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continuing professional education. As such, it

does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by
the AIA of any material of construction or any
method or manner of handling, using,
distributing,
g, or dealing
g in any
y material or
product. Questions related to specific materials,
methods, and services may
y be addressed at the
conclusion of this presentation.
This ppresentation is p
protected by
y U.S. and
International copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the
presentation without written permission of the
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© American Architectural
Manufacturers Association 2010
` Comparison of the AAMA/WDMA/CSA
101/I.S.2/A440 -08 lab test (referred to as
NAFS-08)) to the AAMA 502 q quality
y
assurance field test and the AAMA 511
forensic evaluation

` Determination of appropriate water test

pressures, test durations and water
applications via NAFS-08, AAMA 502-08,
503-08 and d 511-08

` How to specify
p yp
project-specific
j p q
quality
y
assurance field testing

` The proper use of AAMA 511 for forensic

evaluations
 ` “NAFS-08” Lab Testing –
` Performed on prototype specimen to validate
product performance ratings

` “502”
502 Quality Assurance Field Testing –
` Performed on “newly” installed products to verify
installed performance of the product and the
installation
ction
n

` “511” Forensic Testing –

` Performed on wall assemblies with known water
oduc

controll problems
bl as a means to accurately
l
identify suspect wall construction components
and details
Intro
NAF
FS Ov
verview
 ` Utilizes ASTM E 547 and/or E 331 for
test methodology
` Test is performed
f under controlled
environmental conditions
` Test sample is installed strictly per the
verview

manufacturer’s
instructions in a precise
test buck opening
FS Ov
NAF
 Conversion as per NAFS-08
` 15% for
f R, LC, CW
` 20% for AW

` Water Resistance Test Pressure is capped at 12.00 psf for

the U.S. and 15.00 psf for Canada
verview

Gateway Requirements
Performance
P f Minimum
Mi i Minimum
Mi i Minimum
Mi i
Class Design Structural test Water
Pressure, Pa pressure, Pa Resistance
(psf))
(p (psf))
(p Test Pressure,,
FS Ov

Pa (psf)
R 15.0 22.5 2.90
LC 25.0 37.5 3.75
NAF

CW 30.0 45.0 4.50

AW 40.0 60.0 8.00
 6.00 PSF (~50 mph)

Equivalent hydrostatic 
Equivalent hydrostatic
water head

1.16””
NAFS Overview
 7.50 PSF (~55 mph)

Equivalent hydrostatic 
Equivalent hydrostatic
water head

1.44””
NAFS Overview
 AAMA 502-08
502
MA 5
AAM
 ` AAMA 502-90
` Original publication by AAMA

` AAMA 502-02
` Added reference to AAMA accredited laboratory and
first introduced the 1/3 WTP reduction for water
resistance testing of installed products
502

` AAMA 502-08
` Defined “newly”
newly installed as prior to issuance of the
MA 5

occupancy permit not to exceed 6 months after

installation of the fenestration product.
AAM
 ` ASTM E 783
◦ Field Measurement of Air Leakage through
Installed Exterior Windows and Doors

` ASTM E 1105
◦ Field Determination of Water Penetration of
502

Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and

D
Doors by
b UUniform
if or Cyclic
C li Static
S i Air
Ai Pressure
P
MA 5

Difference
AAM
 ` Requires testing agency to report and make adjustments
for ambient conditions. In some cases, temporary
enclosures are required to reduce adverse effects of wind
and temperature at the project site.
502
MA 5
AAM
 ` The default air leakage for quality assurance
field testing is 1.5 times the applicable
laboratory
l b standard
d d for
f the
h product
d type and
d
performance class
502
MA 5
AAM
 TO OUTSIDE BAROMETRIC
PRESSURE

PRESSURE
MEASURING
ALTERNATE DEVICE
TEST
CHAMBER

TEST
CHAMBER

EXHAUST

VALVE
502

AIR SYSTEM

INNERMOST PLANE
FOR WATER PENETRATION
MA 5

(REFERENCE PARAGRAPH 4
4.3.4)
3 4)
W
PRESSURE GAUGE
VALVE

CALIBRATED WATER
AAM

SPRAY RACK

THE CHAMBER SHALL NOT BE PERMITTED

TO MAKE ANY CONTACT WITH THE
FENESTRATION PRODUCT
 ` Requires testing agency to report and
j
make adjustments for ambient
conditions
` Test is performed on the entire
f
fenestration
i product
d opening
i
502
MA 5
AAM
 ` The test pressure shall not be less than
91 Pa (1.9
(1 9 psf)

