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Permeability 140910003155 Phpapp01 PDF
Permeability 140910003155 Phpapp01 PDF
h1 h2
Q KA 1
L
dp
Q KA 3
dL
Where dp = ∆hρg 4
Darcy’s h1-h2
q
Apparatus for
Determining
Permeability A
h1
h1 h2 h2
Q (Sand Pack Length) L
L
Q A
Q volumetric flow rate
A crosssectional area
L length of the porous medium q
h1 & h2 hydraulic head at inlet and outlet
k dp
Q=- A 5
dL
Q
A
L 0 k
p 2
p
1
7
Q
KA
p1 p2 or Q KAP 8
L L
Hence, the original equation of Darcy was modified to account for
viscosity as follows:
Q
KA
p1 p2 9
L
Reservoir Rocks and Fluid properties
Permeability is determined by:
Core analysis
Well test analysis (flow testing)
◦ RFT (repeat formation tester) provides small well tests
Production data
◦ production logging measures fluid flow into well
Log data
◦ MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) logs calibrated via core analysis
q
kA
Δp
μL
◦ where,
q cm3/s
k darcies
A cm2
p atm
cp
L cm
q
CkA
Δp
μL
◦ where,
q bbl/D
k millidarcies
A ft2
p psia
cp
L ft
Quantity Symbol Dimension Oilfield Units SI Units
Mass m m Ibm Kg
Moles n n Ibmol Kmol
Force F ML/t2 Ibf N
Length L L ft m
Area A L2 acres m2
Volume-liquids v L3 bbl m3
Volume-gases v L3 ft3 m3
Pressure p m/Lt2 psi kPa
Temperature T T R K
Flow rate-liquids q L3/t bbl/d m3/d
Flow rate -gases q L3/t Ft3/d m3/d
Viscosity μ m/Lt cP mpa.s
Permeability k L2 md m2
< 10 md fair
10 – 100 High
100 – 1000 Very High
>1000 Exceptional
This scale changes with time, for example 30 years ago k<
50 was considered poor.
Flow regimes
Reservoir geometry
• Incompressible fluids
• Slightly compressible fluids
• Compressible fluids
Flow Regimes
• Steady state flow
• Unsteady state flow
• Pseudosteady state flow
• Linear flow
• Radial flow
• spherical and hemispherical flow
Number of fluid flowing
• Incompressible fluids
• Slightly compressible fluids
• Compressible fluids
k dp
V
s
ds
Vs = Q/A and dp/ds = dp/dx, hence
KA dp
Q
dx
Separating the variables and
integrating gives the following eqn.:
Note that P1>P2
qs k dp g dz
vs ds c ds
A
The gravity term has dimension of pressure / length
Flow potential includes both pressure and gravity terms, simplifying
Darcy’s Law
q k dΦ
vs
A μ ds
ln Pe Pw
Q re k
re
rw 2h rw
2hk Pe Pw
Pwf Pe Q
r ln
re
rw
h
Q = flow rate, m3/sec
K = permeability, m2
h = thickness, m
Pe = pressure drainage radius, N/m2
Pwf = flowing pressure, N/m2
= fluid viscosity, N/m2
re = drainage radius, m
rw = the well-bore radius, m
h h1 h2 h3 hi
◦ Same pressure drop for each layer
p1 - p2 Δp Δp1 Δp 2 Δp 3
◦ Total flow rate is summation of flow rate for all layers
q q1 q2 q3 qi
◦ Average permeability results in correct total flow rate
kwh
q Δp ; A w h
μL
• Substituting,
kwh k1 w h1 k2 w h2 k3 w h3
q Δp Δp Δp Δp
μL μL μL μL
• Rearranging,
k
k i hi
h
• Average permeability reflects flow capacity of all layers
• Permeability varies across several
vertical layers (k1,k2,k3)
◦ Discrete changes in permeability
L L1 L2 L3 Li
◦ Same flow rate passes through each layer
q q1 q 2 q 3
◦ Total pressure drop is summation of pressure drop across
layers
p1 p2 Δp1 Δp2 Δp3 Δpi
• Rearranging, L
k
Li
k p1
i
• If k1>k2>k3, then k
p
– Linear pressure profile in each layer p2
0
0 L
x
• Permeability varies across several
(3) horizontal layers (k1,k2,k3)
◦ Discrete changes in permeability
h h1 h2 h3 hi
◦ Same pressure drop for each layer
pe - p w Δp Δp1 Δp 2 Δp 3
◦ Total flow rate is summation of flow rate for all layers
q q1 q2 q3 qi
◦ Average permeability results in correct total flow rate
2π k h
q Δp
μ ln(re /rw )
• Substituting (rw=r1, r2 ,re=r3),
q μ ln(re /rw ) q μ ln(r 2 /rw ) q μ ln(re /r2 )
pe - p w
2π k h 2π k1 h 2π k 2 h
• Rearranging,
ln(re /rw )
k
(ln(r i 1/ri )
All Layers ki
It is necessary to determine an average value of permeability.
Three common types of computed averages are as follows:
i) arithmetic average
ii) harmonic average
ii) geometric average
Arithmetic Average
h1
kA
kh
i i
h
h2
k1
i
Q h3
k2
k3
Harmonic Average
kH
L i
k1 k2 k3
L /k i i
L1 L2 L3
Geometric Average
1
kG k1 k 2 k3 .......
h1 h2 h3
hi