Solid Geometry

Solid Geometry (also known as Solid Mensuration) is the study of various solids. It is the study

of the measure of volume, area, height, length, and many more. This subject is used extensively in the

practice of engineering. The knowledge of this subject is a necessity to engineers in any project

construction.

o A solid is any limited portion of space bounded by surfaces.

o A section of a solid is the plane figure cut from the solid by passing a plane through it.

o A polyhedron is a solid bounded by planes.

o The edges of a polyhedron are the intersections of the bounding planes.

o The faces are the portions of the bounding planes included by the edges. The faces are

polygons.

o The vertices are the intersections of the edges.

Cube

A cube is a polyhedron whose six faces are all squares.

Properties:

1. The three dimensions of a cube are equal to one another.

Therefore, all edges are equal.

2. All the faces of a cube are congruent squares.

Formulas

The total area of a cube is equal to the sum of the areas of its faces.

Total Area = 6(area of one face)

T = 6a2

1|Solid Geometry
 The volume of a cube is equal to the cube of its edge.

Volume = ( edge )3

V = s3

Problem 1

How many dice can a box in the shape of a cube contain if an edge of the box measures 10 in. and an
edge of a dice measures 1 in?

𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑥 (10 𝑖𝑛 )3

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑥 = = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑥 = 1000
𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 ( 1 𝑖𝑛 )3

Rectangular Parallelepiped

A rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six phases are all rectangles.

Properties

1. The parallel edges of a rectangular parallelepiped are

equal.

2. The opposite lateral phases of a rectangular parallelepiped are equal and parallel.

3. Any two opposite faces of a rectangular parallelepiped may be taken as the base.

4. Every section of a rectangular parallelepiped made by a plane parallel to the base is equal in area

to that of the base.

Formulas

The total area of a rectangular parallelepiped is equal to the sum of the areas of the faces.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

T = 2(ab + bc + ac)

The volume of a rectangular parallelepiped is equal to the product of the base and the altitude.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑉 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐

2|Solid Geometry
Problem 4

Find the capacity of a refrigerator whose inside dimensions are 3 ft by 2.6 ft by 1.8 ft and a freezing unit

1.1 ft by 0.8 ft by 0.7 ft subtracts from the storage room of the refrigerator.

𝑉 = (3 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 2.6 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 1.8 𝑓𝑡)– (1.1 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 0.8 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 0.7 𝑓𝑡) = 14.04 𝑓𝑡 3 – 0.616 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑉 = 13. 424 𝑓𝑡 3

Prism

A prism is a polyhedron of which two faces are equal polygons in

parallel planes and the other faces are parallelograms.

Properties:

1. The bases are equal polygons; the lateral area is the sum of the
areas of the remaining faces.
2. The intersections of the lateral faces are called the lateral edge. The lateral edges are equal and
parallel.
3. The sections of a prism made by parallel planes cutting all the lateral edges are equal polygons.
4. The altitude of a prism is the perpendicular distance between the planes and its base.
5. A right section of a prism is the section perpendicular to the lateral edges.
6. A right prism is a prism whose lateral edges are perpendicular to its base. Its lateral faces are
rectangles.

Formulas
The lateral area of a prism is equal to the product of a lateral edge and the perimeter of the right
section.
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑆 = 𝐸𝑃𝑘
𝑉 = 𝑏ℎ
𝑉 = 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝑉 = 𝐾𝑒
The volume of a prism is equal to either the product of a base and the altitude or the product of
aright section and a lateral edge.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑉 = 𝑏ℎ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒

3|Solid Geometry
 𝑉 = 𝐾𝑒
A masonry dam 50 ft high has a uniform vertical cross section. The dam is 80 ft long and its material

weighs 125 lb. per cubic ft. find the weight of the dam if it is in the form of a prism with trapezoidal

bases. The area of one base is the area of a trapezoid whose bases are 5 ft and 15 ft. and whose altitude is

50 ft.

𝐵1 + 𝐵2 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ 125 𝑙𝑏
𝐵= (ℎ) 𝑊= 𝑉
2 𝑓𝑡 3
= (500 𝑓𝑡 2 )(80 𝑓𝑡)
5 𝑓𝑡 + 15 𝑓𝑡 125 𝑙𝑏
= (50 𝑓𝑡) = (40,000 𝑓𝑡 3 )
2 = 40,000 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3
= 500 𝑓𝑡 2 = 5,000,000 𝑙𝑏

Problem 2

A window box shaped like a rectangular prism has a length of 4 ft, a width of 2ft, and a height of 3 ft.
Find the volume of the box.

𝐵 = 𝑙 𝑥 𝑤 = 4 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 2 𝑓𝑡𝐵 = 8 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
= (8 𝑓𝑡 2 )(2𝑓𝑡)𝑉 = 16 𝑓𝑡 3

Problem 3

A trough has triangular ends which lie in a parallel plane. The top of the trough is a horizontal rectangle
10 in by 12 in and the depth of the trough is 16 in how much water will it hold?
= 60 𝑖𝑛2
𝐵 = ½ 𝑙𝑤
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
= ½ (10 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 12 𝑖𝑛) = (60 𝑖𝑛2 )(16 𝑖𝑛)𝑉 = 960 𝑖𝑛3

Problem 4

A trench is 16 km long, 2 km deep, 1 km wide at the top and 2 km at the bottom. How many cubic yards

of earth has been removed?

