self-compassion were related to high level of
procrastination and depression. Hence, the study concluded that procrastinators might be
vulnerable to depression due to the presence of these cognitive risks and resilience
factors.
weight gain in a stressful environment. The study was predicted that high level of
automatic thoughts and intolerance of uncertainty would negatively relate to weight gain.
The study was conducted among 97 military recruits at baseline level, they were provided
with scales and after 5 weeks, the participants resulted as 43 gained weight, 54 lose
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weight. Those who lost weight significantly scored high in Automatic thoughts and
intolerance of uncertainty. Hence, the study concluded that negative thoughts may play a
role in weight gain. When mindfulness and self-compassion were taken into account
these negative cognitions were stopped significantly which are the predictors of weight
gain.
12. A relationship study was examined by Akin, et.al (2012) between self-
compassion and automatic thoughts among 299 students using Self-compassion scale and
Automatic thoughts questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using correlation and
over-identification predicted Automatic thoughts in a positive way. Hence, the path from
13. A cross-sectional study was examined by Lopez, et.al (2016) about benefits
affect. It was studied among community adults of 1736 using five facets of mindfulness
compassion, when examining, the result it was explored 3 of the five facets and negative
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affects. Self-compassion scale negatively act with awareness being was the strongest
predictors. The findings revealed that the harsh attitude towards oneself and lack of
attention when acting have greatest predictive value in the presence of psychological
symptoms. With respect to negative affect four of the five facets were significant
predictors. Hence, the study concluded that mindfulness is more important predictors of
14. A interventional study was conducted by Hamrick, et.al (2015) between self-
symptoms among females who has experimented sexual assault of about 207 female
adults who were measured using those related scales and were which was analyzed
through meditational analysis which shows high self-compassion was associated with
lower blame, characterological self-blame and disengagement in coping and with less
post-traumatic stress disorder and also less depression. Hence, interventions designed for
examined the effect of mindfulness self-compassion based program on stress and burnout
changes in self-compassion and self-coldness and changes in stress and burnout are
measured for 101 practicing psychologists in which 51 were training group and 49 were
control group after 15 minutes exercise per day for 6 weeks the participants filled
perceived stress scale, shirom melemed burnout questionnaire for pre and post test. The
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result showed distress was more strongly related to self-coldness than self-compassion.
Hence, the study concluded with longitudinal cross-sectional analysis, that treatment
alleviate stress and symptoms of burnout and also provide supportive distinction between
16. A relationship study was conducted by Muns, et.al (2018) explored the self-
conscious emotions, personality traits and anxiety disorder symptoms among noon-
clinical youth of about 118 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years through Brief shame and guilt
questionnaire for children and youth self-report, Big-five personality questionnaire, youth
anxiety measure for DSM-5. From this, the study it was analyzed that shame positively
associated with broad range of anxiety disorders and neuroticism and negatively with
extroversion. Guilt did not show significant association with anxiety disorder once
controlling for the influence of shame. Finally, when controlling for neuroticism and
symptoms. Hence, study concluded that high levels of shame are clearly associated with
anxiety pathology.
17. An evaluative study was conducted by Hennion, et.al (2018) studied the
experiences of self conscious emotions in temporal lope epilepsy. This study evaluate
that both positive valence and negative valence of self conscious emotion are moral
emotions that emerge from self-reflection and self-evaluation in social contexts. This
among temporal lobe of 71 epilepsy patients and non epilepsy patients as control group.
They filled Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and Quality of life. The
study revealed that the temporal lobe epilepsy subjects were more likely to experience
negative valence of self conscious emotions which results them to acquire higher
frequency of seizures, more severe anxiety and depressive symptoms and prevalence of
anxiety and depressive disorder and lower quality of life. Hence, the study concluded that
epilepsy.
