BOYLE’S LAW

Boyle’s law, also called Mariotte’s law, a relation concerning the compression
and expansion of a gas at constant temperature. This empirical relation,
formulated by the physicist Robert Boyle in 1662, states that the pressure (p)
of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume (v) at constant
temperature; i.e., in equation form, pv = k, a constant. The relationship was also
discovered by the French physicist Edme Mariotte (1676).

SAMPLE PROBLEM
For example, calculate the final volume of a gas if the pressure of a 4.0 L
sample is changed from 2.5 atm to 5.0 atm.

FORMULA:
P1V1 = P2V2 P1

SOLUTION:
z = Pfinal/Pinitial
z = 5.0 / 2.5
z=2
Pfinal = 1/z x Vinitial
Pfinal = 1/2 x 4.0 L
Pfinal = 2.0 L
CHARLE’S LAW
Charles's law is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to
expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is: When the
pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature
and the volume will be in direct proportion.

FORMULA
Vi/Ti = Vf/Tf

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the decrease in temperature (in Celsius) when 2.00 L at 21.0 °C is
compressed to 1.00 L.

SOLUTION
(2.00 L) / 294.0 K) = (1.00 L) / (x)
cross multiply to get:
2x = 293
x = 147.0 K
Converting 147.0 K to Celsius, we find -126.0 °C, for a total decrease of 147.0
°C, from 21.0 °C to -126.0 °C.
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
Gay-Lussac's law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies
directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept
constant.

FORMULA
P1 P2
––– = –––
T1 T2

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 30.0 L sample of nitrogen inside a rigid, metal container at 20.0 °C is placed
inside an oven whose temperature is 50.0 °C. The pressure inside the
container at 20.0 °C was at 3.00 atm. What is the pressure of the nitrogen
after its temperature is increased to 50.0 °C?
SOLUTION
P1 P2
––– = –––
T1 T2

3.00 x
––– = –––
293 323
Solution technique: cross-multiply and divide.
x = 3.31 atm (to three sig figs)
AVOGRADO’S LAW
Avogadro's law is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the
amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal
gas law. A modern statement is: Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of
all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of
molecules.

FORMULA
V1 V2
––– = –––
n1 n2

SAMPLE PROBLEM
5.00 L of a gas is known to contain 0.965 mol. If the amount of gas is increased to
1.80 mol, what new volume will result (at an unchanged temperature and pressure)?
SOLUTION
I'll use V1n2 = V2n1

(5.00 L) (1.80 mol) = (x) (0.965 mol)

x = 9.33 L (to three sig figs)

COMBINED GAS LAW
Combined Gas Law combines the three gas laws: Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It
states that the ratio of the product of pressure and volume and the absolute temperature of a gas is
equal to a constant. When Avogadro's law is added to the combined gas law, the ideal gas law results.
FORMULA

P1V1 P2V2
––––– = –––––
T1 T2
SAMPLE PROBLEM
2.00 L of a gas is collected at 25.0 °C and 745.0 mmHg. What is the volume at STP?
SOLUTION
1) You have to recognize that five (of six possible) values are given in the problem and the sixth is an x. Also, remember to
change the Celsius temperatures to Kelvin.
2) When problems like this were solved in the ChemTeam classroom (the ChemTeam is now retired from the classroom), I would
write a solution matrix, like this:
P1 = P2 =
V1 = V2 =
T1 = T2 =
and fill it in with data from the problem.
3) Here is the right-hand side filled in with the STP values:
P1 = P2 = 760.0 mmHg
V1 = V2 = x
T1 = T2 = 273 K
Comment: you can be pretty sure that the term "STP" (Standard Temperature and Pressure) will appear in the wording of at least
one test question in your classroom. The ChemTeam recommends you memorize the various standard conditions. If your
teacher allows a "cheat sheet" to be used on the test, MAKE CERTAIN those values are there.
4) Here's the solution matrix completely filled in:
P1 = 745.0 mmHg P2 = 760.0 mmHg
V1 = 2.00 L V2 = x
T1 = 298 K T2 = 273 K
5) Write the combined gas law equation:
P1V1 P2V2
––––– = –––––
T1 T2
6) Solve for V2 by first cross-multiplying:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
7) Then dividing both sides by P2T1:
P1V1T2
V2 = –––––
P2T1
or:
V2 = (P1V1T2) / (P2T1)
8) Insert the five values in their proper places on the right-hand side of the above equation and carry out the necessary
operations:
(745.0 mmHg) (2.00 L) (273 K)
x = –––––––––––––––––––––––––
(760.0 mmHg) (298 K)
or:
x = [(745.0 mmHg) (2.00 L) (273 K)] / [(760.0 mmHg) (298 K)]
x = 1.796 L
to three significant figures, the answer is 1.80 L
 GAS LAW
 BOYLE’S LAW
 CHARLE’S LAW
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
 AVOGRADO’S LAW
 COMBINED GAS LAW

