ROAD POTHOLE PAVING MACHINE

____________________

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

of the Bulacan State University

City of Malolos, Bulacan

_________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

__________________

by:

JANINE ROSE P. ANGELES

LUZ ARLINA S. DE CASTRO

JONALD DC. DE GUZMAN

JEROME O. FAJARDO

MELBERT B. TAÑGALIN

November 2019
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Transportation system is a necessity in everyone’s activity. Throughout the history,

transportation has provided access to natural resources and has promoted trade, allowing

countries to accumulate wealth and power. During the war, transportation helped greatly

to transfer equipment, supplies and soldiers.

The 21st century public transportation provides people with mobility and access to

employment, community resources, medical care, recreational opportunities and other

human needs in communities across the Philippines. It benefits those who choose, as well

as those who have no other choice but to avail, public transportation.

Everyone knows that traffic congestion is caused by too many vehicles occupying

the same road, leading to its saturation and slow movement of the cars. Heavy vehicles

are one of the major cause of road damages. However, by all counts, heavy truck results

in pavement damage many times than that of the private and public transportation

vehicles. Traffic along with the moisture of the road caused by the rain over a long period

of time causes potholes. (Homji, 2005)

Potholes are road distresses that vary in size and shape. They can be found anywhere

on the road surface and there can be few number of potholes closely spaced in different

parts of the road. Potholes are created when the top layer of the pavement and the

material beneath cannot support the weight caused by the traffic. They are caused by the

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expansion and contraction of ground after water has entered into the ground. As the heat

produced by the friction of tires to the road and the weight of trucks and cars pass over

the weak spot on the road, pieces of the road material weaken, the road surface begins to

crack and fall into the hollowed area below, creating the pothole. (Obaidi, 2018)

Potholes are widespread problem affecting all countries in the world. If not repaired

immediately, these road imperfections will further because surface damages which is

dangerous to the passing vehicles and pedestrians. Potholes are not only the cause of

significant damage to vehicle suspension systems but can, in terrible cases, result in

serious accidents and permanent injury. Thus, there is an impending and urgent need for

pothole repair techniques that are cost effective, efficient and long lasting.

The best way to minimize road damage is to follow a carefully planned preventive

maintenance system. This includes the laying-out of well-planned roads, using proper

resurfacing methods, ensuring adequate drainage facilities, regularly checking drains for

blocks, and carrying out road repairs as soon as possible to prevent further deterioration.

But despite the best measures taken by our transport authorities, the development of

potholes is inevitable. Preventive maintenance can at best delay their occurrence. It is

thus essential to simultaneously focus on continuously improving pothole repair methods.

The common practices for pothole patching are the throw-and-roll and the spray

injection. Throw-and-Roll is one of the basic method of placing the patching material into

a pothole. The asphalt is flatten with the use of the truck tires. This method is commonly

used due to its simplicity. Spray injection repair is an efficient way of repairing a pothole.

However, it requires specialized equipment for blowing the water and debris from the

pothole, placing of asphalt into the pothole and covering of the patched area with some

3
layer of aggregate. (Obaidi, 2018)

This thesis aims to design and fabricate a road pothole paving machine capable of

filling potholes on road surfaces. The machine is aimed to be an alternative, if not a

replacement, to the existing pothole-repair method by achieving the following objectives:

The main objective of this research is to provide an efficient and cost-effective result

of pothole repairs by reducing the costs and complexity displayed by automated road

repair vehicles used in other countries.

Another objective is to design the machine to operate in this order: fill-stamp-roll.

Having one machine to perform these three steps reduces labour costs as the existing

method of paving potholes in the Philippines is usually done by 2-3 men.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of the study is: “How to fabricate an efficient and cost-effective

pothole-paving machine?”

Specifically, the study will answer the following questions:

1) How to design the Road Pothole Paving Machine so it can be operated by just one

person?

2) What methods are involved in the fabrication of the Road Pothole Paving Machine?

3) Will the Road Pothole Paving Machine be beneficial to the end users in terms of its:

3.1 Functionality?

3.2 Reliability?

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 3.3 Accuracy?

3.4 Cost?

3.5 Safety?

Significance of the Study

This study aims to help the society considering that the transportation plays an

important role in our daily lives. Growing countries, especially the Philippines, the

second most populous country in Southeast Asia, a good transportation system is one of

modernized city’s initial priority for the mobility in every aspect of our life. Everyday

people need to go to work, students need to go to school, and products and supplies need

to be transported. Reliable transportation allows every citizen to live at ease and to travel

from one place to another comfortably.

The Road Pothole Paving Machine is expected to bring its benefits to the following:

1) The Motorists of Barangay Hinukay, Baliuag, Bulacan - It will lessen the

excessive jarring moment when driving in rough roads. Pothole patching occupies

two or more lanes from the road. It will benefit the motorists for they can drive in

broader road because this system will only occupy smaller space from the road while

constructing it.

