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Design of Spherical Polystyrene Voided Deck As An Alternative For Conventional 1-Way Concrete Slab PDF
Design of Spherical Polystyrene Voided Deck As An Alternative For Conventional 1-Way Concrete Slab PDF
Design of Spherical Polystyrene Voided Deck As An Alternative For Conventional 1-Way Concrete Slab PDF
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
by:
Cubangbang, Jefferson S.
Cura, Eirwell V.
Gumpad, Guiller M.
Sta. Cruz, John Jeric S.
Tulagan, John Lloyd P.
Cunanan, Jeremi J.
Florentino, Luisa Beatrice C.
Santiago, Kate Nicole D.
November 2019
SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering and Architecture
Electronics Engineering Department
ENDORSEMENT
Bibliography: ............................................................................................ 50
CHAPTER I - PROBLEM SETTING
Throughout the years, the trend of building construction has been gearing
optimal structural system (Seungho, & Seunguk, 2018). These methods have
2240 to 2400 kg/m3, the slab’s overall dead load is increased which makes
weight into the whole frame, thereby affecting the size of other structural
studies regarding the reduction of weight of slab to adopt longer lengths and
to reduce the dead weight of concrete slab by 30% and allowing large spans
1
between supports (Adel, & Omar, 2018). Extensive studies also suggest that
function on the slab lessens the energy consumption and emission of exhaust
gases. The bubble deck system or also known as the voided slab is seen as
from humans are buried into the ground, therefore making polystyrene
2
The use of a recycled spherical Styrofoam which acts as hollowed
cavities within the voided slab decrease the self-weight and increase the
the most used material for buildings and structures. The production of cement
involves its consumption of large quantities of raw materials and energy which
3
destruction of the ozone and could adversely affect the environment. The
Philippines ranked 4th out of ten other ASEAN countries, having a total
developing countries utilizes this type of slab for high rise buildings which in
turn limits the span for structures and increases its construction cost. Studies
A voided slab utilizes a hollowed cavity within the section’s middle strip
will determine the overall strength and serviceability of the voided slab.
a. What is the most efficient and adequate design for a voided slab?
c. How does the reduction of materials and weight of the structure help
4
d. What is the effect of the alternative hollowed slab on the structures
Hollowed slab.
To reduce the building cost by decreasing the overall self- weight of the
slab.
slab. Bubble deck slab eliminates the concrete at the middle portion of the
polyethylene induced in the middle strip of the slab to act as voids (Teja, et.
al. 2012). However, the study adopts the use spherical polystyrene as an
alternative for polyethylene which will act as voids in the middle area of the
5
slab. In addition, the voids that are formed within the slab eliminates 35% the
overall weight of the structure. Studies have shown that concrete consumes a
(Seungho, & Seunguk, 2018). In order to reduce these practices, the study
initiates the evaluation of the design and analysis of a one-way bubble deck
6
Figure 1.2 represents the process of analysis and design of the study in
demand for a safe and economical structures is increasing due to the high
construction system that has been used for the reduction of slabs self-weight
reduce the adverse effects of such material to the environment and promotes
7
1.4 Scope, Limitations and Delimitation
1. For the design criteria and analysis of a one-way slab, the Ultimate
yield strength of the steel is 227 MPa (Grade 33). Additionally, in the
7. The main bar and temperature bar diameters in the study is limited to
8
8. For the assessment and analysis of the behavior of both the voided
slab and the concrete slab, a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was
used.
Cement Concrete
9
1.5 Significance of the Study
waste and usage of concrete on the slab of a structure since it affects the
alternative was the use of voided slab which eliminates the middle strip of a
performance.
construction industry since it will reduce the weight and usage of concrete
lesser volume of concrete use and will decrease the usage of other materials
raw materials for its production. The results may serve as a new way into
process of recycling.
subjects which will enhance the integrity of the structure while reducing the
materials used.
