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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Over the past half-century, rapid economic and population growth have culminated
in a global food system dominated by industrial agriculture and giant multinational
corporations, and based on cheap oil and water. Make agriculture truly sustainable now for
food security in a changing climate is the core message of the United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development or UNCTADs path-breaking Trade and Development Review,
Wake up before it is too late. In spite of official complacency, the food bubble generated by
industrial agriculture and soil and water mining is unsustainable. Deforestation to expand
the cultivated area is a major driver of global warming, which in turn will exacerbate
existing problems of declining water resources and progressive erosion, though the precise
path of change cannot be predicted exactly. As the global climate continues to change,
already fragile ecosystems around the world, with their growing animal and human
populations, will similarly become ever more vulnerable to ecological collapse. (Fitzroy,
F., 2016). Agriculture is a manipulation by man of processes in the natural environment
and as such creates secondary environmental effects. Some of these effects are highly
valued as environmental enhancements whilst others such as pollution of water or air,

which may to some extent be inevitable, are nevertheless rated as undesirable. Socio-
economic factors also play an extremely important role in both the nature and
development of agriculture. Applying the concept of sustainability to agriculture
requires an understanding of these factors but the concept must be given meaning if it is
to find practical application rather than providing an abstract theory. (G.K., 2013)
Agriculture significantly contributes to climate change. Industrial agriculture
produces a vast carbon footprint. The U.S. food system provides nearly 20% of the
nation's carbon dioxide emissions; on a global scale, figures from the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) say that agricultural land use contributes 12% of global
greenhouse gas emissions. Supporting industrial agriculture perpetuates these disturbing
practices. (Dunn. Collin, 2009)
Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes. Agriculture
contributes to climate change, and Climate change also affects agriculture in some ways,
including through changes in temperature, rainfalls and climate extremes. Climate
change could cut crop yields, especially in the world’s most food-insecure regions.
When crops and raw materials decrease driven growth and food security are at risk.
Agriculture plays an important role in the country’s economy. This is measured as the
value added of the agricultural sector as percent of GDP. According to the World Bank
data from 1960 to 2016, the average value for the Philippines during the period was
21.36 percent with a minimum of 9.65 percent in 2016 and a maximum of 31.06 percent
in 1974. This shows a sad truth that the percent of GDP (value added) contributed from
the agriculture sector continues to decrease. (Paunlagui, 2002)

Agroforestry, a viable farming system in the uplands, is the integration of
vegetable in treebased farming, or tree integration in vegetable production. It provides
multiple benefits, including provision of micronutrients to the diet of rural community
and enhancement of on-farm biodiversity and environmental sustainability (Catacutan
and Duque-Piñon, 2009 cited by Catacutan, et al 2015).
This system maximizes farm outputs and minimizes management costs because
timber establishment and maintenance costs can be charged to the vegetable production
the trees improve nutrient use efficiency by recovering nutrient leached in soil layer
beyond the reach of shallow rooted vegetables. This resulted to considerably greater
growth of trees when intercropped with vegetables. Trees also prevent soil erosion by
increasing water infiltration while reducing lateral runoff thus minimizing downstream
water quality problems. (Mercado et al., 2012).
Agricultural activity, in the rural areas, is the centre around which farmer
carries out endogenous development based on local resources, by enhancing his
entrepreneurial capacities. Nowadays, the value of his work no longer resides, as before,
in the agricultural products, but in the quality of his products allowed by technical
progress, accompanied by marketing actions in response to changing consumer
preferences. For every traditional agricultural product, it corresponds a wide range of
by-products, typological and qualitative variants with related services (Sotte, 2006).
The interplay between multiple activities into a space where traditional goods
are produced in a dynamic way, supporting the development of a multiplicity of
relationships and the ability to allocate efficiently human and material resources,
represent the new rurality. In this sense, Agritourism activities should be considered one
of the best way through which expand and diversify farm activities. This diversification,
as well as implementing new business areas, bringing new clients / tourists to the
company, allows to enhance intangible assets, environmental assets and landscape
values. While Agritourism is the expression of the pluriactivity of the agricultural firm,
multifunctionality refers to the fact that an economic activity may have multiple outputs
and, thus may contribute to several societal objectives at once (Gao J., 2014).
Key features of multifunctionality relate to the existence of multiple
commodity and non-commodity output that are jointly produced by agriculture and the
fact that some of the non-commodity output exhibit the characteristics of externalities
or public goods, with the result that markets for these goods do not exist or function
poorly (Vejre et al., 2007).
The multi-functionality should therefore not be confused with the term,
related to it but substantially different, such as “plural activity”. We can understand the
multi-functionality as the possibility that the same activity has two or more outputs
(products), while plural activity means that different economic activities, such as food
production and tourism, are combined within the same management unit (farm).
Canlaon was known then as Sitio Mabigo where the lush vegetation of ’bigo,
trees abound. It was predominantly a wilderness area ruled by a native chieftain called
Saniko. The settlement began to grow when migrants from Iloilo and Antique came in
1808 and later followed in 1812 by groups from Cebu and Bohol to Panubigan.
In 1850, the Don Diego de la Vina y de la Rosa a wealthy Half Spanish from
Manila, migrated to Negros. Upon his arrival, he wondered what lay behind the majestic
Mount Kanlaon Volcano. Together with his only son, Jose de la Vina y de la Cruz, they
crossed the mountains on horseback. They passed by Sitio Mabigo (the present site of
the city). (Canlaoncity.Gov, 2016)
The research aims to utilize adaptive reuse of the site situated in Brgy. Mabigo,
Canlaon City, Negros Oriental. Filling in the knowledge gap between a sustainable
agricultural developments of Canlaon City. This research also identifies the cultural
aspect of the city to further promote tourism and livelihood for its people.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The primary purpose of this study is to provide an Architectural planning & design
that aims to maximize the output of Canlaon City’s heritage, agricultural, eco-tourism
resources and promote livelihood initiatives in the rural areas for sustainable
development.
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions.
a. Agricultural Sector, Economy & Produce
As to Agricultural Sector
1. What is Agri-Tourism and its benefits?
2. What are the methods of sustainable agriculture?
3. What is Agro forestry and its impact on agriculture?
4. What are the types of Agro forestry?
5. What is the general geography of Canlaon City
6. What is current identity of the city or known for?
What is current identity of the city or known for?
As to Economy & Produce of Canlaon City
1. What is economic development?
2. What is the vegetable industry of Canlaon Cty?
3. What are the current status of employment of the city of Canlaon?

b. Site Analysis, Site Planning & Site Development
As to Site Analysis
1. How suitable is the site in meeting the considerations with regards to:
a. Accessibility
b. Safety & Security
c. Available utilities
d. Presence of natural landforms
e. Landmark features and vistas
2. What are the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the site?
3. What is the lot allocation program of the site?
4. How safe is the site when Mt. Kanlaon as an active volcano?
As to Site Planning & Site Development
1. What type of site planning concept is appropriate for the development of a
Heritage farm?
2. What are the requirements for the development of the site?
3. What are the requirements for a heritage site development?
4. What are the types of landscape design for a sustainable agriculture?

c. Building Function, Building Aesthetics & Design
As to Building Function
1. What are the required facilities, amenities, and spaces needed in the
proposed structure?
2. What are the types of spaces required for the farm?
3. What are the activities in the proposed structure?
4. What are the spaces needed for production, distribution and consumption?
As to Building Aesthetics & Design
1. What is the design philosophy for the proposed heritage farm?
2. What are the concepts of the design?
3. What are the designs that integrate sustainability?
4. What are the materials of to be specified?
5. What is the design character for the heritage farm
d. Building Structural Design, Engineering & Utility Systems
As to Building Structural Design
Strength and Durability
1. What method of construction for strength and durability to be applied to this
proposal?
2. What are the materials to be specified to comply with the functional and
conceptual character of the proposal?