2) Barangay Hinukay, Baliuag, Bulacan – This barangay will benefit from this study

for it can serve as substantial tool for easier repair and construction of potholes.

3) The Future Researchers - This study will serve as paradigm for future researchers.

Further modification in this study is acceptable because as technology advances, the

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 improvement for this research also rises. They can use this study as their reference

for their future researches and studies related thereto.

Scope and Delimitation

The main objective of this project is to construct efficient and effective road

potholes paving machine. The machine will be consisting of three major components

namely, electric heater coils, road stamper and roller. The electric heater will be using

the concept of heating resistive coils through a battery source. The road stamper will be

operating via a hydraulic jack mechanism. The roller will be a hollow cylindrical shaft-

like device that will serve as the front wheel of the machine.

For the fabrication of the Road Pothole Paving Machine, the researcher limits the

study for paving road potholes with dimensions less than the size of the roller and the

road stamper only.

The testing and usage of the Road Pothole Paving Machine would be conducted

only during sunny and cloudy weather conditions to have the desired dryness of the road

surface before filling the asphalt into the road potholes.

The project study will only focus on paving barangay road, wherein the

Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) is not to provide for and ensure the

adequate maintenance of roads. Another limitation of the study is that the hot-asphalt

mixture will be the only medium for repairing the road potholes.

6
Notes in Chapter I
Homji, R. (2005, August). ResearchGate. Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://core.ac.uk/do
wnload/pdf/4271299.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwihsPi6mcDkAhUDQd4KHflqBx0QFjA
AegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw2aQDPj-9WH1kv6OMfRUc4X
Obaidi, H. (2018, October). ResearchGate. Retrieved from
10.13140/RG.2.2.15618.53449

7
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents a unification of research that supports the assessment of Road

Pothole Paving Machine. This chapter includes relevant engineering theories, related

literature and related studies interrelated with the development of the research. The

theoretical framework roots or interprets the machine design and implementation by the

review of the literature with the definition of different terminologies to be encounter

throughout the paper.

Relevant Theories

The following engineering theories and principles will serve as guide to the

researchers in designing and fabricating the Road Pothole Paving Machine:

A. Machine Design

Machine design can be characterized as the use of imagination, scientific

principles and engineering techniques and theories through which resources or energy are

converted into useful mechanical forms or mechanisms in order to obtain useful and

helpful performance from the various machine elements in the desire to satisfy human

needs. Machine design can lead to the formation of the entirely new machine or can lead

to improvement and modification of the existing machines.

1. Stress

When a body, is affected by some external system of forces or loads, the internal

forces (equal or opposite) are set up in the different parts of the body that resist the

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external forces. At any part of the body, this internal pressure per unit area is defined as

unit stress or just stress.

2. Thermal Stress

Each time a body’s temperature rises or decreases, it causes the body to expand or

contract. A little thought would demonstrate that no pressure caused in the body if the

body is allowed to expand or contract freely, with temperature rise or fall. Nevertheless,

if the body’s deformation is avoided, some tension is produced in the body. Such stresses

are referred to as thermal stress.

The relevance of this principle in the study is the stamper part of the machine will

be exposed to high temperature medium (Hot Asphalt-Mixture), the concept of thermal

stress plays a vital role in choosing the best type of steel that would fit in very hot

applications. As the thermal stress increases, sudden variation in temperature occur and

thermal shock takes place. As the thermal shock arises, breakage in material will happen.

B. Joule’s Law of Heating

Joule's First Law states that the electrical conductor’s heating power is

proportional to the product of its resistance and the square of the current:

P=I²R

In the conductor, heat energy is produced when a current flows through a

conductor. The heating effects of electric current depend on three factors:

a. The resistance of the conductor. A higher resistance produces more heat.

9
b. The longer the current flows, the more energy output can be produced and

maintained.

c. The higher the current, the greater the heat emitted.

The idea of Joule’s Law of Heating is significant in the design of the

tubular coils. The current and the resistance of the coil are directly proportional to the

power capacity of the coil needed to melt the main medium (Hot Asphalt-Mixture).

C. Properties of Fluids

Fluid properties determine how fluids in engineering and technology can be used.

We also determine fluid behavior in the fluid mechanics. The following are some of the

important basic properties of fluids:

1. Viscosity

2. Temperature

3. Pressure

The properties of fluids such as viscosity, temperature and specific heat of

the asphalt-mixture is mainly used in designing the outlet and heater part of the machine.

The viscosity and temperature of the mixture determine the proper design of the outlet

(the outlet part of the machine is the main discharge pathway of the mixture). The

viscosity of the mixture is considered in designing the proper inclination of the outlet.

The specific heat of the mixture is used in the computation of the power requirement

needed to melt the asphalt-mixture.

D. Mechanical Properties of Metals

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 A material’s mechanical properties are those properties that require a reaction to

the load being applied. Metals’ mechanical properties define a material’s range of

usefulness and decide its service life. Mechanical properties are also used to assist with

the classification and identification of the material.

a. Strength

b. Stiffness

c. Malleability

d. Machinability

The mechanical properties of metals are considered in designing the frame

and the main components of the machine. The frame is the main support of the system,

thus it must exhibit the mechanical properties of metals such as strength, stiffness,

malleability and machinability.