10
1.6 Management of Multidisciplinary Environments of the Study
the provisions and allowable loads that is used on the design and analysis of
organized effort of cost comparison between the voided slab and the
11
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
a type of reinforced concrete slabs which utilizes air-filled voids to reduce the
Conventional Concrete Slab - a type of slab reinforced with steel bars that is
Dead Load - consist of the weight of the members, supported structure, and
structure in service.
Live Load - is a load that may change in position and magnitude which are
environmental loads).
the world as a basic ingredient for concrete, mortar, stucco, and non- special
grout.
transportation.
12
Sulfur Oxide (SO2) - is a colorless, pungent chemical compound which is
considered to be useful.
Two- way slab - is a type of slab which is supported by beams on four sides
13
CHAPTER II – RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
The methods used in the design and analysis of the polystyrene voided
slab were based on the Analytical and Experimental Research Method. These
were the primary approach used to obtain the results needed to prove that a
Figure 1.3 shows the flow of activities and steps needed for the
completion of the study. The first phase of the study is to initiate a preliminary
slab is treated using the analysis of T-beams to consider the voids within the
slab. The computed values for the design are checked in provisions and
14
The second phase involves the fabrication of a prototype for testing and
analysis of the behavior of both the conventional slab and that of a voided
slab. A recycled spherical Styrofoam is used which will act as a void for the
middle strip of the slab. The criteria for the design involve the use of a normal
After the fabrication, a test analysis was done and classified based on the
Specimens which utilizes the use of a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The
Figure 1.4 shows the methods used to produce conventional slab and
conventional slab and spherical polystyrene voided slab that will be subjected
15
Figure 1.4 Methods of Production
2.2.1.a Preparation
a. Moisture cans
b. Oven
c. Electronic balance
d. Wire basket
e. Pan
16
g. Vacuum
h. Pycnometer
i. Thermometer
j. Tamping rod
l. Standard sieves
i. Clean and dry 3 pieces if moisture cans and label each can;
worked on;
measure the weight of cans with the sample on it. Record the
weights as Mwet;
iv. Oven dry the cans with soil sample in it for at least a duration of
24 hours;
v. After the cans with sample had been oven dried for 24 hours.
Weigh the oven dried can with sample and record the data as
Mdry; and
vi. Compute for the moisture content of the 3 samples by apply the
formula:
𝑀𝑤𝑒𝑡 − 𝑀𝑑𝑟𝑦
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑤 =
𝑀𝑑𝑟𝑦
17
b. Specific Gravity Test of Coarse Aggregates as per ASTM C127-15
iii. Wipe the material by using a piece of cloth or papers and let it dry
until the color of the gravel turned into light gray. This indicates
iv. Get a wire basket then measure its weight by hanging it on the
vi. Place the entire sample in the basket and weigh the saturated
vii. This time, the sample in the basket should be submerged in the
viii. Remove the basket from the water and so is the sample. Let the
sample dry and put it on a pan. Take note of the weight of the
pan;
ix. Put the pan with sample into the oven to dry the sample; and
x. For 24 hours get the sample from the oven and record the weight
18
c. Specific Gravity Test of Fine Aggregates as per ASTM C128-15
a pan and wash the measured gravel with water. Saturate the
ii. After 24 hours. Drain the water and get the sample out of the pan;
iii. Using a blower, dry the material until the color of the sand turned
into light gray. This indicates that all the water has left the sample;
iv. If the sample is already dry, weigh a saturated surface dry sample
of 500g;
v. Measure the weight of the bottle, volumetric flask, and record the
weight;
vi. Fill the bottle with water until its calibration mark. Record the
temperature reading;
vii. Remove some water from the bottle for about 3/4 of the volume.
