CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents summary of selected studies and literature that are

relevant to the present today. The related studies contributed information and

background, directly and indirectly, to the design of the present study.

RELATED LITERATURE

According to Clavel et al., (2010), the very foundation of democratic

education is the requirement that every person should be given the opportunity

to develop as fully as-possible the powers given to him by nature. The

fundamental aim of education is the training of free minds to give the power to

examine critically the social and political structure of our lives, to evaluate the

work or our fellow citizens and to enable the young to find their places of activity

in our complex social and political structure. Parents must give importance to

education, parents also should sure our children are well educated. An

educational program should be designed to prepare children to guard, to live in,

and develop a free society.

One of the most vital decisions in life of a young student is confronted

with pertains to choose his college course. Sadly, not many of them have been

guided properly into making the right decision. Many parents either make

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decision for them or give them freedom of choice without raising certain details

necessary for making an informed decision.

About Accountancy, Business, and Management

The Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) strand would focus

on the basic concepts of financial management, business management,

corporate operations and all the things that are accounted for. ABM can also lead

you to careers on management and accounting which could be sale manager,

human resources, marketing director, project officer, bookkeeper, accounting

clerk, internal auditor, and a lot more.

One of the significant features of the K to 12 systems is the integration of

specialized tracks designed to help students in determining their respective

career path. These four tracks – academic, technical-vocational, sports, and arts

and design – are aimed at enhancing a student’s ability based on what they want

to do after graduation.

The technical-vocational, sports, and arts and design track will allow

students to join the work force immediately upon graduation while the academic

track prepares students for further studies.

The academic track consists of courses that will make college life easier to

adjust to in terms of subject variety and, to a certain degree, difficulty. This does

not mean, however, that if you take the other tracks, you cannot go to college. If

a student chose the arts and design track, for instance, nothing is stopping him

13
for taking up Fine Arts or Interior Design in college instead of working right

away. It would still depend on the student. The academic track is simply the

track that prepares students for the most common college courses such as

business management, engineering, and the sciences.

Upon choosing the academic track, students can choose from four

different strands: General Academic; Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics; Accountancy, Business, and Management; and Humanistic and

Social Sciences. Students may choose their strand in the same way that they

decided a course in college. Aside from the 15 core subjects, these strands will

add 16 subjects composed of different contextualized and specialized subjects

based on the track and strand that will be spread out in grades 11 and 12.

The academic track is the most familiar one because students usually

apply to colleges upon graduation from high school. The only difference is that

subjects are now highly specific and specialized. These are but some of the

changes brought about by the K to 12 systems (Clavel et al., 2017).

Overview of the Business World (Cabrera, 2016)

The business world will be the most important influence on your life. It

will provide you with opportunity and it will determine your income. It will govern

your ability to educate your children; it will set your taxes, it will provide for your

retirement and govern your investments. Only your health will be more important

14
to your well-being. For these many reasons, the study of business is important to

everyone.

The business world affects the lives of every citizen. Thus, the study of

how that world operates is of great interest to everyone. We all are actively

engaged in the business world or dependent on it for our income.

A healthy business environment provides more income and a better

standard of living for all people. That is why the study of business concerns

everyone. The business world is dynamic, creative, and challenging. And it is

loaded with opportunities and rewards. No one can avoid dependence on it.

Information for the choice

Students seek information before making a decision about selecting a

major. Leach and Zepke (2008) have identified several information sources for

prospective tertiary students including family experiences of higher education,

interpersonal information, and information sharing between students, families,

schools and universities.

Maxwell, Cooper, and Biggs (2011) argue that mass information such as

newspapers, radio and television are not effective in informing students’ decision

making. Research has suggested that the most effective information in decision

making derives from social networks, which require interpersonal communication

(Christie, Munro, & Fisher, 2009). Interpersonal information networks include

parents, families, friends, teachers, career counselors and tertiary staff (Brooks,

15
2011). A longitudinal study in New Zealand explored the impacts of

non-conventional programs for at-risk students on the students’ decision making

(Boyd & MacDowall, 2011). The researchers interviewed 75 students from seven

low-decile schools. The research found that teachers were ranked as the most

important influences in the decision-making process, followed by family and

peers (Brooks, 20011).

It is likely that when parents have experience of higher education,

children have more confidence about their study choices. Parental education has

been shown to be an essential factor in the decision-making process. Friends and

other family members, who have current or recent higher education experience

may also have positive influence on the process (Connor et al., 2008).

What Factors Influence a Career Choice?

According to Veneble (2010), when thinking about career choice, several

things immediately come to mind – job description, training and education

required, career outlook, and salary – but there are a number of other factors

that may influence decisions. explore some of these factors as addressed by

multiple career development theories. Theories can help us frame why and how

things happen. In this case, career development theories help us explain why

and how we choose to pursue specific career fields. There are a lot of theories

to consider in the relatively new field of career development.

