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GATE-2020
Questions with Detailed Solutions
INSTRUMENTATION
ENGINEERING
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Gate – 2020
Instrumentation Engineering
Questions with Detailed Solutions
Subject Wise Weightage
Total
Name of the Subject 1Mark 2Marks
Marks
Electrical Circuits 1 3 7
Signals & Systems 4 2 8
Control Systems 3 5 13
Analog Electronics 3 5 13
Digital Electronics 3 2 7
Measurements 4 4 12
Sensors & Industrial Instrumentation 2 2 6

Communication & Optical
0 2 4
Instrumentation
General Aptitude 5 5 15
Engineering Mathematics 5 5 15
Total 30 35 100
:2: Instrumentation Engineering
GENERAL APTITUDE
01. Select the graph that schematically represents BOTH y = xm and y = x1/m properly in the interval
0  x  1, for integer values of m, where m > 1.
(a) y (b) y
1 1
x1/m
xm
xm
1/m
x x x
0 1 0 1
(c) y (d) y
1 1
x1/m
xm
m
x
x1/m
x x
0 1 0 1
01. Ans: (b)

Sol: y = xm and y = x1/m
given m>1, then assume m = 2,3,4, ----- if m = 2, y = x2, for all the values of x y must be positive
(+Ve)
if m = 2, y = x1/2  y  x
From these values, the graph must be
y
1
x1/m
xm
x
0 1
 option (b) is correct
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:3: GATE-2020 EXAM PAPER

02. Crowd funding deals with mobilization of funds for a project from a large number of people,
who would be willing to invest smaller amounts through web-based platforms in the project.
Based on the above paragraph, which of the following is correct about crowd funding?
(a) Funds raised through coerced contributions on web-based platforms.
(b) Funds raised through Voluntary contributions on web-based platforms.
(c) Funds raised through unwilling contributions on web-based platforms.
(d) Funds raised through large contributions on web-based platforms.
02. Ans: (b)
Sol: The word ‘willing’ shows voluntary contribution
03. He is known for his unscrupulous ways. He always sheds_____ tears to deceive people.
(a) Crocodile (b) Fox’s (c) fox (d) crocodile’s
03. Ans: (a)
Sol: it is an idiomatic expression which means showing false sympathy.
04. I do not think you know the case well enough to have opinions. Having said that, I agree with your
other point.
What does the phrase “having said that” mean in the given text?
(a) as opposed to what I have said (b) contrary to what I have said
(c) in addition to what I have said (d) despite what I have said
04. Ans: (d)
Sol: ‘Having said that’ shows option (d).
05. The sum of the first n terms in the sequence 8, 88, 888, 8888, … is _____.
(a)
80

81 n 9
10  1  n
8
 (b)
81 n
80
 9
10  1  n
8

(c)
81

80 n 8
10  1  n
9
 (d)
80 n
81
 8
10  1  n
9

05. Ans: (d)
Sol: The sum of the first 'n' terms in the sequence 8,88,888,8888-----
Sum = 8+88+888+------n
= 8 (1+11+111+-------+n)
Divide with 9
8
 9  99  999         n 
9
8
 10  1  100  1  1000  1          n 
9
8
 10  100  1000      n  1
9

9

8 1
10  10 2  10 3      n 
it is a G.P
Sn 

a r n 1 
, a  10, r 
100
 10
r  1 10
8 10 10 n  1
sumSn   
 
 n

9  10  1 
 

8 10 10 n  1 
 n

9 9 
sum 
80  n

81 
 8 
10  1  n 
9 

 option (d) is correct
06. Jofra Archer, the England fast bowler, is _____ than accurate.
(a) more fast (b) more faster (c) less fast (d) faster
06. Ans: (d)
Sol: Use of comparative degree.
07. P, Q, R and S are to be uniquely coded using  and . If P is coded as  and Q as , then R and
S, respectively, can be coded as ____.
(a)  and  (b)  and  (c)  and  (d)  and 
07. Ans: (c)
Sol: P is coded as 
Q is coded as , similarly
R is coded as  and
S is coded as 
 Hence option (c) is correct
08. Select the word that fits the analogy:

Build : Building :: Grow : _____
(a) Growth (b) Growed (c) Grown (d) Grew
08. Ans: (a)
Sol: Verb is to noun analogy.
09. The bar graph shows the data of the students who appeared and passed in an examination for four
schools P, Q, R and S. The average of success rates (in percentage) of these four schools is ____.
Performance of Schools P, Q, R and S

800
Appeared Passed
700
700
600
600
500
500 455
400
400
Number of Students
330
300 280
240
200
100
0
School P School Q School R School S
(a) 58.5% (b) 59.0% (c) 59.3% (d) 58.8%

09. Ans: (b)
Sol: From the given bar graph,
The average of success rates percentage of four schools
 280 330 455 240 
     100
  500 600 700 400 
 59%
4
 hence option (b) is correct

