Shahjalal University of Science and Technology,Sylhet

Experiment No.: 01
Experiment Name: Amplitude Modulation and Demod-
ulation
Course No.: EEE 330

Submitted By:
Ohidul Islam,2016338023
Iftekhar Ahmed, 2016338036
T.A.M. Ragib Shahriar,2016338001
Ayesha Naznin,2016338014
Group No.: 10

Submitted To:
Md. Asaduz Zaman Mamun
Lecturer
EEE,SUST

Date Of Submission 23-jul-19

Contents
1 Objectives 2

2 Theory 2
2.1 Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Why do we use amplitude modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Amplitude Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Equipments 4

4 Procedure 4
4.1 Radiotransmitter Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1.1 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.2 Carrier signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.3 Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.4 IF filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.5 RF filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.6 Power amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.7 output channel/Transmitting antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Radioreceiver action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.1 Receiving antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.2 RF filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.3 Voltage control amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.4 Demodulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.5 Audio filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.6 Power amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.7 Speaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5 Results 12
5.1 Radiotransmitter results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.1.1 Message signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.1.2 Carrier signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.1.3 Modulated signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1.4 IF filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1.5 Power amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2 Radioreceiver results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2.1 Receiver antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2.2 RF Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2.3 Voltage control amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2.4 Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2.5 Audio Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6 Discussion 16

1
1 Objectives
1. Modulate a input signal
2. demodulate the modulated signal

2 Theory
Modulation is a process through which information is added to an electrical or optical carrier
signal to be transmitted over a medium. Modulation enables the transfer of information on
an electrical signal to a receiving device that demodulates the signal to extract the blended
information.
Modulation is achieved by altering the periodic waveform or the carrier. This includes
carrying its amplitude, frequency and phase. Modulation has three different types:
1. Amplitude Modulation (AM): Amplitude of the carrier is modulated.
2. Frequency Modulation (FM): Frequency of the carrier is modulated.
3. Phase Modulation (PM): Phase of the carrier is modulated.
In this experiment we have examined only the properties of amplitude modulation.

2.1 Amplitude Modulation

Multiplying a signal by a sinusoidal carrier signal is called amplitude modulation. The signal
’modulates’ the amplitude of the carrier.
Let the audio signal be Am cos(2πfm t) and carrier signal be Ac cos(2πfc t), then the amplitude
modulation can be expressed as
XAM (t) = [ADC + Am cos(2πm t)]Ac cos(2πc t) (1)

2.2 Why do we use amplitude modulation

1. Because of amplitude modulation wavelength, AM signals can propagate longer dis-
tances.
2. For amplitude modulation, we use simple and low cost circuit; we don’t need any
special equipment and complex circuits that are used in frequency modulation.
3. The Amplitude modulation receiver will be wider when compared to the FM receiver.
Because, atmospheric propagation is good for amplitude modulated signals.
4. Bandwidths limit is also big advantage for Amplitude modulation, which doesn’t have
in frequency modulation.

2
 Figure 1: Amplitude Modulation

Figure 2: Amplitude Modulation

2.3 Amplitude Demodulation

Demodulation is a key process in the reception of any amplitude modulated signals.Demodulation
is the process by which the original information bearing signal i.e. the modulation is ex-
tracted from the incoming overall received signal.The process of demodulation for signals
using amplitude modulation can be achieved in a number of different techniques, each of
which has its own advantage.In the process of demodulation we again mix the modulated
signal with carrier signal and get very high frequency signal which then goes into low pass
filter. Low pass filter cuts the high frequency components. Here block diagram of demodu-
lation is added:-
Let s(t) is our received signal and and carrier signal is Ac cos(2πfc t), then the amplitude
demodulation can be expressed as

s(t) = (Ac + m(t))cos2 (2πfc t)

s(t) = 12 (Ac + m(t))[1 + cos(4πfc t)]
s(t) = 21 Ac + 12 m(t) + 12 [Ac + m(t)]cos(2π(2fc )t)

3
 Figure 3: Block diagram of amplitude demodulation

If we send this s(t) to a low pass filter, 12 [Ac + m(t)]cos(2π(2fc )t) will be cut off and 12 Ac
can’t pass because this is DC part.

3 Equipments
I MCM 24, RADIOTRANSMITTER

II MCM 25, RADIORECEIVER

III Oscilloscope

IV POWER SUPPLY mod. PSLC/EV

V Microphone

VI Cable

4 Procedure
For performing amplitude modulation of a signal we need to follow certain steps and we need
equipments such as transmitter,receiver and power lines to active these equipments.