Submitted by: CEDRICK E. ANUNCIADO

BOYLE’S LAW
Boyle’s law, also called Mariotte’s law, a relation concerning the compression
and expansion of a gas at constant temperature. This empirical relation,
formulated by the physicist Robert Boyle in 1662, states that the pressure (p)
of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume (v) at constant
temperature; i.e., in equation form, pv = k, a constant. The relationship was also
discovered by the French physicist Edme Mariotte (1676).

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A gas occupies 12.3 liters at a pressure of 40.0 mmHg. What is the volume
when the pressure is increased to 60.0 mmHg?
FORMULA:
P1V1 = P2V2 P1

SOLUTION:
(40.0 mmHg) (12.3 liters) = (60.0 mmHg) (x)
x = 8.20 L

Note three significant figures.

CHARLE’S LAW
Charles's law is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to
expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is: When the
pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature
and the volume will be in direct proportion.

FORMULA
Vi/Ti = Vf/Tf

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the decrease in temperature (in Celsius) when 2.00 L at 21.0 °C is
compressed to 1.00 L.
SOLUTION
(2.00 L) / 294.0 K) = (1.00 L) / (x)
cross multiply to get:
2x = 293
x = 147.0 K
Converting 147.0 K to Celsius, we find -126.0 °C, for a total decrease of 147.0
°C, from 21.0 °C to -126.0 °C.
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
Gay-Lussac's law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies
directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept
constant.

FORMULA
P1 P2
––– = –––
T1 T2

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the pressure change when a constant volume of gas at 1.00 atm is
heated from 20.0 °C to 30.0 °C.
SOLUTION
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2
1.00 atm / 20.0 = x / 30.0
x = 1.50 atm
Seems pretty easy. But, it's wrong! Why? I used Celsius rather than Kelvin.
Here's the correct solution:
1.00 atm / 293 = x / 303
x = 1.03 atm

Makes bit of a difference, doesn't it?

AVOGRADO’S LAW
Avogadro's law is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the
amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal
gas law. A modern statement is: Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of
all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of
molecules.

FORMULA
V1 V2
––– = –––
n1 n2

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A cylinder with a movable piston contains 2.00 g of helium, He, at room
temperature. More helium was added to the cylinder and the volume was adjusted
so that the gas pressure remained the same. How many grams of helium were added
to the cylinder if the volume was changed from 2.00 L to 2.70 L? (The temperature
was held constant.)
SOLUTION
1) Convert grams of He to moles:
2.00 g / 4.00 g/mol = 0.500 mol
2) Use Avogadro's Law:
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
2.00 L / 0.500 mol = 2.70 L / x
x = 0.675 mol
COMBINED GAS LAW
Combined Gas Law combines the three gas laws: Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It
states that the ratio of the product of pressure and volume and the absolute temperature of a gas is
equal to a constant. When Avogadro's law is added to the combined gas law, the ideal gas law results.
FORMULA

P1V1 P2V2
––––– = –––––
T1 T2
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The pressure of 8.40 L of nitrogen gas in a flexible container is decreased to one-half its original
pressure, and its absolute temperature is increased to double the original temperature. What is the new
volume?

SOLUTION
This is a combined gas law problem since you have three variables changing: pressure, temperature and volume. There will be
six quantities.

1) Set up the six quantities:

P1 = P1 P2 = P1/2
V1 = 8.40 L V2 = x
T1 = T1 T2 = 2T1
Notice how P2 is represented as being half of P1. Notice how T2 is represented as being twice that of T1.