10. Define [x] as the greatest integer less than or equal to x, for each x  (–, ). If y = [x], then area
under y for x  [1,4] is _____.
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 4
10. Ans: (c)
Sol: From the given data
y = (x), x (1, 4), x = 1, 2, 3, 4
if x = 1, y = 1
if x = 2, y = 2
if x = 3, y = 3
if x = 4, y = 4
From these values graph can be drawn as follows.
4
3
2
3
1 2
1
1 2 3 4
 Area = |x| + 1  2 + 1  3 = 1+2+3 = 6


INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
01. A 200 mV full-scale dual-slope analog to digital converter (DS-ADC) has a reference voltage of
100 mV. The first integration time is set as 100 ms. The DS-ADC is operated in the continous
conversion mode. The conversion time of the DS-ADC for an input voltage of 123.4 mV (in ms,
rounded off to one decimal place) is _____
01. Ans: 223.4
Sol: FSO = 200 mV; VR = 100 mV
Integration time T1 = 100 ms; input voltage V10 = 123.4 ms
| Vin | T1 123.4  10 3  100  103
The de integration time T2  
| VR | 100  10 3
T2 = 123.4 ms
The conversion Time = T1 + T2
= 100 ms + 123.4 ms = 223.4 ms
02. Given f(A, B, C, D) = m(0, 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11) + d(3, 7, 14, 15) is a Boolean function, where
m represents min-terms and d represents don’t-cares. The minimal sum of products expression for
f is ____
(a) f  D  A (b) f  AB  C D
(c) f  AB  CB (d) f  B  C
02. Ans: (d)
Sol: Given f(A, B, C, D) m(0, 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11) + d(3, 7, 14, 15)
CD
AB 00 01 11 10 B
00 1 1  1 f  BC
01  1 C
11  
10 1 1 1 1

: 10 : Instrumentation Engineering
03. A Q meter is best suited for the measurement of the ____

(a) Quality factor of a capacitance. (b) Quality factor of piezoelectric sensor.
(c) Distributed capacitance of a coil (d) Turns-ratio of a transformer
03. Ans: (c)
Sol: Q meter is best suited for the measurement of distributed capacitance of coil.
1  0.2s
04. A phase lead network has the transfer function G s   . The angular frequency at which
1  0.05s
the maximum phase shift for the network occurs is ____
(a) 200 rad/s (b) 20 rad/s (c) 100 rad/s (d) 10 rad/s
04. Ans: (d)
1  0.2s
Sol: G (s) 
1  0.05s

–20 –5
m = geometric mean of corner frequencies

corner frequencies are (5, 20)
m  5  20  100  10rad / sec
05. Three 400  resistors are connected in delta and powered by a 400 V (rms), 50 Hz, balanced,
symmetrical R-Y-B sequence, three-phase three-wire mains. The rms value of the line current
(in amperes, rounded off to one decimal place) is _____
05. Ans: 1.7
Sol:
VL = Vph = 400V
400
400V 400 400V
I ph   1A
400
400
I L  3I ph
= 3A
: 11 : GATE-2020 EXAM PAPER
06. Assuming ideal opamps, the output voltage at V1 in the figure shown (in volts) is ____
1k
1k 5k 3k
1k
– –
V1
+ +
3 V –+ +
–
06. Ans: 7
Sol: 1k
3k
1k
1k
– 5k
3V –
+ V1
+ + V0
3V +
– 2V
–
By KCL
0  3 3  V1 3  2
 
1K 1K 1K
–3=3–V1+1  V1=7V
07. The Boolean expression for the shaded regions as shown in the figure is _____
A B
(a) A  B   A  B (b) A  B  A  B  (c) A  B  A  B  (d) A  B  A  B 

07. Ans: (d)
Sol: f  A.B  A.B
 A  BA  B 


08. Consider the signal x(t) = e–|t|. Let X(j)   x t e  jt dt be the Fourier transform of x(t). The

value of X(j0) is _____

08. Ans: 2
FT
2
Sol: x ( t )  e |t|  X() 
 1 2

2
x () |0   x(t )dt  1  2

1
09. Let f z   , a  0. The value of the integral  f z dz over a circle C with center (–a, 0) and
za
radius R > 0 evaluated in the anti-clockwise direction is _____
(a) –2i (b) 0 (c) 2i (d) 4i
09. Ans: (c)
1
Sol: Given : f z   ,a  0
za
1 1
 f z dz   z  a dz   z   a dz = 2i (–a), where (z) = 1
C C C
= 2i
Option (c) is correct
10. Assume that the opamp in the circuit shown is ideal.

