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Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure can be thought of as the pressure that would be required to stop water from
diffusing through a barrier by osmosis. In other words, it refers to how hard the water would
“push” to get through the barrier in order to diffuse to the other side.
Osmotic pressure is determined by solute concentration – water will “try harder” to diffuse into
an area with a high concentration of a solute, such as a salt, than into an area with a low
concentration.
In reality of course, osmotic pressure is not a “desire” of water to move, but rather an
extension of the natural law that all matter will become randomly distributed over time. When
the concentrations of substances are different in two areas and the areas have contact with
each other, the random motion of particles will cause the substances to diffuse until
case of osmosis, the solutes cannot move because they cannot pass through the membrane.
However, the water can move, and it does – passing through the membrane to an area with
This can cause the total volume of water on each side of the membrane to change: the side of
the membrane with more solutes may end up with much more water. This can lead to problems
for cells, such as bursting (if too much water moves into the cell), or becoming dehydrate (if
too much water moves out). This is a very important factor in biology because the intracellular
environment is different from the extracellular environment. If the extracellular environment
Some organisms, such as plants that use osmotic pressure to move water, have taken
advantage of this principle. But it can also threaten the health of cells and organisms when
there is too much or too little water in the extracellular environment compared to the inside of
the cell.
Π = MRT
In this equation:
Instead, here “π” is the symbol used to denote osmotic pressure. You can think of this equation
There is nothing special about the symbol “π” except that it is the symbol which chemists have
M is the molar concentration of the solute. Molar concentration refers to the actual number of
How much a mole – a unit of measurement of particles – weighs, or how much volume it takes
up, will vary depending on the molecular weight and density of the solute.
Although the ideal gas constant was created to refer to gasses and how they diffuse and
In chemistry, both liquids and gases are considered “fluids” – particles that are able to diffuse
freely, as opposed to solids, whose particles are held in place by strong bonds.
One degree Kelvin is the same as one degree Celsius – but there is an important difference
faster; at lower temperatures, they move slower. This is why temperature is so important to
this equation: the faster particles are undergoing random molecular motion, the faster they will
diffuse.
In Celsius “zero degrees” is considered to be the freezing point of water. This is an arbitrary
number that was picked by scientists because freezing water is a common phenomenon. Celsius
But in Kelvin, “zero degrees” is the temperature at which no molecular motion occurs. This is
actually absolute zero – it is impossible to get colder than “no molecular motion.”
heat. If a substance is at 300 degrees Kelvin, you know exactly how much heat is in the
This is much better for scientists than calculating based on Celsius, and having to figure out
Fun fact: absolute zero – zero Kelvin – is -273.15 degrees Celsius. Another way to say that is
that zero degrees Celsius – the freezing point of water – occurs at 273.15 Kelvins.
Wilting Plants
Many plants actually use osmotic pressure to maintain the shape of their stems and leaves.
If you have kept potted plants, you probably know that your plants can become very wilted
very quickly if they are not watered. But within just minutes of watering, they can perk right
back up!
This is because the stems and leaves of many plants are essentially “inflated” by osmotic
pressure – the salts in the cells cause water to be drawn in through osmosis, making the cell
If not enough water is available, the plant will wilt because its cells are becoming “deflated.” In
scientific terms, they are “hypertonic” – which means “the concentration of solute is too high.”
Plants can also demonstrate the power of osmotic pressure as they grow.
You may have seen plants springing up through asphalt, or tree roots growing through bricks or
concrete.
This, too, is made possible by osmotic pressure: as plants grow, their cells draw in more water.
The slow but inexorable pressure of water moving through the plant cell’s membranes can
We all know the dangers of dehydration, where lack of water can cause dangerous effects in
our body. What we might not realize is that these effects are directly related to osmotic
pressure.
When our bodies don’t have enough water, water can actually move out of our cells into
our blood. This can cause the concentrations of salts and other solutes in our cells to become
When we drink water, the water enters the body through our bloodstreams, and is able to
diffuse back into our cells through osmosis, restoring their proper function.
The opposite is also possible: it is actually possible to die from drinking too much water.
contests, it is possible to drink so much water that too much of it diffuses into your cells. In
Rapid rehydration after severe dehydration can be dangerous for the same reason. It is advised
to undertake rehydration slowly, because filling dehydrated cells suddenly with large volumes of
The graphic below shows how dehydration – or overhydration – can affect our blood cells by
Diffusion – A process by which fluids and solutes become evenly distributed through
random molecular motion.
Temperature – A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
“Warmer” substances have more particle motion, while “cooler” substances have
less.
Water – The “universal solvent” upon which life on Earth is based. Water’s unique
properties make it an ideal carrier for the molecules of life such as sugars, amino
acids, and nucleic acids.