The Effects of Transformer Winding

Connection on Power Quality

Pekik Argo Dahono

School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia

ICPERE 2018, Solo 1

 Contents
• Introduction
• Power Quality
• Basic Theory
• Effects of Transformer Winding Connection on Harmonics
• Effects of Transformer Winding Connection on Ground Fault Current
• Effects of Transformer Winding Connection on Voltage Dips
• Three-Winding Transformers
• Isolation Transformers
• Conclusion
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 Introduction
• Electrical power is flowing through transformer several times, since
generation up to utilization.
• Transformer has so many functions and capabilities, it is not just for
increasing or reducing voltage level.
• Harmonics and voltage dips are important issues in power quality
• Many electrical engineers do not know exactly why a certain
transformer winding connection is selected.

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 Power Quality Definitions
• IEEE : The concept of powering and grounding sensitive equipment in
a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment.
• IEC : Characteristics of the electricity at a given point on an electrical
system, evaluated against a set of reference technical parameters

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 Why now?
• Newer-generation load equipment, with microprocessor-based controls
and power electronic devices, is more sensitive to power quality variations.
• The increasing emphasis on power efficiency has resulted in continued
growth in the application of devices such as adjustable-speed motor drives
and shunt capacitors for power factor correction to reduce losses.
• End users have an increased awareness of power quality issues.
• Many things are now interconnected in a network.
• A growing need for standardization and performance criteria.
• Utilities want to deliver a good product.
• The power supply has become too good.
• The power quality can be measured.

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 Power Quality Problems
Voltage Sags
Undervoltages
Momentary Interruptions
Transient Overvoltages
Harmonics
Voltage Unbalance
Flicker
Voltage Notching
Frequency Variations
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Voltage Deviation vs Duration

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Power Quality Problems
Voltage Dip/Sag

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Power Quality Problems
Momentary Interruption

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Power Quality Problems
Transient Overvoltages

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Power Quality Problems Harmonics

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Flicker Due to Arc Furnace Operation

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Power Quality Problems
Voltage Notching

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Basic Concepts

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 Ideal Transformer

i1 i2

  v1 N1
 
i2
v1 N1 N 2 v2 v2 N 2 i1
Ideal transform er neither
dissipates nor stores energy

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 Practical Transformer
i1 i2

Ll1   Ll 2
v1 Lm N1 N2 v2

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 Magnetizing Current

If the voltage is sinusoidal, the magnetizing current is nonsinusoidal.

If the magnetizing current is nonsinusoidal, the voltage is sinusoidal

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 Symmetrical Components
Any unbalanced three-phase quantities can be composed
into three symmetrical components:
- Positive sequence components
- Negative sequence components
- Zero sequence components
I b2
I c1

I ao  I bo  I co
I a1 I a2

I b1 I c2

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 Symmetrical Components

Vao  1 1 1  Va  Va   1 1 1 Va1 

V   1 1 a V   a 2 1 Va 2 
 a1  3  a 2  Vb   b  a
Va 2  1 a 2 a  Vc  Vc   a a2 1 Vao 

2
j
ae 3 I co
I c2
I c1
Ia
Ic
I ao
Ib
I a1 I a2
I bo
I b1
I b2

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 Symmetrical Components
• In three-phase three-wire systems we have no neutral current and,
therefore, we have no zero sequence current.
• The neutral current is three times the zero sequence current.

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 Balanced nonsinusoidal quantities
Let assume:

 

   vc   
Vn cos n t  2

va  
n 1
Vn cos nt  vb 
n 1
Vn cos n t  2
3 n 1
3

For n=1:
va1  V1 cos t 

vb1  V1 cos t  23  
vc1  V1 cos t  23 
For n=2:
va 2  V2 cos 2t  vb2  V2 cos 2t   2
 
vc 2  V2 cos 2t  23 
3

For n=3:
vb3  V3 cos 3t  vc 3  V3 cos 3t 
va 3  V3 cos 3t 

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 Balanced nonsinusoidal quantities

For n=3k-2, The harmonics are similar to positive

sequence quantities.
For n=3k-1, the harmonics are similar to negative
sequence quantities.
For n=3k, the harmonics are similar to zero
quantities.

This is the reason why in balanced three-phase three-wire

systems there are no tripplen harmonics.

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 Symmetrical components
• Symmetrical components theory can be applied to both steady-state
phasor quantities and instantaneous quantities.
• Symmetrical components theory can be derived also by using linear
algebra and treated as variable transformation

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Common transformer
connection

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Wye-Wye Connection

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Kompensator, jadi
kualitas grounding
diprimer menjadi
Wye-Wye-Delta Connection
independen
terhadap sekunder.
Untuk
mengeliminasi arus
urutan Nol.