Vx
The value of in k  is _____
Ix
8k
Ix
+
+ –
Vx
–
1k 2k

10. Ans: – 4
Sol: 8k
I
I
–
+
V + V0
– 1k
2k
V0 1K  V0
V    V (Virtual short)
1K  2K 3
V0
V ______(1)
3
V  V0
I
8K
V  3V V 8K
I    4K
8K I 2
11. If I is the current flowing through a Hall effect sensor and B is the magnetic flux density
perpendicular to the direction of the current (in the plane of the Hall effect sensor), the Hall
voltage generated is _____
(a) Inversely proportional to both I and B
(b) Directly proportional to I and inversely proportional to B
(c) Inversely proportional to I and directly proportional to B
(d) Directly proportional to both I and B
11. Ans: (d)
Sol: In case of hall effect sensor, the hall voltage V is
KBI
V
t
VB
V I
So correct option is (d)


C(s) 1
12. The closed loop transfer function of a control system is given by  . For the input
R (s) s  1
r(t) = sin t, the steady state response c(t) is ________
1  
(a) sin  t  
2  4
1  
(b) sin  t  
2  4
(c) 1
1
(d) cos t
2
12. Ans: (a)
1
Sol: T.F =  H(s)
s 1
1 1
 H( j)     tan 1 ()
j  1  1
2
rp = sint  = 1rad/sec
1
 output = sin( t  tan 1 (1 / 1))
11
1
= sin( t  ( / 4))
2
13. A differentiator has a transfer function whose

(a) magnitude increases linearly with frequency
(b) magnitude decreases linearly with frequency
(c) phase increases linearly with frequency
(d) magnitude remains constant
13. Ans: (a)
d F. T
Sol: x ( t ) ( j)X()
dt
Its magnitude increases linearly with frequency magnitude spectrum multiplied by ||

14. A sinusoid of 10kHz sampled at 15k samples/s. The resulting signal is passed through an ideal low
pass filter (LPF) with cut-off frequency of 25 kHz. The maximum frequency component at the
output of the LPF (in kHz) is _____
14. Ans: 25
Sol: Ideal LPF
Sampler 1 H(f)
Output
fs = 15kHz frequencies
–25 25 kHz
Frequencies at output of sampler is fm  nfs

 10  n(15)
n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3

10kHz 25kHz 1030 1045
5kHz 40k 20k 55k 35k
Maximum frequency component at the output of LPF is 25kHz
1 n  0,1,2,3,......
15. Consider the signal x[n] = sin(2n)u[n], where u[n ]  
0 otherwise
The period of this signal x[n] is _____
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 2
15. Ans: (a)
Sol: x[n] = sin(2n) u(n)
It is switched periodic signal with N = 1
Note: This question may be wrong because it isn’t perfectly periodic

16. A second order system has closed loop poles located at s = –3  j4. The time t at which the
maximum value of the step response occurs (in seconds, rounded off to two decimal places) is
______
16. Ans: 0.78
Sol:
 j4
–3
 – j4
The maximum value of slope occurs at peak line

 
tp   sec  0.785 sec
d 4
17. The Boolean operation performed by the following circuit at the output O is
I0 4:1
I1 MUX
I2
I3
S1 S0
MSB LSB
(a) O  S1 .S0 (b) O  S1  S0
(c) O  S0 .S1 (d) O  S1  S0
17. Ans: (d)

Sol: Boolean operation performed by MUX is
0  S1 S0 I 0  S1S0 I1  S1 S0 I 2  S1S0 I 3
0  S1.S0 .0  S1.S0 .1  S1.S0 .1  S1.S0 .0
0  S1S0  S1.S0  0  S1  S0


18. The capacitance Cx of a capacitive type sensor is (1000x) pF, where x is the input to the sensor.
As shown in the figure, the sensor is excited by a voltage 10sin(100t) V. The other terminal of the
sensor is tied to the input of a high input impedance amplifier through a shielded cable, with shield
connected to ground. The cable capacitance is 100pF. The peak of the voltage VA at the input of
the amplifier when x = 0.1 (in volts) is ______
Cx
Amplifier
(high input impedance)
VA
Shielded cable
 10sin(100t) Volts
18. Ans: 5
Sol:
infinite input impedance
Cx=1000x VA
Vi  10sin(100t)
Volts Ccable=100pF
1
jCcable Cx
VA   Vi  Vi
1 1 C x  Ccable

jC x jCcable
1000 x  1012
VA  Vi
  
1000 x  1012  100  1012 
(x = 0.1 given)
1
VA  Vi
2
VA = 0.5  10sin(100t)
VA = 5V (peak value)

19. Consider the recursive equation Xn+1 = Xn – h(F(Xn) – Xn), with initial condition X0 = 1 and h > 0
being a very small valued scalar. This recursion numerically solves the ordinary differential
equation _______
 
(a) X  F(X), X(0)  1 (b) X  F(X)  X, X(0)  1
 
(c) X   F(X), X(0)  1 (d) X  F(X)  X, X(0)  1
19. Ans: (b)
Sol: Given : Xn+1 = Xn – h(F(Xn) – Xn)
Xn+1 = Xn + h(Xn – F(Xn))
Which is the forward Euler recursive formula to solve the differential equation given in option (b).
20. A set of linear equation is given in the form Ax = b, where A is a 24 matrix with real number
entries and b  0. Will it be possible to solve for x and obtain a unique solution by multiplying
both left and right sides of the equation by AT (the super script T denotes the transpose) and
inverting the matrix ATA? Answer is ____
(a) Yes, can obtain a unique solution provided the matrix A is well conditioned
(b) Yes, it is always possible to get a unique solution for any 24 matrix A
(c) Yes, can obtain a unique solution provided the matrix ATA is well conditioned
(d) No, it is not possible to get a unique solution for any 24 matrix A
20. Ans: (d)
Sol: Given: AX = B ____(1)
Where A is a 24 matrix & b  0
Multiplying both sides of (1) by AT
ATAX = ATB
Since [(ATA)44]  2
 unique solution is NOT possible.

