BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality

Management

Second Semester SY 2019-2020

NARRATIVE REPORT
LESSON 3: A History of Global Politics: Creating an
International Order

Adame, Katrina Loren M.

Laya, Shara H.

Villanueva, Rose Gwenn R.

Bachelor of Science in Accountancy 1204

February 2020
In this lesson, we will able to:

1. Identify key events in the development of international relations;

2. Differentiate internationalization from globalization;
3. Define the state and nation;
4. Distinguish between the competing conceptions of internationalism; and
5. Discuss the historical evolution of international politics.

People make a society, and society makes countries or states. A country or

states that having different forms of government. Some scholars of politics are
interested in individual states and examine the internal politics of different countries. For
example, a scholar studying the politics of Japan may write about the history of its
bureaucracy. Other may be interested in the interactions between states rather than
politics. These scholars look at trade diplomatic engagements between two or more
countries. These scholars are studying international relations. According to, Department
of International Relations, international relations is concerned with relations across
boundaries of nation-states. It addresses international political economy, global
governance, intercultural relations, national and ethnic identities, foreign policy analysis,
development studies, environment, international security, diplomacy, terrorism, media,
social movements and more. It is a multidisciplinary field that does not restrict students
to one approach and employs a variety of methods including discourse analysis,
statistics and comparative and historical analysis. Moreover, when they explore the
deepening of interactions between states, they refer to the phenomenon of
internationalization.

Internationalization does not equal globalization, although it's a major part of

globalization. For further discussion between internationalization and globalization, here
are some key differences:
 Globalization is the end result while internationalization is one of the
tasks/tools/processes to achieve them.
 Globalization is more with the nations and their economies while
internationalization is more related to the individual, firm and corporations for
doing up their businesses.
 Globalization is a process and internationalization is part of the same
 Major factors that affect the globalization are infrastructural and logistics set up,
telecommunications, etc. while internationalization gets affected by cultural tastes
and preferences, local traditions, etc.
 The major example of Globalization is Elimination of Visa Obligations, removing
tariff and non-tariff trade barriers, liberalizing investment-related obligations, etc.
while an example of internationalization is sourcing, producing or selling
materials or delivering services from one or more countries, setting up of the
branches and subsidiaries in other countries, etc.
 Globalization is an economic process as it aims in integrating the economies
while Internationalization is an improvisation process as it will lead in expanding
of the business across the nations.
  Organizations like IMF, World Bank, WTO, etc. observe and work to implement
globalization while institutions like the EU, APEC, NAFTA, etc. boosts
internationalization.

In short, Internationalization is related to a firm’s movement overseas. While

globalization is the rapidly growing integration of communication, financial, as well as
political ideology. Although, internationalization is the process that results in
globalization as firm movements could be said to be the cause of globalization.

THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM

World politics today has four key attributes.
1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves.
According to state.gov- Bureau of Intelligence and Research, updated last March
27 2019, the total count of independent countries or states is 195- Philippines,
Bahrain, Cambodia, Kuwait, Japan, Malaysia, USA, UK, etc.
2. These countries with each other through diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations, like the United Nations (UN), that facilitate
these interactions.
4. Organizations also take on lives of their own.
The UN, for example, apart from being a meeting ground for presidents and other
heads of state also has task-specific agencies like the World Health Organization
(WHO) and International Labour Organization (ILO).

Let us start the discussion of this system on knowing what nation-state is and the
difference between nations and states.
The nation-state is composed of two non-interchangeable terms. Not all states are
nations and not all nations are states. The nation of Scotland, for example, has its own
flag and national culture, but still belongs to a state called the United Kingdom. Closer to
home, many commentators believe that the Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing
within the Philippines but, through their elites, recognizes the authority of the Philippine
state. Meanwhile, if there are states with multiple nations, there are single nations with
multiple states. The best example is the nation of a Korea that is divided into North and
South Korea, whereas the "Chinese nation" may refer to both the People's Republic of
China and Taiwan.

In layman's terms, state refers to a country and its government and it has four
attributes.
1. It exercises authority over a specific population, called its citizen.
2. It governs specific territory
3. A state has a structure if government that craft various rules that people(society)
follow.
4. The state has sovereignty over its territory.