4|Solid Geometry
 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 = 24 𝑘𝑚2
𝐵=𝑙𝑥
2

𝑉 = 𝑏ℎ = (24 𝑘𝑚2 )(2𝑘𝑚)𝑉 = 48 𝑘𝑚3

1𝑘𝑚 + 2 𝑘𝑚
= (16 𝑘𝑚) ( )
2

Problem 5

A package of chocolate is 3 ft deep with a base of 12 ft2. What is the weight of the package if 1 ft3 = 2.3

kg?

2.3 𝑘𝑔 2.3 𝑘𝑔
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ 𝑊 = 𝑉( 3
) = 36 𝑓𝑡 3 ( )
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 3
= (12 𝑓𝑡 2 )(3𝑓𝑡)𝑉 = 36 𝑓𝑡 3
= 82.8 𝑘𝑔

Similar Polyhedrons
Definition: Similar polyhedrons are polyhedrons that have the same number of faces respectively similar
and similarly placed and have their corresponding polyhedral angles equal.
- Corresponding lines of similar figures are proportional.

Formulas:

The areas of similar plane figures or similar surfaces (s, S) have the same ratio as the squares of
any two corresponding lines (x, X).

𝑠 𝑥2
= 2
𝑆 𝑋

5|Solid Geometry
 The volumes of similar solids (v, V) have the same ratio as the cubes of any two corresponding
lines (x, X).

𝑣 𝑥3
= 3
𝑉 𝑋

In similar figures of any kind, pairs of corresponding line segments such as x, X, and y, Y have
the same ratio.

𝑥 𝑦
=
𝑌 𝑌

Cylindrical Surface

A cylindrical surface is a surface generated by a moving straight line(generator) which is always

parallel to a fixed line and which always intersects a fixed plane curve (directrix) not in the plane with the

fixed line.

Properties:

1. An element of a cylindrical surface is the generator in any paticular position.

2. If the directrix of a cylindrical surface is a closed curve, the surface is closed.

3. Any line, not an element, tangent to any curve in any cylindrical surface is tangent to the surface.

4. A plane is tangent to a cylindrical surface if it contains an element of the cylindrical surface and a

line tangent to the surface.

6|Solid Geometry
 Cylinder
A cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel
planes.
Properties:
1. The bounding cylindrical surface of a cylinder is called the lateral surface and
the two bounding parallel planes are called the bases.
2. The bases of a cylinder are equal.
3. The altitude of a cylinder is the perpendicular distance between the bases.
4. The section of the cylinder made by two parallel planes, neither of which cuts a base and both of
which cut an element are equal.
5. Every section of a cylinder to the base has an area equal to that of the base.
6. The section of a cylinder which contains an element of the cylinder and a point of the cylindrical
surface in this element is a parallelogram. This section contains the element through the given
point.
7. The elements of a cylinder are equal.
8. A right section of a cylinder is a section perpendicular to all elements of a cylinder.
9. If the bases of a prism are inscribed in the bases of a cylinder and the lateral edges of the prism
are elements of the cylinder, the prism is said to be inscribed in the cylinder.
10. If the bases of a prism are circumscribed about the bases of a cylinder, and the lateral edges are
parallel to the elements of the cylinder, the prism is said to be circumscribed in the cylinder.

Formulas
The lateral area of a cylinder is equal to the product of the perimeter of a right section and an
element.
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑆 = 𝑃𝑘𝑒
The volume of the cylinder is equal either to the product of a base and the altitude or to the
product of an element and a right section.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑉 = 𝑏ℎ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝑉 = 𝐾𝑒
Problem 1

The volume of a cylindrical tank is 75 m3. If its height is 9.0 m, find its radius.

𝑉 75 𝑚3 2
𝑟2 = = = √2.6525 𝑚2 𝑟 = 1.63 𝑚𝑑 = 3.26 𝑚
𝜋ℎ 3.1416(9 𝑚)

7|Solid Geometry
Problem 2

The volume of a cylindrical container is 500 cm3. If its radius is 5 cm, find its height.

𝑉 500 𝑐𝑚3
ℎ= = ℎ = 6.37𝑐𝑚
𝜋𝑟 2 3.1416(5 𝑐𝑚)2

Problem 3

A cylinder is cast from a rectangular piece of alloy 5 cm by 7 cm by 12 cm. If the length of the

cylinder is to be 50 cm, find its diameter.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 5𝑐𝑚 × 7𝑐𝑚 × 12𝑐𝑚

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 420 𝑐𝑚3

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑟 2

2 𝑉 420 𝑐𝑚3 2
= = = √2.674 𝑐𝑚2 𝑟 𝑟 = 1.63 𝑐𝑚𝑑 = 3.26 𝑐𝑚
𝑟 𝜋ℎ 3.1416(50 cm)

Problem 4

The average depth of a lake is estimated to be 50 ft. if the surface area is 20 acres, find the volume of
water in the lake.