2) Write, then rearrange the Combined Gas Law:

P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2
V2 = P1V1T2 / T1P2

3) Substitute into the rearranged gas law:

V2 = [(P1)(8.40 L)(2T1)] / [(T1) (P1/2) ]

V2 = 4(8.40 L) = 33.6 L

4) Another way to solve this is to assign placeholder values that fit the requirements of the problem, as follows:

P1 = 2 P2 = 1
V1 = 8.40 L V2 = x
T1 = 1 T2 = 2
Note that the assigned values for pressure decrease by one-half and the assigned values for temperature double, per the
instructions in the problem.

5) Substitute into the rearranged gas law:

V2 = [(2)(8.40 L)(2)] / [(1) (1) ]

V2 = 4(8.40 L) = 33.6 L
 GAS LAW
 BOYLE’S LAW
 CHARLE’S LAW
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
 AVOGRADO’S LAW
 COMBINED GAS LAW

Submitted by: VINCE ELMER B. BORDIOS

BOYLE’S LAW
Boyle’s law, also called Mariotte’s law, a relation concerning the compression
and expansion of a gas at constant temperature. This empirical relation,
formulated by the physicist Robert Boyle in 1662, states that the pressure (p)
of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume (v) at constant
temperature; i.e., in equation form, pv = k, a constant. The relationship was also
discovered by the French physicist Edme Mariotte (1676).

SAMPLE PROBLEM
If a gas at 25.0 °C occupies 3.60 liters at a pressure of 1.00 atm, what will be
its volume at a pressure of 2.50 atm?
FORMULA:
P1V1 = P2V2 P1

SOLUTION:
(1.00 atm) ( 3.60 liters) = (2.50 atm) (x)
x = 1.44 L
CHARLE’S LAW
Charles's law is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to
expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is: When the
pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature
and the volume will be in direct proportion.

FORMULA
Vi/Ti = Vf/Tf

SAMPLE PROBLEM
600.0 mL of air is at 20.0 °C. What is the volume at 60.0 °C?

SOLUTION
(600.0 mL) / (293.0) = (x) / (333.0 K)
x = 682 mL
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
Gay-Lussac's law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies
directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept
constant.

FORMULA
P1 P2
––– = –––
T1 T2

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A gas has a pressure of 0.370 atm at 50.0 °C. What is the pressure at
standard temperature?
SOLUTION
0.370 atm x
–––––––– = –––––
323 K 273 K
x = 0.313 atm (to three sig figs)
AVOGRADO’S LAW
Avogadro's law is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the
amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal
gas law. A modern statement is: Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of
all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of
molecules.

FORMULA
V1 V2
––– = –––
n1 n2

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A flexible container at an initial volume of 5.120 L contains 8.500 mol of gas. More
gas is then added to the container until it reaches a final volume of 18.10 L.
Assuming the pressure and temperature of the gas remain constant, calculate the
number of moles of gas added to the container.
SOLUTION
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
5.120 L 18.10 L
–––––––– = ––––––
8.500 mol x
x = 30.05 mol <--- total moles, not the moles added

30.05 − 8.500 = 21.55 mol (to four sig figs)

COMBINED GAS LAW
Combined Gas Law combines the three gas laws: Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and
Gay-Lussac's Law. It states that the ratio of the product of pressure and volume
and the absolute temperature of a gas is equal to a constant. When Avogadro's
law is added to the combined gas law, the ideal gas law results.
FORMULA
P1V1 P2V2
––––– = –––––
T1 T2
SAMPLE PROBLEM
If the volume of an ideal gas is doubled while its temperature is quadrupled, does
the pressure (a) reman the same, (b) decrease by a factor of 2, (c) decrease by a
factor of 4, (d) increase by a factor of 2, or (e) increase by a factor of 4?
SOLUTION
1) Write the combined gas law:

P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2
2) I will assign a value of 1 to V1 and allow it to double. I will assign a value of 1 to T1 and allow its value to
quadruple.

[(P1)(1)] / 1 = [(P2)(2)] / 4
P1 = P2 / 2

2P1 = P2

the answer is (d) increase by a factor of 2

 GAS LAW
 BOYLE’S LAW
 CHARLE’S LAW
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
 AVOGRADO’S LAW
 COMBINED GAS LAW

Submitted by: SHEENA MARIE NAVARRO