Then put the 500g sample into the bottle. Add additional water to
return the level to its calibration mark. Record the weight of this
viii. Use the vacuum for about 10-15 minutes to eliminate the air
bubbles present from the sample. After which determine the total
19
x. Drain the water from the bottle and remove the sample. Place the
sample on the pan. Make sure that it has no water before putting
xi. For 24 hours, get the sample from the oven and weight the oven-
iii. Measure the dimensions of the mold. Get its inside diameter and
iv. Fill the mold with aggregate by using a scoop. Pour it 1ft above
the mouth of the mold until it is full. Then, level the top surface of
v. Determine the weight of the mold with loose sample and record it;
vi. Spill the aggregate on the mixing tray. Fill again the mold by
give another 25 strokes of tamping rod. Then fill the mold until it is
full and tamp it 25 times. Remove the excess aggregate using the
rod;
vii. Determine the weight of mold with recorded sample and record it;
viii. Again, spill the aggregate on the mixing tray. Fill the mold with
20
allowing the base of the mold to raise about 50mm on each side.
When it is already full, level the top surface using the rod;
ix. Determine the weight of mold using jigged sample and record it;
and
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝛾=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑
i. Sieve the aggregate using the appropriate sieves (80 mm, 40 mm,
sieve;
21
f. Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel
ii. Place marks that are 20cm apart from each other with chisel;
and
commercial grade.
425mm x 125mm
Board:
and
iii. Use common wire nails of 2 inches depth to fasten the boards.
22
b. Installation of Reinforcing Bars and Set of Styrofoam
ii. Layout the location of the main reinforcing bars and assemble
bottom;
iii. Layout location of voids and assemble the voids in its proper
location in such a way that it won’t touch any part of the steel
all voids.
for the work can be selected from Table 6.3.1. The slump ranges
23
Mixes of the stiffest consistency that can be placed efficiently
should be used;
iii. Estimation of mixing water and air content ꟷ The quantity of water
24
grading of the aggregates; the concrete temperature; the amount
tabulated values, but they are sufficiently accurate for the first
25
aggregates, cements, and cementitious materials generally
the number of low tests within specific limits ꟷ see ACI 214 and
ACI 318;
26
produce concrete of satisfactory workability when a given volume
volume are given in Table 6.3.6. It can be seen that, for equal
void content;
27
d. Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens
iii. Check the slump (ASTM C143/C143M – 15), air content and
temperature of concrete;
iv. For cylindrical specimens, place concrete into the mold using
scoop or trowel. Fill the cylinder in three equal layers and rod
after each layer is rodded. Strike off the top and smooth the upper
v. For beam or slab specimens, grease the sides of the mold and fill
28
e. Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete as
layers, each approximately one third the volume of the mold. Place
the concrete in the mold using the scoop. Move the scoop around
NOTE 5—One third of the volume of the slump mold fills it to a depth of
25⁄8 in. [70 mm]; two thirds of the volume fills it to a depth of 61⁄8 in.
[160 mm];
ii. Rod each layer 25 times uniformly over the cross section with the
rounded end of the rod. For the bottom layer, this will necessitate
strokes spirally toward the center. Rod the bottom layer throughout
its depth. For each upper layer, allow the rod to penetrate through
the layer being rodded and into the layer below approximately 1 in.
[25 mm];
iii. In filling and rodding the top layer, heap the concrete above the
29
subsidence of the concrete below the top edge of the mold, add
the mold at all times. After the top layer has been rodded, strike off
motion of the tamping rod. Continue to hold the mold down firmly
and remove concrete from the area surrounding the base of the
or torsional motion. Complete the entire test from the start of the
difference between the top of the mold and the displaced original
occurs (Note 6), disregard the test and make a new test on another
falling away or shearing off of a portion of the concrete from the mass
30
2.2.1.c Dismantling and Curing
a. Removing Formworks
casted; and
ii. Prepare the cylindrical concrete sample for curing as per C31 /
C31M-19.