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Delta-Wye Connection

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Harmonics

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Three-Phase Four-Wire System

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Switched mode power supply currents
Phase A (50 Amps)

Neutral (82 Amps)

Phase B (50 Amps)

Phase C (57 Amps)

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 Three-Phase Four-Wire System

Phase currents : iR   I h sinht   h 
h 1

iS   I h sinht  23    h 
h 1

iT   I h sinht  23    h 
h 1


Neutral current:
iN  iR  iS  iT  3  I n sin3ht   h 
n3h

Though the phase currents are balanced, the neutral

current is not zero if the waveform is nonsinusoidal.
The maximum value of neutral current is 1.73 time of
phase current.
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 Neutral current problems
• Neutral current can be excessive
• The zero sequence current cannot be detected by overcurrent
protection that is located on the primary side.
• The transformer losses can be excessive.
• The neutral voltage to ground can be excessive.
• The size of neutral cable cannot smaller than the phase cables.
• Each phase circuit must be provided by separate neutral cable.

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 Neutral conductor sizing

Neutral currents can easily approach twice the phase

currents - sometimes in a half-sized conductor.

IEEE 1100-1992 recommends that neutral busbars

feeding non-linear loads should have a cross-sectional
area not less than 173% that of the phase bars.

Neutral cables should have a cross-sectional area that is

200% that of the phases, e.g. by using twin single core
cables.

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 12-Pulse Rectifier

r
iu ir
s
Load

AC source
Load
t

iu
u
AC source

ix
w x

y
z

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 12-Pulse Rectifier

ix

ir

iu

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 6N-Pulse Rectifier

 22,5o
Six - Pulse
Rectifier
o
 20
Six - Pulse
Rectifier
 7,5o
Six - Pulse
Rectifier
0o
Six - Pulse
Rectifier
7,5o
Six - Pulse
Rectifier
20o
Six - Pulse
Rectifier
22,5o
Six - Pulse
Rectifier

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Ground Fault Current

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Equivalent circuits of two windings transformer

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Equivalent Circuits of Three Windings Transformer

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Current Distribution During Single Line to
Ground Fault

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Current Distribution During Single Line to
Ground Fault

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Example 1

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 Pembacaan DFR

New Balaraja (Bay LSI1) Lautan Steel (Bay New Balaraja)

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 Pembacaan DFR

Lautan Steel (Bay Spinmill) Spinmill (Bay Lautan Steel)

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Analysis

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 Analysis
I
150kV/20kV

I
3I I
3I
I
GI SPINMILL
150kV/20kV

3I 3I

I
3I
6I I
3I 6I I
3I 150kV/20kV

9I
I
I
GI MILLENNIUM
GI BALARAJA GI LSI
3I 3I 3I

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Example 2

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DFR Cawang Lama
Arus sefasa

Tegangan sag

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 DFR Depok
2 arus sefasa, 1 arus
berlawanan

Tegangan sag
(indikasi fault)

Momentary high-resistance faults

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Analysis

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Voltage Dips

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 Transformer Phase-to-Phase Phase-to-neutral Phasor diagram
Transformer Secondary Connection
Vab Vbc Vca Van Vbn Vcn
Voltages with Single-Phase to 0.58 1.00 0.58 0.00 1.00 1.00 c
Ground Fault on the Primary

120o a

b
0.58 1.00 0.58 0.33 0.88 0.33 c

158o a

0.33 0.88 0.88 c

b a
0.88 0.88 0.33 0.58 1.00 0.58 c a

b
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APF Sistem 150kV
KEBASEN PEMALANG PEKALONGAN BATANG

BREBES 28.27 KMS 30.72 KMS 16.41 KMS

BULUPALANG

200 MVA 120 MVA 140 MVA 150 MVA

2.61
30.90 RANDU KMS KALISARI
KMS WELERI KRAPYAK
GARUT SRONDOL
10.87 BUMI SEMARANG BARU
21.95
KMS KMS
76 MVA KALIWUNGU 120 MVA 110 MVA

60 MVA 60 MVA 1. Konsumen TT industri benang/fiber

2. Suplai 2 line 150 kV dari GI Kaliwungu
Ungaran 3. Trafo TT terpasang 105 MVA
PLSDO
APF 4. ICPERE
Beban
2018,aktual
Solo 40 MVA 58
PLN Sag/Dip KEBASEN PEMALANG PEKALONGAN BATANG

