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CIVIL13
CIVIL13
CIVIL13
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN be built. The various primary loads and other
With the development of linear elastic theories in the secondary effects required to be considered for Indian
19th century the stress-strain behavior of new condition m while computing maximum stresses in a
materials like wrought iron & mild steel could be structure are mainly as follows
accurately represented. The first attainment of yield a) Dead load b) imposed load or live load c) wind
stress of steel was generally taken to be the inset of load d) seismic load e) erection load f) Secondary
failure. The limitations due to non-linearity and effects due to contraction or expansion resulting from
buckling were neglected. The allowable stress is temperature changes, shrinkage, creep in
defined in terms of a “factor of safety” which compression members etc.
represented a margin for overload and other unknown As a general approach, a structure is analyzed for all
factors which could be tolerated by the structure. the probable primary load cases and their
combinations are mentioned above. Only for special
Yield Stress structures or under stringent conditions, the
Allowable stress = secondary effects are considered in the overall
Factor of Safety
analysis and in the design of connections of the
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
structural components. While designing a structure
An improved design philosophy to make allowances
using the popular “Allowable stress design method”,
for the shortcomings in the “allowable stress design”
the above load combinations are considered with an
was developed in the late 1970’s and has been
individual load factor of unity. As per IS: 800-1984,
extensively corporated in design standards and codes
the permissible stress can be increased upto 33%,
formulated in all the developed countries. Although
whenever wind or seismic load is taken in to
there are many variations between practices adopted
consideration.
in different countries the basic concept is broadly
In the proposed Limit state method of design also the
similar. The probability of operating conditions not
above load combinations are considered, but with
reaching failure conditions forms the basis of “Limit
variable load factors called the “partial safety factor
States Design” adopted in all countries. Ultimate
for load as described in Table4. This variable load
limit states are those catastrophic states, which
factors basically account the loading and thus enable
require a larger reliability in order to reduce the
to use steel efficiently and economically in different
probability of its occurrence to a very low level.”
structural systems.
Serviceability limit state” refers to the limits on
Similarly, to determine the strength of the member to
acceptable performance of the structure.
be designed against the factored loads as described
LOAD AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
above, a reduction factor for strength called “partial
To design a structure, it is analyzed first for its
safety factor for material” is taken into consideration,
intended structural configuration and assumed
which accounts for uncertainty in material strength
sectional properties against various loads individually
and quality as well as manufacture tolerance. Various
and in combination with each other in a way by
material safety factors as have been adopted in IS:
which the structure may be subjected any time or at
800-2007 are given in the table –5
all time during the life of the structure for which is to
COMPARATIVE STUDY
KL l y 1950
90.69 In this study we have compared Columns fixed at
ry ry 21.5 both ends, column fixed at one end and hinged at
other, column pinned at both ends for a column
Step 4: Determination of Non Dimensional length of 2m, 2.25m, 2.5m, 2.75m, 3m, 3.25m, 3.5m,
3.75m & 4m and also Graphical study has done for
2 the Strength Vs Section and Strength Weight Ratio
KL Vs Section. The Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3 show the
fy
fy r 250 x 23.432 comparative study of columns fixed at both ends of
x 0.26382m, 3m, and 4m length. The Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6
f cc E2
x 2 x10
2 5
show the comparison between the S/w ratio Vs
Section for a length of 2m, 3m and 4m. Similarly the
2
KL Fig.7 and Fig. 8 shows the section Vs the constants
fy like stress reduction factor, Ф and effective
fy r 250 x 90.69 2
y 1 .020
slenderness ratio.
f cc 2
E 2 5
x 2 x10
COMPARISON OF LOAD CARRYING
Step 5: Calculation of CAPACITY VS DIFFERENT SECTIONS
0.51 0.2 2
0.51 .341.02 0.2 1.02 2 1.16
Step 6: Calculation of Stress Reduction Factor
1 1
2
2 0.5
[1.16 (1.16 2 1.02 2 )]
0.58
fy f
y 132.64
mo mo
Step 8: Determination of Compressive stress Pd
Pd A f cd 428.82kN
Area = 3233mm2
Depth (d) = 200mm
Width of flange (b) = 100mm
Thickness of the flange (tf) = 10.8mm
Thickness of the web (tw) = 5.7mm
Fig: 4
Fig: 7
Fig: 5
Fig: 8
CONCLUSION