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Beginning Vibration Analysis
Beginning Vibration Analysis
Beginning Vibration Analysis
Analysis
with
Basic Fundamentals
Introduction
Jack D. Peters 2
Mass & Stiffness
Jack D. Peters 3
Mass & Stiffness
fn = 1/2П k/m
Where:
fn = natural frequency (Hz)
k = stiffness (lb/in)
m = mass
mass = weight/gravity
weight (lb)
gravity (386.1 in/sec2)
Jack D. Peters 4
Mass & Stiffness
Concept !
fn = 1/2П k/m
If k increases
Then f increases
If k decreases
Then f decreases
Jack D. Peters 5
Mass & Stiffness
Concept !
fn = 1/2П k/m
If m increases
Then f decreases
If m decreases
Then f increases
Jack D. Peters 6
Spectrum
What’s This ?
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
Jack D. Peters 7
Spectrum
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
Jack D. Peters 8
Spectrum
Scaling X & Y
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Y Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
X
Jack D. Peters 9
Spectrum
Scaling X & Y
1
A 0.0002
inch
M Peak
P
L
Magnitude
I
T
U
D 0
0 Hz 100 Hz
E FREQUENCY
Jack D. Peters 10
Spectrum
Scaling X & Y
1
0.0002
H inch
o Peak
w
B
a
Magnitude
d
I
s
I 0
t 0 Hz 100 Hz
What is it
Jack D. Peters 11
Time Waveform
What’s That ?
1
0.0004
inch
Real
-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
Jack D. Peters 12
Time Waveform
Time Waveform
1
0.0004
inch
Real
-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
Jack D. Peters 13
Time Waveform
Scaling X & Y
1
0.0004
inch
Y Real
-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
Jack D. Peters 14
Time Waveform
Scaling X & Y
1
A 0.0004
inch
M
P
L
I Real
T
U
D -0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
E TIME
Jack D. Peters 15
Time Waveform
Scaling X & Y
1
H 0.0004
o inch
B
a Real
d
I
s
I -0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
t What is it
Jack D. Peters 16
Time Waveform
Scaling X & Y
1
H 0.0004
o inch
B
a Real
d
I
s
I -0.0004
0 s 1 s
t What is it
Jack D. Peters 17
Time & Frequency
Double Trouble
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
1
0.0004
inch
Real
-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
Jack D. Peters 18
The X Scale
The X Scale
Jack D. Peters 19
The X Scale
Hertz (Hz)
Jack D. Peters 20
The X Scale
Jack D. Peters 21
The X Scale
Concept !
Jack D. Peters 22
The X Scale
Concept !
FT = 1
If: F increases
Then: T decreases
If: T increases
Then: F decreases
Jack D. Peters 23
The X Scale
Single Frequency
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
V
rms
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV
dX:18.18848 ms dY:2.449082 mV
Time 1
1
V
Real
-1
0 s 62.46948 ms
Jack D. Peters 24
The X Scale
Multiple Frequencies
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz
X:78 Hz Y:706.9236 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz
X:21 Hz Y:706.7825 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz
X:42 Hz Y:706.9266 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz
Jack D. Peters 25
The X Scale
Multiple Time
Time 55 1
1
V
0 s 62.46948 ms
Time 78 1
1
V
0 s 62.46948 ms
Time 21 1
1
V
0 s 62.46948 ms
Time 42 1
1
V
0 s 62.46948 ms
Jack D. Peters 26
The X Scale
55 + 78 + 21 + 42 = Trouble !
TIME 1
4
V
Real
-4
0 s 62.46948 ms
Jack D. Peters 27
The X Scale
Frequency Spectrum
TIME 1
4
V
Real
-4
0 s 62.46948 ms
X:21 Hz Y:706.7825 mV
X:42 Hz Y:706.9266 mV
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
X:78 Hz Y:706.9236 mV
FREQUENCY 1
1
V
rms
0 Hz 100 Hz
Jack D. Peters 28
The X Scale
Amplitude
Inp
ut
Tim uency
e Fr eq
Tim
eW
ave
for ectrum
m Sp
Jack D. Peters 29
The X Scale
Lines of Resolution
1
The FFT always 0.0002
inch
has a defined Peak This spectrum
number of lines has 800 lines, or
of resolution. the X scale is
100, 200, 400, Magnitude broken down into
800, 1600, and 800 points.
3200 lines are
common
choices. 0
0 Hz 100 Hz
Jack D. Peters 30
The X Scale
Filter Windows
Jack D. Peters 31
The X Scale
Window Comparisons
Jack D. Peters 32
The X Scale
Filter Windows
• Hanning (Frequency)
• Flat Top (Amplitude) Hanning 16% Amplitude Error
Jack D. Peters 33
The X Scale
Filter Windows
Jack D. Peters 34
The X Scale
Minimum Derived Hz
Jack D. Peters 35
The X Scale
Bandwidth
Jack D. Peters 36
The X Scale
Resolution
Jack D. Peters 37
The X Scale
Using Resolution
Jack D. Peters 38
The X Scale
Using Resolution
Jack D. Peters 39
The X Scale
Jack D. Peters 40
The X Scale
FFT#3
Jack D. Peters 41
The X Scale
75% Overlap ?