21. If the diodes in the circuit shown are ideal and the breakdown voltage Vz of the Zener diode is 5V,
the power dissipated in the 100 resistor (in watts) is
50  100 
Diode
10sin(100t) Zener
Vz + 5V
Volts diode –
(a) 25/100 (b) 0 (c) 225/100 (d) 1

21. Ans: (b)
Sol: 50 100
+ +
10sin(100t) 
+
5V
– 5V –
–
If Vin < 5V (zener OFF, Diode OFF), No current flows through 100 resistor
55
If Vin > 5V (Diode ON, zener ON), current through 100 resistor is  0A
100
As No current flows through 100 power dissipation is 0W.
22. A player throws a ball at a basket kept at a distance. The probability that the ball falls into the
basket in a single attempt is 0.1. The player attempts to throw the ball twice. Considering each
attempt to be independent, the probability that this player puts the ball into the basket only in the
second attempt (rounded off to two decimal places) is _____
22. Ans: 0.09
Sol: The probability that the ball falls into the basket = 0.1
The probability that the ball will not fall in to the basket = 0.9
 The probability that the ball falls into the basket in the second attempt
= (0.9)  (0.1)
= 0.09

23. Two 100 resistors having tolerance 3% and 4% are connected in series. The effective tolerance
of the series combination (in % rounded off to one decimal place) is ______
23. Ans: 3.5
Sol: R1 = 100 3%, R2 = 100 4%
= 100 3, R2 = 100  4
 R1 + R2 = (100  3) + (100  4)
= 200  7
= 200  3.5%
24. In the circuit shown below, the safe maximum value for the current I is _______
100 , 1 W
VB +
– 2 , 0.5 W
1 , 0.25 W
(a) 1.0 A (b) 0.05 A (c) 0.1 A (d) 0.5 A

24. Ans: (c)
Sol: Since the three resistors have dissimilar power ratings
Let us evaluate each separately
w.r. to 100 
1 1
I 2 100   1  I  
100 10
I = 0.1A
w.r to 2
1 1 1
I 2 2   I 
2 4 2
I = 0.5A

w.r.to 1
1 1 1
I 2 1  I 
4 4 2
I = 0.5A
So, the overall maximum safe current is the least value since all resistors are in series (i.e) 0.1 A
25. The unit vectors along the mutually perpendicular x, y and z axes are î , ĵ and k̂ respectively.
   
Consider the plane z = 0 and two vectors a and b on that plane such that a   b for any scalar .
 
A vector perpendicular to both a and b is ____ .
(a) – ĵ (b) î  ĵ (c) î (d) k̂

25. Ans: (d)
 
Sol: Given: a & b lie on the plane z = 0 i.e, xy-plane.
  
A vector perpendicular to both a & b is k
 option (d) is correct
26. Consider the finite sequence X = (1, 1, 1). The Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) of X is
given as (x(0), x(1), x(2)). The value of x(2) is ______
26. Ans: 0
Sol: k  0 1 2
X = [1 1 1]
 
1 1 1
1  1 j 3  1 j 3  1 1  3  1
x  1 2  4       
2 4  1  3 1  0.5  0.5  0
3 
1  1  j 3  1 j 3  1

1  0.5  0.5 0

 2 4 2 4 
As we want x[2] = 0
Impulse in time domain gives constant in frequency domain with a simple logic as spectrum
samples are all 1, signal should contain x[n] at n = 0.


27. Assuming that the opamp used in the circuit shown is ideal, the reading of the 1Hz bandwidth,
permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) type voltmeter (in volts) is _____
10 k
20 k
– VM
+ Volt meter
2sin(5000t)
volts
27. Ans: 1
Sol: 10 k
D1
20 k
– V0avg
+
Vin +
Vop D2
– VM
2sin(5000t)
Vin positive  Vop negative (D1 FB, D2 RB)
VD(ON)
V0=0V
20k
–
+ 0V
Vin +
–
Vin negative  Vop positive (D1 RB, D2 FB)

10k
20k
–
+ V0
Vin
– + VD(ON)
10K V
V0   Vin   in
20K 2
2=V0
Vin
0
V0 
0
Vm 
V0 avg   1
 
28. Assume the diode in the circuit shown are ideal. The current Ix flowing through the 3k resistor
(in mA, rounded off to one decimal place) is ______
2 k 15 V
12 V Ix 3 k
10 V
6V
2 k 5V
28. Ans: 1.8