17.28 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
20 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 345. 6 𝑓𝑡 2
1 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒
= 345.6 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑥 50 𝑓𝑡

= 17,280 𝑓𝑡 3

Problem 5

An indoor skating rink with an area of 1000 sq. yard has a concrete flooring 3 inches thick. Find the
amount of concrete used in laying the floor.

1 𝑦𝑑
3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 0.08333 𝑦𝑑
36 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

8|Solid Geometry
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ = 1000 𝑦𝑑2 𝑥 0.08333 𝑦𝑑𝑉 = 83.33 𝑦𝑑3

Pyramid

A pyramid is a polyhedron of which one face, called the

base, is a polygon of any number of sides and the other faces
are triangles which have a common vertex.

Properties:

1. The triangular faces are called the lateral faces.

2. The altitude of a pyramid is the length of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the plane
of the base.
3. If a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to the base, the lateral edges and the altitude are divided
proportionally; the section is a polygon similar to the base, the lateral edges and the altitude are
divided proportionally; the section is a polygon similar to the base and the areas of two such
sections arc to each other as the square of their distance form the vertex. The base itself may be
considered one of the sections.

4. If two pyramids have equal bases and equal altitudes by property 3, we can show the area of the
section of the pyramid parallel to the base is equal to the area of the corresponding section of the
other. Hence in accordance withCearalisn’s theorem the two pyramids are equivalent.

Formulas
The lateral area of a pyramid is equal to the sum of the areas of the lateral faces of the pyramid.
𝑆 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑆 = 6𝐴
The volume of any pyramid is equal to one third the product of the bases and the altitude.
1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
3
1
𝑉= 𝐵ℎ.
3

9|Solid Geometry
 Regular Pyramid

Regular pyramid is one whose base is a regular

polygon whose centre coincides with the foot of the
perpendicular dropped from vertex of the base.

Properties:

1. The lateral edges of a regular pyramid are equal.

2. The lateral faces of a regular pyramid are congruent isosceles triangles.

3. The altitudes of the lateral faces of a regular pyramid are equal.

4. The slant height of a regular pyramid is the altitude of the lateral face.

5. The altitude of a regular pyramid is equal to the length of the perpendicular dropped from the

vertex of the center of the base.

6. If a regular pyramid is cut by plane parallel to its base, the pyramid cut off is a regular pyramid.

Formulas
The lateral area of a regular pyramid is equal to one half the product of the perimeter of the base and the
slant height.
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1/2 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝑆 = ½ 𝑝𝑙
The volume of a regular pyramid is equal to one third the product of the base and the altitude
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 1/3 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝑉 = 1/3 𝐵ℎ
Problem 1

If there are 1.25 ft3in a bushel, what is the capacity (in bushels) of a hopper in the shape of an inverted
pyramid 10 ft deep and 5ft squre at the top.

𝐵 = 𝑠2 𝑉 = 1/3 𝐵ℎ 1 𝑏𝑢
= 83.333𝑓𝑡 3 𝑥
= (5𝑓𝑡)2 = 1/3 (25 𝑓𝑡 2 ) (10 𝑓𝑡) 1.25 𝑓𝑡 3

= 25 𝑓𝑡 2 = 83.333 𝑓𝑡 3 = 66.664𝑏𝑢

10 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
Problem 2

VABCD is a square-based pyramid with vertex V and A B E C D OV base ABCD, with V vertically above
the centre of the square base. The height of the pyramid is 4 cm and the side length of the base is 6 cm,
find the surface area of the pyramid.

𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = √(3𝑐𝑚)2 + (4𝑐𝑚) 2 𝑐 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑠 2 = (6𝑐𝑚)(6𝑐𝑚)

= 5 𝑐𝑚 = 36 𝑐𝑚2
𝑆
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑥 𝑉𝐸 = (6 𝑐𝑚 𝑥 5𝑐𝑚) = 4 𝑥 15 𝑐𝑚2
2 2
= 15 𝑐𝑚 2 + 36 𝑐𝑚2 𝑆 = 96𝑐𝑚2

Problem 3

When it was built, the Great Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt had a height of 145 m and its base was a square
of side length 229 m., find its volume.

𝐵 = 𝑠 2 = (229 𝑚)2 𝐵 = 52441 𝑚2 1

= 52441 𝑚2 (145𝑚)
3
= 7603945 𝑚2
1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3

Problem 4

A square pyramid has a perpendicular height of 4 cm. If a side of the base is 2.4 cm long find the

volume.
1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3
1
= (2.4 𝑐𝑚)2 (4 𝑐𝑚)𝑉 = 7.68 𝑐𝑚3
3

Problem 5

A pyramid having a square base has a perpendicular height of 25 cm and a volume of 75cm.

