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001 Electronics Reviewer
001 Electronics Reviewer
001 Electronics Reviewer
ELECTRONICS
Electronics
Branch of science dealing with devices, circuits and systems that control the flow of
electrons in various media, like vacuum, gas, liquid and solid
2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
2.1 Substances
Atom
smallest particle that retains characteristics of element
all matter is composed of atoms
naturally neutral with equal negative electrons and positive protons
Ion
an ion is a charged atom
negative ion, an atom that received an extra electron
positive ion, an atom that gave off an electron
ionization, a process of losing and gaining of electrons
Element
a substance that cannot be decomposed any further by chemical reaction
there are around 109 known elements
Compound
a substance made of two or more elements
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Molecule
basic component of a compound
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3.3 Basic Formula
Q = It
V = IR = IZ
P = VI = I2R = V2/R
W = Pt = QV
G = 1/R
:=2 f
T = 1/f
B = 1/X
Z2 = R2 + X2
< = tan-1 X/R
pf = cos < = R/Z
Y = 1/Z
where B, susceptance
f, frequency
G, conductance
I, current
P, power
pf, power factor
Q, charge
R, resistance
t, time
T, period
V, voltage
W, work or energy
X, reactance
Y, admittance
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Z, impedance
C, angular frequency in radians / second
D, phase angle
3.4 AC Sine Wave
VPP = 2 VP
VAC = VRMS = VEFF = 0.707 VP
VDC = VAVE = 0.637 VP
4. MAGNETISM
Magnet
can attract pices of iron
lodestone, a natural magnet
alnico, permanent magnet often used in loudspeakers
keeper, placed across poles to maintain strength during storage
air gap, air space between poles of magnet
degaussing, another name for demagnetization
Curie temperature, where materials lose magnetism
toroid, electromagnet with close magnetic ring core
4.2 Permeability
Permeance (F)
property that concentrates the magnetic flux
reluctance, reciprocal of permeance
retentivity, ability to retain magnetism
µ = C/H µ - permeability
M - flux density
H - magnetic field intensity
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Thevenin’s Theorem
Any network with two open terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source in series with
a single resistance.
Norton’s Theorem
Any two-terminal network can be replaced by a single current source in parallel with a single
resistance.
Millman’s Theorem
It is a theorem that provides a shortcut for finding the common voltage across any number of
parallel branches with different voltage sources. This common voltage equals the sum of
currents in parallel branches divided by the sum of conductances in parallel branches.
V = QI/QG
Coulomb’s Law
The force between charges is proportional to the amount of charges, and is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between charges.
Faraday’s Law
The amount of induced voltage is directly dependent on the number of turns of a coil and on the
rate a flux cuts the conductor.
Lenz’ Law
States that the direction of the induced current produces magnetic field that opposes the action
that produced the induced current.
Ampere’s Law
This is the basic principle of electric motors. It states that any current-carrying conductor
located in a magnetic field, at right angles to the lines of force, will be pushed by a force that is
directly proportional to the flux density, current, and length of conductor.
Left Hand Rule
It is used to determine the magnetic polarity. It states that if a coil is grasped with the fingers of
the left hand, curled around the coil in the direction of electron flow, the thumb points to the
north pole of the coil.
Right Hand Motor Rule
This is used to determine the rotation of a motor. If the index finger points to the direction of
flux, and the middle finger to the direction of electron flow in conductor, then the thumb will
point to the direction of the force.
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