4.1 Radiotransmitter Action

Radiotransmitter takes a input signal and mix it with a carrier signal as known as modulation
then this modulated signal go through a RF Filter.Output signal from RF filter output known
as transmitted signal which is transmitted over antenna or cable.
So basically radiotransmitter is consisted of six parts:

I Sources

II Frequency modulator

III Modulator/Mixer

4
 Figure 4: Radiontransmitter connection

IV IF filter

V RF filter

VI Power amplifier

VII Output channel/Antenna

4.1.1 Sources
Sources refer as input signal channel.Input signal can be taken by fixed sinusoidal signal which
is a continuous beep or we can take different types audio signal from microphone.There is a
button named LEVEL which is used to control the amplitude level of the input signals.

4.1.2 Carrier signal

A carrier signal is a transmitted electromagnetic pulse or wave on which information can
be imposed by increasing signal strength, varying the base frequency, varying the wave
phase.Carrier signals are needed for effective transmission of information signals.
suppose,
Carrier signal frequency = 2800KHz
message signal frequency = 5KHz
the two generated sidebands will be:
2800 + 5 = 2805 KHz
2800 - 5 = 2795 KHz
then we will get figure in frequency domain:

but if we reverse i.e.

Message signal frequency = 2800KHz

5
 Figure 5: Using high frequency carrier signal

Carrie signal frequency = 3KHz

then we will get:

Figure 6: Using low frequency carrier signal

We see that if we use carrier signal of low frequencey the positive and negative will almost
overlap thus distort the signal they likely cannot be recovered.So we need high frequency
carrier signal which can increase the power that is radiated by the antenna to enhance the
transmission range and transmit many audio signals at a time from the same antenna without
mixing them up.

4.1.3 Modulator
Modulator mix the input signal with carrier signal.

Figure 7: Input signal

Figure 8: Carrier signal

6
 Figure 9: Modulated signal

The amplitude modulation signals have various frequency signals.By modulating the car-
rier signal with input signal, new frequency signals will generate. These are known as side
band signals or side frequency signals. For the ease of understanding, these amplitude mod-
ulation signals are usually represented in frequency domain rather than time domain.So, if
we represent modulated signal in frequency domnain:

modul.PNG

Figure 10: Modulated signal in frequency domain

4.1.4 IF filter
Intermediate frequency (IF) is a frequency to which a carrier wave is shifted as an interme-
diate step in transmission or reception. Intermediate frequencies are used for three general
reasons.

a. At very high (gigahertz) frequencies, signal processing circuitry performs poorly. Active
devices such as transistors cannot deliver much amplification (gain). So a high frequency
signal is converted to a lower IF for more convenient processing.

b. In receivers that can be tuned to different frequencies, is to convert the various differ-
ent frequencies of the stations to a common frequency for processing. It is difficult to
build multistage amplifiers, filters, and detectors that can have all stages track in tuning
different frequencies, but it is comparatively easy to build tunable oscillators.

7
c. For using an intermediate frequency is to improve frequency selectivity. In communication
circuits, a very common task is to separate out or extract signals or components of a signal
that are close together in frequency. This is called filtering.

4.1.5 RF filter
An RF Filter or radio frequency filter is an electronic filter which is designed to operate
on signals in medium to extremely high frequencies. An ideal filter, whether low pass, high
pass, or band pass will have a minimal amount of loss within the pass band.

4.1.6 Power amplifier

A radio frequency power amplifier converts a low-power radio-frequency signal into a higher
power signal. In radiotransmitter it is used to include gain, power output, bandwidth, power
efficiency.Output from the power amplifier which is amplified signal of modulated signal goes
through antenna and antenna transmits it into the air.

4.1.7 Output channel/Transmitting antenna

Modulated signals from RF filter to power amplifier is ready to transmit.We can transmit
it by connecting cable from transmitter to receiver or we can transmit as radio signal via
antenna.Antenna generally composed of metals (mainly copper or aluminum), antennas can
convert an electric current into electromagnetic radiation and vice versa.Antennas, like the
simple dipole antenna below, are driven by an oscillating AC current with a frequency cor-
responding to the frequency of the radiated waves.This AC current goes through aluminum
bars which is conductor.

Figure 11: Antenna

The changing current produces a changing magnetic field, which produces a changing elec-
tric field, which produces a changing magnetic field, and so on.Hence electromagnetic waves
are disturbance in electromagnetic field, these electric fields and magnetic fields also create
disturbance in electromagnetic field. In this way antenna converts electric signal to radio
signal. The shape and size of the antenna determines its operative frequency and its other

8
 Figure 12: Transmitted signal by antenna which is electromagnetic wave

radiation characteristics.