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Childhood Fantasies. ​What do you want to be when you grow-up?

Remember this question from childhood, and it may have helped shape

how one thought about careers then, as well as later in life. Career

counseling theories are expanding as programs related to career choice

are developed for all ages, including the very young. Ginzberg proposed a

theory that describes three life stages related to career development. The

first stage, fantasy, where early ideas about careers are formed, takes

place up to age 14.

Culture. ​Racial and ethnic background, as well as the culture of an

individual's regional area, local community, and extended family, may

impact career decisions. Our culture often shapes our values and

expectations as they relate to many parts of our lives, including jobs and

careers. Multicultural career counseling has emerged as a specialized field

to take these influences into consideration when counseling clients and

students. We can’t attribute the predominant characteristics of a culture to

any one of its individuals, but having an awareness of the values and

expectations of our culture may help us understand how we make our

career choices.

Gender. ​Both men and women have experienced career-related

stereotypes. Gender is a factor included in multiple career development

theories and approaches including, Social Learning and multicultural

career counseling. How they view ourselves as individuals may influence

17
both the opportunities and barriers we perceive as we make career

decisions. Studies of gender and career development are ongoing as roles

of men and women in the workforce, and in higher education, evolve.

Interests. ​Holland's Career Typology is a widely used to connect

personality types and career fields. This theory establishes a classification

system that matches personality characteristics and personal preferences

to job characteristics. The Holland Codes are six personality/career types

that help describe a wide range of occupations. You can find out your

Holland Codes, and receive a list of related occupations, by completing a

questionnaire such as the one provided by the U. S. Department of

Labor's O*Net Interest Profiler.

Life Roles. Being a worker is just one of life roles, in addition to others

such as, student, parent, and child. Super's Lifespan theory directly

addresses the fact that we each play multiple roles in our lives and that

these roles change over the course of our lives. How we think about

ourselves in these roles, their requirements of them, and the external

forces that affect them, may influence how we look at careers in general

and how we make choices for ourselves.

Previous Experiences. ​Krumboltz's Social Learning and Planned

Happenstance theories address factors related to our experiences with

others and in previous work situations. Having positive experiences and

role models working in specific careers may influence the set of careers

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 we consider as options for ourselves. One aspect of Social Cognitive

Career Theory addresses the fact that we are likely to consider continuing

a particular task if we have had a positive experience doing it. In this

way, we focus on areas in which we have had proven success and

achieved positive self-esteem.

Skills, Abilities, & Talents. Considering your skills, abilities and talents

and how they may fit a particular occupation comes out of one of the

earliest career development fields, Trait-Factor theories, and is still used

today. These theories recommend creating occupational profiles for

specific jobs as well as identifying individual differences, matching

individuals to occupations based on these differences. You can identify

activities you enjoy and those in which you have a level of competency

though a formal assessment. There are many available online, including

the Skills Provider at Career One Stop.

Social and Economic Conditions. All of the career choices take place

within the context of society and the economy. Several career theories,

such as Social Cognitive Career Theory and Social Learning, address this

context in addition to other factors. Events that take place in our lives

may affect the choices available to us and even dictate our choices to a

certain degree. Changes in the economy and resulting job market may

also affect how our careers develop.

Interpersonal Relationship

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 Peer relationships that foster acceptance and support positively affects

academic success. The more successful and confident a student feels about their

capabilities, the easier the transition into college will be, including their certainty

with their choice of major.

According to Ma (2009), when parents demonstrate preferences for

certain occupations or view some fields of study as more valuable than others,

they are influencing their children. Their partiality can contribute to determining

their child’s expectations and career aspirations over time, and may eventually

shape their decision of an academic major. Parents can also sway their child’s

choice of major by what they as a family place importance on. If for example

parents value education, learning, and intrinsic work rewards over materialistic

and financial rewards, students may be more likely to choose a liberal arts major

as opposed to a more skill orientated major like engineering which would make

in turn create more job opportunities with higher earnings.

Some research found that parents may indirectly affect their child’s

decision to major in a field because students are likely to choose a major that

would allow them to follow in their parents’ footsteps (Dietz, 2010). According to

Duffy and Dik (2009), some students may even be expected to take over a

family business. Parental or family influence may be culture bound as well.

Students from collectivist cultures may have a career path already laid out for

them, and since families serve as a powerful emotional and financial support

system, there is pressure to follow that path. When a student’s own dreams and

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aspirations do not align with the wishes of their family a sense of shame and

guilt may follow.

The methods parents use in helping to form their children early on can

positively affect their children throughout their adult lives. Some professionals

coined the term “helicopter parents” for those who hover over their children and

get involved in every part of their child’s life, they suggest that universities take

advantage of this and provide parents with strategies for helping their children

decide a major that is best for the student, not the parent (Beggs, Bantham &

Taylor, 2008).