between Perceived parental Rearing behaviour and self-conscious emotions of guilt and
shame. The study was conducted among both 104 clinical and 477 non clinical
adolescents aged 11 to 18 years. They were provided with the questionnaire of perceived
parental rearing behaviour and scenario based instrument to measure proneness to guilt
and shame using correlational analysis. The result showed that the parental rearing
dimensions were positively related to self conscious emotions. Regarding the non clinical
sample, both favorable (emotional warmth) and unfavorable (rejection) parental and
maternal rearing dimensions significantly correlated with guilt and shame proneness and
clinical sample were less conclusive that only maternal emotional warmth and rejection
were found to be significantly associated with guilt and shame. Altogether, this study
concluded that parental rearing factors were involved in the development of both adaptive
19. A correlative study was conducted by Pivetti, et.al (2016) explored the
shame, and guilt and anger among 124 Italian undergraduates’ students who were asked
to report an episode from their auto biographical memory about self conscious emotions
in the past. After that they were asked to rate a larger number of possible reactions about
thoughts, bodily sensations and action tendencies which they experienced during that
episode the idea that shame, guilt and anger elicit different cognitive, physical and
behavioral patterns. These reactions systems may influence emotional and social
adjustments in adults. But, shame did not associated with aggressive tendencies; it was
characterized by the sensation of being a failure gaze aversion and low awareness of
hurting and transgressing. Both guilt and anger were characterized by norm violation,
20. A two cross-sectional study was conducted by Muris, et.al (2014) explored
the relationship between attachments and self conscious emotions among children and
adolescents. The study 1 was performed in 688 non-clinical children of age of about 9-13
years through the measure of attachment style and vignette based instrument for assessing
guilt and shame. The result of this study showed that children who insecurely attached
displayed higher levels of shame and maladaptive type of guilt compared to securely
attached children whereas, the study 2 was conducted in adolescents aged 12-18 years of
about 135, majority of them were referred to a clinical setting because of externalizing
problem. These samples were measured using the attachments of Quality to parents and
peers and vignette based instrument of guilt and shame. The result showed that the
samples exhibited lower levels of self conscious emotions than non clinical adolescents.
Al together, the study result fits with the theory of attachment in security was involved in
perfectionism and the experience of ride, shame and guilt among the healthy
shame, guilt and pride proneness scale and state shame, guilt and pride scale for 121
undergraduates and compared with healthy perfectionist. The result revealed that healthy
perfectionists reported more state pride and less state shame and guilt than unhealthy and
non perfectionist. However, both healthy and unhealthy perfectionist showed greater
proneness to guilt and pride than non perfectionist. Hence, the study concluded from this
investigation was that individuals who strive for perfection but are unconcerned about
imperfection may well experience pride and be prone to feel guilt but not shame.
22. A relationship study was investigated by Joireman, et.al (2002) examined the
study on relationship between empathy and self-absorption for college students of about
184 who was surveyed through Trapnell & Campbell’s Rumination – Reflection
Interpersonal reactivity index assess empathy concern perspective taking and personal
distress and Rosenberg’s Self-esteem which was collected and analyzed using
correlation. The study reveals self-rumination was negatively correlated with perspective
taking and positively correlated with personal distress, Whereas, self-reflection was
positively correlated with perspective taking and empathy concern. Further, the
perspective taking. Self-esteem was positively correlated with empathic concern and
perspective taking and negatively with personal distress. Hence, the study concluded that
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of self-esteem.
found individual difference in proneness to guilt and shame which play an important role
young adult population through self conscious affect and attribution inventory (SCAAI)
responses. The SCAAI appears to provide related but functionally distinct indices of
proneness related to shame and guilt with the characteristics of affective, cognitive and
behaviour respectively.
24. A relationship study was done by Hawkins, et.al (2018) examined between
the role of Guilt, Shame and Self-compassion & Parents psychological adjustment to
their child’s burn injury among 91 parents of 71 children. They were measured using
adjustment as well as guilt, shame and self-compassion scales. The data were analyzed
using multilevel analysis which resulted as feelings of guilt and shame were associated
with poorer adjustment in parents and those scored high in self-compassion showed lower
symptoms of depression and Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms. Hence, this study
concluded that Health care professionals should pay close attention to families which also
involves subjective injury experience and Screening for psychological distress should be
25. An interventional study was described by Mirela; et.al (2018) compared the
people. They were asked to describe any negative event happened in past 2 days and also
measured using self-rating scale of social anxiety symptoms, shame-proneness trait, self-
compassion and irrational beliefs before and after intervention. The study revealed that
significantly reduces shame proneness and irrational beliefs but self-compassion had no
procrastination mediated by shame and anxiety by Hajiazizi, et.al (2015) among 200
anxiety, procrastination scale for students and self-compassion scale and test of self
conscious affect-3 to measure level of shame analyzed using path analysis which resulted
also self-compassion has negative influence on the level of anxiety but self-compassion
has no significant influence on level of shame and also both shame and anxiety had no
effect in Academic procrastination mediated by anxiety but not by the level of shame.