4.2 Radioreceiver action

Radioreceiver receives the modulated signals transmitted by radiotransmitter and extract
the original signal from it.For doing these jobs it contains
I Receiving antenna
II Filter
III Demodulator
IV Audio filter
V Power amplifier
VI Speaker

4.2.1 Receiving antenna

Receiving antenna is a transducer device which converts electromagnetic energy into electri-
cal energy. Now for that we need materials which can allow the flow of energy EM through
it. So usually Metal Rods or wires or loops are used for receiving the EM signal.When the
EM waves strike the antenna the electrons in the antenna metallic material starts to oscil-
late with the same frequency as it acts as a continuous variations of voltages with respect to
time.This is how receiving antenna receives the signal from transmitting antenna.

4.2.2 RF filter
The selectivity of any radio receiver is of great importance. With the vast number of signals
being transmitted it is important that the radio receiver is able receive only the required
signal on the wanted frequency and to reject others.RF filter do this job in radioreceiver. It
allow to pass the wanted signals and reject the others

9
4.2.3 Voltage control amplifier
A VCA is a processor that can alter the amplitude of a signal proportional to the control
voltage applied to its amplitude modulation control input. In simple words it is just an
amplifier whose output you can control with a control signal.A voltage-controlled amplifier
(VCA) has two kinds of inputs:

a. Carrier(Signal Input): This is the input where a bipolar signal comes in. Subsequently,
it is the main signal and all the alterations are made to this signal.

b. Modulator (Control Input): Usually a Uni-polar positive signal comes in through this
input, which makes alteration to the bipolar signal coming from the signal input.

4.2.4 Demodulator
A demodulator is an electronic circuit that is used to recover the information content from
the modulated carrier wave. The signal output from a demodulator may represent sound
(an analog audio signal), images (an analog video signal) or binary data (a digital signal).

Figure 13: Demodulator circuit

4.2.5 Audio filter

The audio filters are the electronic circuits which are designed to amplify or attenuate certain
range of frequency components. This helps in eliminating the unwanted noise from the
audio signal and improving the tone of the output audio. Filters play a major role in
telecommunication and audio electronics.

4.2.6 Power amplifier

Power amplifier will amplify the signals coming from output channel of audio filter.

10
4.2.7 Speaker
In order to translate an electrical signal into an audible sound, speakers contain an electro-
magnet: a metal coil which creates a magnetic field when an electric current flows through
it. This coil behaves much like a normal (permanent) magnet, with one particularly handy
property: reversing the direction of the current in the coil flips the poles of the magnet.
Inside a speaker, an electromagnet is placed in front of a permanent magnet. The per-
manent magnet is fixed firmly into position whereas the electromagnet is mobile. As pulses
of electricity pass through the coil of the electromagnet, the direction of its magnetic field is
rapidly changed. This means that it is in turn attracted to and repelled from the permanent
magnet, vibrating back and forth.
The electromagnet is attached to a cone made of a flexible material such as paper or
plastic which amplifies these vibrations, pumping sound waves into the surrounding air and
towards listeners ears.

Figure 14: speaker

Inside a speaker

a. Cone

b. Electromagnet (coil)

c. Permanent magnet

11
5 Results
5.1 Radiotransmitter results
5.1.1 Message signal

signal (2).png

Figure 15: Message signal in the source of transmitter

5.1.2 Carrier signal

signal.PNG

Figure 16: Carrier signal

12
5.1.3 Modulated signal

signal.PNG

Figure 17: Output of modulator

5.1.4 IF filter

if.png

Figure 18: Output of IF filter

13
5.1.5 Power amplifier
amplified signals from power amplifier goes to transmitting antenna.

antenna.PNG

Figure 19: Output from power amplifier

5.2 Radioreceiver results

5.2.1 Receiver antenna
Radiotransmitter receives the EM signal via antenna.

antenna (2).png

Figure 20: signal that receiving antenna received

14
5.2.2 RF Filtering

rf filtering r.PNG

Figure 21: Output of RF filter

5.2.3 Voltage control amplification

voltage control amplicatin.png

Figure 22: Output of Voltage control amplifier

15
5.2.4 Demodulation

final output.png

Figure 23: Output of IF filter

5.2.5 Audio Filtering

filtering.PNG

Figure 24: Output of audio filter

6 Discussion
In this experiment we modulated and demodulated a message signal to transmit information.
First of all we checked if all the connections were set up properly before we turned on the
power supply. We used a message signal with a frequency range of 0-2 KHz and 0.5 V
p-p. The carrier signal had a frequency of 5V and 10 KHz. The modulated signal has an
amplitude of 1.5V p-p and 6 KHz p-p. Including, we tried to keep RF filter modulation
index m near 1. We checked the flow of signal through all the parts of the MCM EV 24
and MCM EV 25, and collected all the necessary data. We got some noise in the beginning
of the experiment, which distorted our demodulated wave. Then we put the input signal in
RF filter before demodulating the signal. To transmit audio signal we used audio filtering
before sending the output signal to speaker.

16