Introduction Identical particles and second

quantisorion formalism

we begin by recalling some familiar

the to deal

aspects of formalism

with identical particles in quantum

mechanics

We are interested in
analysing
a

Hamiltonian of the form

Vij
IIs it2

H j

indices and

i j denote particle

in A

Vij Uji

are

We assume that the fashicles

in
means that

which

indistinguishable

state we cannot

a generic quantum ca ie

e en in
principle track or identify

particle

The
machinery to write down

mathematical

States

of systems of identical particles

which

formalises indistinguishability

involves the exchange operators Bij

Liven a product state

Idi 14J

14 Q 1927 Ox

The effect of Big is given by

14,42 g Ti
7
i n

14 42 Hi Lj

It is to see that if Ai and

easy

ith and

Aj are operators corresponding to

th

j particles

the Hamiltonian
of

Given the structure

it is to see that

easy

9 all

H Pi o
for

Enchange operators Pij

Thus one can construct simultaneous eigenstates

of it and Pij

It is observed in nature that for

systems
the
of

identical particles allowed

only

States satisfy the following

i T

Pi It 1 2 i j 77 1 442 j

all i Cfj

For pairs

it il

The upper sign is for Bosons and

the lower for Fermions

also observed that

Furthermore it is

and Fermions

Bosons have integer spin

This is

have half integer spin

called Statistics Theorem

the spin

the same is

and detailed proof of

beyond the scope this course

of

will
we the symmetrisation

accept

principle as our
fundamental anion

Let us consider

the consequence of

the same in the case

simplest

of two identical
particles


identical in the eigenstates

Consider two particles

in a

of the one dimensional particle

bone

problem

We denote Him the normalised state

by i

with label

vector
for the particle
the problem

in
the nth eigenstate of

the two particles are in eigenstates

If

n e n the symmetrisarion

us and

tells us that the

principles
situation a e

valid states for the

19 49 1147147
II

depending on whether the particles

bosons

are or
fermions

these slates are same up to

clearly

exchange particle
if
a

sign we

labels Thus Sgmmetisanion essentially

puts all labels

particle on the same

footing thus making particles identical

Thus the Hilbert space of a

system

the symmetrised

of identical particles is

or
antisymmetrised subspace of

N
perticle product States

in

This has to be
always kept

mind

For instance in the above example

the

how do we calculate probability

are

That the two particles

distance d in a general

a
apart

state

Consider the bosonic core

To answer this question let us first

evaluate the
probability amplitude

to be at a and

for a
particle

another at Nz

This amplitude is given by Az

lait HEY

Laika L Laika't

Iz 12

that we can
only say

more carefully

a
particle at m and particle

at We have idea which

Nz no

So

particle
1 that

p i.nz

clearly the answer we are looking

for

is
i.n.ed dat

gp

what is this value for the ground

State 9

in Hw I

See class notes and

problem

We now introduce notation to deal

with general N identical particle

systems

state by

We denote a
single particle

147 denote the

i will always

Here X will denote

and

label

particle
state

the

the label of

orthonormal

We assume Inti to be

Livia Ixia hi

The general state of the W

particle

system is denoted by

II

fit
in terms of
expand

We can

the single particle eigenstates

0
14
4Imi7Semn
29mm It.ie

he

3
niixi7

cemn1ti

it'enink 1

cc

is the coefficient of

Here Cann in

is

the 1st pastiche

the state where

The som

and so on

Ail 2nd in Xm
the state
permutations of

is over
C

indices There is one coefficient for every

permutation

The coefficients Cem are in general

we

on time For convenience

dependent

not always denote this

may

Ye't't 411,2

Cem
indices

ND are particle

where 17 1,2

Since
i y
If

j
i j
IFC

we
bosons and fermions f respectively
for

must
have

I Cemn V r U

e mm µ

introduce the symbols grig

we now

that because of exchange

We note

several coefficients Cemn

symmetry

to each other

will be equal

deal with the Bosonic case firm

we

Bosons all coefficients with

Clearly
State 2

particles in state I hz in

and so on will have the same coefficient



we define

Such that

En
Ce mu
4 limes

9 odours

il I i
r I

Cl 11 n times zzz nisi es

define the

we

further States loin

We

have

Can 3 I Eni
II

ni

like to examine the

we would

then
I

and ce

W mertisanion of quiz

of II

The total number

of terns in
Igm

nun

is

the coefficient of 27 term

in

I t U z t ng

N
N

to Cu cuz

which is equal

N N

Ni

ni nu 43 I
factor for Ign

So the normalisation

clearly

is given bg

q Isn 3 nil

ni I

introduce I using

So
if we
quiz

tourist I Eeniz

is normalised

we

know that
I oIgn
to Also oIgnizlogm.gl Idnini

unity

 orthonormal basis
Thus I TIgnig are
identical bosom
the N
States for
Hamiltonian
sector
For a specific N particle
I
l Een 3 L Eenizl
all distinct
is a Sum over
when hi
ni N
Such that
sets of qui
We general.se the above
Fock space
a basis store
idea and define
state
for
N pam.ae
any
I n hz 73
sector these
For a given N particle but
identical to 1 Equi
would be