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and their attitudes towards challenging students. The study examined the preschool
compassion and also a semi-structured interview with children chosen by the respected
teacher as challenging. The result of the study suggests that teacher’s psychological
characteristics may impact their ability to create and maintain optimal classroom
environments and supportive relationship with classroom students. Hence, the study
28. An appraisal study was examined by Chang, et.al (2009) on emotional work
of teachers through Appraisal perspective of teacher’s burnout. The study was actually
examined after reviewed the literature related to this study through that they also argued
the same habitual pattern in teachers judgment about student behaviour and their tasks
may significantly related to their unpleasant emotions that may eventually lead to
burnout. From the study which was examined to anticipate that teacher’s appraisal are
necessary to help teachers to better understand their emotions and also to regulate their
emotions.
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work and its mediation through compassion at work and their intrinsic motivation among
samples of 200 hotel employees in South Korea. They used structural equation modeling
to analyse the hypothesis, which states that employee’s perception of CSR are positively
CSR and their creativity. Hence, the study concludes that the relationship between
employee creativity is sequentially and fully mediated by compassion at work and their
intrinsic motivation.
examined by Rhee, et.al (2017) of employees through their emotional exhaustion and the
incivility and job performance through emotional exhaustion and also predicted that there
was positive relationship between coworker’s incivility and emotional exhaustion would
be weaker for employees with increased self-efficacy and compassion at work. For this
study, the survey was at two time points of 3 minutes apart among 217 five star hotel in
South Korea. The study resulted that coworkers incivility was negatively related to job
performance and was fully mediated by Emotional Exhaustion and self-efficacy of the
compassion do not relate between coworker incivility and emotional exhaustion as a key
relate to coworkers incivility. Finally, the study extended the literature theorizing upon
2.8. SUMMARY:
From the study, reviewed it was found that many research on automatic thoughts
were focused negatively on the emotional stress, mood, negative life events, affective
states and neuroticism meanwhile, it was also positively focused on Resilience, stress
coping styles, Quality of life. All these tend to reveal that the people with negative
automatic thoughts have been resulted in negative life consequences. On the other hand,
with positive automatic thoughts possess well-being and good quality of life. The study
anxiety, attachment, brain neurons which eventually resulted as negative self conscious
emotions was bringing negative affects in life circumstances. For the study on self-
depression, anxiety, distress, and burnout, which resulted as when self compassion
increases then positivity increases. The study on Automatic thoughts and self compassion
found that Automatic thoughts and self kindness, common humanity and mindfulness
negatively correlated and Automatic thoughts and self judgment, over identification and
isolation were positively correlated. From the study on self compassion and self
conscious emotions which revealed that shame and guilt had negative effect on self-
compassion. The study on teachers and IT workers focused on the burnout, stress, job
could have posses less stress, good performance and perceive good work life balance
even at the time of difficult times. All the whole automatic thoughts were more likely
related with emotional aspects which self conscious emotions also focus on depressed
and other psychologically affective people and Hence, from the study instead of
repeatedly finding relation with psychologically affected people, I like to do this study
focus on whether the Automatic thoughts, self conscious emotions have any effect on the
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. AIM:
3.2. OBJECTIVES:
thoughts refers to the automatic thoughts that stem from the beliefs people hold about
themselves. They automatically come into action as a response to stimuli in our environment;
negative attitude, opinions, and cognitions or perceptions that people has of oneself with
someone.
how we see ourselves and how we think others perceive us. They include emotions like
amoral or social an emotion that drives people to hide or deny their wrongdoings. It is
of the self.
believes or realizes- accurately or not- that they have compromised their own standards
of conduct or have violated a universal moral standard and bear significant responsibility
attachment towards one’s own or another’s choices and action or toward a whole group
belonging.
operationally defined as kindness toward the self, which entails being gentle, supportive,
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and understanding: “Rather than harshly judging oneself for personal shortcomings, the
SELF KINDNESS: It refers to being calm to oneself when encountering pain and
personal shortcomings, rather than ignoring them or hurting oneself with self-criticism.