As to Engineering & Utility Systems
1. What are the needed utility systems as to the following consideration:
a. Electrical system
b. Plumbing and sanitary system
c. Fire protection systems
2. What are the appropriate lighting systems that should be used?
Legalities
As to Legalities
1. What are the legalities in planning a farm & a plantation that promotes agro-
tourism?
1.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1.3.1 Sustainability through Green Architecture
Green Architecture Green architecture, or green design, is an approach to
building that minimizes harmful effects on human health and the environment. The
"green" architect or designer attempts to safeguard air, water, and earth by choosing eco-
friendly building materials and construction practices (Roy, 2008). 1.2. Green
Architecture and Green Design Green architecture defines an understanding of
environment-friendly architecture under all classifications, and contains some universal
consent (Burcu, 2015), it may have many of these characteristics: Ventilation systems
designed for efficient heating and cooling. Energy-efficient lighting and appliances.
Water-saving plumbing fixtures. Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy.
Minimal harm to the natural habitat .Alternate power sources such as solar power or
wind power. Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials. Locally-obtained woods and stone.
Responsibly-harvested woods. Adaptive reuse of older buildings. Use of recycled
architectural salvage. Efficient use of space while most green buildings do not have all
of these features, the highest goal of green architecture is to be fully sustainable. Also
Known As: Sustainable development, eco-design, eco-friendly architecture, earth-
friendly architecture, environmental architecture, natural architecture (USGBC, 2002).
1.3.2 Deep Ecological Awareness
The concept of deep ecological awareness comes from the book called “The
Systems’ View of Life: A Unifying Vision” by Fritjof Capra & Pier Luigi Luisi. The
sense in which we use the term "ecological" is associated with a specific philosophical
school, founded in the early 1970s by the Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess (1912-2009)
with the distinction between "shallow" and "deep" ecology. Since then, this distinction has
been widely accepted as a very useful term for referring to a major division within
contemporary environmental thought.

Shallow ecology is anthropocentric, or human-centered. It views humans as above or
outside of nature, as the source of all value, and ascribes only instrumental, or "use," value
to nature. Deep ecology does not separate humans — nor anything else — from the natural
environment. It does sees the world not as a collection of isolated objects but as a network
of phenomena that are fundamentally interconnected and interdependent. Deep ecology
recognizes the intrinsic value of all living beings and views humans as just one particular
strand in the web of life. There is another way in which Arne Naess characterized deep
ecology. "The essence of deep ecology," he wrote, "is to ask deeper questions." This is also
the essence of a paradigm shift. We need to be prepared to question every single aspect of
the old paradigm. Eventually, we will not need to abandon all our old concepts and ideas,
but before we know that we need to be willing to question everything. So, deep ecology
asks profound questions about the very foundations of our modern, scientific, industrial,
growth-oriented, materialistic worldview and way of life. It questions this entire paradigm
from an ecological perspective: from the perspective of our relationships to one another, to
future generations, and to the web of life of which we are part as if to look at the world as
a single organism.
1.3.3 Heritage
Protecting the built heritage and conserving the local traditional and cultural values
of communities for future generations present a real challenge for developers,
architects, and professional education programs which are responsible for preparing
the courses focused on heritage conservation aspects, learning respectful aware design
with cultural context, and qualified graduates in planning, design, and implementation
of conservation projects.
The paper aims to propose an educational methodology for dealing with heritage
conservation projects: “adaptive reuse of historic buildings” in design studios of
architecture and interior design programs, by promoting a design philosophy which
supports the integrated approaches of revitalizing heritage values of the traditional
communities and creates new activities appropriated with: conservation principles,
sense of historic buildings and its cultural context, and continuous with local
community’s needs.
1.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Sustainability Ecology
With the concept of Ecological
Green Architecture through Awareness:
Sustainable design: Economic • Site Analysis

Development • Site Development
• Building Functions
• Aesthetics • Building planning
• Strength & Durability • Landscape Design
• Utility Systems
Heritage
Farm
Cultural Historical
Identity Significance
Heritage
According to Heritage Conservation:

(adaptive re-use)
• Site Analysis
• Site Development
• Building Function
• Land Scape Design
•Aesthetics
• Economic Gain
-Through a planning that
flows with the natural • Cultural Identity
ecology creates a -Through the principles of • Historical Significance
sustainable design that sustainability, we design an -Through the concept of
conserves resources and adaptive re-use Heritage Ecology which integrate the
energy. Thus, we Farm that promotes the design in relation to the
generate Economic Gain. Cultural Identity of the City heritage site, we attain that
of Canlaon. Historical Significance.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be most significant to the individuals that seeks to know more
about Architectural Heritage Conservation, particularly in adaptive reuse for it shall help
them understand the methods and guidelines in designing a Heritage Farm or any other
heritage sites.
Furthermore, the result of this study shall provide significant information and
insights to the following:
To the City of Canlaon and to its people
This study shall help the city uphold that cultural identity through “Adaptive
reuse” of the historical site. This research shall also provide an address to the agricultural
& economic problems in relation to the city of Canlaon. It will provide employment to
the locals, and boost the city’s tourism.
To the Local Farmers
This study also helps the local farmers acquire more knowledge about
sustainable farming and developing new ways of producing crops and vegetables.
To the Province of Negros
This study shall benefit the province of Negros through the research of
conservations of heritage. This study also will be beneficial to the province through the
development of sustainable ways to grow crops and vegetables.
To the Agricultural Sector
The study also will be beneficial on the agricultural sectors of the Philippines
mainly on the sustainable farming research.

The Future Architecture students and researchers
This study shall help future Architecture students and serve as support and
reference in their upcoming plates, research works, and thesis problem particularly in
heritage conservation & sustainable agriculture.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This study will mainly focus on the designing and planning of the site situated
in the Brgy. Mabigo, Canlaon City, Negros Oriental. Through adaptive re use, this
proposal aims to build a heritage farm that conserves local and traditional values of
communities for the future generations and create new activities for sustainable
agriculture to address the decline of the ecosystem within the nearby forests & natural
parks. The study will also be directed towards formulating the areas and facilities that is
deemed necessary by the researcher towards developing a heritage farm. Moreover, the
proposed heritage farm shall only produce crops and vegetables. As a result, the
researcher has considered reviewing certain related Republic Acts and other legalities
pertaining to the concerned in management. Operation and distribution concerns is
excluded in the study, but is considered in the design process.
This study is limited to the following:
The study only focuses on the architectural aspect of the design. The structural,
electrical, plumbing and mechanical framework of the structure are only consulted to
the competent knowledge of practicing engineering.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Demo Farm - A demonstration farm is a farm which is used primarily to
demonstrate various agricultural techniques. (Conceptual)
- A method that is intended for learning & teaching sustainable agriculture of the
visitors of the farm and the residents of Canlaon City. (Operational)
Agroforestry - land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown
around or among crops or pastureland. (Conceptual)
- The type of sustainable agricultural method that is used in the proposal
(Operational)
Research Center - may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied
research. Although the term often implies natural science research, there are also many
research institutes in the social science as well, especially
for sociological and historical research purposes. (Conceptual)
- One of the structures that will benefit the development of agriculture for the
proposal (Operational)
Tourism Center - specific attraction or place of interest, such as
a landmark, national park, national forest, or state park, providing information and in-
depth educational exhibits and artifact displays about natural or cultural history.
(Conceptual)
- The main attraction for the tourism of Canlaon city (Operational)

CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design being used in the study, particularly
the method and techniques, the research instruments used, the validity of research
instrument and its reliability, the data gathering procedure, the data gathering
technique and the statistical treatment of data in carrying out the project. This research
design will help in determining the needs of the people and the acceptability of the
proposed “Agro Foris: An Agricultural Development and Tourism Center”.
2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The research Design is the researcher’s plan for selecting a subject, research
locale, and data collecting procedure to answer research questions. It shows which
individuals will be studied, and where, and under what conditions or circumstances
they will be studied. The goal of a research design is to provide a credible answer to
the study. It enables the researcher to develop a set of methods and procedures that
will lead to the appropriate solution of the study. The research design is very much
applicable to the six major aspects of areas of Architectural design namely; Site
Selection, Site Development, Building Function, Building Aesthetic, Building
Strength and Durability as well as Building Engineering and Utility System.