Sol: The diode that experiences more potential difference will switch ON, leaving all other diodes to be
reverse biased.
I 3k 2k
15V 6V
Diode ideal
15  6
I  1.8mA
2k  3k
2(s  1)
29. The loop transfer function of a negative feedback system is G (s)H(s)  . The phase margin
s2
of the system (in degrees, rounded off to one decimal place) is _____
29. Ans: 65.5
Sol: Phase margin
2(s  1)
G (s) 
s2

s = j
2( j  1)
G ( j) 
( j) 2
2 2  1
M
2
  180 0  tan 1 
gc : M=1
2 2  1
1
2
4(2  1)  4
4  42  4  0
2  4.83
gc  2.198
Phase Margin = 180 + 

= 180 – 1800 + tan–1(gc)
= tan–1(2.198)
= 65.50
30. The circuit shown uses ideal opamp powered from a supply VCC = 5V. If the charge qp generated
by the piezoelectric sensor is of the form qp = 0.1 sin (10000t) C, the peak detector output after
10 cycles of qp (in volts, rounded off to one decimal place) is ______
100 nF
PD
VCC = 5V Peak detector
–
10 pF +
qp
100 pF
(1/2)VCC = 2.5V

30. Ans: 1
Sol: qp = 0.1 sin(10000t) C
dq p
i  0.1  104  sin 10000t   10  6
dt
= 1000 sin(10000t)  10–6
1
V0  i
jc

1
j  10000  100  10 9

 1000 sin 104 t  10 6 
=1
31. A laser beam of 10 mm beam diameter is focused onto an optical fibre using a thin biconvex lens
as shown in the figure. The refractive index of the lens is 1.5. The refractive indiex of the core and
cladding of the fibre are 1.55 and 1.54 respectively. The minimum value of the focal length of the
lens to attain the maximum coupling to the fibre (in mm, rounded off to one decimal place) is
lens
core
cladding
fibre
10 mm
31. Ans: 28
Sol: 1 = core R.I. = 1.55
2 = cladd R.I. = 1.54
N.A  12   22
 1.552  1.542
N.A = 0.1758
sin a = NA for max coupling
a = sin–1 (NA)

= sin–1 (0.1758)
= 10.12o
f
10.12
5mm
f
5mm
tan  
f
5mm
f  28.01mm
tan 10.12
32. In the Maxwell-Wien bridge shown, the detector D reads zero when C1 = 100nF and R1 = 100 k.
The Q factor of the coil is _____
R1 R2
C1
2 cos(1000t) V  D
R4 Rx
Lx Coil
32. Ans: 10
Sol: Q.F, Q = R1C1
= 100010010310010–9
= 10
Q = 10
33. A metallic strain gauge of resistance Rx with a gauge factor of 2 is bonded to a structure made of a
metal with modulus of elasticity of 200 GN/m2. The value of Rx is 1k when no stress is applied.
Rx is a part of a quarter bridge with three identical fixed resistors of 1k each. The bridge is
excited from a DC voltage of 4V. The structure is subjected to a stress of 100 MN/m2. Magnitude
of the output of the bridge (in mV, rounded off to two decimal places) is ____

33. Ans: 1
Sol: Gf = 2
E = 200  109 (N/m2)
Rx = 1k
ei = 4V
S = 100  106 (N/m2)
stress
We know E 
strain
100  106
200  10  9

–4
 = 5  10
G f ei 2  5  104  4
e0    1mV
4 4
34. The rms value of the phasor current I in the circuit shown (in amperes) is ______
100
100mH
2 100 cos(1000t ) 
volts 10F
I
34. Ans: 1
j
Sol: Z  R  jL 
c
j

Z  100  j1000 100  10 3  100010  10  6
z  100  j100  j100

Z = 100
100 2
VRMS 2
I RMS  
Z 100
IRMS = 1Ampere

35. A 1000/1 A, 5 VA, UPF bar-primary measuring current transformer has 1000 secondary turns. The
current transformer exhibits a ratio error of –0.1% and a phase error of 3.438 minutes when the
primary current is 1000 A. At this operating condition, the rms value of the magnetization current
of the current transformer (in amperes, rounded off to two decimal places) is ____
35. Ans: 1.01
I P 1000
Sol:  , VSIS = 5VA, cos  = 1 (resistive burden)
IS 1
NP = 1, NS = 1000, n = 1000.
3.48
%  = –0.1%,  = 3.48'   0.058o
60
IP = 1000A, Im = ?