COMMON HUMANITY: It involves recognizing that suffering and failure is part of the
3.4. HYPOTHESIS:
3.5. VARIABLE:
The research design for this study is Ex-post facto Research Design.
The data was analyzed using Descriptive Statistics namely Mean, Standard
Deviation and Correlation was used to find the Relationship between the variables of
Automatic thoughts, Self conscious Emotions. The inferential study namely t-test was
used to find the difference between two samples of Teachers and IT workers.
questionnaire.
41
were IT professionals among the age group range from 25 to 40 years who were residing
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE:
From the demographic variables, Work experience and Age of the two
Teachers and IT workers with more than 3years of experience and English
People working in tutorials, BPO, part-time workers, Handicap people were not
ADMINISTRATION:
The study was observed through Survey method, questionnaires were given to the
sample of teachers and IT professionals of 50 each. They were given with following
instructions.
QUESTIONNAIRE (ATQ), it was the frequently used tool for measuring Automatic
thoughts.
“Beliefs” in which 1 for not at all, 2 for somewhat, 3 for moderately often, 4 for often, 5
for all the time of automatic negative thoughts. It consists of dimension like Personal
maladjustment and desire for change (PMDC), negative self-concepts and negative
expectations (NSNE), low self-esteem (LSE) and helplessness (H). The scoring and
SCORING: The questionnaire consists of dimensions and items on each factor are
PMDC: 7, 10, 14, 20, and 26. NSNE: 2, 3, 9, 21, 23, 24, and 28. LSE: 17, 18.
Helplessness: 29, 30. The items scored as directly as it is as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for both
INTERPRETATION:
5 – 15 Low in PMDC
PMDC
16 – 25 High in PMDC
7 – 21 Low in NSNE
NSNE
22 – 35 High in NSNE
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY: The Reliability and Validity was about 0.97 with
concurrent validity.
SCALE (SGSS), which actually measures self conscious emotions and it, was the only
questionnaire has current feelings of the person along with self conscious emotions.
DISCRIPTION: It consists of 15 items with 5 point scale in which 1 for do not feel this
way, 2 for rarely, 3 for I feel in this way sometimes, 4 for I feel this way often, 5 for
feeling this way very strongly. It consists of dimensions as shame, guilt, and pride. The
scoring and interpretation were provided along with the Manual of the inventory.
44
SCORING: The questionnaire consists of dimensions and its items are shame – 2, 5, 8,
11, and 14, Guilt – 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15, Pride – 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13. The scores each
questions are added and the total score range from 5-75, the scores for dimensions are
based on the dimensions based items and the dimensions score range from 5-25.
INTERPRETATION:
Highest score of 3 is
Of the individual.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY: The reliability and validity ranges from 0.82 to 0.89
and for each subscale of shame about 0.89, guilt about 0.82, and pride about 0.87.