Determine the length of each side of the base.

1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3
𝑉
𝐵= 1
3
ℎ

11 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
 75𝑐𝑚3
=1 𝐵 = 9 𝑐𝑚2
(25 𝑐𝑚)
3

𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = √𝐵

𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = √9 𝑐𝑚2

𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 3 𝑐𝑚

Conical Surface
A conical surface is a surface generated by a moving

straight line(generator) which always intersects a fixed plane

(directrix)and which always passes through a fixed point

(vertex)not in the plane with the fixed curve.

Properties:

1. An element of a conical surface is the generator in any

particular position.

2. Any line, not an element, tangent to any curve on a conical surface is tangent to the surface.

3. A plane is tangent to a conical surface if it contains an element of the conical surface and a line

tangent to the surface.

Right Circular Cone

Right Circular Cone is a circular cone whose axis is perpendicular to its base.

12 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
Properties:

1. The slant height of a right circular cone is the length of an element.

2. The altitude of a right circular cone is the distance between the vertex and the center of the circle

which forms its base.

3. A right circular cone is a solid generated by rotating a right triangle about one of its legs as an

axis; the surface generated by the hypotenuse of the triangle is the lateral area of the cone and the

area of the base of the cone is the surface generated by the leg which is not the axis of rotation.

4. All elements of a right circular cone are equal.

5. A section of a right circular cone parallel to the base is a circle whose center is on the axis of the

cone.

6. A section of a right circular cone which contains the vertex and two points of the base is an

isosceles triangle.

Formulas

The lateral area of a right circular cone is equal to one-half the product of the circumference of the base

and the slant height.

1
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2

1
𝐿= 𝐶𝑙
2

The volume of a right circular cone is equal to one-third the product of the base and the altitude.

1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
3

1
𝑉= 𝑏ℎ
3

13 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
 Cone
A cone is the solid bounded by a conical surface (lateral surface)
whose directrix is a closed curve and a plane (base) which cuts all the
elements.

Properties

1. The altitude of a cone is the perpendicular distance from the

vertex to the plane of the base.
2. Every section of a cone made by a plane passing through its
vertex and containing two points of the base is a triangle.
3. The axis of a cone is a straight line joining the vertex with the center of the base (if the base
has a center).
4. A right section of a cone is a section perpendicular to its axis and cutting all the elements.
5. A circular cone is a cone whose right section is a circle.

Formula
The volume of a cone is equal to one third the product of the base and the altitude.
1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒.
3
1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3

Problem 1

The crater of a volcano is approximately in the shape of a cone of base 2.5 sq. miles. The crater’s depth is
1000 ft. how many cubic yards of earth would be required to fill this cavity?

27878400 𝑓𝑡 2 1 1
2.5𝑚𝑖 2 𝑥 = 69696000 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ = (69696000 𝑓𝑡 2 )(1000 𝑓𝑡)𝑉
1 𝑚𝑖 2 3 3
= 2,323, 200, 000 𝑓𝑡 3

Problem 2

A conical pile of sand 6 ft in height has a volume of 64 ft3. If the bottomof the pile is on level ground,
how much ground does it cover?

1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3

14 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
 1
64 𝑓𝑡 3 = 𝐵(6 𝑓𝑡)
3

64 𝑓𝑡 3 2 𝑓𝑡 𝐵
=
2 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡

𝐵 = 32 𝑓𝑡

Problem 3

The vertex of a cone is at the midpoint of an upper edge of a cube. The base of the cone is a circle
inscribed in the lower base of the cube. If the edge of the cube is 10 in, find the volume of the cone.
𝐵 = 𝑠 2 = (10 𝑖𝑛)2 𝐵 = 100 𝑖𝑛2 1
𝑉= 𝐵ℎ
3
1 3
= (100 𝑖𝑛2 )(10 𝑖𝑛)
3 𝑉 = 333.333 𝑖𝑛

Problem 4

A pile of sand is in the form of a right circular cone of altitude 10ft. and slant height 20ft. What is the
weight of the sand, if the sand weighs 107.5 lb. per cu. ft.?
1
V = 3
𝐵ℎ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2

1
= 3 [(𝜋)(17.32)2 ](10𝑓𝑡) 𝑏 2 = 202 − 102

𝑉 = 3141.41 𝑓𝑡.3 𝑏 = 17.32

107.5𝑙𝑏.
𝑉 = 3141.41 𝑓𝑡.3 𝑥 = 337,701.575 𝑙𝑏.
1𝑓𝑡.3

Problem 5

The liquid content of a glass is in the form of a cone of base diameter 5 cm. If the glass contains 10 fluid
oz., and 1 fluid oz. = 1.805 cu. cm., what is the greatest depth of the liquid?
1 1
V = 𝐵ℎ = (10)(1.805 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚. ) = [𝜋(2.5𝑐𝑚. )2 ]ℎℎ = 2.7578𝑐𝑚
3 3

15 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
 Frustum of a Regular Pyramid
A frustum of a regular pyramid is the portion of a regular
pyramid included between the base and a section parallel to the
base.