Descriptive Method is to be used for the research design. Descriptive research
is research used to describe a situation, subject, behavior, or phenomenon. It is used to
answer questions of who, what, when, where, and how associated with a particular
research question or problem. Descriptive studies are often described as studies that
are concerned with finding out “what is”. It attempts to gather quantifiable
information that can be used to analyze a target audience or a particular subject
statistically. Description research is used to observe and describe a research subject or
problem without influencing or manipulating the variables in any way (“Overview of
Descriptive Research - Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching,” n.d.)
This study shall cater to the population of Canlaon City & Tourists. The
researcher used the method of descriptive survey method since this is concerned with
describing the characteristics of the population and tries to find out the specific answer
through the use of questionnaires.
2.2 POPULATION AND RESPONDENTS
According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary (11th edition, 2018), Sampling is a
technique of selecting a suitable sample or the process of selecting a representative
part of a population to determine parameters or characteristics of the whole population.
This strategy enables the researcher to pick a subgroup from a larger group and then
use this subgroup as a basis for making judgments about the larger group.
The researcher shall apply one method, Random Sampling. In random
sampling, each person in the universe has an equal probability of being chosen for the
sample and every collection of persons of the same size has an equal chance of
becoming the actual sample (King, 2011).
The subject as the population of the study is the people of Canlaon City and
tourists. To get the sampling size for this group, the researcher used Yamane’s
Formula which is:
Formula:
Where:
N
n= Sample size
n=
1+N (e)2 N= population
E= Standard error estimate (.05)

Computation:
Where:
50,627
n= 396.86 ≈ 400
n=
1+50,627 (.05)2 N= 50,627
E= Standard error estimate (.05)
2.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
In collecting the essential and vital data and information in the study of “Agro
Foris: An Agricultural Development and Tourism Center”, the study made use of
quantitative approaches to research. The survey is employed as the primary
quantitative tool to get the trends and patterns of responses of respondents primarily.
2.3.1 Survey Questionnaire
The questionnaire is defined by www.researchconnections.org as a predefined
series of question used to collect information from individuals.
In the detailed survey, the researcher used the questionnaire as the instrument
of the study. The researcher handed out survey forms which contained questions about
the construction of a “Heritage Farm”.
The survey questionnaire is divided into two (2) parts. First part inquiries about
the respondent’s profile. The second part of the questionnaire proper which
investigates the respondent’s knowledge and support of a heritage farm. The
respondents’ feedback shall determine the acceptability of the proposed heritage farm.
2.4 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
Aside from the conduct of survey questionnaire, the following data collection
techniques will be utilized for this study.
2.4.1 Data from Government Agencies
Census from the City Planning and Development Office is used in this study to
gain knowledge of the population and tourist of Canlaon City Hall. Production Data
from the Department of Agriculture Office of Canlaon city and Provincial
Agriculturist Office of Negros Oriental has taken into consideration.

2.4.2 Library and Online Research
One of the most common and effective instruments used by many researchers
involves the use of literature in libraries as well as internet sources due to the
availability of data and vast information that could be useful in this study. Among the
materials reviewed included thesis books, magazines, journals and web page.
2.3.3 Site Visit and Observation
The researcher also considered the basic senses as a tool in collecting data. The
researcher focuses on how viable the heritage site shall be. The researcher conducted a
non-participant observation.
This method will provide the researcher with technical information such as the
utility system, surroundings, drainage system, road access, and power supply
That can help the researcher examine the site.
Conducting a site visit to observe other existing Heritage farms, and knowing the
materials used will also help the researcher understand how a Farm functions with
production and consumption.

2.4 VALIDITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
In distributing the survey questionnaire to the respondents, the researcher first
checked for its validity. Most of the questions are based on the book Consumer Survey
of Attitudes and Preferences toward Organic Products in East Africa.
The questionnaire was then distributed to the five (5) following experts and
professionals:
1. College Teacher with MAED degree
2. College Teacher with MAED degree
3. Architect with MsArch degree
4. College teacher with MAED degree
5. Architect with MsArch degree
The jury then rated the questionnaires with the following scale:
5 ------------------------------------ Excellent
4 ------------------------------------ Very Good
3 ------------------------------------ Good
2 ------------------------------------ Fair
1 ------------------------------------ Poor
The main rating of the jury is computed and interpreted using the following scale:
Mean Score Range Interpretation
4.21 – 5.00 Excellent
3.41 – 4.20 Very Good
2.61 – 3.40 Good
1.81 – 260 Fair
1.00 – 1.805 Poor
The results were to get the mean range of the questionnaire which is 4.71 and is
interpreted as excellent.
2.5 RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Reliability is a way of assessing the quality of the measurement procedure used
to collect data in a dissertation. In order for the results from a study to be considered
valid, the measurement procedure must first be reliable. Reliability can be thought of
as consistency. The instruments consistently measure what it is intended to measure.
When the validation of the survey questionnaire is completed, the researcher
improved, revised, and finalized the survey questionnaire taking into consideration the
corrections and suggestions of the jury.

After the revisions of the survey questionnaire, the researcher conducted a pilot testing
through online survey. There were 34 participants who responded. The data collected
was calculated using Crohn Bach’s Alpha. The result was approximately 0.87 which is
considered very well.
2.6 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The research acknowledges the significance of a systematic gathering
procedure that is relevant and essential for the present study. Since the identified
research methods involve survey questionnaire, data from government agencies,
library research and computer or internet research. Each was treated with a different
process according to its nature.
2.7 DATA ANALYSIS
An analysis and interpretation of data calls for statistically treating them, thus,
the researcher uses certain formulas.
1. Frequency Distribution or Percentage Formula:
This will be used to identify number of frequency of respondents and
their responses, using the formula:
Where: P = percentage
f = frequency
n = number of respondents
2. Ranking Method
A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that, for any
two items, the first is either 'ranked higher than', 'ranked lower than' or 'ranked
equal to' the second. In mathematics, this is known as a weak order or total
preorder of objects. It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two
different objects can have the same ranking.

CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the results or findings of the study, analysis and
interpretation of data gathered by the researcher using the research design and
instruments stated in Chapter 2. The statement of the problem had been answered in this
chapter, provided with tables and figures to supply the necessary requirements for the
proposed Agro Foris: An Agricultural Development and Tourism Center.
3.1 Survey Questionnaire
3.1.1 Respondents Profile
Table 1. Respondents Profile as to Gender
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 216 54%

Female 184 46%
TOTAL 400 100%
Gender
Male
Female
46% 54%
There is a total of four hundred (400) respondents. 54% of which is composed
of male with a frequency of two hundred sixteen (216). While 46% of the total
respondents is made up of female with a frequency of one hundred eighty four (184).
Table 2. Respondents Profile as to Age
Age Frequency Percentage
20 years old and below 72 18%

21 to 40 years old 172 43%
41 to 60 years old 140 35%
61 years old and above 16 4%

