Review of Related Literature

According to Cai-qin GU, Yi-ling ZHONG, Jian-ping LAI, Dong-xue ZHU, Qin-zhu
ZENG, Jin-ying LIN, Ya-ping LAI (2009) antibacterial activity of banana peel extract on
some food spoil bacteria and fungi were determined and effects of different factors such
as high temperature and ultraviolet radiation on antibacterial activity were studied. The
results showed that except Penicillium sp., the banana peel extract can effectively
inhibit the growth of some bacteria and fungi. The minimum inhibition concentrations
(MIC) of banana peel extract on Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus aureus was 0.75
g· mL-1, 0.50 g· mL-1 for Bacillus subtilis and 0.75 g· mL-1 for Candida albicans and
Aspergillus flavus. High temperature and ultraviolet radiation had little effects on
antibacterial activity of banana peel extract.

According to Hindi, S. (2013) fruit peels have been a valuable source for
maintaining human health. The use of fruit peels extracts for antimicrobial properties
can be of great significance in therapeutic treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the
antibacterial activity of banana's peel. The antibacterial effect of aqueous extracts of
fresh yellow banana peels against 2 Gram-positive and 4 Gram-negative bacterial and
one yeast isolates, including S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, E.
coli, M. catarrhalis and candida albicanis, was carried out by the well-agar diffusion
method. The water extract of fresh banana peel showed a various inhibitory effect
against various microbial isolates. Highest inhibitory effect against both M. catarrhalis
and S. aureus with 30 mm inhibition zone, followed by S. pyogenes, E. aerogenes and
K. pneumoniae with no effect against E. coli and candida albicanis. Aqueous extracts of
fresh yellow banana peels could be considered as a good antibacterial agent against
both Gram positive and negative bacteria to replace the synthetic medicines in
treatment of diseases caused by these bacteria.

According to Normandin, B. viruses, or fungi. Bacterial pneumonia is the most

common type in adults. Pneumonia causes inflammation in the air sacs in your lungs,
which are called alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe.

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

Pneumonia symptoms can be mild to life-threatening. The most common symptoms of

pneumonia can include:

coughing that may produce phlegm (mucus), fever, sweating, and chills, shortness of
breath, chest pain

Other symptoms can vary according to the cause and severity of the infection, as well
as the age and general health of the individual.
Symptoms by cause

Viral pneumonia may start with flu-like symptoms, such as wheezing. A high fever may
occur after 12–36 hours.

Bacterial pneumonia may cause a fever as high as 105°F along with profuse sweating,
bluish lips and nails, and confusion.

Symptoms by age

Children under 5 years of age may have fast breathing.

Infants may vomit, lack energy, or have trouble drinking or eating.

Older people may have a lower-than-normal body temperature.

What are the types and causes of pneumonia?

The major types of pneumonia are classified by the cause of the infection, where the
infection was transmitted, and how the infection was acquired.

Types by germ

Pneumonia can be classified according to the organism that caused the infection.

Bacterial pneumonia: The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus

pneumoniae. Chlamydophila pneumonia and Legionella pneumophila can also cause
bacterial pneumonia.

Viral pneumonia: Respiratory viruses are often the cause of pneumonia, especially in
young children and older people. Viral pneumonia is usually not serious and lasts for a
shorter time than bacterial pneumonia.

Mycoplasma pneumonia: Mycoplasma organisms are not viruses or bacteria, but they
have traits common to both. Mycoplasmas generally cause mild cases of pneumonia,
most often in older children and young adults.

Fungal pneumonia: Fungi from soil or bird droppings can cause pneumonia in people
who inhale large amounts of the organisms. They can also cause pneumonia in people
with chronic diseases or weakened immune systems.

One kind of fungal pneumonia is called Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). This
condition generally affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with
AIDS. In fact, PCP can be one of the first signs of infection with AIDS.

Types by location
Pneumonia is also classified according to where it was acquired.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): This type of bacterial pneumonia is acquired

during a hospital stay. It can be more serious than other types, because the bacteria
involved may be more resistant to antibiotics.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): This refers to pneumonia that is acquired

outside of a medical or institutional setting.

Types by how they are acquired

Pneumonia can also be classified according to how it is acquired.