Properties
1. The slant height of a frustum of a regular pyramid is the altitude of a face.
2. The lateral edges of a frustum of a regular pyramidare equal, and the faces are equal isosceles and
trapezoids.
Formulas
The lateral area of a frustum of a regular pyramidis equal to one half the sum of the perimeters of
the bases multiplied by the slant height.

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
𝑆 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝 𝑥 𝑙
(𝑝 + 𝑃)𝑙
𝑆 =
2
The volume of the frustum of any pyramid is equal to one third the product of the altitude and the
sum of the upper base, the lower and the mean proportional between the bases.
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
3
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐵 𝑥 ℎ

𝑏 + 𝐵 + √𝑏𝐵
𝑉= ℎ
3
Examples:

Problem 1

Cleopatra’s Needle consists of a frustum of a pyramid surmounted by a pyramid. The frustum has square
bases. The upper base measures 5ft. on a side and the lower base measures 9 ft. on a side. The altitude of
the frustum is 65ft. find the weight of the frustum, if it is made of stone which weighs 170lb. per cu. ft.

𝑏 + 𝐵 + √𝑏𝐵 (25) + (81) + √(25)(81)

𝑉= ℎ= 65𝑓𝑡
3 3

16 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
 170𝑙𝑏.
. = 3,271.67 𝑓𝑡.3 𝑥 𝑉 = 556,183.9 𝑙𝑏𝑠
1𝑓𝑡.3

Problem 2

A baking pan has a rectangular base 15in. by 10in.; the sides and ends of the pan slope outward, so that
the upper edges measure respectively 20 in. by 15 in. if the depth of the pan is 4in., find the amount of
cake batter required to fill the pan one – half its depth.

20 + 15
= 17.5
2 10 + 15
= 12.5
2
𝑏 + 𝐵 + √𝑏𝐵 (17.5)(12.5) + (12)(8) + √(17.5)(12.5)(12)(8)
𝑉= ℎ= 2 𝑖𝑛𝑉 = 306.442 𝑖𝑛3
3 3

Problem 3
Find the depth of a hopper to hold 17 bu. of grain, if it is to be built in the shape of the frustum of a square
pyramid with the upper and lower bases measuring 10 and 8 ft. on a side, respectively. (A bushel = 1.25
cu. ft.)

𝑏 + 𝐵 + √𝑏𝐵 100 𝑓𝑡 + 64𝑓𝑡 + √(100𝑓𝑡)(64𝑓𝑡)

𝑉= ℎ21.25 𝑓𝑡.3 = ℎℎ = 0.2612812 𝑓𝑡
3 3
Problem 4
How many cubic ft. of earth must be removed in digging a swimming pool 20 in. deep, if the level bottom
is a rectangle 200in. by 20in. and the top is a rectangle 225 in. by 30 in.?

𝑏 + 𝐵 + √𝑏𝐵 (225)(30) + (200)(20) + √(225)(30)(200)(20)

𝑉= ℎ= 20𝑖𝑛𝑉 = 106307.6828 𝑖𝑛.3
3 3
Problem 5
A berry box, sold to contain a quart of berries, is in the form of the frustum of a pyramid 6 in. square at
the top, 7 in. square at the bottom, 4 in. deep. A U.S. dry quart contains 67.2 cu. in. How does the
capacity of the box compare with this standard measure?

𝑏 + 𝐵 + √𝑏𝐵 (36 𝑖𝑛) + (49𝑖 𝑛) + √(36 𝑖𝑛)(49 𝑖𝑛)

𝑉= ℎ= 4 𝑖𝑛𝑉 = 169.33 𝑖𝑛.3
3 3
1 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡
169.33 𝑖𝑛.3 𝑥 = 2. 52 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡
67.2 𝑖𝑛.3

17 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
 Prismatoid
A prismatoid is a polyhedron having for bases two
polygons in parallel planes, and for lateral faces triangles
or trapezoid with one side lying in one base, and the
opposite vertex or side lying in the other base, of the
polyhedron.
Properties

1. The altitude of a prismatoid is perpendicular

distance between the planes of the bases.
2. The mid-section of a prismatoid is the section parallel to the bases and midway between them.

Formulas

The volume of a prismatoid equals the product of one-sixth the sum of the upper base, the lower
base, and four times the mid-section by the altitude.
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 4 × 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
6
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐵 × ℎ

𝑉 = [(𝑏 + 𝐵 + 4 𝑀)/6 ] ℎ

Problem 1

The altitude of the storage bin shown in the sketch is 11 ft. and the bases are 11ft

parallel rectangles having the dimensions indicated. Find the 8ft

capacity.