TOTAL 400 100%
AGE 4%
18%
20 yrs old & Below
35%
21 - 41 yrs old
41 - 60 yrs old
43%
61 yrs old & above
Table 2 shows that the respondents’ age is divided into four categories starting
with the age is twenty one (21) to forty (40) years old comprising 43% of the population.
Then followed by forty one (41) to sixty (60) years old age with 35%, and the third is
the age group of twenty (20) years old and below which is 18%. Lastly, the sixty one
(61) years old and above which is only 4% of the total population.
3.2 As to Culture
3.2.1 History of Canlaon City
Canlaon was known then as Sitio Mabigo where the lush vegetation of ’bigo,
trees abound. It was predominantly a wilderness area ruled by a native chieftain called
Saniko. The settlement began to grow when migrants from Iloilo and Antique came in
1808 and later followed in 1812 by groups from Cebu and Bohol to Panubigan.
Philippine Revolution Era
At the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1896, Don Diego de la Vina
joined the revolution and appointed by General Emilio Aguinaldo through Don Juan
Araneta of Bago, Negros Occidental to lead the revolutionary forces in Negros Oriental
with the rank of Brigadier General. His son, Jose de la Vina and Kapitan Saniko led the
local revolutionary movement. The former became the Teñente Colonel de la
Revolucion making one of his encomienda at Sitio Mabigo as his base of defense or
refuge. (Canlaoncity.Gov, 2016)
American Era
When the Americans came in the early 1900s, one of the native chiefs of Mabigo
and Panubigan, Tranquilino Kilanan, fought the Americans and later died in the battle
of Panubigan. During the American occupation, Mabigo became a hideout of the
resistance movement; the noted ones were Papa Isio, Sapinay, and Magda-it.
(Canlaoncity.Gov, 2016)
Japanese Occupation
Towards the end of 1942, Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon and his
party made a brief sojourn in Barangay Panubigan on their way to Mindanao for
Australia to escape the Japanese impending occupation. On the same year, Japanese
fighter planes bombed the place including Sitio Mabigo because they consider it as
guerilla movement stronghold. (Canlaoncity.Gov, 2016)
When the Japanese Imperial Army unconditionally surrendered in 1945 and the
consequent declaration of Philippines Independence on July 4 the following year, the
efforts of Isidro M. Bautista, Sr. came to fulfillment when President Roxas signed
Executive Order No. 19 creating Canlaon a new municipality on October 11, 1946. The
new municipality of Canlaon covers Mabigo, Panubigan, and nine (9) other former
Sitios. The seat of government was Sitio Mabigo. It was finally inauguration on
January 1, 1947, with Isidro M. Bautista as the first Municipal Mayor. (Canlaoncity.Gov,
2016)
From Municipality to City
Aware of the town’s conceivable growth into a city, Hon. Lorenzo G. Teves,
Congressman of the First District of Negros Oriental, filed House Bill 4346 calling for
the creation of the City of Canlaon. He got full support and the backing of 15 other
congressional representatives from Cebu, Panay and Negros Occidental. The bill passed
in the Lower House without difficulty but encountered strong resistance from the
Senate. The Senate however, later pass the bill that later became known as Republic Act
3445. (Canlaoncity.Gov, 2016)
Former President Carlos P. Garcia, however, did not sign the approved bill.
However, people’s dream finally came into reality by virtue of Proclamation No.193,
dated April 20, 1967 signed by President Ferdinand E. Marcos proclaiming the creation
of the City of Canlaon. The city’s charter took effect on July 2, 1967.
The first City Mayor was Hon. Isidoro M. Bautista, Sr. who was also the
municipal mayor since 1947. He was the city mayor from 1967 to 1970. His son Isidoro
V. Bautista, Jr. succeeded him from 1970 and through the Martial law years from 1972
until 1986. (Canlaoncity.Gov, 2016)

This tables shows the support and knowledge by the respondents of the survey
about Farms.
Table 3. Knowledge about Farms

Have you been to or
heard about Farms? Frequency Percentage
Yes 148 37.1%

No 252 62.9%
TOTAL 400 100%
Table 3. Shows that 62.9% or two hundred fifty two (252) of the four hundred
respondents have not heard or been to a Heritage Farm. One hundred forty eight (148)
respondents or 37.1% had knowledge about a farm.
Implications: With these results, a considerable amount of the respondents of Canlaon
City have not heard of a heritage farm. In favor of the results, the population would
eager to know what a farm is.

Table 4. Support for the proposal

Would you like to
patronize or support
this proposed Agro
Foris: An Agricultural Frequency Percentage
Development and
Tourism Center ?
Yes 396 99.%

No 4 1%
TOTAL 400 100%
Table 4 shows that 96% or three hundred ninety six (396) of the four hundred
respondents are in support of the Sitio Mabigo: Heritage Farm. Four (4) respondents or
1% are not in favor of the heritage farm.
Implications: With these results, it is safe to say that the residents of Canlaon City are
very much in favor of a heritage farm to be built within the city.

Table 5. Frequency of going outing

How often do you go
outing for leisure? Frequency Percentage
Weekly 34 8.6%
Monthly 274 68.5%
Yearly 92 22.9%
TOTAL 400 100%
Frequency
9%
Weekly 23%
Monthly
Yearly
68%
Table 4 shows that 68.5% or two hundred seventy two (272) of the four hundred
respondents go out monthly for leisure. Ninety two (92) respondents or 22.9% go out
yearly. And 9% or Thirty four (34) of the respondents go outing yearly.

3.3 As to Agricultural Sector
3.3.1 Agri-tourism
The word “agri-tourism” is a mash-up of both “agriculture” and “tourism”.
Fundamentally, agri-tourism involves an agriculturally-based operation or activity that
draws visitors to a farm, ranch or any natural site like pineapple plantations, orchid farms
and bee farms for outdoor recreational activities, education, shopping or even lodging.
Many people are now looking to escape the hustle and bustle of city life to get back to
nature; resulting in agri-destinations gaining popularity among tourists. Many people
have a growing interest in tasting naturally cultivated foodstuffs and finding out more
about food production from farmers and processors.
3.3.2 Agri-tourism benefits
Economic growth
Agri-tourism offers a path to economic development in rural areas. Agri-tourists
tend to be more than willing to pay to experience a unique opportunity to get in touch
with nature.
The direct contribution of tourism to GDP was PHP215.5 billion (roughly USD
5.2 billion) in 2012, and this figure is forecasted to increase by 7.5 percent in 2013. It
was estimated that the number of international visitors would hit 5.5 million in 2013 –
an increase from 4.3 million in 2012. The tourism industry in the Philippines is clearly
on an upward trajectory. (SpirE-Journal, 2013)

Social benefits
Experts estimate that the Philippines could create a total of 14.6 million new jobs
by 2016 should the country adopt various reforms geared towards improving the
business environment, particularly in the sectors of agriculture and tourism. Using the
land for agri-tourism, the state can also achieve a balance in tourism development
between urban and rural areas; spreading the benefits of tourism and contributing to
poverty alleviation. (SpirE-Journal, 2013)
Heritage and ecological conservation
The majority of the agri-tourism sites in the Philippines have been established
as World Heritage Sites. As this trend emerges, more farmers are encouraged to preserve
their land and prevent agri-land conversion, so as to attract agri-tourists.
The UNESCO appellation is deployed as a promotional tool for Philippines Agri-
Tourism to implement conservation and promotional efforts of such sites. It further
encourages participation of the private sector in developing the rural areas. By educating
the farmers, a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly way of life can be
established, and these agri-tourism sites can achieve full benefits of a sustainable and
controlled environment. (SpirE-Journal, 2013)

3.3.3 Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable agriculture is the production of food and fiber using a system that
increases the inherent productive capacity of natural and biological resources in step
with demand. At the same time, it must allow farmers to earn adequate profits, provide
consumers with wholesome, safe food, and minimize adverse impacts on the
environment. (Benbrook C., 1991)
One of the methods in sustainable agriculture is agroforestry. It is land-use
systems and practices that integrate trees with other crops and/or animals. The
integration of agroforestry in organic production is uncommon, creating a significant
opportunity for research to assist farmers in this underdeveloped strategy. (Research
Institute of Organic Agriculture “FiBL”, 2010)
3.3.4 Sustainable Agriculture through Agroforestry
Agroforestry systems in the Philippines has been traditionally practiced by different
tribal groups in the Philippines for generations. This land-use system is now recognized
by the government as one of the alternatives to address the twin problems of meeting
the needs of upland farmers and maintaining the integrity of the environment. It is one
of the major components of the community-based forestry programs of the government,
such as the Integrated Social Forestry Program and the Community Forestry Program.
Many nongovernment organizations also develop and promote different forms of
agroforestry as approaches for sustainable upland development. (FAO Regional Office
for Asia & the Pacific, 1995)