Aspiration pneumonia: This type of pneumonia occurs when you inhale bacteria into
your lungs from food, drink, or saliva. This type is more likely to occur if you have a
swallowing problem or if you become too sedate from the use of medications, alcohol,
or some types of illicit drugs.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): When people who are using a ventilator get
pneumonia, it’s called VAP.

Is pneumonia contagious?

Most kinds of pneumonia are contagious.

Both viral and bacterial pneumonia can spread to others through inhalation of airborne
droplets from a sneeze or cough. But while you can become infected with fungal
pneumonia from the environment, it doesn’t spread from person to person.

Who is at risk of pneumonia?

Anyone can get pneumonia, but certain people are at higher risk:

infants from birth to age 2 years, and individuals ages 65 years or older

people who have had a stroke, have problems swallowing, or are bedridden

people with weakened immune systems because of disease or use of medications such
as steroids or certain cancer drugs

people who smoke, misuse certain types of illicit drugs, or drink excessive amounts of
alcohol

people with certain chronic medical conditions such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, diabetes,
or heart failure.

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

Your doctor will start by asking you questions about when your symptoms first appeared
and about your medical history. They’ll also give you a physical exam. This will include
listening to your lungs with a stethoscope for any abnormal sounds, such as crackling.

Your doctor will also likely order a chest X-ray. Typically, pneumonia can be diagnosed
with the physical exam and the chest X-ray. But depending on the severity of your
symptoms and your risk of complications, your doctor may also order one or more of
these tests:

A blood test. This test can confirm an infection, but it may not be able to identify what’s
causing it.

A sputum test. This test can provide a sample from your lungs that may identify the
cause of the infection.

Pulse oximetry. An oxygen sensor placed on one of your fingers can indicate whether
your lungs are moving enough oxygen through your bloodstream.

A urine test. This test can identify the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and
Legionella pneumophila.

A CT scan. This test provides a clearer and more detailed picture of your lungs.

A fluid sample. If your doctor suspects there is fluid in the pleural space of your chest,
they may take fluid using a needle placed between your ribs. This test can help identify
the cause of your infection.

A bronchoscopy. This test looks into the airways in your lungs. It does this using a
camera on the end of a flexible tube that’s gently guided down your throat and into your
lungs. Your doctor may do this test if your initial symptoms are severe, or if you’re
hospitalized and your body is not responding well to antibiotics.

According to Edenta, C; Okpe, O (2017) musa acuminata fruit peels are used in
the northern part of Nigeria for the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular
related diseases. The effects of aqueous extracts of ripped fruit peel of three cultivars of
Musa acuminata (Saro, Ominni and Oranta) on the hepatic and renal parameters of
normal rats were examined. Methods: Fruit peel aqueous extracts (FPAE) of the 3
cultivars of Bananas (100 mg/kg b.w.) were administered by oral intubation (that is
through esophageal cannula) to normal rats (140–180 g) for a period of 28 days.
Blood samples were collected for determination of plasma aspartate amino transferase
(AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase ALK-P), total protein,
albumin, creatinine as well as urea. Results: From the results obtained, there were no
significant (p < 0.05) changes in the ALK-P, AST, ALT, total protein and albumin among
the experimental rats administered FPAE of the 3 cultivars of Musa acuminata when
compared with the normal control group. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in
the level of serum creatinine (in mg/dL) (1.53 ± 0.23) when compared to the normal
control (0.72 ± 0.15), Ominni (0.92 ± 0.39) and Oranta (0.74 ± 0.22). Similarly, there
was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of serum urea (in mg/dL) of Saro (41.56
± 4.68) when compared to the normal control (26.05 ± 0.73), Ommini (28.44 ± 2.43)
and Oranta (26.10 ± 2.94). Conclusion: The findings reveal the Saro cultivar of Musa
acuminata to be nephrotoxic and not a good potential drug candidate among the
cultivars studied hence should be discouraged in the treatment of hypertension and
other cardiovascular related diseases.

Bibliography:

https://www.science.gov/topicpages/b/banana+peel+extracts

https://www.healthline.com/health/pneumonia

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259266080_Antimicrobial_Effect_of_Aqueous
_Banana_Peel_Extract_Iraq

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