E. Low Carbon or Mild Steel

A carbon steel is defined as a steel which has its properties mainly due to its

carbon content and does not contain more than 0.5% of silicon and 1.5% of manganese.

The plain carbon steels varying from 0.06% carbon to 1.5% carbon are divided into the

following types depending upon the carbon content. Dead mild steel has up to 0.15%

carbon. (Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

AISI 1018 mild/low carbon steel has excellent weldability, produces a uniform and

harder case and it is considered the best steel for carburized parts. AISI 1018 mild/low

carbon steel offers a good balance of toughness, strength and ductility. AISI 1018 hot

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rolled steel has significant mechanical properties, improved machining characteristics and

has a high hardness measure. (Miller, 2012)

Related Literature

A. Heat Resisting Steels

The steels which can resist creep and oxidation at high temperatures and retain

sufficient strength are called heat resisting steels. Low alloy steels contain 0.5 per cent

molybdenum. The main application of these steels are for superheater tubes and pipes in

steam plants, where service temperatures are in the range of 400°C to 500°C.

B. Hydraulic Jacks

Hydraulic jackets are mechanical devices used to lift heavy loads, cars, weight

equipment or use hydraulic fluid as the main power source. Basically, when two

cylinders are connected and force is applied to one cylinder, in both cylinders the same

pressure is generated. To lift heavy loads, hydraulic jacks rely on this fundamental

principle: they use pump plungers to move oil through two cylinders. (Ikpe & Owunna,

2019)

Fig 2.1 Hydraulic Jack (Ikpe & Owunna, 2019)

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C. Aerogels

Aerogels are complex category of solid porous materials that show an extraordinary

range of extreme properties of materials. Aerogels are known most notably for their

extreme low density (ranging from 0.0011~0.5 g/cm3). In addition the lowest density

solid materials ever developed are all aerogels, including a silica aerogel, which was only

three times heavier than air as it was formed. The most outstanding property of aerogels

is its high thermal resistance. It is mainly because aerogels almost nullify two of the three

methods of heat transfer –conduction (they are mostly composed of insulating gas) and

convection (the microstructure prevents net gas movement). They are good conductive

insulators because they are composed almost entirely of gases, which are very poor heat

conductors.

Fig 2.2 Aerogel (What is Aerogel?, n.d.)

D. Rollers

Rollers are heavy road construction machines used for compacting hot and

therefore flexible asphalt pavements. To prevent them from causing damage to the new

asphalt surface, they must not come to a halt during the compacting operation. For

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precisely that reason, machine maintenance is of particular importance. In addition to

that, checks need to be carried out prior to commencing work to make sure that the drum

is clean, that fuel and engine oil are available in sufficient quantities, and that the water

tank has sufficient water for the drum spray system.

Fig 2.3 Roller (Anagnos, Kennedy, Robets, & McGennis, 1984)

E. Resistance Heating Elements

Resistance Heating Elements

Heating elements are typically either nickel-based or iron-based materials. The

nickel-based are usually nichrome, an alloy which is a mixture of metals and sometimes

other chemical elements that consist of about 80 percent nickel and 20 percent chromium.

Nichrome has been widely used for heating elements due to its high melting point which

is about 1400°C or 2550°F. Also, Nichrome does not oxidize even at high temperatures,

doesn't expand too much when it heats up and has a reasonable resistance radiates out in

all directions.

Tubular Heating Coils

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 Tubular heating elements or heating coils are devices used for electric heaters.

They can be easily customized, energy-efficient and can be used for most heating

applications. They can be made to just about any shape most commonly round, triangular

or flattened.

The tubular heating elements are commonly used in industrial heating

applications due to their versatility and affordability. They are used for heating liquids,

solids and gases through conduction, convection, and radiation heating. Tubular heating

elements or heating coils are capable of reaching high temperatures thus making it

efficient for heavy-duty applications.

The tubular heating elements transfer heat through direct contact to a liquid, solid,

or gas. They can reach temperatures of about 750 degrees centigrade or even higher when

designed properly. The design for tubular heating elements is mainly based on the

medium to be heated. Also, tubular heating coils must be configured to a specific watt

density, size, shapes, and sheath based on their specific application.

Using tubular heating elements as main source of heat

Precision is one of the main advantages of tubular heating elements. They allow

for advanced temperature controls, better temperature maintenance, and precise heat

transfer. They can reach temperatures up to 750°C (1,382°F). Also, they have the

flexibility to meet just about any application. Extreme precision allows tubular heating

elements to perform better and last longer. As a result, they are economical and efficient.