Figure 1.0 Sample of Agroforestry systems conforming to Resource management for

upland areas in Southeast Asia. (FAO Regional Office for Asia & the Pacific, 1995)
This is system of Agroforestry relies on the slope of the site. During my site visit,
this type of system can be suitable for the proposed Sitio Mabigo Heritage Farm. This
system is called hedgerows which trees and shrubs are planted along contours at
intervals. The alleys between the hedgerows are planted with improved pasture grasses
and/or fodder trees or shrubs.
The benefits of this method promotes optimum utilization of light and soil resources.
It also has efficient nutrient cycling. Series of canopy layers minimizes rainfall impact,
thus reducing soil erosion and runoff. This system has greater diversity; hence, crops
become less prone to pests and diseases. Diversified cropping helps to ensure a year-
round source of food and income. . (FAO Regional Office for Asia & the Pacific, 1995)
3.3.5 General Geography of Canlaon City
Fig 2 Baranggay Classification Map based on data from the City planning Office
Canlaon City, situated on the eastern side of Mt. Kanlaon, in the province of
Negros Oriental. The city center is 38 kilometers away from San Carlos city, Negros
Occidental. 50 kilometers from Guihulngan, 20 kilometers from Vallehermoso, 102
kilometers from Bacolod City the capital of Negros Occidental and 166 kilometers from
Dumaguete City, the capital of Negros Oriental.
The city is strategically located nine and a half (9.5) kilometers from the foot of
Mt. Kanlaon, an active volcano in the Island of Negros. Based in the 1984 Land Survey
conducted by the Canlaon Cadastre CAD 782-D Province of Negros Oriental, the total
area of Canlaon City is 16,662,590 hectares including the protected are of Mt. Kanlaon.
3.4 As to Economy & Produce
Agricultural economics, study of the allocation, distribution, and utilization of the
resources used, along with the commodities produced, by farming. Agricultural
economics plays a role in the economics of development, for a continuous level of farm
surplus is one of the wellsprings of technological and commercial growth. (Johnson
D.G., 1998)
3.4.1 Economic Development
Economic development, the process whereby simple, low-income national
economies are transformed into modern industrial economies. Although the term is
sometimes used as a synonym for economic growth, generally it is employed to describe
a change in a country’s economy involving qualitative as well as quantitative
improvements. The theory of economic development—how primitive and poor
economies can evolve into sophisticated and relatively prosperous ones—is of critical
importance to underdeveloped countries, and it is usually in this context that the issues
of economic development are discussed. (Myint H., Krueger A., 2006)
The proposed Agro Foris: An Agricultural Development and Tourism Center,
aims to contribute to the economic development to Canlaon City by way of agricultural
produce. The produce aims to utilize sustainable agricultural methods that can minimize
the impact on our natural resources. It also support the employment in the city by having
specific occupations for the proposed heritage farm.

3.4.2 Vegetable Industry of Canlaon City
Canlaon has a production area for vegetable of approximately 991 hectares, 664
hectares is intensively used in production of different vegetables because of the whole
year round irrigation. A potential area of about 200 hectares could still developed given
the necessary support such as irrigation and credit facilities. A 3% increase in production
is our target until 2021, given the necessary production, increase in area and shifting to
high yielding vegetable varieties.
Table 6. Vegetable Area of Brgy. Mabigo from the City Agricultural Office
Vegetable Area
Hectares (Ha)
Vegetable
Existing Potential
Ampalaya 0.10 0.05
Eggplant 0.50 1.00
Squash 2.00 2.00
Tomato 0.50 0.50
Cabbage 1.00 0.00
Bell 0.25 0.50

Pepper
Total 4.35 Ha 4.05 Ha

Table 6 shows that there is approximately 4.35 hectares (Ha) of vegetable area
that existing in Brgy. Mabigo, Canlaon City. According to the table there is a potential
of 4.05 hectares (Ha) of vegetable area that can be cultivated & tilled.
Table 7. Production of Canlaon from the City Agricultural Office
Production
Vegetable Metric Ton (MT)
Crop Year: 2018
Ampalaya 14.10
Eggplant 101.55
Squash 350.00
Tomato 448.00
Cabbage 1970.00
Carrot 689.00
Bell Pepper 65.80
Pechay 775.00
Onion 234.00
Bagiuo Beans 177.00
Radish 1020.00
Others 758.00
Total 6602.45 MT
The table shows the highest produce of Canlaon City is Cabbage which has
1970.00 metric tons (MT) per crop year. Followed by Radish 1020.00 metric tons
(MT) and Pechay with 775 metric tons (MT).

Table 8. Production of Brgy. Mabigo from the City Agricultural Office
Production
Vegetable Metric Ton (MT)
Crop Year: 2018
Ampalaya 0.40
Eggplant 6.00
Squash 20.00
Tomato 4.00
Cabbage 10.00
Bell pepper 1.00
Bagiuo Beans 6.00
Total 47.4 MT
Table 7 shows that there is a total of 47.4 metric tons (MT) of vegetable
production in Brgy. Mabigo. Through analyzing the table, Squash has the most produce
in the barangay with 20.00 metric tons (MT), followed by Cabbage with 10.00 metric
tons (MT). Eggplant & Bagiuo Beans has 6.00 metric tons (MT). The lowest two is Bell
Pepper that has 1.00 metric tons (MT) and Ampalaya with 0.40 metric tons (MT).
3.4.3 Employment of Canlaon City accordance to the City Demographics office
Status of Employment Percentage

Male Female TOTAL N = 31,253
Government: 272 240 512 2.%
Permanent 177 166 343 1.09
Temporary 12 1 13 0.04
Casual 83 73 156 0.49
Private: 7,957 7,845 15,802 0.50
Permanent 2,227 2,391 4,618 14.78%
Temporary 2,410 2,288 4,698 15.03%
Contractual 1,992 1,900 3,892 12.45%
Casual 1,328 1,266 2,594 8.30%
Self – Employed 2,488 2,350 4,838 15.48%
Unemployed 1,996 1,950 3,946 12.62%
Non – Gain occupation:
Retired 20 50 70 2.20%
Housewife 0 1,127 1,127 3.60%
Handicapped 4 2 6 0.2%
Pensioner 15 20 35 0.11%
Student 2492 2,330 4,822 15%
TOTAL 15,304 15,949 31,253 100%
Table 9. Employment Status of Canlaon City accordance to the city Demographics office
Table 9 shows the current employment status of Canlaon City, there are
approximately 12.62% of the residents that are currently unemployed. The proposal of
a heritage farm aims to alleviate the unemployment rate of the city of Canlaon.
3.5 As to Site Analysis
A Site Analysis Plan is used to develop an understanding of the site for
developing the proposed Agro Foris: An Agricultural Development and Tourism Center.
The Site Analysis Plan forms the basis for a good site planning, landscape elements,
determining building orientation, and protecting heritage. The Site Analysis Plan allows
a comprehensive view of the opportunities, strengths and weaknesses of the site.
3.5.1 Accessibility
The Site
Site
Fig. 3.0 Official Canlaon City Street map accordance to the City planning office.
The site is accessible along the national road in Brgy. Mabigo, Canlaon City,
Negros Oriental. The total are of the site is thirty eight thousand seven hundred forty
nine (38,749) square meters which is approximately four (4) hectares. Currently, there
are residential & commercial establishments situated along the site that faces the
national road. The main transportation of Canlaon is by motorcycle.
Fig. 3.1 Minor Road on the side of the Lot
There is a minor road connecting to the national highway, this road is used by
the residents that is situated behind the current site.