  0.058   0.001012rad
180
I I
  m  0.001012  m
IP 1000
Im = 1.012A
Note:- Consider secondary is resistive burden (UPF)
1  1 0 
36. Consider the matrix M  1  2 1 . One of the eigenvectors of M is
0  1 1
 1 1   1  1
(a)  1 (b) 1 (c)  1 (d)   1
  1 1   1  1
36. Ans: (b)

1  1 0
Sol: Given: M  1  2 1
0  1 1
Consider MX = X
1
From the options, if we choose x  1
1

Then the above equation is satisfied

 option (b) is correct
37. Two T-flips flops are interconnected as shown in the figure. The present state of the flip flops are:
A = 1, B = 1. The input x is given as 1, 0, 1 in the next three clock cycles. The decimal equivalent
of (ABy)2 with A being the MSB and y being the LSB, after the 3rd clock cycle is _____
x
TA A y
Clk
TB B
Clk
Clk
37. Ans: 6
Sol: Given A = 1, B = 1 the input for next 3 clock cycles is 1, 0, 1 from given figure  TA  x.B and
TB = x and y = A + B
P.S input F F input N.S output
AB x TA TB A B y = A+B
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
After the 3rd clock cycle  A = 1, B = 1, y = 0
Decimal equivalent of ABy2 = 1102 = 6
38. The loop transfer function of a negative feedback system is given by

K
G s Hs   , where K > 0. The value of K at the breakaway point of the root locus for
ss  2s  6
the above system (rounded off to one decimal place) is ______


38. Ans: 5
K
Sol: G (s)H(s) 
s(s  2)(s  6)
1  G (s)H(s)  0
K  (s(s  2)(s  6))
K  (s 3  8s 2  12s)
K   (3s 2  16s  12) RL RL

  
s = –6 s = –2 s=0
3s  16s  12  0
2
s  0.903,  4.43
So valid BAP is s = –0.903
K  | (0.903)3  8(0.903) 2  12(0.903) |
K  5.05
39. A straight line drawn on an x-y plane intercepts the x-axis at –0.5 and the y-axis at 1.
The equation that describes this line is_____
(a) y = 2x + 1 (b) y = x – 0.5
(c) y = –0.5x + 1 (d) y = 0.5x –1
39. Ans: (a)
Sol: The line intersects x-axis at –0.5 and y-axis at 1 is given by
x y
 1
 0.5 1
–2x + y = 1
y = 2x + 1
Option (a) is correct
40. The real power drawn by a balanced load connected to a 400 V, 50Hz, balanced, symmetrical 3-
phase, 3-wire, RYB sequence mains is measured using the two-wattmeter method. Wattmeter W1
is connected in the R line and wattmeter W2 is connected in the B line. The line current is
1
measured as A . If the wattmeter W1 reads zero, the reading on W2 (in watts) is _______
3
40. Ans: 200

Sol: When P.F. is 0.5, then one of watt meter reading is zero
cosQ = 0.5
Q = 60
wb = VLILcos(30 – Q)
1
 400   cos30
3
1 3
 400    200W
3 2
41. I1, I2 and I3 in the figure below are mesh currents. The correct set of mesh equations for these
currents, in matrix form is________
V2
–+
I2 1
1 1
V1 + + V3
– I1 2 I3 –
  3  1  2  I1   V1 
(a)   1 3  1 I 2    V2 
 2  1 3   I 3   V3 
  1  1  2  I1   V1 
(b)   1 2  1  I 2   V2 
 2  1 3   I 3   V3 
 3  1  2  I1   V1 
(c)   1 3  1 I 2    V2 
 2  1 3   I 3   V3 
 3  1  2  I1   V1 
(d)   1 3  1 I 2    V2 
 2  1  3  I 3   V3 

41. Ans: (c)

Sol: Mesh equation
– V1 + 1[I1 – I2] + 2[I1 – I3] = 0  I1 – I2 – 2I3 = V1 ____(1)
– V2 + I2 + 1[I2 – I3] +1[I2 – I1] = 0  – I1 + 3I2 – I3 = V2 ____(2)
2[I3 – I1] +1[I3 – I2] +V3 = 0  –2I1 – I2 + 3I3 = –V3 ____(3)
 3  1  2  I1   V1 
  1 3  1 I    V  Option (c) is correct.
  2   2 
 2  1 3   I3   V3 
1
42. The loop transfer function of a negative feedback system is G s Hs   . The Nyquist plot
ss  2
for the above system
(a) does not encircle (–1 + j0) joint
(b) encircles (–1 + j0) point twice in the counterclockwise direction
(c) encircles (–1+j0) point once in the counterclockwise direction
(d) encircles (–1 + j0) point once in the clockwise direction
42. Ans: (d)
Sol: C.E : 1 + G(s)H(s) = 0
S2 – 2s + 1 = 0
S2 1 1
S1 –2 0
S0 1
2 sign changes
 z = –2
  P=1
+2
N = P – Z = 1 – 2 = –1


1
43. A 6 digit timer-counter is set in the 'time period' mode of operation and the range is set as 'ns'.
2
For an input signal, the timer-counter displays 1000000. With the same input signal, the timer-
counter is changed to 'frequency' mode of operation and the range is set as 'Hz'. The display will
show the number ______
43. Ans: 1000
Sol: In time mode display shows = 106 nsec. In case of frequency mode it shows inverse of what it
shown in timer mode
1
So, display in frequency mode   1000Hz
10  10 9
6
44. Consider the function f(x,y) = x2 + y2. The minimum value the function attains on the line
x + y = 14 (rounded off to one decimal place) is _______
44. Ans: 0.5
Sol: Given: f(x,y) = x2 + y2 such that x + y = 1
 y=1–x
Now, f(x) = x2 + (1 – x)2
f(x) = x2 + 1 + x2 – 2x
f(x) = 2x2 – 2x + 1
f x   4 x  2
f x   4
1
f x   0  4 x  2  0  x 
2
1
f    4  0
2
1
 f(x) has minimum at x 
2
2
1 1 1
f min  f    2   2   1
2 2 2
= 0.5.