In terms of its size, tubular heating elements have compact size thus making it

advantageous for heating high melting point medium. Their size also makes them easy to

clean, maintain or replace. The ability to easily remove and replace these elements means

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that the production period does not have to be paused for long time. (Al-Rawashdeh,

2008)

Fig 2.4 Heating Coils (Al-Rawashdeh, 2008)

F. The Effect of Temperature on the Compaction Result

Basically, compaction becomes more effective with increasing temperature of the

paved mix. The most advantageous temperature range depends on the composition of the

mix, the thickness of the pavement and the type of binder used.

G. The Different Roller Passes

The roller operator starts compaction at the tie–in points and follows the edge of

the road from there. The pavement is pressed home in a further pass. Dynamic

compaction is mainly used for the main compaction process. The drums vibrate

horizontally (oscillate) or vertically (vibrate), thus significantly increasing the effect of

compaction. The operation is completed by a final roller pass that will “iron out” any

remaining irregularities in the asphalt pavement or surface to produce a perfect surface

finish.

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H. Fatigue Life Prediction of Different Steel Materials with Variable Amplitude

Loading

A research paper was developed that presented a technique wherein the fatigue

life of different steel based materials can be predicted through the use of Variable

Amplitude Loading (VAL). The analysis showed different prediction of fatigue life in

three types of low and medium carbon steel materials (ASTM A533, AISI 1020 and AISI

4340) through stress–life curve under the same VAL. Also studied and shown in the

paper was the effect of surface condition (polished, machined and hot rolled) of the

pipelines (the steel–based materials used).

The results obtained suggested that for the compressive and tensile stress the

effect of mean stress correction is unique. For tensile stress, the expected fatigue life

appears to be more conservative than compressive stress. The research paper indicated

that the high ultimate strength and hardness of medium carbon steel AISI 4340, with the

chemical composition such as chromium, manganese and nickel gives long fatigue life

greater by more than 95% compare to AISI 1020 and more than 85% as compare with

ASTM A533, but still ASTM A533 is better than AISI 1020 by 80% of the predicted life.

(Beden, Abdullah, Ariifin, & Rahman, 2008)

I. Some Experimental Research Results on Steel Fatigue: A Review

The researchers performed the experiments on the rotating beam fatigue testing

machine to determine the effects of fatigue on the Young’s Modulus of AISI 1045 steel

based material sample. The way in Young’s Modulus varies for the samples depended on

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the number of fatigue cycles performed. The experimental results and the measurement

formula revealed the decrease of Young’s modulus of AISI 1045 steel based material

samples versus the accumulation of fatigue.

The experimental research–based review leads the researchers that the influence

of fatigue decreases the Young’s Modulus, but increases the mechanical and

electromagnetic energy dissipation of AISI 1045 steel versus the accumulation of fatigue.

The progression in the experiment also resulted in considering and conducting a new

method for assessing the residual fatigue lifetime of the structure undergoing load

excitation. (Van Huu, 2018)

J. Characteristics of a Defective and Poorly-Maintained Road

1. Carriageway. This is the central part of the road through which vehicles drive.

Common defects requiring maintenance work are:

a. Loss of shape or camber. Camber refers to the road shape in which the middle is

higher than the sides to allow surface water to flow in the direction of the side

ditches. The shape loss is usually caused by erosion, loose or poorly compacted soil,

and frequent traffic, especially by heavily loaded vehicles;

b. Ruts. Ruts are depressions along the road surface length created by vehicle wheels or

animal-drawn sleds that go through the same depression repeatedly;

c. Potholes. These are ground depressions caused by improperly compacted materials

exacerbated by residual surface water; and

d. Corrugations. These are wave-like patterns that are parallel to the path of the vehicle

due to traffic flow and velocity, differences in surface material as well as surface

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 water behavior. These can also be due to people's poor compaction and intentional

removal of products.

2. Shoulders and slopes on the foot. Those apply to places other than the canals or

culverts on the side of the street. The typical defects are:

a. Deformation by as much as 20 to 50 percent due to loss or accumulation of materials.

Vehicle traffic also moves materials loosened from the carriageway to the left. This

is either due to poor choice of materials or lack of compaction. Erosion often plays a

part, or sometimes just by leaving residual materials from previous work on repair

and reconstruction.

b. Slides. Side slopes, left exposed and unstable when road sections are cut during

construction, were prone to shift during heavy rain, sliding to cover side drains and

shoulders, leaving rocks and soil on the carriageway;

c. Scouring. The flowing water's volume and velocity eat away and bring soil particles

along its course. Continuous flowing water activity can scour exposed road structure

components.

d. Thick and overgrown vegetation. Shrubs, small trees and grasses block drainage

lines on roadsides and obscure the view of the drivers while on the street.

3. Cross and hand drains. The primary purpose of these road components is to drain

surface water away from the road efficiently and effectively to protect it from

potential damage. Typical defects are:

a. Blocks that prevent free flow of water. Side and cross drains accumulate silt, soil and

debris transported by surface runoff when unmaintained and prevent normal water

flow, resulting in floods that accelerate road deterioration.