BREBES 28.27 KMS 30.72 KMS 16.41 KMS

BULUPALANG

200 MVA 120 MVA 140 MVA 150 MVA

2.61
30.90 RANDU KMS KALISARI
KMS WELERI KRAPYAK
GARUT SRONDOL
10.87 BUMI SEMARANG BARU
21.95
KMS KMS
76 MVA KALIWUNGU 120 MVA 110 MVA

60 MVA 60 MVA

Ungaran
PLSDO

APF

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Selasa, 8 Mei 2018, 14.17
Analisis
150kV/20kV 20kV/380V
Yg / Yg Yg / Yg
150kV VSD
Kompresor

GI Kaliwungu
APF
150kV 20kV 380V

60%

50% Eksisting

Level Tegangan (pu)

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
22.0 16.5 11.0 5.5 0.0 2.7 5.4 8.1 10.8 13.4
Jarak (km)
GI GI GI GI
Weleri Kaliwungu Rdgarut Krapyak
21.95 km 10.81 km 2.7 km

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Simulasi profil tegangan kedip vs. jarak GI APF
 Solusi
• Trafo isolasi DZn0 150kV/150kV
• Konfigurasi Delta – Zn0 maka sisi sekunder (APF) tidak akan jatuh hingga
bernilai nol ketika terjadi gangguan di sisi primer (PLN).
• Konfigurasi sekunder Zn0 dipilih daripada Y supaya tidak terjadi pergeseran
fasa tegangan primer dan sekunder
• Reaktor seri di SUTT GI Kaliwungu
• GI Kaliwungu akan memiliki jarak listrik yang jauh dilihat dari GI Weleri
maupun GI Randugarut
• Diharapkan efek kedip tegangan yang terjadi pada kedua saluran tersebut
akan berkurang karena GI kaliwungu ”berjarak jauh” dari titik gangguan.

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 Hasil Sementara
100%
90%
80% Trafo DZn0 + X (10km)

Level Tegangan (pu)

70%
60% Trafo DZn0
X ~ 10 km
50%
Eksisting
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
69.26 52.85 21.95 0 10.87 13.48 26.62 34.56
Jarak (km)
GI GI GI GI GI GI GI GI
Pklongan Batang Weleri Kaliwungu Rdgarut Krapyak Srondol Pdlamper
16.41 km 30.9 km 21.95 km 10.87 km 2.7 km 13.14 km 7.94 km

GI APF
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Profil tegangan kedip vs. jarak
Three-Winding Transformers

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 Problem 1
20 kV

4000 kVA
20kV/380V
Z = 5%

4000 100
I hs   122 kA
3  380 5

Hubungsingkat di salah satu beban akan menyebabkan kedip di semua beban

Harmonisa di salah satu beban menjalar ke semua beban

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 Solusi

20 kV

4000 kVA
20kV/380V
Z = 5%

Arus hubungsingkat menurun menjadi setengahnya

Hubungsingkat di salah satu beban tidak menyebabkan kedip di semua beban
Harmonisa di salah satu beban tidak menjalar ke semua beban

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 Problem 2

100 100
  28.9kA
150 kV
I hs
3  20 10
100 MVA
150kV/20kV
Z = 10-12.5%

Hubungsingkat di salah satu beban akan menyebabkan kedip di semua beban

Harmonisa di salah satu beban menjalar ke semua beban

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 Problem 2
Feeder n

Ico Ico Ico

B
A Xco Xco

Feeder 2

Ico
Ico Ico Ico
B
A

IR
IF Feeder 1 Xco Xco

IR
IF
Ico Ico Ico Ico

Ico Ico Ico

R R

Xco Xco Xco

Xco Xco Xco
IF
IF
Ico
IR Ico
Ico
IR Ico

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 Solution

150 kV

100 MVA
150kV/20kV
Z = 10-12.5%

Hubungsingkat di salah satu beban akan menyebabkan kedip di semua beban

Harmonisa di salah satu beban menjalar ke semua beban
Kontribusi kapasitansi kabel pada arus hubungsingkat berkurang

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 Another Application
A B A B

NO

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Isolation Transformer

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 Transformer Isolation

The transformer winding configuration must be delta/wye or delta-zigzag

The delta-zigzag (DZ0) provides no phase shifting

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 UPS Grounding System (1)

The neutral is not isolated

The neutral to ground voltage can be higher than the permitted limit
Though transformer based UPS provides galvanically isolation, the neutral
conductor of static bypass made the isolation is eliminated.
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 UPS Grounding System (2)

This is suitable for transformer based UPS

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 UPS Grounding System (3)

This is suitable for both transformer based and transformerless UPSs

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 Conclusion
• Various transformer connections have been presented
• Suitable transformer connection can be used to improved power
quality
• Suitable transformer connection can also be used to save money

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