I n can be for
formally n ng

any number
of particles
The completeness
relation for
stakes is
Fock
I I
I Hinz mhz
n3

now
The on the right
identity
in of infinite size
is principle

Also naturally L
ni him I mini 3 dn.ni.fn.am

So we have i

C
Z thin
II
ni

ni

fquiz 1 i z

2g
where

f Csn3
ni
The enpression for the second quantised
It Hn Hu the
form of requires
and
differential equation governing fgni
hence quiz
We derive that for
the Bosonic
first siree on
Hae focussing
case

we have
I ccenn.is 4e
4mx y
II earn
I Hae It
free'xIx
inform
let
itf.cc
Lxiii I m

it G fi II aY4mn

sun over
in class the
As discussed
i has been separated
inden
particle state indices
two sours over
into
 This is a
restricted sum

As we change we
go through
indices in
Ccg Cann
the State

su
This is an unrestricted
State
over act
single female
indices
have
all indices of Cena
Clearly one which
same
except
to be the
not be
to which may or may
Corresponds
to a
equal
Now rewriting the equations

hat Entices
itf's E can in

I II
and using
ftp.feniz EwT
ih oq.cc fit N

and similar manipulations

 this
I
it
oftenest

t.EE it e

t i
E ten
EE i r 3,41
f ng

At this we note that we can

point
both Gms to unrestricted
reduce

Sums by rewriting

it often.ge nxfII tseni3

xx

tn HI
times the label
where h is the number of
appears in Cemn
 the
At this
point define
b which acts on
operator
the facie space
state In ha

The
is defined by
operator
In In ha n na i
7
n
b l n na
n

0
b 107
clearly
Hermitian conjugate
I is the

matrix representations
b Using
of
that
it to see
is
easy
by bat oh
0
b b

These are bosonic creation and

annihilation operators
we are now to write
the
ready
Hamiltonian in the second
least for Hue
quantised form at

we have
f Eni
i

I In hans
XI ni

ln
fit't
n
it

I nIeitt
ktsnizfIIJ.inq nnH7LEnhuJisniD

g
be written as
The first term
can
clearly
button ten.es a.nz S

EbntbntIIk II7
nel ha 1
ha he.tl Nishi otherwise
Using
and as we did in class that
noting
n Can range over the same

as her the second

integers
term is

tEntiiti i
EE
th si
n

ibibitEh
hn

n'FM
ni s

button 7am II
2
WIN
have finally that
So we

Hue 244121M bib

µ µ

For Bosonic Hamiltonians

 Fermions We now consider fermionic
In this case we hate
systems
The important differences
we begin by noting
that for
an W fermion system
C x
C m
is

that
tells us
This immediately non zero
is to
MIX if Ccg
statement
the re
This is merely
that
of the well known fact
the
cannot occupy
two fermions
same state

This brings us to the definition

to 1 En 3
of States analogous
Fermions ni 0 1
for bosons Clearly for
 Let us denote those estates

by then 3 for fermions

N particle
It is clear that for
have a terms
States they
what is the coefficient
However
ie
Cem He'M
II
Ceri Deniz
E
hi

to be defined
How is C quiz
convention
we choose the following

we define
me n
ni E e e

terms related
will have
and
Ingen permutation
to the above coefficient by
For consider
instance a 3 particle
state in States 3 13 17

3,171131
II cz.rs Hint
13,17 3 I 7

Csis Ex i lait
Itis

Cozni Reni
o
can be
The States lrg.mg
written as obvious abuse of notation
using
14714414 s
in nip 142 14

in lxii's
 These are Slater determinants

The Fock space

basis States for
Fermions can now be defined

The normalised versions of

n 3
are clearly

I ni3 then 3

with
15cm
we
identify
1h ha in the fermionic
and the Hiebert
case and cry
have States with
to
space
number of particles
different
 need to
For Fermions we
in
define annihilation operators
manner
the following
niyn.ni.co r

C1
Ci th ha
if hi I

hi 0
0 if

check that
It is to
easy
these
now satisfy
operators
di
Ci Cj
o
Ci C

the Hermitian conjugate

where Cit is
denotes anti
and
of Ci Cit 0
C
commutation Trivially
So Mi can
only be 0 I as required
 with all these definitions
now back to
we can
go
the calculation for
tem
it Ziad
ni
Tf
Ini 7

in
did for Bosons
That we
wie state only the
detail
result in this case

final a
more
we get
Once

enacting
the
Hamiltonian of
same form
it
eaten

But now
of course for fermionic

operators
 1
terms
The potential
derivation of the second
The
the
quantised form for potential
more
term is considerably
in its details
complicated calculation
the
but the spirit of
similar have
is Enamples
been worked out in the
more will be
class and

discussed in the Ho e work

stake the final

we
merely
result here

nv bfbptba.ba
V I pµfxplV
b c for fermions
 the annihilation
The of
ordering
operators is crucial for fermions
note
that
we
Finally
hold for
analogous eupressions
1
and 2
body
body
any
There is nothing
operator Here 06
about
sacrosanct
N
V

In the forthcoming lectures we

will these second

further analyse
quantised forms and work with

specific examples