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b. Structural damage. Heavy rains and storms could damage canals and culverts. Such

road components are also weakened by defective construction. (International Labour

Organization, 2014)

K. Dig Out Patches

All flexible pavements require patching at some time during their service life.

Surface patching should be performed to a standard commensurate with resource

availability and the objective of retaining a smooth ride as long as possible. Since

patching materials are costly, high quality patch is one of the most cost effective means

of utilizing available resources. There are two principal methods of repairing asphalt

pavements. Removal of defective pavement and Patching with Base Repair or “Dig-out

patches”.

Dig out patches are used for permanent pothole patching. First, remove the defective

material down to a stable base and square off the edge of the hole vertically. Next, dry the

hole as much as possible (fiber reinforced mix often does well in wet holes). Then, tack

the hole if possible. Last, place and compact the mix. Compaction is very important in

making the repair permanent (heat applied to the mix is very beneficial to good

compaction). If traffic is picking the fresh mix out of the hole, try dusting the finished

patch with some roadside dirt. Spend a little more time patching the pothole the first time.

This will often keep you from returning to patch the same hole repeatedly. Permanent

repairs are normally made with hot mix if available.

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Related Studies

A. Design of Roller Compacting Concrete Pavement

The Roller Compacting Concrete Pavement (RCCP) of the researchers cannot be

considered to be a new construction machine. The first usage of RCCP was reported at

Scotland in 1865, while the use of concrete vibration was started 50 years later. The

research paper tried to investigate the different aspect of RCCP such as the best mixture

content of concrete to be used, flexural and compressive strength of the machine and

focus on the different part of RCCP on detail.

In the pavements, RCCP is usually uses by an asphalt paving machine and with a

vibrating roller compacted. The surface of RCCP is not smooth, therefore, the most

common use of this pavement machine is in industrial areas with slower traffic speed that

required durable and tough pavement. RCCP can decrease the finishing cost because

there are any bars and formwork and less labor need for placing the concrete.

Based on the result of the study conducted, RCCP can be a good choice for low–

speed traffic roads and can be considerable for financial savings, especially when special

equipment manufacturing process are not available. The researchers also expected that

new developments in the pavement machines should be done for the RCCP to reach its

higher density compression, reducing the number of roller for the flattening the concrete

mixture and for the improvement of driving characteristics of the paving machine for

more widespread use of the RCCP.

The Roller Compacting Concrete Pavement (RCCP) is an asphalt paving machine

which is used in industrial areas. The RCCP and Road Pothole Paving Machine (RPPM)

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shares the same application but the RCCP’s surface is not smooth. The RPPM’s purpose

is to patch potholes and flatten its surface.

Fig 2.5 Thickness of Layers (Zarrin & Ramezanshirazi, 2015)

Fig 2.6 Roller Compaction (Zarrin & Ramezanshirazi, 2015)

Fig 2.7 Traverse Joint (Zarrin & Ramezanshirazi, 2015)

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B. Intelligent Pothole Repair Vehicle (IPRV)

Intelligent Pothole Repair Vehicle (IPRV): a thesis study in 2005, Homji created a

three stage prototype which comprises of a detection module, a storage module, and a

clearing stage. The Intelligent Pothole Repair Vehicle (IPRV) is primarily concerned in

the automation of large equipment that will by itself access the repairability and detect

the existence of potholes in a road. Homji designed the detection module to be mounted

into an electric powered wheelchair which contributed to the overall size of the prototype,

he also used existing storage module for the fillings (asphalt) with an outlet valve that

will be positioned by the clearing module right after it cleans the overall periphery of the

pothole.

The prototype doesn’t need any assistance when accomplishing the job, it only

needs human intervention on the starting and shutting down process. The IPRV also

utilizes the use of 2 electric motor and a laptop to control the movement and positioning

of the detection module, it then uses a mechanical arm consists of a swinging link in the

front end of the IPRV.

One end of the link has a wheel attached to it that rolls along the road surface

another end is fixed to an incremental optical shaft encoder. The encoder generates 256

pulses per revolution thus providing a resolution of 1.4°. During operation, the wheel

follows the road surface contour. On encountering a pothole, the swinging link rotates

depending on the depth of the pothole. This rotation causes pulses to be generated by the

encoder which are input to a data acquisition card installed on the laptop computer. The

pulse count is used to determine the position of the deepest encountered part of the

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pothole. The IPRV is then positioned over the calculated location, and the filling

operation begins (Homji, 2015)

The focal objective of Intelligent Pothole Repair Vehicle (IPRV) is to detect road

potholes and its job is only limited to filling the pothole. The IPRV has storage module

that stores the asphalt mixture like the RPPM.

Fig 2.8 Intelligent Pothole Repair Vehicle (Homji, 2015)

C. Compaction of Asphalt Mixture and the Use of Vibratory Roller

Construction of road gives us an easy way of transportation and that will last

depending on the life of the road. Thomas W. Kennedy, Freddy L. Roberts, Robert B.

McGennis, and James N. Anagnos, researchers from the University of Texas at Austin,

conducted a study of Compaction of Asphalt Mixtures and the Use of Vibratory Rollers.