3.5.2 Safety and Security

Legend:
- The Site
N
- Canlaon City
Police Station
& Fire Dept.
The Site
Fig. 4.0 Official Canlaon City Street map accordance to the City planning office.
The Site is approximately six hundred meters (600m) away from the city police
station and fire department. If there is any danger or fire, the police or the fire
department shall be swift to respond.
3.5.3 Available Utilities
In terms of utilities the water supply, power supply and communications are
available in the Site. The water supply comes from Brgy. Pula which is located in the
uplands of Canlaon City. While the Negros Oriental Electric Cooperative (NORECO)
supply electrical power for the whole City of Canlaon. As for communications, almost
all of the residents of Canlaon City have personal cellular phones as their medium of
communication. It is operated by various networks such as Smart, Globe, Sun Cellular,
Touch Mobile, Talk ‘N Text. As to public transportation, the use of habal-habal or
renting the driver of a motorcycle is naturally convenient.
3.5.4 Presence of natural landforms and vistas
Fig. 5.0 Vista at the Entrance of the Site
At the entrance of the site, Mt. Kanlaon is visible. Currently the site is being rented
for Sugarcane use.

Fig. 5.1 Minor Road along the site
This minor road is regularly used by the residents situated along the neighboring
lot. When heavy rainfall occurs, the road is impassable due to flooding.
Fig. 5.2 Vista within the Site

3.6 As to Site Planning & Site development
Table 10.1 Purposes when visiting local farms

As to Relaxation & Recreation
Rate the following

purposes when you visit Frequency Percentage
local farms:1 to 5 as to
Relaxation & Recreation
1 0 0%
2 0 0%
3 as 24
to 5.7%
4 68 17.1%
5 308 77.1%
TOTAL 400 100%
Purpose of Visiting the local farms

as to Relaxation & Recreation
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

5 4 3 2 1
Table 10.1 shows the rating of the purposes of visiting local farms as to
Relaxation & Recreation. 308 respondents with a percentage of 77.1% rated 5 which is
the highest in the purpose of relaxation & recreation. While 17.1% rated 4, and the
remaining 5.7 % rated 3.


As to Education & Training
Rate the following

Education & Training
1 0 0%
2 0 0%
3 80 20%
4 80 20%
5 240 60%
TOTAL 400 100%

as to Education & Training
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 4 3 2 1
Education & Training. 60% of the respondents rated 5, while the remaining 40% rated
4 and 3 equally.
Rate the following purposes

when you visit local farms:1 to
5 as the highest Frequency Percentage
as to
Purchase of Farm products
1 0 0%
2 0 0%
3 45 11.4%
4 92 22.9%
5 263 65.7%
TOTAL 400 100%

as to Purchase of farm products
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 4 3 2 1
Purchase of Farm products. 65.7% of the respondents rated 5, while the 22.9
respondents rated 4 and the last 11.4% rated 3.

Rate the following

Dining
1 0 0%
2 0 0%
3 57 14.3%
4 115 28.6%
5 228 57.1%
TOTAL 400 100%

as to Dining
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 4 3 2 1
Dining. 65.7% of the respondents rated 5, while the 22.9% respondents rated 4
and the last 11.4% rated 3.

Table 11.1 Site Planning and Development as to Accessibility
Rate the following criteria for

the proposed Heritage Frequency Percentage
Farm:1 to 5 as to
Accessibility
1 0 0%
2 4 0%
3 34 8.6%
4 88 21.9%
5 274 68.6%
TOTAL 400 100%
Criteria for proposed the Heritage Farm

as to Accessiblity
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 4 3 2 1
Table 11.1 shows the rating of the Site planning and Development as to Accessibility
68.6% of the respondents rated 5, while the 21.9% respondents rated 4 and 9.6% rated
3.
Table 11.2 Site Planning and Development as to Ambience

Farm:1 to 5 as to
Ambience
1 0 0%
2 0 0%
3 12 2.9%
4 80 20%
5 308 77.1%
TOTAL 400 100%

as to Ambience
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 4 3 2 1
Table 11.2 shows the rating of the Site planning and Development as to Ambience
77.1% of the respondents rated 5, while the 20% respondents rated 4 and lastly,
the remaining 20.9% rated 3.

Table 11.3 Site Planning and Development as to Safety & Security

Farm:1 to 5 as to
Safety & Security
1 0 0%
2 0 0%
3 23 5.7%
4 57 14.3%
5 320 80%
TOTAL 400 100%

as to Safety & Security
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

5 4 3 2 1
Table 11.3 shows the rating of the Site planning and Development as to Safety and
Security 80% of the respondents rated 5, while the 14.3% respondents rated 4 and lastly,
the remaining 5.7% rated 3.

Table 11.4 Site Planning and Development as to Design & Functionality

Farm:1 to 5 as to
Design & Functionality
1 0 0%
2 0 0%
3 0 0%
4 68 17.1%
5 332 82.9%
TOTAL 400 100%

as to Safety & Security
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
5 4 3 2 1
Table 11.4 shows the rating of the Site planning and Development as to Design &
Functionality. 82.9% of the respondents rated 5, while the 17.1% respondents rated
4 and lastly, the remaining 17.1% rated 3.

3.6 As to Building Function
Table 12.1 Building function & Spaces
What are the

amenities that you Frequency Percentage
want to be included in
a heritage farm?
Museum 252 62.9%
Market 332 82.9%
Demo Farm 274 68.6%
Educational Facilities 320 80%
Parks & Open Spaces 263 65.7%
Amenities fo the Heritage Farm
Museum
Market
Demo
Farm
Education
al…
Parks &
Open…
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Parks & Open spaces Educational Facilities Demo Farm Market Museum
Table 12.1 shows the amenities and spaces for the proposed heritage farm. The highest
has a frequency of 332 or 82.9% which was the market, while the second on the table
Educational Facilities with a frequency of 263 or 80%. The third was the Demo farm
with a percentage of 68.6% and the remaining was a Museum and parks with 62.9%
and 65.7%.
3.6.1 Facilities and Amenities
Table 12.2 Services and Facilities
What kind of
services/facilities are Frequency Percentage
you expecting from the
heritage farm
Short lecture in
320 80%
agricultural produce
Taste test on local
297 74.3%
delicacies
Interaction with
263 65.7%
localities
Walk through of
388 97%
heritage site
Services & Facilities

Short
lecture in
agricultu…
Taste test
on local
delicacies
Interactio
n with
localities
Walk
through of
heritage…
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Walk through of heritage site Interaction with localities
Table 12.2 shows the most desired facilities in the Heritage Farm, the ranking
has been determined by getting the frequency of the results. The Walk Through of the
heritage site is the most favored facility in the heritage farm, followed by the Short
lecture in agricultural produce with 320, Taste test with local delicacies with 297, and
the least favored facility is the interaction with localities with a frequency of 263
Table 12.3. As to current issues
What problems have

you encountered Frequency Percentage
within existing local
farms?
Transportation 274 68.6%
Inadequate facilities 240 60%
Parking spaces 148 37.1%
Lack of accessibility 263 65.7%

Improper waste
148 37.1%
management
Current Issues
Transport
ation
Inadequa
te…
Parking
Spaces
Lack of
accessi…
Waste
manage…
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Waste management Lack of accessibility Parking Spaces
Table 12.3 shows the current issues of existing local farms, the ranking has been
determined by getting the percentage of the results. The transportation is the most
encountered problem in an existing farm, followed by the lack of accessibility with
65.7% and by inadequate facilities with 60%. While parking spaces and improper waste
management is on 37.1% which is the lowest.