2.2.1.d Testing
31
ii. Put capping on the top surface of the cylinder to ensure
distribution of load;
iv. Subject the specimens to compression test using the UTM and
specimen; and
ii. Center the loading system in relation in the applied force. Use
third-point loading;
32
2.2.1.e Interpretation of Data
The study is limited to the design of polystyrene voided slab which can be
contributes to the overall dead load that the beams carry which in turn affects
the other structural members. It can be inferred that the study is fit for the
compare the data needed to prove the study. Observation and analysis
maximum loading, shear capacity and failure modes are done for the study.
The comparison and analysis are done to both the voided slab and the
evaluate the location of the effective area of concrete of the slab. The data
33
gathered was processed to comply with the NSCP 2015 provisions. The
proposed voided slab is done using the provisions stated in NSCP 2015. The
thickness, yield strength of steel, clear spacing of main bars, and the
slab was made similar with the parameters for the conventional slab to yield
D75mm
Spherical
Styrofoam
34
Parameters
Depth= 100mm
Depth= 110mm
𝐶=𝑇
′
0.85𝑓 𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑦
𝜋
0.85 ∗ 20.7 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = ( ∗ 102 ) ∗ 276
4
𝐴𝑐 = 1232 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑓 = 𝑏𝑓 ∗ 𝑡
𝐴𝑓 = 125𝑚𝑚 ∗ 30𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑓 = 3750𝑚𝑚2
Criteria:
𝐴𝑐
𝑎=
𝑏𝑓
1232𝑚𝑚2
𝑎=
125𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 9.86𝑚𝑚
35
𝑎 9.86𝑚𝑚
∴𝑐= = = 11.6𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.85
Validation:
600(𝑑 − 𝑐 )
𝑓𝑠 =
𝑐
600(100 − 11.6)
𝑓𝑠 =
11.6
𝑓𝑠 = 4572.41𝑀𝑝𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (276)
𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ (𝑑 − )
2
𝜋 9.86
0.9 ∗ (4 ∗ 102 ) ∗ 276 ∗ (100 − 2 )
𝑀𝑢 =
106
𝑀𝑢 = 1.85 𝐾𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚
Criteria:
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦 = 276 = 0.00507
0.85 ∗ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ∗ 𝛽 ∗ 600 0.85 ∗ 20.7 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = = = 0.0371
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦) 276(600 + 276)
𝜌min (0.00507) < 𝜌(0.005712) < 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 (0.0371)
∴ 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒔
36
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 )
𝑓′𝑐
276
0.9(0.005712)(1000)(1102 )(276) (1 − 0.59(0.005712) (20.7))
𝑀𝑢 =
106
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟎 𝑲𝑵 • 𝒎
B. Percentage Difference
(16.40𝐾𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚 − 14.838𝐾𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚)
% 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑥 100%
(16.40𝐾𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚)
%𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟐%
reduction between the one-way conventional and voided slab. The moment
KN⋅m, but when voids were introduced into the slab, the moment capacity
Where:
C= Compression
T= tension
t= thickness of flange, mm
37
h= thickness of slab, mm
S= spacing, mm
conventional slab. Subsequent load capacity used for the study of each slab
Figure 1.5 shows the detailed design for a one- way voided slab based
38
Figure 1.6.a and 1.6.b shows the theoretical cross-sectional detail of the
voided slab.
39
CHAPTER III - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
helps researchers to point out the important aspects of their chosen topic that
includes the key sources related to the topic, trends and gaps in their
research area.
structural function and reducing the structural dead loads therefore, removing
Jorgen Bruenig developed the first biaxial hollow slab also known as
the "Bubble Deck" in Denmark late 1990's. In Denmark and Holland, the two-
way concrete slab system was developed. Bubble deck became an integral
part of the Millennium Tower and this became significant from engineers and
researchers worldwide.