Advantages of Parent Involvement in Education

According to Gaunt (2010), children benefit from guidance by their

parents both at home and at school. Parental attitudes about education can

greatly affect how children perform, but it is also important to find the right

balance of school involvement. Parents have the ability to encourage their child

towards a particular path, or send them running in a complete opposite direction.

1. Better Outcomes for Students

In the decade it took to compile a "New Wave of Evidence," researchers

found that students with involved parents get higher scores, enroll in higher-level

programs and have good attendance, stronger social skills and better behavior.

This was true regardless of income or background. Research has also found that

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schools with strong community support perform better overall and have lower

dropout rates and higher quality programs.

2. Positive Relationships

Parental involvement at school can help build positive interactions between

parents and kids, as well as parents and teachers. Parents will have a better idea

of what their child's day is like, which can improve family communication.

Younger children are often excited to see their parents in a volunteer role, and it

may help to give them a positive outlook on school. It can also build and improve

the relationships between parents and teachers. The teacher can get a better

understanding of individual family dynamics, cultural background and challenges

a family faces as well as their strengths. Parents may develop a better

understanding of the teacher's expectations and the challenging dynamics that

teacher may face in class. Getting to know each other can clear up such

frustrations as the way a teacher handles discipline or why a parent is unhappy

with the amount of homework being assigned to her child.

Disadvantages of Parent Involvement in Education

From an early age, children observe other people's behavior and in turn

try to be like them by imitating them. These people are often referred to as role

models. Due to the diverse occupations that exist today, children are confronted

with different role models. Children whose parents work, see, hear and observe

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their parents talk about the jobs they have. Due to this, children acquire

knowledge, values, perceptions and aspirations in correlation to their parent's

jobs. Moreover, Trice and Tillapaugh's (2011) found that children's aspirations to

their parent's occupations are influenced by their perception of how satisfied

their parents are with their own work. In other words, parents influence what

career their children's choose by the way they talk about work at home, their

overall satisfaction and pride in their work, and one must not forget also the

position and payment of their work, which in the long run affect the family

status.

1. Some Parents Feel Out of the Loop

Many schools lead a strong push for parental involvement through the PTA,

committees or classroom volunteering. While this can be very beneficial to the

school, it can leave some parents feeling alienated if they are unable to be

involved in a traditional manner due to work schedules or other circumstances. It

is important that schools communicate that coming in during the day isn't the

only way to help. Simply creating a home environment that is conducive to

learning and holding your child to reasonable expectations are ways to be

supportive. Parents who are unable to attend conferences should have the

opportunity to speak with teachers on the phone or by e-mail so that they are

familiar with the teachers' goals, the structure of the classes and their child's

progress in classes.

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 2. Helicopter Parenting

Some parents take their involvement too far. They are at school so much that

they become a source of distraction for their child, or their child's classmates and

teachers. It's important to remember that school is a place of learning as well as

a workplace. Teachers do not want to encounter parents having a loud

conversation by the faculty lounge about another teacher they don't like or to be

placed in the awkward position of reprimanding a student who is not following

instructions because he wants to talk to his mom. Being overly involved can lead

to stepping in too frequently to deal with issues the child should handle. Also,

not all teachers are comfortable with a parent volunteer in class. Some students

are too distracted by the presence of their parents, which can cause a lack of

focus or behavior problems. A parent can help the school without necessarily

being in the room.

Parent’s Pressure on Students

According to Modern Mom and The Bump (2018), parents almost always

want the best for their children - many harbor dreams of top colleges, followed

by lucrative careers within a global, competitive economy. In order for kids to

meet these expectations, though, they must perform well during the school

years. Many parents put into tense pressure on their children to earn perfect

grades, no matter the cost. Experts warn that this type of intense pressure

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around school and performance can backfire, leading to social, emotional and

physical stress.

Why Parents Pressure Kids

Parents can be well-intentioned in wanting their kids to do well in school, but

they are often too heavily influenced by a culture of academic intensity, says

Anxiety.org. They see the booming test prep industry and feel pressure of their

own to make sure their teen achieves a high score on the SAT. At many schools,

parents can track their child's progress online and access their grades on tests,

quizzes and homework assignments, creating a situation where they have so

much information, they can start to obsess over every single score. Of course,

there are the looming fears surrounding college admission. Parents are all too

aware it's much more difficult to get into college in today's world. By ramping up

the academic pressure, they're hoping to spare their children the disappointment

and feelings of failure that may come along with not getting admitted to college.

"Rejection can be heart-breaking and devastating. Especially for high-achieving

students who spent countless hours studying and preparing for assignments,

exams and projects," note experts with Anxiety.org.