3.7 As to Building Aesthetics & Design
3.7.1 Design Philosophy
Vitruvius's theories of beauty
Vitruvius believed that an architect should focus on three central themes when
preparing a design for a building: firmitas (strength), utilitas (functionality),
and venustas (beauty).
But the theory of venustas (or beauty) is a very complicated one. Vitruvius thought
that a timeless notion of beauty could be learnt from the 'truth of nature', that nature's
designs were based on universal laws of proportion and symmetry.
3.7.2 Design Concept
The Golden Ratio
The Golden Ratio was derived from the Fibonacci sequence it is mathematical ratio
found in nature, which can be used to create pleasing, organic-looking compositions.
Approximately equal to a 1:1.618 ratio, the Golden Ratio can be illustrated using a
Golden Rectangle. Mathematically it is known as Phi (ϕ) which is 1.618.
Fig. 6 The Golden Spiral which is based on the ratio 1:1.618

3.7.3 Design Character
Ecological Architecture
According to (Garfalo F., 2014) on Ecological Architecture is a type of urban
greening, which is about creating space that promote symbiosis between urban and
natural environment. The word “sustainability” and the expression “sustainable
architecture” are spreading in the world of design and architecture for two main reasons:
functional and formal. Any object that is considered sustainable must show ecological
awareness, therefore its functionality must be tied to its relationship with the
environment through its appearance.
3.8 As to Building Structural Design
What methods of construction for strength and durability to be applied to this
proposal?
According to (Cartwright D., 2018) on “Sustainable construction: Techniques
and Trends” Sustainable construction also involves improving the durability and
resiliency of buildings. Climate change has heightened concerns of more inclement
weather events (such as flooding, typhoon and Eruptions), with structures needing to be
designed with resiliency at the fore.

More builders are trending towards incorporating risk mitigation steps such as
insurance plans, construction technology and renewable building materials. In this way,
structures can recover quickly after disaster strikes. These are the sustainable methods
for construction:
3.8.1 Zero Energy Construction
Zero energy construction is an emergent trend in many different
homes/buildings. The goal of a ‘zero energy’ structure is to produce as much energy as
it consumes, having a zero net impact on the environment.
Zero energy construction techniques involve a combination of the following
steps: Using renewable energy such as solar and wind, efficient air ventilation systems,
better insulation materials that minimize leaking air and noise pollution.
3.8.2 Water efficiency technologies
There are several water efficient technologies used, which are all part of
sustainable construction technologies. Essentially, the technologies encompass re-use
and application of efficient water supply systems. Examples include the use of dual
plumbing, grey water re-use, rainwater harvesting and water conservation fixtures.
These methods ensure that water is adequately managed, recycled and used for non-
portable purposes like washing cars and flushing toilets.

What are the materials to be specified to comply with the functional and
conceptual character of the proposal?
3.8.3 Sustainable Building Materials
When addressing sustainability in architecture, it’s important that the choice of
building materials that are native to the City of Canlaon. Knowing that one of the most
common sustainable material is Bamboo, there are substitutes such as Rice Hull Ash
Cement (RHAC). Ash from rice hulls or husks is an affordable and effective
substitute. When burned under 700 to 750 degrees Celsius, the ash offers binding
properties that make it a suitable additive to cement solutions. Rice is also common in
the country, making it very sustainable in the long run.
According to (Garfalo F., 2014) on “Sustainable architecture” the materials used
are one of the main objectives of people who delve into sustainable architecture it is
to recycle almost everything they use. The buildings should be modular, constructed
with elements and materials that can be easily retrieved, reused and disposed of without
causing any pollution by recycling them integrally or globally. The separation of modern
elements, composed of various layers of materials that have been stuck together
chemically, poses a serious problem for recycling. Because of this, designing reusable,
modular and adaptable structures has not yet become a widespread approach.
3.9 As to Engineering and Utility systems
What are the needed utility systems as to the following consideration?
3.9.1 Electrical Systems
Power lines is to be provided for the site as to supply adequate power. The
power is provided by Negros Oriental Electric Cooperative (NORECO). Alternative
sources of electricity shall be solar panels.
3.9.2 Plumbing and Sanitary Systems
The site is to be provided sanitary sewers and plumbing systems. Irrigations for
agricultural use shall be consulted to an Agriculturist. Rain water harvester & other
water efficiency methods shall be utilized.
3.9.2 Fire Protection systems
The over-all design and planning shall be in lined with the fire code of the
Philippines. Appropriate to the spaces and building function.
What are the appropriate lighting should be used??
3.9.3 Natural & Efficient Lighting
As well as minimizing solar gain, design elements should reduce the need for
artificial light which will result in significant energy savings for commercial buildings
in particular.
Minimizing solar gain and improving natural lighting might appear to be at
cross-purposes. However, solar gain is dominated by direct solar radiation –which
occurs when the sun shines directly through a window.
Fig 7. An Effective design can maximize natural lighting whilst avoiding solar gain –
optimizing energy efficiency. Photo by Schrottie and licensed under creative commons.
Fig 8. Celestory windows and light shelves help to admit daylight whilst minimising solar gain.
Illustration adapted from Cairns Building Design Guide.
Other measures to improve natural lighting include:
Light shelves, white painted shelves which reflect low light onto ceilings
Clerestory windows, which allow low light to enter but prevent light entering when the
sun is high
Light tubes, which transmit light from roofs into the building interior
Central atria, which can be combined with natural ventilation systems and solar
chimneys
Brightly painted interiors, possibly using luminous/reflective paints
Efficient light fittings should be specified, with energy saving controls.

CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter includes the summary of the research study from the researcher’s
collected data that aims to create an efficient and effective architectural design solution
for the proposed “Agro Foris: An Agricultural Development and Tourism Center” in
the City of Canlaon
The summary of findings are organized based on the objectives of the study,
treatment to analyze the data gathered, the findings of the study, conclusions drawn from
the study and the recommendations based on the findings.
4.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS
A. SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
The following data are the researcher’s findings summarized from the survey
questionnaire. These are the extracted from the 400 respondents from the conducted
survey.
Survey shows that the respondent’s profile as to gender, fifty four percent (54%)
are male, while the remaining forty six percent (46%) are female. (See Table 1).
The majority of the respondent’s age was twenty one (21) to forty (40) years old
comprising 43% of the population. Then followed by forty one (41) to sixty (60)
years old age with 35%, and the third is the age group of twenty (20) years old
and below which is 18%. Lastly, the sixty one (61) years old and above which is
only 4% of the total population. (See Table 2)
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
As to Heritage and Culture
As to the history of Canlaon City, Barangay Mabigo was the first settlement in
the discovery of the city. It became the seat of the government during the establishment
of the municipality October 11, 1946, Canlaon only became a city on July 2, 1967.
For a city that is only 52 years old, establishing the culture and heritage of the place is
challenging. A heritage farm is suitable for integrating the culture of the city considering
the fact that Canlaon is known for its agriculture and eco-tourism.
Survey shows that sixty three percent (63%) of respondents have not heard or
been to a Heritage Farm, while 37.1% of the respondents had knowledge about a
Heritage farm. (See table 3).