beams and column heads which make it more cost-efficient with having 3% of
the project cost can be reduced by the manufacturer and making it more
and with the floor system itself, which eventually results in a 50% saving on
40
the building construction. In addition, Bubble deck slab floor can provide the
saving weight and can result in 40 to 50% saving of the material consumption
in the floor construction. Bubble Deck slabs behavior is influenced by the slab
materials, and for every 1kg of plastic (HDPE) replaces approximately 100kg
of concrete.
behavior of the bubble deck slab by using spherical balls. Studies showed that
modified elliptical balls have greater ultimate loading with having the same
dimension and concrete grade compared with using other plastic balls. By
using the same amount of concrete and with the same dimensions increases
the configuration that bubble slab gives improved flexural capacity, stiffness,
Gupta & Jain (2017). The bridge deck model was designed and
analyzed by the software in finite element analysis in the static and dynamic
analysis of the solid slab as well as the bubble deck slab. Further analysis
was conducted to compare the response of this new kind of slab and the
41
bubble deck. A 3-dimensional solid slab and bubble deck slab was made
within the ANYSIS 2000 with complete dimension as in used in the laboratory
testing. On the analysis, the maximum moment and internal stress of the
bubble deck were 64% higher than the solid deck. The observations under the
bubble deck slab with having slab dimensions of 660mm, 330mm, 14cm of
the length, width and depth respectively, that the maximum shear loading was
The shear strength of the bubble deck voided slab was determined to be 60 to
80% of the conventional slab with having the same depth in accordance with
the shear capacity of the bubble deck since shear is also a major concern for
the design. The shear strength of the slab is directly proportional to the
portion of a solid slab and replacing it with a spherical hollow HDPE, there
solid slab. And in terms of flexural strength, the resisting moments of the two
Jamal & Jolly (2017). Finite Element Method was to study the
structural behavior of the bubble deck slab with spherical and elliptical balls
According to them, the behavior of the bubble deck slab is determined by the
welded. They are placed as two meshes, one at the top part and the other
42
one at the bottom part. The distance between all of the bars was kept, making
sure that the dimensions of the bubbles that were provided between the top
and bottom meshes correspond to it. Through this technology, the ellipsoids
between the top and bottom reinforcement meshes can be locked. It creates a
bubble deck slab and conventional solid slab, results have shown that the
shrinkage of the bubble deck slab is negligible than a solid slab under same
study, the shear resistance of a bubble deck slab is 0.6 times the conventional
values of a solid deck, the average shear capacity measured is 91% for the
the spheres used can still be can be recycled. The slab thickness of the
its behavior.
and a suitable design for reinforcements this would give the bubble deck slab
system of equal normal durability standards in comparison with the solid slab.
43
In addition, for a joint of a bubble deck slab, chamfer is present on the inside
to assure that the reinforcement will not have contact with air to have it
Researchers found out that bubble deck slab system has approximately 17%
the same thickness, hence, this system may contribute towards thermal
For Sound insulation, the reduction of weight is the main criterion for
reducing noise, therefore, making bubble deck not react than other decks with
equal weight. A comparison was made between a bubble deck and a one-way
prefabricated hollow deck of the same height and the result shows that there
is a 1db noise reduction on the bubble deck higher than the one-way
For Vibration, the Bubble deck slab is lightweight that may be exploited
if it can usefully alter the modal frequencies of a slab and is not subject to
vibration. In comparison to solid slab, the bubble deck slab can give up to 2
Patel, Kachhadia & Shah (2017). aim to reduce the heavy loads or
but also it can reduce the total self-weight of the structure. Non-destructive
44
test was performed specifically the Rebound Hammer test at the interval of 7,
21 and 28 days. The 20% replacement for coarse aggregates, the average
compressive strength of the concrete is 20.3 MPa, 31.68 MPa and 38.25 MPa
23.52 MPa and 30.5 MPa in 7, 21 and 28 days respectively. The results of the
days were tabulated and results concluded that the target strength of 30 MPa
is used.