𝐵 = 8 𝑓𝑡 × 11 𝑓𝑡

𝐵 = 88 𝑓𝑡 2

𝑏 = 5 𝑓𝑡 × 6 𝑓𝑡
6ft
𝑏 = 30 𝑓𝑡 2 7ft
1 1
𝑎 = 2 (8 𝑓𝑡 + 5 𝑓𝑡) 𝑐 = 2 (11 𝑓𝑡 + 6 𝑓𝑡)

𝑎 = 6.5 𝑓𝑡 𝑐 = 8.5 𝑓𝑡

𝑀 = 6.5 𝑓𝑡 × 8.5 𝑓𝑡 = 55.25 𝑓𝑡 2

18 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
 𝑏 + 𝐵 + 4𝑀
𝑉=( )ℎ
6

30 𝑓𝑡 2 + 88 𝑓𝑡 2 + 4(55.25 𝑓𝑡 2 )
𝑉= (11 𝑓𝑡)
6

𝑉 = 621.5.5 𝑓𝑡 3

Problem 2
A prismatoid has an altitude of 15 cm. Find its volume if the mid-section area is 67.5 cm2, the lower base
is a square with an area 100 cm2, and the upper base is an equilateral triangle with an area 35 cm2.

[(𝑏 + 𝐵 + 4 𝑀)] [(100 𝑐𝑚2 + 35 𝑐𝑚2 + 4 (67.5 𝑐𝑚2 ))]

𝑉= ℎ= 15 𝑐𝑚𝑉 = 1012.5 𝑐𝑚3
6 6

Problem 3

The bases (AB and CD) of the granite block lie in parallel planes; the 13 and 20 ft. edges are parallel; also

the 5 and 11 ft. edges are parallel. Find the altitude of the block, if its volume is 3,000 cu. ft. The bases

AB and CD are rectangle.

𝐵 = 11 𝑓𝑡 × 20 𝑓𝑡 𝑏 = 5 𝑓𝑡 × 13 𝑓𝑡

𝐵 = 220 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑏 = 65 𝑓𝑡 2
1 1
𝑎 = 2 (11 𝑓𝑡 + 5 𝑓𝑡) 𝑐 = 2 (20 𝑓𝑡 + 13 𝑓𝑡)

𝑎 = 8 𝑓𝑡 𝑐 = 16.5 𝑓𝑡

𝑀 = 8 𝑓𝑡 × 16.5 𝑓𝑡 = 132 𝑓𝑡 2

𝑏 + 𝐵 + 4𝑀 65 𝑓𝑡 2 + 220 𝑓𝑡 2 + 4(132 𝑓𝑡 2 ) 3000 𝑓𝑡 3

𝑉=( ) ℎ3,000 𝑓𝑡 3 = × ℎℎ = ℎ = 22.14 𝑓𝑡
6 6 135.5 𝑓𝑡 2

Problem 4

A garbage can which is 40 in. high has the following dimensions; width at top, 20 in.; width at base, 14

in.; length at top, 200 in.; length at base, 186 in. Find its volume in cu. ft.

𝐵 = 200 𝑖𝑛 × 20 𝑖𝑛 𝑏 = 186 𝑖𝑛 × 14 𝑖𝑛
𝐵 = 4, 000 𝑖𝑛2 𝑏 = 2,604 𝑖𝑛2

19 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
 1 1
𝑎 = 2 (20 𝑖𝑛. +14 𝑖𝑛. ) 𝑐 = 2 (200 𝑖𝑛 + 186 𝑖𝑛)

𝑎 = 17 𝑖𝑛 𝑐 = 193 𝑖𝑛
𝑀 = 17 𝑖𝑛 × 193 𝑖𝑛 = 3, 281 𝑖𝑛2
𝑏 + 𝐵 + 4𝑀
𝑉=( )ℎ
6
2,604 𝑖𝑛2 + 4, 000 𝑖𝑛2 + 4(3, 281 𝑖𝑛2 )
𝑉= (40 𝑖𝑛. )
6
𝑉 = 131, 520 𝑖𝑛3
1 𝑓𝑡 3
131, 520 𝑖𝑛3 × = 76.11 𝑓𝑡 3
1, 728 𝑖𝑛3
Problem 5

A 36 in. trash can has the following dimensions; width at top, 20 in.; width at base, 17 in.; length at top,
267 in.; length at base, 241 in. Find its volume.
𝐵 = 267 𝑖𝑛 × 20 𝑖𝑛 𝑏 = 241 𝑖𝑛 × 17 𝑖𝑛
𝐵 = 5, 340 𝑖𝑛2 𝑏 = 4, 097 𝑖𝑛2
1 1
𝑎 = 2 (20 𝑖𝑛. +17 𝑖𝑛. ) 𝑐 = 2 (267 𝑖𝑛 + 241 𝑖𝑛)

𝑎 = 18.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑐 = 254 𝑖𝑛
𝑀 = 18.5 𝑖𝑛 × 254 𝑖𝑛 = 4,699 𝑖𝑛2
𝑏 + 𝐵 + 4𝑀
𝑉=( )ℎ
6
4, 097 𝑖𝑛2 + 5, 340 𝑖𝑛2 + 4(4, 699 𝑖𝑛2 )
𝑉= (36 𝑖𝑛. )
6
𝑉 = 169,398 𝑖𝑛3
Sphere
A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point of which is equidistant from a fixed
point called the center.