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Their aim is to provide other researchers a better understanding about the concept of

having a good compaction of asphalt mixtureand to share the proper use of vibratory

roller.

The results of their exploration regarding the conflict of asphalt to compaction,

using any methods, can be described in relation to frictional resistance, initial resistance,

and viscous resistance. Further, they pointed the importance of clear understanding

concerning the difference of the word density and compaction. According to them,

Density is a characteristic of a material, while compaction is a practice by which a

definite level of density is achieved.

Some problems they have come across in vibratory roller were incorrect use of

rollers and/or inappropriately trained operators. For the technology available, the right

equipment to be used can be made but still, the effectiveness is based on the operator.

The skilled the operator, the effective the machine is, and the better the performance, the

longer the life of the road is.

The findings of the study imply that technology and experience have developed to

such extent that vibratory rollers can effectively be used to compact asphalt mixtures.

Rollers will convey essential role as a part of the Road Pothole Paving Machine.

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 Fig 2.9 Two Drum Vibratory Roller (Anagnos, Kennedy, Robets, & McGennis, 1984)

Conceptual Framework

The framework illustrates the significant components that will be used in designing

Road Pothole Paving Machine. It shows the factors needed first hand from

conceptualization until the fabrication of the equipment.

Input Process Output

Infoware: 1. Research and

Related Studies Planning
Related Literature
Related Theories
2. Concept design
and Layout
Technoware:
Metal Plates 3. Gathering of
Metal Bars ROAD POTHOLE
Materials
Battery PAVING
Electric Coils MACHINE
Electric Wires 4. Fabrication of
Hydraulic Jack Components
Metal Tubes
Switch 5. Assembly of
Wheels Components

Humanware: 6. Testing of the

Engineers Product
Researchers
Fabricators
7. Finalizing and
Evaluation
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 Chart 2.1 Paradigm of the Study

Hypothesis of the Study

The researchers, through extensive study of concepts and collection of

information, the Road Pothole Paving Machine was cost–effective and efficient

equipment for repairing road potholes in community roads wherein the Department of

Public Works and Highways (DPWH) is not to provide for and ensured the adequate

maintenance of roads. The machine produced output was acceptable to the end user in

terms of functionality, reliability, safety, accuracy and economic consideration.

Definition of Terms

Density – the mass per unit volume of a fluid. In other words, it is the ratio between mass

(m) and volume (V) of a fluid.

Impact Resistance – measure of the resistance of materials to mechanical impact without

undergoing any physical changes.

Infoware – refers to any material or sources of data and information. Infoware such as

scholarly articles, literature, instructional materials, engineering theories and published

studies are important for the conceptualization process of the research.

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Machinability – it is the quality of a material which applies to a relative case that can be

used to cut a material.

Malleability – it is a special ductility case that enables the rolling or hammering of

materials into thin sheets. A malleable material is supposed to be durable, but being so

strong is not necessary.

Mechanism – rigid bodies connected by joints in order to accomplish a desired force

and/or motion transmission. It is a system of parts working together in a machine.

Pressure – the force per unit area of the fluid. In other words, it is the ratio of force on a

fluid to the area of the fluid held perpendicular to the direction of the force.

Stiffness – It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The modulus of

elasticity is the measure of stiffness.

Strength – the ability of a material to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic

deformation. This is usually considered based on the maximum load that can be borne

before failure is apparent.

Technoware – In this study, technoware refers to the different tools, materials, devices

and equipment used in the conduct of the research.

Viscosity – the fluid property that determines the amount of resistance of the fluid to

shear stress. It is the property of the fluid due to which the fluid offers resistance to flow

of one layer of the fluid over another adjacent layer.

28
Notes in Chapter II

Al-Rawashdeh, A. (2008). Performance Assessment of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)

Pavements. Retrieved from
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.6766&rep=rep1&t
ype=pdf

Anagnos, T., Kennedy, F., Robets, R., & McGennis, J. (1984). Compaction of Asphalt
Mixture and the Use of Vibratory Roller.

Beden, S., Abdullah, S., Ariifin, A., & Rahman, M. (2008). Fatigue Life Prediction of
Different Steel Materials with Variable Amplitude Loadings. Retrieved from
10.13140/2.1.1930.0167.

Homji, R. (2015, August). ResearchGate. Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://core.ac.uk/do
wnload/pdf/4271299.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwihsPi6mcDkAhUDQd4KHflqBx0QFjA
AegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw2aQDPj-9WH1kv6OMfRUc4X

Ikpe, A., & Owunna, I. (2019). Design of Remotely Controlled Hydraulic Botlle Jack for
Automobile Application. Retrieved from 124–134. 10.29137/umagd.440893.