` Tests shall be conducted at a static test

pressure equal to 2/3 of the tested and
rated laboratory performance per
AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440
502
MA 5
AAM
 1. Newly installed fenestration product(s) shall be field
tested in accordance with AAMA 502, "Voluntary
Specification for Field Testing of Newly Installed
Fenestration Products."
2. Test three (unless otherwise specified) of the fenestration
product specimens after the products have been
completely installed for air leakage resistance and water
penetration resistance as specified.
3 Air leakage resistance tests shall be conducted at a
3.
uniform static test pressure of ___ Pa (___ psf). The
502

maximum allowable rate of air leakage shall not exceed

L/s•m2 (___
( cfm/ft2)
MA 5

4. Water penetration resistance tests shall be conducted at a

static test pressure of ___Pa (____ psf). No water
penetration shall occur as defined in Section 4.3.4 of
AAM

AAMA 502
 ` 1/3 reduction to the laboratory rating of
the WTP is the default

` Sill Dam test is removed from 502 and

moved to the 511 document
502
MA 5
AAM
 ` Method “A”
◦ Product only testing has been eliminated from
the 502-08 and moved to AAMA 511.

` If the source of the water cannot be

determined, a forensic evaluation using
th procedures
the d outlined
tli d iin AAMA 511 shall
h ll
be performed
502
MA 5
AAM
 AAMA 503-08
503
MA 5
AAM
 ` AAMA 503 was originally published in 1992
` AAMA 503 is a similar document to AAMA
502 for Storefronts, Curtain Walls & Sloped
Glazing Systems
Systems.
` Updated in 2003 & 2008
` AAMA 503-08 – Defined “newly”
newly installed
as prior to issuance of the occupancy
503

permit not to exceed 6 months after

p
MA 5

issuance of the occupancy permit.

AAM
AAM
MA 5
503
 ` Storefronts
` Curtain Wall
` Sloped Glazing

AAMA 503
 503
MA 5
AAM Curtain Wall Chamber Arrangement
 ` Storefronts
` Curtain Wall
` Sloped Glazing

AAMA 503
 Sloped Glazing Systems Chamber
Arrangement
503
MA 5
AAM
 ` Storefronts
` Curtain Wall
` Sloped Glazing

AAMA 503
Fore
ensic
c Inve
estig
gation
 ASTM References in AAMA 511
¾ASTM E 2128, Standard Guide for
g Water Leakage
Evaluating g of Building
g Walls
gation

¾This guide describes methods for determining and

evaluating water leakage of exterior walls
walls. A wall is
estig

considered a system including its exterior and

interior finishes, fenestration, and structural
components.
c Inve
ensic
Fore
 ` Involves more than just testing
` The purpose of diagnostic testing is to
gation

recreate
t water
t leaks
l k th
thatt are k
known tto
occur
` AAMA 511 testing either follows up on
estig

AAMA 502 and 503 testing or is used in

a water intrusion
c Inve

investigation
ensic
Fore
 ` “…The ultimate goal of 511 diagnostic
gation

testing is to recreate existing leakage

behavior that occurs under in-service
conditions ”
conditions.
ensic
Fore estig
c Inve
 ` Four Preliminary Steps prior to testing
gation

◦ Review of project documents

◦ Evaluation of design concept
◦ Determination of service history
estig

◦ Inspection

Three Steps During and After Testing

c Inve

`
◦ Investigative Testing
◦ Analysis
ensic

◦ Report
Fore
 Step #1: Review Project Documents
gation

• Architectural drawings
• Structural drawings
• Shopp drawingsg
estig

• Installation instructions
• Contracts
c Inve

• Purchase orders
• Specifications
• Warranties
ensic
Fore
 Step # 2: Evaluation of Design Concept
gation