DESCRIPTION: It consists of 12 items with 5 point scale in which 1 for almost never, 2
for rarely, 3 for sometime, 4 for often, 5 for almost always. The scoring and interpretation
SCORING: The questionnaire consists of dimensions and its items are self-kindness – 2,
and over-identification – 1, 9. The scoring is based on the dimensions, for the dimensions
scored as 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. The scores of each dimension are added and then the averages of
each dimension were calculated as mean score. The mean scores of the reversely scored
items are then subtracted by 6. Eventually, by adding all 6 dimensions mean score and its
INTERPRETATION:
MEAN
SCORE INTERPRETATION
RANGE
MODERATE
2.5 – 3.5
COMPASSION
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY: The reliability score for total score was about 0.92
and for subscale ranges about 0.75-0.81 and with convergent validity of (r = 0.62, 0.58,
Table: 4.1 shows the differences in Automatic thoughts and its dimensions among
(50)
(50)
Raw IT ‘t’
Variables Teachers Results
Scores workers scores
Mean
Mean
Frequency of Automatic
Total 71 67
thoughts 0.904 NS
scores
Degree of beliefs 67 71 0.833 NS
Personal Maladjustment
13.4 12.4 1.228 NS
& Desire for change
The table 1.1 shows the scores, variables, mean score, t-value, and the
worker is 67. The t- score is 0.904 which shows no significant difference between both
the groups with regard to frequency of automatic thoughts. The mean score of Total
belief is 67 for teachers and 71 for IT workers. The t-score is 0.833 which states no
In the dimension of personal maladjustment and desire for change, the mean for
teachers is 13.4 and 12.4 for IT workers. The t-score is 1.228 which shows no significant
mean score for teachers is 16.8 for teachers and 15.3 for IT workers. The t-score is 1.271
which shows there is no significant difference. The mean for the dimension, Low self-
esteem is 3.78 for teachers and 4.12 for IT workers with t-score of 0.844 which shows no
significant difference. The mean for the dimension of helplessness is 4.68 for teachers
and 4.14 for IT workers with t-score of 1.297 which shows no significant difference.
From the table, it can be seen that there is no significant difference between
Teachers and IT workers. Therefore, the null hypothesis stating that there will be no
significant difference among Teachers and IT workers in total score and the dimensions
Table: 4.2 shows the differences in Self-conscious emotions and its dimensions among
Table 1.2 shows the mean, t-scores, and the significance in self-conscious
The total score of Self-conscious emotions in teachers is 40.76 and 42.88 for IT
workers. The t-score is 1. 523 which shows, there is no significant difference in self-
In the dimensions of Shame the mean score for teachers is 13.16 and 12.02 for IT
workers. The t-score is 0.709 which shows no significant difference between both the
groups. In the dimension of Guilt, Mean for Teachers is 13.16 and 13.38 for IT workers.
The t-score is 0.408 which shows no significant difference between them. In the
dimension of Pride the mean score for teachers in 16.16 and for IT workers is 17.5 with t-
Thus, the hypothesis stating that there will be no significant difference among
teachers and IT workers in the self-conscious emotions and its dimensions is accepted.
49
Table: 4.3 shows the differences in Self-compassion and its dimensions among
Teachers IT workers
Raw scores Variables ‘t’ scores Results
Mean Mean
Total scores Self-compassion 3.13 3.11 0.2496 NS
Self-kindness 3.07 2.94 0.5903 NS
Common Humanity 3.07 2.93 0.8253 NS
Mindfulness 3.11 3.03 0.3831 NS
Dimensions
Self-judgment 3.11 3.4 1.6953 NS
Isolation 2.85 3.1 1.4571 NS
Over-identification 3.43 3.25 0.9891 NS
Note: NS-The value is not significant at .01 and .05 level
Table 1.3 shows the mean score, t-scores, and significance of self-compassion and
The mean for total score of Self-compassion in teachers is 3.13 and 3.11 for IT
In the dimension, self-kindness the mean of teachers is 3.07 and 2.94 for IT
workers. The t-score is 0.5903 which shows no significant difference between the two
groups. In dimension of common humanity the Mean for Teachers 3.07 and 2.93 for IT
workers. The t-score is 0.8253 which shows no significant difference. In the dimension of
mindfulness, the mean score for teachers is 3.11 and 3.4 for IT workers. The t-score is
mean score is 3.11 and 3.4 for IT workers with t-score of 1.6953 which indicates no
significant difference. In Isolation dimension, the teachers mean score is 2.85 and for IT
workers it is 3.1 with t-score of about 1.4571 indicating no significant difference. In the
50
dimension of over-identification the teachers mean score is 3.43 and IT workers is 3.25
Thus, the null hypothesis stating that there will be no significant difference among
accepted.
51
Table: 4.4 show the relationship of Automatic thoughts and Self-conscious emotions in
Table 2.1 shows the size of the sample (N) and correlation co-efficient of
The size of sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of the frequency of
automatic thoughts and self-conscious emotions r = .4687, indicating that there is positive
significant relationship at .01 levels in the frequency of automatic thoughts and self-
conscious emotions among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of the degree of
positive significant relationship at .01 level in the degree of belief in automatic thoughts
and self-conscious emotions among the professionals. This shows that if, automatic
decreases.