International Labour Organization. (2014). Retrieved from Local Resource-Based Road

Maintenance in the Philippines : A Guide:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ilo.org/w
cmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-
manila/documents/publication/wcms_327021.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwic5cWdx6TlA

29
 hXSAYgKHfEtCgw4ChAWMAZ6BAgAEAE&usg=AOvVaw0FrkfEikkxbHvd
QlZ1QT_N

Khurmi, R., & Gupta, J. (2005). Engineering Materials and Their Properties. In A
Textbook of Machine Design (SI Units) Fourteenth Edition (pp. 16-52). New
Delhi, India: Eurasia Publishing House.

Miller, B. (2012). AISI 1018 Mild/Low Carbon Steel. Retrieved from

www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6115

Van Huu. (2018). Some Experimental Research Result on Steel Fatigue. Retrieved from
10.1109/GTSD.2018.8595660.

What is Aerogel? (n.d.). Retrieved from www.aerogel.org/?p=3

Zarrin, O., & Ramezanshirazi, M. (2015). Design of Roller Compacting Concrete

Pavement. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320075935_Design_of_Roller_Compact
ing_Concrete_Pavement

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the methodology of research study particularly the research

methods and techniques to be used, selecting the population or subjects and determining

the appropriate size of the sample, the instrument and the data gathering procedure to be

used and their validation and the data analysis scheme which includes the application of

statistical tools for treatment of data yielded by the study.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

This research study will utilize the applied type of research and descriptive

method design of research. Descriptive method describes the characteristics of the

population or phenomenon that is being studied. It is quantitative and uses surveys and

30
panels and also the use of probability sampling. The researchers used this method to

gather the needed information, analyze, classify and tabulate data and to interpret them

accurately. The method will be used to evaluate the effect of road potholes in the

premises of Hinukay, Baliuag, Bulacan. The method was also useful in quantifying the

acceptability of the device instead of the existing process of repairing road potholes.

Applied research is the use of scientific knowledge to solve the problem. New

system, new device or tool and new method to solve the problem is being created. The

problem is already established in this type of research and a new system, process or or

tool will be used to solve the problem. The method of applied research is suitable for the

study as it aims at minimizing the number of workers to repair road potholes. All of these

can be accomplished by building a machine suitable for the task. (Rog, Bickman, &

Hedrick, 1993)

Population and Sample of the Study

A population of passing drivers and people, including the Hinukay, Baliuag,

Bulacan rural road construction workers, were the chosen respondents to determine the

study’s acceptability. The researchers will use the convenience/accidental/random

sampling, a type of non-profitability sampling that will select 96 respondents for their

availability and represent the population. The researchers will give sufficient time to

assess and evaluate the proposed project.

The researchers used the Slovin Formula to calculate the minimum number of

respondents to be selected randomly. The last recorded population in Hinukay was 2140,

based on the Philippine Statistics Authority. (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2019)

31
 A margin of error indicates how many percentage points the outcome will vary

from the actual value and how the analysis will be used. If it is an election survey or

census, the margin of error is supposed to be very small, but for most social science

research, the margin of error is 3-5% and sometimes even 10% is good if the patterns are

to be deduced or the findings are to be clarified. For this research study, the researchers

chose the widely used 10% margin of error. (Dillman, Smyth, & Christian, 2014)

𝑁
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 =
𝑁𝑒 2 + 1

Eqn. 3.1 Slovin Formula

Where:

N = Number of Population

e = Margin of Error

Data Gathering Procedure

The information necessary for a research can be gathered indirectly from the

sources. The indirect method refer to conducting a survey or handing out written

questionnaires to a certain population to collect relevant data for the purpose of research.

Survey forms will be prepared and to be answered by the sample population of end users

to know the degree of acceptance of the project in terms of the given variables reflected

on the survey forms. This will help the proponents to identify the project’s strength and

weaknesses. This method gives a mass result, depending on the concern of each

individual. The questionnaires were about the acceptability of the study in terms of

functionality, reliability, accuracy, cost and safety. The result of this method may be

depending on the mean of the results.

32
 The researchers will send the questionares and distribute them directly to the

respondents. The researchers will save on time and money in gathering the information

needed being the questionares was given to a large number of respondents at the same

time. The survey will be conducted for a week with 96 respondents as for their evaluation

on the Road Pothole Paving Machine (RPPM).

More specifically, after describing the purpose and scope of the study, the

researchers will come in contact with the respondents and invite then to participate in the

research. The conduction of survey will allow the respondents to express their views on

the proposed project that will approximately last within 10 to 15 minutes.

Using Statistical Treatment, the researchers will tabulate and summarize the

results of the survey after collecting all the data.

Research Instrument

The instrumentation is the process of developing the instrument for collecting the

significant data to answer the research question regarding the effectiveness of the Road

Pothole Paving Machine in terms of its functionality, reliability, accuracy and safety to

the end users.

The researchers will construct one instrument from scratch. The instrument will

be divided into four sections which are functionality, reliability, accuracy and safety. The

functionality section of the instrument will focus on the convenience and operability of

the Road Pothole Paving Machine (RPPM). The reliability of the proposed project would

be assessed on how it will satisfy and please the user as an alternative of the usual way of

repairing potholes. The machine’s accuracy will be based on how the RPPM generates a

result compared to the results obtained by the previous road pothole repair process. The

33
safety of the RPPM would be considered if the machine can be operated without risking

the safety of the worker.