However the support of the Farm show that that ninety nine 99% are in support
of the Agro Foris: An Agricultural Development and Tourism Center. While one
percent 1% of the respondents are not in favor of the heritage farm. (See table 4).
As to Agricultural Sector
Canlaon City is known for its agriculture and for its tourism, the concept of
Agro-tourism suitable for the integrating the heritage farm. The benefits of agri-
tourism are Economic growth by tourism, Social benefits through employment, and
Ecological Conservation. In terms of Ecological conservation the research shows
conserving the environment through sustainable agriculture, one of the methods of
sustainable is Agroforestry. Upland farms can practice sustainable agriculture through
the application of Agroforestry.
As to Economy and Produce
The city of Canlaon is producers of vegetables in the island of Negros. There is
a potential of 4.05 hectares (Ha) of vegetable area in Barangay Mabigo that can be
cultivated & tilled. (See table 6). The highest vegetable produce of Canlaon City is
Cabbage which has 1970.00 metric tons (MT) per crop year. Followed by Radish
1020.00 metric tons (MT). (See table 7). However in Barangay Mabigo the top produce
is Squash barangay with 20.00 metric tons (MT), followed by Cabbage with 10.00
metric tons (MT). (See table 8)

The proposed Agro Foris: An Agricultural Development and Tourism
Center, aims to contribute to the economic development to Canlaon City by way of
supporting the employment in the city by having specific occupations for the proposed
heritage farm. There are approximately 4,000 residents that are currently unemployed.
(See table 9)
As to Site Analysis
Site analysis shows that the proposed project: “Agro Foris: An Agricultural
Development and Tourism Center” is suitable for the 38,479.00 square meters of the
site.
As to Site Planning and Site development
Through the survey data gathered, the following purposes of the respondents
when visit local farms were mainly Relaxation & Recreation, followed by Purchase of
Farm products. (See table 10.1 – 10.4)
As to the data gathered to Site Planning and Site development, Eighty three
percent (83%) of the respondents answered Design and Functionality (See table 11.1 –
11.4)
As to Building Function
Approximately 82.9% of the respondents are in favor with establishing a
market within the proposed Agro Foris: An Agricultural Development and Tourism
Center. Followed by educational facilities with a percentage of (80%). The most
desired facilities in the Heritage Farm, are the Walk Through of the heritage site with
97%, followed by the Short lecture in agricultural produce with a percentage of eighty
(80%).(See table 12.1 – 12.2).
As to Building Aesthetics & Design
The design philosophy that is incorporated with proposed Sitio Mabigo Heritage
Farm is Vitruvius’ Theory of Architecture which is Firmitas (strength), Utilitas
(functionality) and Venustas (beauty). However the theory of venustas (or beauty) is a
complicated. Vitruvius thought that a timeless notion of beauty could be learnt from the
'truth of nature', that nature's designs.
That is why the Design Concept is the Golden Ratio, which is the numerical ratio
of nature. This concept can integrate Vitruvius’ philosophy of Venustas (beauty) through
the “Golden Ratio” knowing that this proportion can be adapted through Architecture
and Nature.
As to Building Structural Design
The method of construction shall use Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC),
Bamboo, and other local materials that are native from Canlaon City.
As to Engineering and Utility Systems
Sanitary sewer and power lines is to be provided to the site. Other systems such
as rainwater harvesting, solar panels and other sustainable methods are to be utilized.
As to Legalities
Heritage and other legalities shall be based on guidelines of the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) and Nat’l Buildng Code of the
Philippines (NBC)
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
To the City of Canlaon and to its people
This proposed Agro Foris: An Agricultural Development and Tourism Center
shall integrate the cultural identity of Canlaon City through its Historical Significance.
Through the current identity of Canlaon which is a center for Agricultural produce, the
proposed heritage farm shall be a catalyst for agricultural development for the City.
To the Local Farmers
The current local farmers can gain a better understanding of sustainable
agriculture through this proposed heritage farm ad developing new ways of producing
crops and vegetables.
To the Province of Negros Oriental
The province of Negros Oriental has numerous heritage sites and buildings that
are currently abandoned. In a way this proposed Heritage Farm can guide other heritage
sites and buildings that are to be developed in the future.
The Future Architecture students and researchers
Throughout history buildings and sites pass through time, leaving its Cultural
identity behind for the next generations. Future researchers could identify the
historical significance of the research.

REFERENCE
Catacutan, D. C.,(2015). Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines, Special
Publication No. 6b, World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC),
Beijing, China and World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 3-14.
Dunn. Collin. (2009). 6 ways agriculture impacts global warming | TreeHugger.
Retrieved from https://www.treehugger.com/green-food/6-ways-agriculture-impacts-
global-warming.html
Fitzroy F, (2016), an Introduction to Climate Change Economics and Policy, London,
Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315769318
Gao J. (2014), Agricultural Landscape Preferences: Implications for Agritourism
Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,
Retrieved From https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0047287513496471
Garret K. (2013), Environmental Management in Practice: Compartments, Stressors
and Sectors, Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/sustainable-
agriculture/
Mercado et al, (2012) World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional
Program, Retrieved from http://www.awg-sf.org/www2/wp-
content/uploads/2017/12/ANNEX-10.-PB5-Upland-AF-in-SEA.pdf
Paunlagui R. (2002), Philippines - Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural
Production, Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/30810367/Philippines-
Women-in-Agriculture-Environment-and-Rural-Production
Sotte F. (2006), an Evolutionary Approach to Rural Development. Some Lessons for
the Policymaker, Retrieved From
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228955395_An_Evolutionary_Approach_to
_Rural_Development_Some_Lessons_for_the_Policymaker
Vejre H. (2007), Multifunctional agriculture and multifunctional landscapes — land
use as an interface, Retrieved From https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-
540-36763-5_6

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LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

in a global food system dominated by industrial agriculture and giant multinational

on Trade and Development or UNCTADs path-breaking Trade and Development Review,

F., 2016). Agriculture is a manipulation by man of processes in the natural environment

valued as environmental enhancements whilst others such as pollution of water or air,

development of agriculture. Applying the concept of sustainability to agriculture

Agriculture significantly contributes to climate change. Industrial agriculture

greenhouse gas emissions. Supporting industrial agriculture perpetuates these disturbing

practices. (Dunn. Collin, 2009)

Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes. Agriculture

including through changes in temperature, rainfalls and climate extremes. Climate

the agriculture sector continues to decrease. (Paunlagui, 2002)

Agroforestry, a viable farming system in the uplands, is the integration of

vegetable in treebased farming, or tree integration in vegetable production. It provides

multiple benefits, including provision of micronutrients to the diet of rural community

and enhancement of on-farm biodiversity and environmental sustainability (Catacutan

and Duque-Piñon, 2009 cited by Catacutan, et al 2015).

water quality problems. (Mercado et al., 2012).

carries out endogenous development based on local resources, by enhancing his

progress, accompanied by marketing actions in response to changing consumer

preferences. For every traditional agricultural product, it corresponds a wide range of

are produced in a dynamic way, supporting the development of a multiplicity of

company, allows to enhance intangible assets, environmental assets and landscape

Key features of multifunctionality relate to the existence of multiple

poorly (Vejre et al., 2007).

The multi-functionality should therefore not be confused with the term,

the city). (Canlaoncity.Gov, 2016)

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions.

a. Agricultural Sector, Economy & Produce

1. What is Agri-Tourism and its benefits?

2. What are the methods of sustainable agriculture?

3. What is Agro forestry and its impact on agriculture?

4. What are the types of Agro forestry?

5. What is the general geography of Canlaon City

6. What is current identity of the city or known for?

What is current identity of the city or known for?

As to Economy & Produce of Canlaon City

1. What is economic development?

2. What is the vegetable industry of Canlaon Cty?

3. What are the current status of employment of the city of Canlaon?

b. Site Analysis, Site Planning & Site Development

b. Safety & Security

d. Presence of natural landforms

e. Landmark features and vistas

3. What is the lot allocation program of the site?

4. How safe is the site when Mt. Kanlaon as an active volcano?

As to Site Planning & Site Development

1. What type of site planning concept is appropriate for the development of a

2. What are the requirements for the development of the site?

3. What are the requirements for a heritage site development?

4. What are the types of landscape design for a sustainable agriculture?

c. Building Function, Building Aesthetics & Design

2. What are the types of spaces required for the farm?

3. What are the activities in the proposed structure?

As to Building Aesthetics & Design

1. What is the design philosophy for the proposed heritage farm?