• Water management concept

• Critical details
• p
Test reports
estig

• Flashing
• Sealants
c Inve

• Weep Holes
ensic
Fore
 Step # 3: Determination of Service History
gation

• Review maintenance records

• Interview knowledgeable personnel
• Research leak history
ensic
Fore estig
c Inve
 Step #4: Inspection
• Interior observations
gation

• E t i observations
Exterior b ti
• Observe workmanship
• Observe product
estig

deficiency
• Develop a
hypothesis for the
c Inve

source of the
water intrusion
ensic
Fore
Fore
ensic
c Inve
estig
gation
 Determination is based on:
gation

◦ Field Standards
◦ Laboratory Standards
◦ g
Prior Testing
estig

◦ Weather Data
◦ Experience
c Inve
ensic
Fore
 ◦ Simulate the weather events
gation

◦ Obtain wind speed

◦ If calculated wind speed is greater then 2/3 of
the rated WTP for the product it may be that the
product was not the most appropriate for the
estig

project.
◦ At least one pressure
difference test must
c Inve

be done at the 2/3

pressure
ensic
Fore
 ` ASCE – 7 accounts for:
gation

Exposure
◦ E
◦ Height above grade
p
◦ Basic wind speed
estig

(or weather data)

◦ Location of
specimen
c Inve

within façade
ensic
Fore
Fore
ensic
c Inve
estig
gation
 • The objective of testing is to identify the leak
gation

paths
ensic
Fore estig
c Inve
 Consistent leaks more than one year
e1
`

H
Heaviest
i t leakage
l k ttwice
i d during
i S
September
t b 2005
mple

` Class II
MA 511- Exam

` Building height is 33 ft., window (z) is 27 ft. above

ground
` Window is 4’ high x 4’ wide, wind area (A) of 16 ft2
` AAMA rating C35
AAM
AAMA 511 Example #1
 e1 Estimating the Test Pressure

` ASCE/SEI 7‐05 analysis is used with the 
mple

following information:
◦ Location of building (Newark, NJ) 
MA 511- Exam

◦ B ildi
Building usage designation (Class II)
d i ti (Cl II)
◦ Exposure level (Exposure B) 
◦ Building design (enclosed structure with a flat roof )
u d g des g (e c osed st uctu e t a at oo )
◦ Building height (33 ft.)
◦ Window area (16 square ft.)
` From these features, the water resistance test 
pressure is, theoretically, 2.4 psf.
AAM
 e1

` Local weather data is analyzed by daily 
mple

readings for September of 2005, allowing the 
investigator to observe the weather condition, 
MA 511- Exam

amount of precipitation and maximum wind 
t f i it ti d i i d
speed for each day
AAM
AAMA 511 Example #1
 e1

` The maximum 5‐second gust wind speeds are 
mple

recorded for every day in September in which 
measurable rainfall occurred
MA 511- Exam

Max Wind Speed

Date Rain Fall (in)
(mph) 5-Sec. Gust
4-Sep-05 0.12 16
12-Sep-05 0.33 11
21 S
21-Sep-05
05 0 67
0.67 52
AAM
 e1

` Only two leak events are reported during 
mple

September 2005
MA 511- Exam

` Average wind determined to be 34 mph

Max Wind Speed

Date Rain Fall (in)
(mph) 5-Sec. Gust
4-Sep-05
4 Sep 05 0.12
0 12 16
12-Sep-05 0.33 11
21-Sep-05 0.67 52
AAM
 ` Result = 2.1 psf which is the differential pressure used to 
e1

evaluate the window opening in question
mple

` Weather data analysis is used to determine field water 
penetration resistance pressure 
MA 511- Exam

` Table 3 of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I S 2/A440 05 shows

Table 3 of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440‐05 shows 
tested water penetration resistance pressure
` The result of the weather data analysis (2.2 psf ) is the 
y ( p )
differential pressure used to evaluate the window 
opening in question
AAM
 ` Leak Reported during storm on September
e2

21, 2005
Class
l II, Exposure C
mple

`
` Building height is 60 ft., window (z) is 55
MA 511- Exam

ft above ground
ft.
` Window is 2’ high x 2’ wide, wind area (A)
of 4 ft2
` AAMA rating C35
AAM
 e2 Estimating the Test Pressure