45. If the opamps in the circuit shown are ideal and Vx = 0.5 mV, the steady state value of V0 (in volts,
rounded off to two decimal places) is ______
100nF
– 20k
–
+– + V0
+
Vx
100 100 99.9k
45. Ans: 0.5

Sol: 100nF
– Vop 20k
–
+ V0
VA
– +
100 0.5mV
+
+
VB 100 99.9k 0.5V
–
V0
V0 100
VB   0.001V0
99.9k  100
VA = –0.5m + 0.001V0
 VA = –0.5mV, therefore Vop is negative and V0 is a positive ramp
 If VB  + 0.5mV  V0 = 0.5V then Vop is positive and V0 should have a negative ramp. If V0 is
any value less than 0.5V and VB < 0.5mV then VA is negative, Vop is negative and V0 should have
a positive ramp.
Therefore V0 cannot go above 0.5V and below 0.5V
 V0 stays at 0.5V


46. As shown in the figure, a slab of finite thickness t with refractive index n2 = 1.5, has air (n1 = 1)
above and below it. Light of free space wavelength 600nm is incident normally from air as shown.
For a destructive interference to be observed at R, the minimum value of thickness of the slab t (in
nm) is ______
I R
n1=1
t n2=1.5
n1=1
46. Ans: 600

Sol: n1 = 1
n2 = 1.5
 = 600nm
We know n = 2t(–1)
n
 t   1
2
n=1

 t   1
2
 600nm
t 
2  1 2  0.5
t = 600nm

47. The system shown in Fig. (a) has a time response y(t) to an input r(t) = 10 u(t) as shown in Fig. (b),
u(t) being the unit step input. Both K,  are positive. The gain K of the system is ______
K
r +
–
y
s  1
Fig. (a)
y(t)
8
0 t
Fig. (b)
47. Ans: 4
10 K
Sol: Y(s)  R (s) T.F 
s (s  1  K )
y()  Lt sY(s)
s 0
 Lt R (s) . T.F
s 0
10 K
 Lt s 8
s 0 s s  1  K
K
 0.8
1 K
K4
dx
48. Consider the differential equation  sin x  , with the initial condition x(0) = 0.
dt
The solution to this ordinary differential equation is ________
(a) x(t) = sin(t) – cos(t) (b) x(t) = sin(t)
(c) x(t) = 0 (d) x(t) = cos(t)
48. Ans: (c)
dx
Sol: Given:  sin x 
dt
cosec(x)dx = dt

 cos ecx dx   dt

x
n tan   t  C ____(1)
2
x(0) = 0, (1)  n 0   0  C
–=C
1  n tan x   t  
2
x
 tan   e t 
2
x
 tan   0
2
x
 0
2
x=0
option (c) is correct.
49. The mutual inductances between the primary coil and the secondary coils of a linear variable
differential transformer (LVDT) shown in the figure are M1 and M2. Assume that the self-
inductances Ls1 and Ls2 remain constant and are independent of x. When x = 0, M1 = M2 = M0.
When x is in the range of 10 mm, M1 and M2 change linearly with x. At x = +10mm or –10 mm,
the change in the magnitude of M1 and M2 is 0.25 M0. For a particular displacement x = D, the
voltage across the detector becomes zero when |V2| = 1.25|V1|. The value of D (in mm, rounded
off to one decimal place) is ________
Core
 V1=VS10
LS1
Detector LP
 V2=VS2180
LS2
+x
0
49. Ans: *

50. Consider the following state variable equations:


x1 t   x 2 t 

x 2 t   6x1 t   5x 2 t 
The initial condition are x1(0) = 0 and x2(0) = 1. At t = 1 second, the value of x2(1) (rounded off to
two decimal places) is _______
50. Ans: –0.1213
 s 0  0 1
Sol: (sI  A)     
0 s   6  5
s  1 
 
6 s  5
T
1 1 s  5  6
(sI  A) 
s(s  5)  6   1 s 
1 s  5 1
(sI  A) 1 
s  5s  6   6 s 
2
1 s  5 1 0
e At x (0)  L1
(s  2)(s  3)   6 s  1
 1 0  
e At x (0)  L1   
 (s  2)(s  3)  s  
 1   1 1 
    
(s  2)(s  3)
e At x (0)  L1    s  2 s  3
 1    2 3
 
 (s  2)(s  3)   s  2 s  3 
x 2 ( t )  2e 2 t  3e 3 t
x 2 ( t  1)  2e 2  3e 3  0.1213
51. The address lines A9 .... A2 of a 10 bit, 1.023 V full-scale digital to analog converter (DAC) is
connected to the data lines D7 to D0 of an 8-bit microprocessor, with A1 and A0 of the DAC
grounded. Now, D7 ... D0 is changed from 1010 1010 to 10101011. The corresponding change in
the output of the DAC (in mV, rounded off to one decimal place) is ______
51. Ans: 1
Sol:
8-Bit A 1 – A2 Vo = ?
Microprocessor A1, Ao
D7 – D0 DAC
DAC is 10 bit, FSO of 1.023V.