Lakshmipriya & Pandi (2018). The results of using the bubble deck
compared with the conventional slab and also gives an important factor that it
reduced the quantity of emitted carbon dioxide. Using bubble deck also can
increase the span length of the slab with a lower cost and reduced material.
The volume of the slab is 8.505 cubic meter and the amount of concrete
cubic meters. The concrete volume of the conventional slab is 8.07 cubic
flat slabs and bubble deck slabs. According to the results, the conventional
slab having a load of 260 KN, a deflection of 8.70mm and a weight of 321 Kg
mm and a weight of 242 Kg. Results conclude that the load-carrying capability
45
of the continuous bubble deck slab is high as compare to different slab. It is
mentioned that three cases of bubble deck slabs carry additional freight than
the traditional block. The continual bubble deck block is twenty-third additional
load carrying capability than the conventional slab. Although the deflection of
continuous bubble deck is relatively high than the conventional slab. The
conventional slab is relatively heavier than the continuous bubble deck. The
continuous bubble deck slab has 6% more deflection behavior than the
conventional slab and the continuous bubble deck slab is 33% less weight
Since the Bubble Deck slab has limited formwork, it produces floors
20% faster that minimize the construction costs and of course, minimizes the
use of concrete. Bubble deck helps in designing larger cantilevers and allows
stronger and thicker slabs of concrete having larger areas. The research
the weight of concrete and to strengthen the overall frame. The test was
deck for a bridge. The researchers used the knowledge collected during
bridges that is lighter but has the strength that is similar to the typical
slab. The arrangement of the hollow balls also affects the load-carrying
46
capacity of the slab. On the other hand, Bubble Deck also improves the
lesser. Thus, they have concluded that the Bubble Deck slab gives better
Adel & Omar (2018). It was found out that most reviews do prefer the
use of a voided slabs since it is of convenient use in flooring and roofing since
The studies showed that: the deflection of the slab decreases as the
diameters of the void decreases also, test results were found out that the
from 30 percent to 40 percent, the test results also indicated that the
ultimate capacity by 2.8% and 14.7% relative to the voids in circular shape
respectively for the hollow core slabs, the test also proved that the full load
when utilizing the minimum shear reinforcement it usually increases the shear
capacity of the voided slabs significantly., it is found out that the decreasing of
shear spans to an effective depth ratios for a aggregates that are lightweight
Wheeler (2018). According to his study, it was proved that the design
of a voided concrete slab is much more effective for long span structures due
47
feet, it may still be effective but the savings for these concrete sans may not
outweigh the costs associated with flat plate concrete slabs. There are
projects where the concrete voided slab are found significant, as such may
include projects which require a very limited ceiling to ceiling heights and
projects which require large spans but somehow may also found voided
concrete slabs to be insignificant, but still, owners tend to choose the system
reduce environmental burdens since this type of slab section would use a
lesser concrete and it was also an example of a low-carbon design for three
environmental impacts. The hollow slab will act like two-way spanning
concrete slab that decreases 35% of the dead load at the same time
increasing the capacity by 100%. The Bubble deck, through tests, models,
This solved the problem in terms of reducing the weight of the slab, however,
significantly decreased since both factors have a direct relation to the depth of
the concrete.
Kiss & Onet (2008). The difference in ultimate strength of the solid and
voided slab is very little since the voids are placed at the center of the section.
This process is a way of decreasing the weight of the slab while retaining its
ultimate strength.
48
STUDIES REGARDING MIX DESIGN OF STYROFOAM CONCRETE
coarse aggregate can lessen the waste in the country. Pulverized fly ash and
to their mix design. They compared the 28-day strength of pure Styrofoam as
coarse aggregate. The guideline of their design is the grade M40 design.
gravel is used but during mixing, Styrofoam cubed reduced about 30% of its
6.9 MPa as a result of the conducted compressive test. To be able to use the
strength of the Styrofoam concrete still too far from the target strength of 40
MPa at 28-days. From the results it was concluded that the failure is due to
49
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