The researchers will use the updated Likert Scale to derive a result based on the

respondent’s mean acceptability test value. This scale will be used to allow the

respondents to express how much they agree or disagree with the particular statements. A

Likert Scale assumes that the strength or intensity of an attitude is linear on a continuum

from strongly agree to strongly disagree and makes the assumption that attitudes can be

measured.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

Data will be acquired using inquiry forms, handing out written questionnaires to a

certain population to collect relevant data for the purpose of research. Survey

research allows you to gather large volumes of data that can be analyzed for frequencies,

averages and patterns. They are a common method in correlational research, a type of

descriptive research that aims to find relationships between variables. These data can be

used as a basis for interpretations or as a basis for decision that must be summarized into

relevant information.

The result of the survey as regards in the acceptability of the project will be

treated statistically using descriptive statistics like standard deviation and weighted mean.

Standard deviation will give low standard deviation which means the data point is close

to the expected value or it will give a high standard deviation which will mean that the

data points fall into a wider range of values. Analyzing the gathered data can be done

through frequency count, mean and standard deviation.

34
 The following formula will be used interpreting the

result of the survey:

∑(𝑋 − 𝑌)
𝑆=√
𝑁

Eqn. 3.2 Standard Deviation Formula

Where:

S = the standard deviation of a sample

∑ = sum of

X = each value in the data set

Y= mean of all values in the data set

N = number

of values 𝑤1 𝑋1 + 𝑤2 𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑁 𝑋𝑁 ∑𝑁 in the
𝑗=1 𝑋𝑗
𝑋̅ = = 𝑁
data set 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑁 ∑𝑗=1 𝑤𝑗

Eqn. 3.3 Weighted Mean

Where:

𝑋̅ = weighted mean

w = the weights

X = the value

Using these parameters, the researchers will be able to present the information for

reliable and precise data analysis and interpretation in a descriptive and systematic

35
manner. The results of the information collected will be presented in the proceeding

chapter of the study.

36
Notes in Chapter III

Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail and
Mixed-Mode Surveys. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved from
https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Internet_Phone_Mail_and_Mixed_Mod
e_Surve.html?id=W5I_BAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_butt
on&redir_esc=y
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2019, September 30). Retrieved from
https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/?q=psgc/brgydetail/031403006
Rog, D. J., Bickman, L., & Hedrick, T. (1993). Applied Research Design : A Practical
Guide. United States of America: Sage Publication, Inc.

37
 Survey Form
Survey Instrument
Bulacan State University
College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Name (Optional): _______________________________ Occupation: ______________

Company Name (If Employed):_____________________________________________
Address (Optional): ______________________________________________________
Kindly evaluate our research project, Road Potholes Paving Machine (RPPM) in terms
of its functionality, reliability, accuracy and safety. Please check the appropriate box that
corresponds to your assessment, use the following scales.
5- Strongly Agree 4- Agree 3-Moderately Agree 2- Disagree 1-Strongly
Disagree

Variable 5 4 3 2 1
FUNCTIONALITY (Paggamit)
1. The RPPM is convenient to use and easy to operate
(Ang RPPM ay maginhawa gamitin at madaling paandarin)
2. The RPPM can pave the potholes with maximum
dimension of 27x64 centimeters.
(Ang RPPM ay magagamit na pantapal sa mga lubak na
may laking 27x64 centimetro)
RELIABILITY (Maasahan)
1. The RPPM can meet and satisfy the user's needed output
with less man power.
(Ang RPPM ay makakatugon sa dapat nitong kalabasan at
nangangailangan lamang ng kaunting manggagawa)
2. The RPPM can be an alternative instead of the usual
large equipment to pave road potholes.
(Ang RPPM ay magagamit sa halip ng malalaking
kagamitan para pantapal ng mga lubak)
3. The RPPM can be operated in narrow roads.

38
 (Ang RPPM ay magagamit sa masisikip na daan)
ACCURACY (Kawastuhan)
1. The RPPM can pave potholes evenly flat as the road.
(Ang RPPM ay kayang magtapal ng lubak na kasing patag
ng kalsada)
2. The RPPM can discharge the right amount of asphalt
mixture into the pothole.
(Kayang lagyan ng RPPM ang lubak ng tamang dami ng
aspalto)
SAFETY (Kaligtasan)
1. The RPPM can handle hot materials without risking the
safety of workers.
(Ang RPPM ay magagamit ng ligtas ng hindi naaapektuhan
ang kaligtasan ng mga manggagawa.)
2. The RPPM can be opperated safely by only one person.
(Ang RPPM ay kayang paganahin ng ligtas sa tulong
lamang ng isang tao.)

Comments/Suggestions:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_________________________

Respondent’s Signature

Date: ____________________

39