` ASCE/SEI 7‐05 analysis is used with the following 
mple

i f
information:
i
◦ Location of building (Chicago, Il) 
◦
MA 511- Exam

Building usage designation (Class II)
◦ Exposure level (Exposure C) 
◦ Building design (enclosed structure with a flat roof )
◦ Building height (60 ft.)
◦ Window area (4 square ft.)
` From these features, the water resistance test pressure is, 
theoretically, 3.2 psf.
theoretically, 3.2 psf.
AAM
 e2

` Referring to tabulated local weather data 
mple

above, the investigator can determine and 
record the maximum 5‐second gust speeds on 
MA 511- Exam

the date of the reported leak

the date of the reported leak

Max Wind Speed

Date Rain Fall (in) (mph) 5
5-Sec.
Sec
Gust
21-Sep-05 0.67 52
AAM
 e2

` 52 mph can now be used in Eq.‐ 6‐15 from SEI/ASCE 7‐05 
mple

to establish a wind pressure of 7.9 psf
bli h i d f79 f
` Since specimen height is above 60 feet above grade, this 
MA 511- Exam

p q 6‐23 to calculate 
wind pressure is inserted into Eq.‐
maximum test pressure
` Result = 8.4 psf, which is greater than the laboratory 
water penetration resistance test pressure of 5.25 psf as 
t t ti it t t f 5 25 f
prescribed for a C 35 product rating. 
` Since calculated differential air test pressure exceeds the 
p
rated performance value for the  product, investigator 
shall first perform at least 1 test at 2/3 of the product 
AAM

performance rating prior to testing at calculated

performance rating prior to testing at calculated 
pressure.
 Interior Weep Holes Water
W t shall
h ll cover all
ll horizontal
h i t l surfaces
f expected
t d to
t be
b wett

Test Water Head

measured from
Tape bottom of exterior
applied over wrap
Exterior
te o
Weep

AAMA 511 Example #2

 Need to determine:
◦ How to apply water
eak

◦ How long to run test

◦ Whether or not to include differential
Recrreating the Le

pressure
x How much air pressure
x How
H to step or phase
h pressure
Recrreating the Le
eak
Recrreating the Le
eak
 ` How long would you test these substrates?
eak
Recrreating the Le
 ` Which application best fulfills the objective?
eak
Recrreating the Le
Recrreating the Le
eak
Recrreating the Le
eak
 ` How does differential pressure affect the
test specimen?
p
eak
Recrreating the Le
 ` Start with zero differential pressure then
step up to higher pressures
eak
Recrreating the Le
Recrreating the Le
eak
Recrreating the Le
eak
 ` Start testing at lower elevations and work
higher
Introduce one new element at a time into
eak

`
each new water test
Recrreating the Le

` Use isolation to protect features from water

spray
` Do not turn the water off at the first
moment a leak appears
` Try to trace the leak from the exterior to the
interior and use destructive wall probes as
required to identify this leak path
` Do not end non-leaking tests until you are
confident the specimen is not contributing
to leakage
 ` No or limited leak history
` Leakk reportedd as window
d lleak
k when
h lleak
k
eak

is actually from another source

Not enough water pressure
Recrreating the Le

`
` Not able to achieve differential pressure
` Owner does not want to remove interior
finishes
` No or limited access to concealed wall
areas
` Inclement weather
` Isolation failures
Iden
ntifying the Sourc
ce
Iden
ntifying the Sourc
ce
Iden
ntifying the Sourc
ce
Iden
ntifying the Sourc
ce
Identifying the Source
 ¾The forensic investigator has the responsibility
porting

to make everyy attempt

p to ascertain the exact
path of water intrusion

¾Conclusions are formed in this step on the

d Rep

basis of the inspection and testing data

collected in the previous steps.
s and

¾If conclusions cannot be fully supported by

sound scientific principles then additional
Analysis

investigation is needed
 ¾ All reports shall be self-contained
porting

documents

¾ Shall include justification for deviations from

the methodology described in the standard
d Rep

¾ The reports shall not include any

s and

unsubstantiated opinions or conclusions.

¾ If results are not conclusive the forensic

Analysis

investigator shall present options for

obtaining conclusive results
¾Pleasetake a moment to complete the
evaluation
l ti form.
f Thank
Th k You.
Y