Properties
1. Every plane section of a sphere is a circle. If the plane contains a
diameter of the sphere, the section is a great circle; otherwise the
section is a small circle.
2. The axis of a circle of a sphere is the diameter of the sphere perpendicular to the plane of the
circle.

20 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
 3. The poles of a circle of a sphere are the ends of its axis.
4. Of two circles cut from a sphere by planes unequally distant from the center, the nearer is the
greater.
5. The radius of a great circle is equal to the radius of the sphere.
6. Two great circles of a sphere bisect each other.
7. All great circles of a sphere are equal.
8. Every great circle bisects the sphere.
9. The intersection of two spherical surfaces is a circle whose plain is perpendicular to the line
joining the centers of the surfaces and whose center is on that line.
10. A plane perpendicular to a radius at its extremity is tangent to the sphere.
11. The shortest line that can be drawn on the surface of a sphere between two points is the shorter
are of the great circle passing through them.
Formulas

The area of the surface of the sphere is equal to the area of four of its great circles.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
4
The volume of a sphere is equal to times the cube of its radius
3𝜋

4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
Problem 1
The surface of a hemispherical dome whose diameter is 30 ft is to be covered with gold leaf which costs
10 cents per square inch. What must be paid for the gold leaf?
1
𝑆 = 𝜋𝑑2
2
1
= 3.1416(30 𝑓𝑡)2
2
= 1413.72 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑓 = 1413.72𝑓𝑡 2 𝑥 0.10 ¥
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑓 = 141.372 ¥

Problem 2
A cylindrical metal bar whose volume is 594 cm3 is melted down and cast into a sphere. Calculate the
radius of the sphere, leaving your answer correct to two decimal places.
4 3 4 4
𝑉= π r 594𝑐𝑚3 = π r 3 594 𝑐𝑚3 = (3.142)𝑟 3 1782 𝑐𝑚3 = 12.568 𝑟 3 𝑟 3 = 141.787 𝑐𝑚3 𝑟
3 3 3
3
= √141.787𝑐𝑚3 𝑟 = 5.21𝑐𝑚

21 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
Problem 3
Find the weight of a snowball 4ft. in diameter if the wet compact snow of which this ball is made weighs
30lb. per cu. ft.?
4 3 4 4
𝑉= π r = (3.1416)(23 ) = (3.1416)(8𝑓𝑡 3 )𝑉 = 33.5104𝑓𝑡 3
3 3 3
30𝑙𝑏.
33.5104𝑓𝑡 3 𝑥 = 1005.3𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡 3
Problem 4

A spherical balloon is inflated so that its diameter is 52 cm. Find the surface area in the balloon’s
covering and the volume of gas.

𝜋 3
𝑆 = 𝜋𝐷 2 𝑉= 𝐷
6

𝜋
= 𝜋(52 𝑖𝑛)2 = 6 (52 𝑖𝑛)3

𝑆 = 8,494.87 𝑖𝑛.2 𝑉 = 441, 783.0598 𝑖𝑛

Problem 5

A cubic foot of ivory weighs 114lb. Find the weight of 2000 ivory billiard balls 3 in. in diameter.
4 3 4
V= π r = 𝜋 (1.5𝑖𝑛. )3 𝑉 = 14.13716694𝑖𝑛.3
3 3

1𝑓𝑡.3 114𝑙𝑏.
14.13716694𝑖𝑛.3 𝑥 3
= 8.181230869𝑥10−3 𝑓𝑡.3 𝑥 = 0.932660319𝑙𝑏.
1728𝑖𝑛. 1𝑓𝑡.3
0.932660319𝑙𝑏. 𝑥 2000 = 1865.32𝑙𝑏.

Zone
A zone is that portion of the surface of a sphere included between
two parallel planes.
Properties

1. The circumferences of the sections made by the planes are called

the bases of the zone, and the distance between the planes is the

altitude of the zone.

2. A zone of one base is a zone of whose bounding planes is tangent to the sphere.

22 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
Formulas

The area of any zone is equal to the product of its altitude and the circumference of a great circle

of the sphere.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 × 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

𝑍 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

Problem 1

The altitude of a torrid zone is 4000 miles. Find the area assuming that the earth is to be a sphere with a
radius of 3960 miles.

𝑍 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 2(3.1416)(3960 𝑚𝑖)(4000 𝑚𝑖)𝑍 = 99,525,655.27 𝑚𝑖 2

Problem 2

A spherical iron ball 2 ft in diameter is used as a float for a boat. If the ball sinks to a depth of 6 in, find
the area of the wetted surface.

2𝑓𝑡 = 24 𝑖𝑛 𝑍 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

𝑑 = 2(3.1416)(12 𝑖𝑛)(6 𝑖𝑛)

𝑟=
2
𝑍 = 452.39 𝑖𝑛2
24 𝑖𝑛
=
2

= 12 𝑖𝑛

Problem 3

A wooden ball 10 in. in diameter sinks to a depth of 8 in. in water. What is the area of the wetted
surface?