The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of personal
maladjustment & desire for change and shame r = .597, indicating that there is a positive
significant relationship at .01 levels in personal maladjustment & desire for change and
shame among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of personal maladjustment &
desire for change and guilt r = .4594, indicating that there is a positive significant
relationship at .01 level in personal maladjustment & desire for change and guilt among
the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of personal maladjustment & desire for
change and pride r = .337, which indicates that there is a positive significant relationship
at .01 level in personal maladjustment &desire for change and pride. That is if, personal
maladjustment & desire for change increases or decreases, shame, guilt and pride also
increases or decreases.
The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of Negative self-
concept and self-expectations, and shame r = .88, which indicates that there is a positive
shame among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of negative self-concept &
relationship at .01 level in negative self-concept & self-expectation and guilt among the
pride r = .422, which indicates that there is a positive significant relationship at .01 level
53
in negative self-concept & self-expectation and pride. This shows that if, negative self-
concept & self-expectation increases or decreases, shame, guilt and pride also increases
or decreases.
The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of low self-esteem,
and shame r = .578, which indicates that there is a positive significant relationship at .01
levels in low self-esteem and shame among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient
of low self-esteem and guilt r = .332, indicating there is a positive significant relationship
at .01 level in low self-esteem and guilt among the professionals. The correlation co-
efficient of low self-esteem and pride r = .302, which indicates that there is a positive
significant relationship at .01 level in low self-esteem and pride. This shows that if, low
self-esteem increases or decreases, shame, guilt and pride also increases or decreases.
The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of helplessness, and
shame r = .714, which indicates that there is a positive significant relationship at .01
levels in helplessness and shame among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of
helplessness and guilt r = .426, indicating there is a positive significant relationship at .01
level in helplessness and guilt among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of
helplessness and pride r = .418, which indicates that there is a positive significant
relationship at .01 level in helplessness and pride. This shows that if, helplessness
Thus, the null hypothesis stating that there will be no significant relationship in
Note: **- The value is Significant at .01 levels, *- The value is Significant at .05level &
The table 2.2 shows the size of the sample (N) and the correlation co-efficient of
The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of self-conscious
relation but with negative correlation. That is if, self-conscious emotions increases, the
self-compassion decreases.
The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of shame and self-
kindness r = -.028, indicating that there is no significant relationship in shame and self-
kindness but, there is negative correlation. This shows that when shame increases self-
.1797, which indicates no significant relationship in shame and common humanity but, it
is a negative correlation, that is when shame increases, the common humanity of the
= -.5215, which indicates a negative significant relationship at .01 level in shame and
correlation that is when shame increases, the self-judgment may decreases. The co-
relationship in shame and isolation but, it is a negative correlation that is when shame
identification decreases.
The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of guilt and self-
kindness r = -.014, indicating that there is no significant relationship in guilt and self-
kindness but, there is negative correlation. This shows that when guilt increases self-
.1816, which indicates no significant relationship in guilt and common humanity but, it is
a negative correlation, that is when guilt increases, the common humanity of the
.357, which indicates a negative significant relationship at .01 level in guilt and
indicates a positive significant relationship at .01 levels in guilt and self-judgment but, it
is a negative correlation that is when guilt increases, the self-judgment may increases.