Stress and Anxiety

Unfortunately, many kids collapse under too much parental pressure. Sleep

deprivation, eating disorders, excessive worrying, cheating, burnout, loss of

interest in hobbies or withdrawing from friends and family can all be

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consequences of excess pressure. Stress and anxiety can manifest physically,

too. "Anxiety can present differently in children than in adults. While adults are

typically able to identify and express when they feel anxious, children may just

complain of physical symptoms or not say anything at all," Jason Schiffman,

M.D., resident physician at the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral

Sciences at UCLA, explains. Kids feeling overwhelmed about school performance

may have stomachaches, diarrhea, headaches and rashes. Younger children may

experience nightmares or refuse to go to school.

Poor Self-Image

In a school culture full of standardized tests and sometimes upward of four to

five hours of homework per night, it's no wonder so many parents feel compelled

to hover and monitor their children's academic lives. The consequences of this

can be profoundly negative, a study published in the Journal of Child and Family

studies found. Researchers found that children of parents who put pressure on

them by "over-managing" their lives at school ended up having higher levels of

depression, decreased satisfaction with life and lower levels of autonomy and

competence. The researchers concluded that though the parents in the study

believed they were being supportive, ultimately this extremely involved parenting

style undermined their children's developing sense of self and confidence.

Reducing Pressure: What Parents Can Do

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 If the parents put undue pressure on kids to excel academically, try to

remember it is the parent’s job to keep their stress levels under control. If they

seem overwhelmed, don't shy away from talking to their pediatrician or a

counselor who specializes in teen or family issues. Remember to nurture the

child's strengths.

As a parent, there are few pleasures greater than your child succeeding at

school. However, if putting too much pressure on your children to do well

academically, it can backfire severely and end up affecting them negatively in a

number of different ways.

By having a parent lay pressure on them to succeed, a child can feel less

inspired and more threatened. They’ll be so paralyzed by fear of not doing well,

that they won’t actually learn and succeed like they otherwise would. Plus, if they

have feelings of anxiety, they are less likely to know what the culprit is. It is

possible that they will place further blame for their bad feelings on themselves

for not being smart enough, therefore causing more stress and anxiety. If your

child expresses any worrisome signs of stress pertaining to schoolwork, you need

to speak with them about how they are feeling and help them to feel better

through reassurance.

Family Factors Influencing Career Choices

According to McQuerrey (2009), a number of factors can shape and

influence the career paths a studentchooses, starting with how family shapes the

27
perceptions of different employment options. Whether you were raised with

ideals of certain professions, or you’re looking for a job that fits your adult family

life, these issues need to be carefully considered.

Positive Parental Influence

Many children grow up idealizing the professions of their parents. If the child

always looked up to its mother and admired her teaching skills, that may

influence the child to pursue a career in education. Parents may also intentionally

or unintentionally push a child toward a particular career path, especially in the

cases of family-owned businesses, where parents expect their children to take

over the company. Still other parents apply pressure on their offspring to strive

for particular high-profile careers, feeling they are encouraging their children to

reach high.

Negative Parental Influence

Just as a positive parental role model can influence career choice, so can

negative parental influence. For example, if the parents were uneducated or

always struggling to get by financially, the child may decide to never going to be

in the same position. This may prompt to pursue a vastly different career path,

looking for stable, high-earning jobs. Likewise, if parents who were workaholics

28
and were never around to their child while growing up, the child may decide to

pursue a line of work with flexibility that gives more time with their future

children.

Spousal Influence

A spouse can have a significant impact on career choice. One spouse may

encourage the other to pursue a line of work that allows for travel, so they can

both see the country; another may want to stay home with young children,

encouraging the working spouse to aim for higher roles in a particular profession

to ensure adequate earnings. Married people who tie their social status to the

occupation of a spouse may also influence the spouse's choice of occupation.

Eldercare Influences

If the child provides in-home care to an elderly or ailing relative, it may be

attracted to positions that offer eldercare reimbursement, allow work-from-home

options, or that have adult daycare as a benefit of employment. Continually

changing family obligations can subtly or dramatically affect the child

professional choices throughout your career.

Definition of Family

According to Mayntz (2009), family may seem like a simple concept, but

there is no simple definition of family. In its most basic terms, a family is a group

of individuals who share a legal or genetic bond, but for many people, family

29
means much more, and even the simple idea of genetic bonds can be more

complicated than it seems.

Family is the single most important influence in a child's life. From their

first moments of life, children depend on parents and family to protect them and

provide for their needs. Parents and family form a child's first relationships. They

are a child's first teachers and act as role models in how to act and how to

experience the world around them. By nurturing and teaching children during

their early years, families play an important role in making sure children are

ready to learn when they enter school. Children thrive when parents are able to

actively promote their positive growth and development. Every parent knows

that it's sometimes difficult to do this important work without help, support, and

additional resources.