Total time = 4 + (1 x 9)
Total time = 13 seconds
Jack D. Peters 42
The Y Scale
The Y Scale
Jack D. Peters 43
The Y Scale
Amplitude
Jack D. Peters 44
The Y Scale
X:55 Hz Y:1.999169 V
Pwr Spec 1
The Peak - Peak value V
2
V
to denote this. Real
-1
0 s 62.46948 ms
Jack D. Peters 45
The Y Scale
Pk (Peak)
amplitude. 0 Hz
X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV
100 Hz
dX:4.516602 ms dY:997.4356 mV
to denote this. -1
0 s 62.46948 ms
Jack D. Peters 46
The Y Scale
RMS value is
rms
Magnitude
amplitude. dX:2.288818 ms
Time 1
dY:709.1976 mV
1
V
The spectrum value Real
Jack D. Peters 47
The Y Scale
Suffix Comparison
X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
dX:2.288818 ms dY:709.1976 m Pwr Spec 1
Time 1 2
1 V
RMS V
Real
rms
Magnitude
-1 0
0 s 62.46948 ms 0 Hz 100 Hz
Peak V
Real
Peak
Magnitude
-1 0
0 s 62.46948 ms 0 Hz 100 Hz
Peak - Peak V
Real
Pk-Pk
Magnitude
-1 0
0 s 62.46948 ms 0 Hz 100 Hz
Jack D. Peters 48
The Y Scale
Changing Suffixes
Pk-Pk / 2 = Peak
Peak x 0.707 = RMS
RMS x 1.414 = Peak
Peak x 2 = Pk-Pk
Jack D. Peters 49
The Y Scale
Standard Suffixes
Jack D. Peters 50
The Y Scale
Jack D. Peters 52
The Y Scale
Acceleration
Velocity
Displacement
Jack D. Peters 53
The Y Scale
Jack D. Peters 54
The Y Scale
386.1 What ?
1g = 32.2 feet/second2
Jack D. Peters 55
The Y Scale
x 2(Pi)f ÷ 2(Pi)f
Velocity (inch/s)
x 2(Pi)f ÷ 2(Pi)f
Displacement (inch)
Jack D. Peters 56
The Y Scale
x 2(Pi)f ÷ 2(Pi)f
Velocity (mm/s)
x 2(Pi)f ÷ 2(Pi)f
Displacement (mm)
Jack D. Peters 57
The Y Scale
x2 ÷2
Peak
x 1.414 x .707
RMS
Jack D. Peters 58
The Y Scale
2π x 25 cycles
There is a 0.5 g second
vibration at 25 Hz.
0.5g x 386.1 inches x 1 second
What is the velocity ? g second2 2π x 25 cycles
1.23 inches/second
Jack D. Peters 59
The Y Scale
Acceleration - Velocity
Jack D. Peters 60
The Y Scale
Velocity - Displacement
Jack D. Peters 61
The Y Scale
Acceleration - Displacement
Jack D. Peters 62
Sensors
Sensors
Jack D. Peters 63
Sensors
Accelerometers
Jack D. Peters 64
Sensors
Accelerometer Advantages
Jack D. Peters 65
Sensors
Accelerometer Disadvantages
Relative movement
between post &
mass creates shear
in ceramic
producing charge.
Mass
Ceramic/Quartz
Post
Jack D. Peters 67
Sensors
Accelerometer Parameters
Jack D. Peters 68
Sensors
Jack D. Peters 69
Sensors
Realistic Mounting
Stud
Jack D. Peters 70
Sensors
Mounting Location
Vertical
¾Load Zone
¾Radial
9Vertical Horizontal
9Horizontal Axial
¾Axial
Jack D. Peters 71
Sensors
Mounting Location
¾Load Zone
¾Radial
9Vertical
9Horizontal
¾Axial
Jack D. Peters 72
Sensors
Accelerometer Alarms
Jack D. Peters 73
Sensors
Proximity Probes
Jack D. Peters 74
Sensors
Jack D. Peters 75
Sensors
Output Values
Jack D. Peters 76
Sensors
• Non-contact
• Measure shaft dynamic motion
• Measure shaft static position (gap)
• Flat frequency response dc – 1KHz
• Simple calibration
• Suitable for harsh environments
Jack D. Peters 77
Sensors
Jack D. Peters 78
Sensors
Typical Mounting
Jack D. Peters 79
Sensors
Looking at Orbits
Jack D. Peters 80
Sensors
Mils
Jack D. Peters 81
Sensors
Unbalance
Jack D. Peters 82
Sensors
Jack D. Peters 83
Sensors
Misalignment
Jack D. Peters 84
Sensors
Jack D. Peters 85
Sensors
Jack D. Peters 86
Sensors
Jack D. Peters 87
Sensors
• Coupling - AC, DC
AC coupling will block the DC voltage. Analyzer Input Capacitor
It creates an amplitude error below 1 Blocks DC
Hz. DC coupling has no error below 1
AC Coupling Capacitor in DSA
Hz, but the analyzer must range on the
total signal amplitude.
If the antialias filter is turned off, at what
frequency will 175 Hz. appear using a 0 -
• Antialias Filter - On, Off 100 Hz span, and 800 lines ?
Prevents frequencies that are greater 1024/800 = 1.28
than span from wrapping around in 100 x 1.28 = 128 Hz
the spectrum. 175 Hz - 128 Hz = 47 Hz.
128 Hz - 47 Hz = 81 Hz
Jack D. Peters 88
Sensors
0.002
Output 2
25 Hz
0.01
the frequency spectrum. rms
V
Magnitude
1.1
Jack D. Peters 89
Data Collection
Data Collection
Jack D. Peters 90
Data Collection
Multi-channel
digital audio tape
recorders.
For the
Measurement that
can’t get away !
Jack D. Peters 91
Data Collection
Jack D. Peters 92
Data Collection
Jack D. Peters 93
Data Collection
Jack D. Peters 94
Beginning Vibration
Bibliography
Jack D. Peters 95
Beginning Vibration
Thank You !
Jack D. Peters 96