Output ‘Vo’ increases by step size, for every 1 bit increment in digital input.
FSO 1.023 1.023
i.e step size     1mV.
2 N  1 210  1 1023
52. Consider two identical bags B1 and B2 each containing 10 balls of identical shapes and sizes. Baag
B1 contains 7 Red and 3 Green balls, while bag B2 contains 3 Red and 7 Green balls. A bag is
picked at random and a ball is drawn from it, which was found to be Red. The probability that the
Red ball came from bag B1 (rounded off to one decimal place) is ________
52. Ans: 0.7
Sol: The given problem can be represented by
7
1 10
B1 R
2
3
1 10
B2 R
2
1 7 1 3 1
PR      
2 10 2 10 2
PB1  R 
PB1 / R  
PR 
1 7

 2 10
1
2
= 0.7

53. In the circuit shown, the rms value of the voltage across the 100 resistor (in volts) is ______
400 V
Balanced 300  100 
Symmetrical
RYB
mains 300  300 
Y
B
53. Ans: 115.47

Sol:
A
300  100 
400V
3
B
300 
Y 300 
RTh:-
300 Rth
300
300 Rth = 100 
Vth:- VL = 400V
400
Vth  Vph  Rth = 100
3 A
+
400
Vth  R = 100 V = ?
3
–
B
 400 / 3 
 V    = 115.47V

 2 

54. A circuit consisting of capacitors, DC voltage source and an amplifier having a voltage gain G=–5
is shown in the figure. The effective capacitance across the nodes
A and B (in F , rounded off to one decimal place) is ______
2F
7F 4F
Gain, G
A
VS +
– 3F
B
54. Ans: 14.8

Sol:
2F
4F
–
+ 5
C=7+3=10F I + V0 =5(0–V)
V
– = –5V
V V   5V 
I 
1 1
S10 || 4 s2 
  20  
I  V  S   6VS2   10 6
  7  
V 1 1
 
I  20  104 
S  12 S   10 6
 7   7 
Ceq = 14.85F

1 n0 1 n  0,3,6,9,...
55. Let gn    andhn    .
0 n  1, 2, 3... 0 otherwise
Consider y[n] = h[n]  g[n], where  denotes the convolution operator. The value of y[2] is ____
55. Ans: 0
Sol: g(n) = 1; n = 0
h(n) = 1; n = 0, 3, 6, 9 - - - - -
y(n) = g(n)  h(n)
= (n)  [(n)+(n–3)+(n–6)+(n–9)+ - - - - -
= (n)+(n–3)+(n–6)+(n–9)+ - - - - -
y(n)
1
n
0 3 6
y(2) = 0


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Hyderabad | Delhi | Ahmedabad | Pune | Bhubaneswar | Bengaluru | Lucknow | Chennai | V ayawada | Vizag | Tirupathi | Kukatpally | Kolkata

Signals & Systems 4 2 8

Sensors & Industrial Instrumentation 2 2 6

01. Ans: (b)

 option (b) is correct

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08. Select the word that fits the analogy:

Performance of Schools P, Q, R and S

(a) 58.5% (b) 59.0% (c) 59.3% (d) 58.8%

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 Area = |x| + 1  2 + 1  3 = 1+2+3 = 6

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03. A Q meter is best suited for the measurement of the ____

m = geometric mean of corner frequencies

1k 5k 3k

(a) A  B   A  B (b) A  B  A  B  (c) A  B  A  B  (d) A  B  A  B 

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value of X(j0) is _____

10. Assume that the opamp in the circuit shown is ideal.

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13. A differentiator has a transfer function whose

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Frequencies at output of sampler is fm  nfs

n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3

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The maximum value of slope occurs at peak line

(a) O  S1 .S0 (b) O  S1  S0

(c) O  S0 .S1 (d) O  S1  S0

17. Ans: (d)

0  S1.S0 .0  S1.S0 .1  S1.S0 .1  S1.S0 .0

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(a) 25/100 (b) 0 (c) 225/100 (d) 1

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(a) 1.0 A (b) 0.05 A (c) 0.1 A (d) 0.5 A

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(a) – ĵ (b) î  ĵ (c) î (d) k̂

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Vin positive  Vop negative (D1 FB, D2 RB)

Vin negative  Vop positive (D1 RB, D2 FB)

28. Ans: 1.8

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Phase Margin = 180 + 

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z  100  j100  j100

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36. Ans: (b)

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Then the above equation is satisfied

38. The loop transfer function of a negative feedback system is given by

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K   (3s 2  16s  12) RL RL