Love and care should be felt by the children to their parents. Having this

two will make the relationship stronger. Parents should strive to make sure that

their children have a healthy amount of self-esteem, happiness, security, and

love. In addition, parents should avoid controlling, insisting the things that

children do not want. And last is the Parents time and attention, time is

important but without attention it is useless.

Some parents want to achieve this one so that they bring their works to

their home or they build their own businesses. To have a better and stable life,

30
Parents need to work. To have a salary that will satisfy the family needs and

wants.

The challenge for next generation

A new generation of young, highly-motivated and men and women is

ready to take over leadership of their family businesses. The longer-term

prospects for their company, and the challenges they will face, are high on their

agenda. Family firms need to maintain a balance between business goals (such

as growth, innovation and recruiting talented staff) and family goals, such as

maintaining family values and protecting the family wealth. They also need to

arrange a smooth transition in leadership eventually, from one generation to the

next. These goals may sometimes conflict and may be difficult to reconcile with

each other. Our research has found that for the next generation of family

business leaders, the biggest challenges will be to maintain family values,

succession planning and introducing further professionalism into the family firm

(Deloitte University 2016).

Passing on the crown

More family firms are facing up to their biggest problem: avoiding a crisis

as the business passes from one generation to the next. Most of the world's

best-known companies at some point listed their shares on stock markets, thus

opening their ownership beyond the ranks of the families that founded them. Yet

even among so-called “public” companies, many remain controlled, or at least to

31
some extent influenced, by the very same families. Indeed, the majority of

businesses are family-controlled, from unsung millions of modest firms to

commercial giants such as Wal-Mart, Ford, Samsung or Hyundai. One study in

the mid-1990s reckoned that more than 90% of all enterprises in America were

family-owned. At Coca-Cola, the views of the Woodruff family still count; at

Nordstrom, a giant retailer, the family still controls 30% of the shares. Despite a

painful sequence of deaths among its patriarchs, few people think the Agnelli

family intends to give up its influence over Fiat.

Family Business

According to Zody et al., (2006), students whose parents own and operate

small businesses may want or feel obligated to follow in their parents’ footsteps.

Students may consider the ease of life that is available for them because a job

would be available right after they get out of school. Students could hold a high

position within the business, and there is a possibility that they might own and

operate the business one day. However, children of family business owners often

have more experience with how the business world operates. These students

have often worked in the family business their whole life, experiencing all of

what their parents went through in the day to day operation of the business.

This can have a positive or negative effect on the student.

Advantages of family businesses

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1. Common values - family are likely to share the same ethos and beliefs on

how things should be done. This will give an extra sense of purpose and pride -

and a competitive edge for your business.

2. Strong commitment - building a lasting family enterprise means you're

more likely to put in the extra hours and effort needed to make it a success.

Your family is more likely to understand that you need to take a more flexible

approach to your working hours.

3. Loyalty - strong personal bonds mean family members are likely to stick

together in hard times and show the determination needed for business success.

4. Stability - knowing you're building for future generations encourages the

long-term thinking needed for growth and success - though it can also produce a

potentially damaging inability to react to change.

5. Decreased costs - family members may be more willing to make financial

sacrifices for the sake of the business. For example, accepting lower pay than

they would get elsewhere to help the business in the longer term, or deferring

wages during a cash flow crisis.

Disadvantages of family businesses

1. Lack of skills or experience – some family businesses will appoint family

members into roles that they do not have the skills or training for. This can have

33
a negative effect on the success of the business and lead to a stressful working

environment.

2. Family conflict – conflict can arise in any business, but it’s important to

consider that disputes within a family business can become personal as the staff

are working with the people closest to them. Bad feelings and resentment could

destabilize the business' operations and put family relations at risk.

3. Favoritism - can be objective when promoting staff and only promote the

best person for the job whether they are a relative or not? It is important to

make business decisions for business reasons, rather than personal ones. This

can sometimes be difficult if family members are involved.

4. Succession planning – many family business owners may find it difficult to

decide who will be in charge of the business if they were to step down. The

leader must determine objectively who can best take the business forward and

aim to reduce the potential for future conflict - this can be a daunting decision.

Legal forms of business organization

According to Cabrera (2016),business firms operate in a complex

environment of legal, political, economic, and financial forces that affect decision

making. Two of the most important factors making up the firm’s operating

environment are the legal form of business organization and taxes. There are

four major forms of business organization: proprietorship, partnership,

cooperative and corporation. In sheer numbers, proprietorship is the most

34
common form of business organization. The following sections discuss nature

and advantages and disadvantages of the sole proprietorship, partnership,

cooperative, and corporation.

Sole proprietorship

A sole proprietorship is owned by one person. The owner is often called

proprietor, and the proprietor is often also the manager of the business. The

owner assumes all risk for the business, and personal assets can be taken to pay

creditors. An advantage of sole proprietorship is that the owner can make all the

business decisions. A disadvantage is that if the business cannot pay its

obligations, the business owner must pay them, which means that the owner

could lose some of his or her personal assets.