The co-efficient correlation of guilt and isolation r = -.083, which indicates no significant
relationship in guilt and isolation but, it is a negative correlation that is when guilt
The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of pride and
levels in pride and self-kindness. This shows that when pride increases self-kindness
decreases. The co-efficient correlation of pride and common humanity r = .049, which
correlation, that is when pride increases, the common humanity of the individual tend to
indicates a negative significant relationship at .01 levels in pride and mindfulness. The
when pride increases, the self-judgment may increases. The co-efficient correlation of
57
pride and isolation r = .124, which indicates no significant relationship among the
professionals in pride and isolation but, it is a positive correlation that is when pride
Thus, the null hypothesis stating that there will be no significant relationship
Table 3.3 shows the size of the sample (N) and the co-efficient correlation of self-
The size of the sample is 100 and the co-efficient of correlation on frequency of
significant relationship at .01 levels in the frequency of automatic thoughts and self-
compassion. This shows that when frequency of automatic thought increases self-
This shows that when self-compassion increases, the degree of belief in automatic
The size of the sample is 100 and co-efficient of correlation of self-kindness and
personal maladjustment & desire for change r = -.0844, which indicates no significant
relationship in self-kindness and personal maladjustment & desire. But, there in negative
correlation which indicates if, self-kindness increases, the personal maladjustment &
desire for change decreases. The co-efficient correlation of self-kindness and negative
negative correlation that is when self-kindness increases, the negative self-concept and
humanity and personal maladjustment & desire for change r = -.1212, which indicates no
significant relationship in common humanity and personal maladjustment & desire. But,
there in negative correlation which indicates if, self-kindness increases, the personal
maladjustment & desire for change decreases. The co-efficient correlation of common
relationship at .01 level in common humanity and low self-esteem. The co-efficient
mindfulness and personal maladjustment & desire for change r = -.4453, which indicates
& desire The co-efficient correlation of mindfulness and negative self-concept &
.01 level in mindfulness and negative self-concept and self-expectation. The co-efficient
significant relationship at .01 level in mindfulness and negative self-concept & self-
61
helplessness.
The size of the sample is 100 and co-efficient of correlation of self-judgment and
personal maladjustment & desire for change r = -.8582, which indicates a positive
desire. The co-efficient correlation of self-judgment and negative self-concept & negative
and negative self-concept & self-expectation but, it is a negative correlation that is when
The size of the sample is 100 and co-efficient of correlation of isolation and
personal maladjustment & desire for change r = -.0867, which indicates no significant
correlation that is if isolation increases personal maladjustment & desire for change
decreases. The co-efficient correlation of isolation and negative self-concept & negative
isolation increases, the negative self-concept and self-expectations may decreases. The
which states if isolation increases the low self-esteem decreases. The co-efficient
and personal maladjustment & desire for change r = .0415, which indicates no significant
relationship in over-identification and personal maladjustment & desire for change but is
identification and low self-esteem but it is positive correlation which states if over-
5.1. SUMMARY:
and Self-compassion among teachers and IT workers. The study was conducted based on
Ex-post facto research design. The sample for the study consisted of 100 professionals in
which 50 were Teachers and 50 were IT professionals with 3 and more than 3 years of
experience. The data was collected for these samples by using Non-probability
for this study was Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) developed by Hollon and
Kendall (1980) which measures the frequency and degree of belief in automatic thoughts.
It is 30 items, 5 point likert scales ranging from not at all the time. It also measures the
dimensions of Personal maladjustment & desire for change (PMDC), Negative self-
concept & Negative self-Expectation (NSNE), Low self- esteem (LSE) and Helplessness.
State Guilt and Shame Scale (SGSS) was developed by Marshall, Sanftner, Tangney
(1994) which measures the state self-conscious emotions and also the dimensions of
Shame, Guilt, and Pride. It is a 15 items, 5 point likert scales ranging from do not feel this
way to very strongly feel this way. Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF) was
items, 5 point likert scales ranging from almost never to almost always. It also measures
Isolation, and Over-identification. The scores were analyzed using Pearson Product
conscious Emotions, and Self-Compassion. The t-test was used to find the difference
among two professionals of Teachers and IT workers. The result shows that there is a
64
relationship in the dimension, common humanity and dimension, negative self-concept &
5.2. CONCLUSION:
workers.
IT workers.
workers.
compassion.
8. There is a significant relationship in the total score of automatic thoughts and self-
compassion.
5.3. IMPLICATION:
The research study shows the significant relationship in automatic thoughts, self-
conscious emotions, and self-compassion among the professionals. It also indicates that
higher the negative automatic thoughts of an individual higher the shame, guilt and pride
and low compassion towards their life. Due to this people may undergo physical and
psychological distress, which in turn affects their emotional stability which in turn leads
5.4. LIMITATION:
5.5. RECOMMENDATION:
The study can be done on successful, well-adjusted, healthy and happy adults and
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