𝑑 𝑟 = 5 𝑖𝑛
𝑟=
2
𝑍 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 2(3.1416)(5 𝑖𝑛)( 8 𝑖𝑛)𝑍
10 𝑖𝑛
= = 251.328 𝑖𝑛2
2

23 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
Problem 4

A kettle drum consists of a large bowl of copper with parchment stretched over the opening. If the
greatest depth of the drum in 20in. and the outer surface of the copper bowl is spherical with a diameter
10 in, find the area of the outer surface of copper.

𝑍 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 2𝜋(5𝑖𝑛. )(20𝑖𝑛. )𝑍 = 314.16 𝑖𝑛2

Problem 5

A candle in 7ft. from the surface of a sphere 10ft. in diameter. Find the area of the surface illuminated.

2𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑍=
𝑟+ℎ

2𝜋(5𝑓𝑡. )2 5𝑓𝑡
=
5𝑓𝑡. +7𝑓𝑡.

𝑍 = 65.45

Spherical Segment

A spherical segment is a solid bounded by a zone and the planes

of the zone’s bases.
Properties
1. The bases of a spherical segment are the sections made by the
intersection of the parallel planes.
2. If one of the parallel plane is tangent to the sphere, the segment is
called a segment of one base.
3. The altitude of a spherical segment is the perpendicular distance
between the bases.
Formulas
The area of the surface of a spherical segment equals to the area of the zone plus the sum of the
areas of the bases or base.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒) + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠)

𝑇 = 𝑍 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2

The volume of a spherical segment of two bases is given by the following formula:

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 𝑉 = 1/6𝜋ℎ(3𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 + 3ℎ2 )
For a spherical segment of one base:
𝜋ℎ2
𝑉= (3𝑅 − ℎ)
3

Problem 1
A hollow glass bowl in the shape of a sphere of radius 4 in. is filled with water to a depth of 3in. Find the
volume of the water. If the water flows out through a small hole in the bottom so that the level drops 2 in.,
how much water has escaped?

𝜋ℎ 2 𝜋ℎ 2
𝑉= (3𝑅 − ℎ) 𝑉= (3𝑅 − ℎ)
3 3
𝜋(3)2 𝜋(1)2
𝑉= (3(4) − 3) 𝑉= (3(4) − 1)
3 3

𝑉 = 84.823 𝑖𝑛.3 𝑉 = 11.519 𝑖𝑛3

84.823𝑖𝑛.3 − 11.519 𝑖𝑛3 = 73.304𝑖𝑛.3

Problem 2

The inside of a wash basin is in the shape of a segment of a sphere; the distance across the top is 18 in.
and its greatest depth is 7 in. Find how many pints of water it will hold, reckoning 7.48 gal. to one cubic
foot.

(𝑅 − 7)2 + (9)2 = 𝑅 2

𝑅 2 − 14𝑅 + 49 + 81 = 𝑅 2

𝑅 2 − 𝑅 2 − 14𝑅 = −130
−14

𝑅 = 9.2857 𝑖𝑛

𝜋ℎ2
𝑉= (3𝑅 − ℎ)
3
𝜋(7 𝑖𝑛)2 (3𝑥 9.2857 𝑖𝑛) − 7𝑖𝑛
= [ ]
3
1 𝑓𝑡 3 7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙 8 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
1070.236 𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 3
𝑥 𝑥 = 37. 062 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
144 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡 3 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙

25 | S o l i d G e o m e t r y
Problem 3

An experimental laboratory fills 300 globes with a certain gas to intensify the lighting effect. The space

occupied by the gas in each globe is a spherical segment of one base the radius of whose sphere is 7 in. if

the altitude of the segment is 5 in., find the volume of gas required.

𝜋ℎ2 𝜋(5 𝑖𝑛)2

𝑉= (3𝑅 − ℎ) = [(3 × 7 𝑖𝑛) − 5 𝑖𝑛]𝑉 = 418.88 𝑖𝑛3
3 3

418.88 𝑖𝑛3 × 300 = 125, 664 𝑖𝑛3

Problem 4

A hollow glass bowl in the shape of a sphere of radius 5 in. is filled with water to a depth of 3in. Find the

volume of the water.

𝜋ℎ2 𝜋(3 𝑖𝑛)2

𝑉= (3𝑅 − ℎ)𝑉 = [(3 × 5 𝑖𝑛) − 3 𝑖𝑛]𝑉 = 113.096 𝑖𝑛3
3 3

Problem 5

With regards to Problem 4, how much water had escaped if the water flows out through a small hole in

the bottom so that the level drops 2 in.?

𝜋ℎ2 𝜋(1 𝑖𝑛)2

𝑉= (3𝑅 − ℎ)𝑉 = [(3 × 5 𝑖𝑛) − 1 𝑖𝑛]𝑉 = 14.6608 𝑖𝑛3
3 3

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