Partnership

A partnership is owned by more than one person. One or more partners may

manage the business. Like proprietors, partners assume the risk for the business,

and their assets may be taken to pay creditors. An advantage of partnership is

that owners share risk and decision making. A disadvantage is the partners may

disagree about the best way to run the business.

Cooperative

A cooperative is owned by a group of individuals and is operated for their

mutual benefit. The persons making up the group are called members.

35
Cooperatives may be incorporated or unincorporated. The biggest advantage

here is that every member is literally invested in the success of the business,

which encourages members to work hard. A disadvantage stems from any

democratically run business – there must be a consensus by every member

before major decisions can move forward. This can take tremendous time and

energy, yet the payoff could be rewarding if handled correctly.

Corporation

A corporation is owned by stockholders or shareholders. Corporation may

have many owners, and they usually employ professional managers. The owner’s

risk is usually limited to their initial investment, and they usually have very little

influence on the business decisions.

RELATED STUDIES

Local

Weighing the benefits of senior high school in the Philippines

According to Patrinos (2016), In June 2016, approximately 1.5 million

children across the Philippines will walk through school gates for the first time to

attend senior high school. The Department of Education has been gearing up for

this moment for several years. The basic education curriculum, from

kindergarten to senior high – grades 11 and 12 – has been thoroughly reviewed

and efforts are in full swing to ensure that the 60,000 additional teachers and

classrooms are in place when schools open in the new school year. The

36
Philippines has embarked on this ambitious reform to align its education system

with most other systems around the world and to raise national competitiveness.

The government sees a K-12 system as vital for ensuring that all Filipinos are

equipped with the basic skills required to play a full and productive role in

society. It is also being driven by concerns that overseas workers will lose out to

migrant workers from other countries because of their shorter basic education

cycle. This is especially relevant given that about 18 percent of the average

Filipino family’s income originates from overseas remittances. However, despite

widespread support for the reforms, critics argue that the benefits, particularly

for poor families, are not comparable to the costs associated with keeping their

children in school for an extra two years. An article last October in the

International New York Times raised concerns about the overall direction of the

K-12 reform and particularly highlighted that many families saw ‘‘two more years

of schooling as a costly burden, not a benefit’’.

Factors Affecting High School Students’ Career Preference: A Basis for

Career Planning Program

According to Dr. Nancy T. Pascual (2014), there are different factors that

affect students’ choice of course in college. One of this is family related factors.

Study revealed that Filipino immigrants and non-immigrants rely heavily on their

family’s decision-making. Students cope by following their parents’ advice. They

also have to cope with an expectation of financially supporting the family upon

completing their education. Studies from other Asian countries also show

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parents’ impact in decision making of students when it comes to students’ course

preference. Another study highlighted that parental involvement have positive

impact on Hmong / Mong adolescents’ education and career choice.

Furthermore, it is reported that parents are deeply involved and influential to

their high-achieving children’s college choices. The report also found open

houses, dialogue with college friends, alumni, and admitted-student programs

are extremely influential to students. The report claimed these sources are not

well known, but very powerful to student’s decision making for their college. The

study also found 26% of sampled students paid a specialist or advisor during the

college decision process. The studies presented are important to the present

study since the studies explain the importance of taking parents’ advice and

permission in choosing a college course.

Respect for family is one of the most influential factors that impact Filipino

students’ career decision. It is concurred that “Out of respect and loyalty, it may

not be appropriate to express personal desires; rather, one may alter one’s

interests to maintain harmony.” As a sign of respect, Filipino children want to do

well for the sake of the family, follow parents’ advice about choosing a job or

major in college and lastly, make sacrifices for the family. For practicality

reasons, it is also reported that parents usually encourage careers that will not

cost much money, but at the same time, are stable sources of income. Careers in

nursing, accounting, and engineering are highly popular for Filipino families.

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These writings discuss that the family decides in what college course students

should take is also associated with the financial status of the family.

Family business succession

According to Cruz (2012), The two most dominant challenges in family

business are succession planning and professionalizing management. In the

Philippine business environment today, an increasing number of family

businesses are facing succession-related concerns.

Most of the time, the key question when considering succession planning

is to decide whether to have or not have a family member as a successor. One

interesting finding in family business literature is that there is no conclusive

evidence that choosing a non-family member as successor is more appropriate or

less appropriate in implementing succession. In other words, there is no

consensus on whether a family member successor will be more appropriate or

less appropriate. However, in a study by Royer, Simons, Boyd and Rafferty of

Family Business Review, several factors are likely to affect family business

succession either positively or negatively. These factors include the intentions or

perspectives of the next generation; the quality of interpersonal relationships

inside the family; the ability to acquire the predecessor’s key knowledge and

skills; and, the personal commitment to the family firm.

Several studies also suggest that the success of handing down family

firms to other family members is more or less dependent in the type of industry

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the business is in. The highest rate of success would seem to be in sectors such

as construction, real estate or different kinds of crafts. The lowest rate of

success would appear to be in knowledge-based industries such as information

technology or business services like accounting and advertising. There are

studies, quoted in the same article, that suggest that keeping a firm in the family

is most appropriate in an uncertain environment or in sectors with relatively

simple technologies. Another possible outcome, especially in a small- or

medium-sized family firm is that a family selects an outsider as the successor,

this individual may appropriate a major share of the profitability which increases

with his or her assessed capability. Choosing a family member as successor may

protect the business from this danger and make the transfer of “success-relevant

knowledge” easier on the part of the outgoing family business head. Another

factor favoring family successors are in larger and older companies who “have

developed formal mechanisms for ensuring family health and maintaining family

stability. Such mechanisms can include family assemblies or councils, as well as

family constitutions or regular family meetings.”One critical factor in favor of

family successors is the possession of “idiosyncratic” knowledge which is

different from technical knowledge. This knowledge consists of important

personal contacts and networks and the ability to motivate key employees to

cooperate, as well as knowledge about local conditions and internal processes in

the family firm. In a family firm, “idiosyncratic” is often limited only to family

members. The profitability of a family firm, in certain industries, often depends

40
more on “idiosyncratic” knowledge that only managing family members possess,

rather than technical knowledge. There are, therefore, many situations where a

family member would be a more desirable successor in a family firm rather than

an outsider. External or non-family successors may seem appropriate only when

educational skills, work experience and success in the industry are demanded but

are not present in any of the family members.

There are also studies that show that Japan’s family businesses have a

longer life span than family businesses in many other countries. One reason for

that may not only be the long-term orientation of these businesses but also the

clear preference for internal successors or at least quasi-family members such as

sons-in-law who are transformed into family insiders. This attitude to succession

could be identified as a relevant aspect of success and the possibilities for

transforming an outsider into an insider substitute should be seriously considered

by family firms in the Philippines who are not able to find the appropriate

successor among its family members. There is also a need to properly define the

meaning of professional management in family business because there is a

tendency, in much of business literature, to equate professional managers with

external non-family, non-owner managers. Professional management is often

wrongfully seen as mutually exclusive.

Factors that Influence Senior High School Students of SCC in their

Choice of Strand

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 According to Ambong (2017), Factor that influence Senior High School

Students in Choosing their Strand according to Family shows that out of 80

respondents under family, 53 (66.25%) agreed that their choice of strand is

based on the family decision and 27 (33.75%) disagreed, 41 (51.25%) agreed

that the financial status of the family is also one of their basis in choosing their

strand and 39 (48.75%) disagreed. One consistent finding in research suggests

that adolescents’ own aspirations are influenced by their parent’s aspirations or

expectations. Parental support and encouragement are important factors that

have been found to influence career choice.

According to Ambong (2017), Factor that influence Senior High School

Students in Choosing their Strand according to K-12 program shows that out of

80 respondents, 51 (63.75%) agreed that the teachers were one of the

influences in choosing their strand, and 29 (36.25%) disagreed, 57 (72.25%)

agreed that the subjects help them to choose their strand and 23 (28.75%)

disagreed, 58 (72.5%) agreed that the topics/lessons are one of the influences

that choosing their strand and 22 (27.55) disagreed. The choice of career track

will define the content of the subjects a student will take in Grades 11 and 12.

(Official Gazette, 2012). The K-12 program offers a decongested 12-year

program that gives students sufficient time to master skills and absorb basic

competencies.

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Foreign

Effects of Parental Influence on Adolescent’s on Career Choice a​t Lagos

State, Nigeria

Parents strongly influence their children in the choice of a career. In some

cases, according to Friesen (2012), children inherit their father‘s occupations

(i.e., farmer‘s sons). In others, the children choose an occupation within the

range acceptable to parental values, expectations and social class.

Structural theorists are personality theorists who view human personality

as a structured whole with distinctive attributes. Friesen (1981) reviewed some

structural theories which are identified as follows: (a) Psychoanalytic Theory:

Psychoanalytic theorists view vocational choice as an expression of the

personality of the individual. Such concepts as identification, the development of

defense mechanisms, sublimation and unconscious drives can be used to explain

vocational choice (b) Self-Concept Theory: Self theorists, according to Friesen

assume that vocational choice is an attempt by the person to implement his

self-concept. It is argued by self-theorists that in the job as well as in life

generally, the person attempts to express his sense of who he is. (c) Need

Theory: Need theorists propose that personal needs, whether at the conscious or

unconscious level, are the major determinants of vocation choice. The need

hierarchy theory of Maslow is of particular interest to vocational counselors.

Parental attachment Navin (2009) has been shown to be positively

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correlated with career exploration. Navin found that parental attachment, defined

as the extent to which one feels emotionally close to and supported by one‘s

parents, was positively related to career exploration. Similarly, according to

Navin (2009), Lee and Hughey (2001) found that parental attachment was

positively correlated with career maturity, which is defined, as how prepared an

adolescent is to make career decisions. According to Navin, parental attachment

is important for self-efficacy, defined as how confident an individual is that

he/she will be good at his/her future career. Some researchers have suggested

that the reason for the relationship between parental attachment and various

aspects of career development is that a secure attachment to one’s parents

provides a safe place for one to go for emotional support.

Students have shown, (About Kids Health, 2009) that job interests and

aspirations formed in adolescence influence career choices made in adulthood.

However, adolescents are vulnerable to environmental influence including peers,

media, culture, and especially parents and family. However, the career

development process of an individual begins long before adult years

(Olaosebikan, et.al, 2014).

Factors Influencing Students Career Choices among Secondary School

students in Kisumu Municipality, Kenya

According to Edwards and Quinter (2011) cited that Oyamo and Amoth

(2008), studies in Kenya show that rural students tend to seek help from parents

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more than urban students and that parents more than teachers play a major role

in the career choice of students. Generally, the choice of a career is influenced

by parents, friends, and counselors however variations occur from one

population to the other. In Kenya, every year form four secondary school

students make their career choices before sitting for their final Kenya Certificate

of Secondary Examination. The result of this final examination determines who

joins university since admissions into various careers are determined by grades

obtained from the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education. Before making their

career choices, students are often provided with a list of careers from which they

are supposed to make choices. Most of the students lack adequate information

regarding various careers hence the choices that they make are embedded in

their perception of the ideal job and the subjects they study in secondary school.

the only support students get within the school if from career masters or

counselors as they are mostly refereed to and the teachers who are expected to

support students in their career choice. When the final examination results are

released by the Ministry of Education, and depending on the grades, students

are then admitted to the universities based on the career choices that they had

made while in school. When these students graduate from the universities, some

of them enter into occupations that are totally different from the ones they had

chosen and trained for. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors

influencing career choice among form four secondary school students in Kisumu

municipality. The area of study was chosen since it is one area in Kenya that

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most of graduates of education and other programmes are working in careers

that they did not choose before joining university.

Impact of Factors of Family Business on the Performance

Family Business is seen as significant source for economic growth and

development in today’s world. Family businesses have the potential to

outperform any other form of business organization through their inherent

synergies between capital and management. Family businesses are essentially

people businesses and are the backbone of the world economy. They generate

wealth, offer jobs, and exist for longer periods of time. A family business is a

commercial organization in which management is a prime concern by multiple

generations of a family. It is any type of business operation in which a group of

relatives have controlling interest in the organization.

In a family business, the business is passed from one generation to the

next, with younger generation given training to enter the business and taking

different duties from their parents over time. Family Business enhances the

prospects for firm survival, by helping to create and sustain conditions of trust,

identity, and norms of reciprocity and obligation. Typically, family members will

hold key roles in terms of being decision makers, improving their skills and

talents by hiring employees that are capable of managing other tasks. Family

firms may also be viewed by family members as a source of social-emotional

wealth.

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 Family Business is guided by the desire to build a healthy business that

they want to pass on to their children. Scholars of family business argue that the

firm succession is a vital part of the family business and succession can lead to

an important infusion of entrepreneurial energy based on the potential of new

owners and managers to rejuvenate their firms. However, the nature and degree

of involvement will depend on the responsibilities that family members have

within the organization (Motwani, 2016).

The impact of family influence and involvement on career development

According to Joseph (2012), The qualitative and quantitative data provide

great insight into the career development and decidedness. The quantitative data

reinforce the idea that parental involvement can be very influential as it relates

to major career decisions. Parents tend to be greatly involved during high school

years. They continue to be influential in their children’s decision to attend

college. The data, both qualitative and quantitative, support that parents have

lower levels of involvement in the area of career choice. Respondents mentioned

that their parents choose not to be involved in decisions regarding their majors

and career. Initially, students report to have highly involved parents who retreat

from their supportive role as student completes high school and transition to

college and become observers. The data show a shift from which parent is

involved in school activities and academic achievements to selection of a major

and career choice. Students report that mothers were more involved in their

academic achievements and school activities. Most respondents did not identify

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another caregiver whom they considered to be involved in their completion of

high school, the decision to attend college, or career choice. This factor became

evident when conducting analyses that yielded no significant results. Researchers

attempted to highlight the effects of family involvement and influence on career

development among adolescents (Brown, 2004; Dietrich & Kracke, 2009; Noack,

Kracke, Gniewosz, & Dietrick 2010). All researchers conclude that families have

some type of influence. Therefore, it is essential that families understand how to

provide the guidance their child or children need.

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