Sovereignty refers to internal and external authority. Internally, no individuals or

groups can operate in a given national territory by ignoring the state. This means that
groups like churches, civil society organizations, corporations and other entities have to
follow the laws of the state where they establish their parishes, offices or headquarters.
Externally, sovereignty means that state's policies and procedures are independent of
the interventions of other states. Russia and China for example, cannot pass laws for
the Philippines and vice versa.

On the other hand, the nation, according to Benedict Anderson, is an "imagined

community." It is limited because it does both go beyond a given "official boundary," and
because rights and responsibilities are mainly the privilege and concern of the citizens
of that nation. Being limited means that nation has its boundaries. This characteristic is
in stark contrast to many religious imagined communities. Anyone, for example, can
become a Catholic if one chooses to. In fact, Catholics want more people to join their
community; they refer to it as the call to discipleship. But not everyone can simply
become a Filipino. An American cannot simply go to the Philippine Embassy and
"convert" into a Philippine citizen. Nations often limit themselves to people who imbibed
a particular culture, speak a common language, and live in a specific territory.

Calling it "imagined" does not mean that the nation is made-up. Rather, nation
allows one to feel a connection with a community of people even if he/she will never
meet all of them in his/her lifetime.

Most nations strive to become states. Nation-builders can only feel a sense of
fulfillment when that national ideal assumes an organizational form whose authority and
power are recognized and accepted by "the people". Moreover, if there are communities
that are not states, they often seek some form of autonomy within their "mother states".
This is why, for example, the nation of Quebec, though belonging to the state of
Canada, has different laws about language (they are French-speaking and require
French language competencies for their citizens).
Nation and state are closely related because it is nationalism that facilitates state
formation. In the modern and contemporary era, it has been the nationalist movements
that have allowed for the creation of nation-states. States become independent and
sovereign because of nationalist sentiment that clamors for this independence.

THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM

Treaty of Westphalia is where the origins of the present-day concept of

sovereignty can be traced back. It is also a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the
Thirty Years' War between the major continental powers of Europe. Holy Roman
Empire, Spain, France, Sweden and the Dutch Republic, designed a system that would
avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control
over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other's affairs, after a brutal
religious war between Catholics and Protestants. Most commonly, the idea of a nation-
state was and is associated with the rise of the modern system of states, often called
the “Westphalian system” in reference to the Treaty of Westphalia (1648). The balance
of power that characterized that system depended on its effectiveness upon clearly
defined, centrally controlled, independent entities, whether empires or nation-states,
that recognized each other’s sovereignty and territory. The Westphalian system did not
create the nation-state, but the nation-state meets the criteria for its component states.

Westphalian System provided stability for the nations of Europe, until it faced its
first major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte. He believed in spreading the principles of
the first revolution- liberty, equality, and fraternity, and thus challenged the power of
kings, nobility and religion in Europe. The Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1803-1815 with
Napoleon and his armies marching all over much of Europe. They implemented
"Napoleonic Code" in every country they conquered which first, forbade birth privileges,
second, encouraged freedom or religion and lastly, promoted meritocracy in
government service. This system shocked the monarchies and the hereditary elites
which are the dukes and duchesses of Europe and they mustered their armies to push
back against the French emperor.

In the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated
Napoleon that ends the latter's mission to spread his liberal code across Europe. In
order to prevent another war and to keep their systems of privilege, the royal powers
created a new system to restore the Westphalian System. The Concert of Europe was
an alliance of "great powers" composed of United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and
Prussia, which sought to restore the world of monarchial, hereditary and religious
privileges of the time before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Also, it is
alliance that sought to restore the sovereignty of states. Metternich System, named after
the Austrian diplomat, Klemens von Metternich, who was the system's main architect,
the Concert's power and authority lasted from 1815 to 1914 at the dawn of World War I.

Until now, states are considered sovereign and Napoleonic attempts to violently
impose systems of government in other countries are frowned upon. Like the Concert
System, "great powers" still hold significant influence over world politics.

INTERNATIONALISM

Internationalism is the desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and
peoples. The Westphalian and Concert Systems divided the world into separate,
sovereign entities. During interstate system, some directly challenged the system by
infringing on other states' sovereignty, while others sought to imagine other systems of
governance that go beyond but do not necessarily challenge sovereignty.

Internationalism comes in different forms but it can be divided into two broad
categories: liberal internationalism and socialist internationalism.
German Philosopher Immanuel Kant is the first major thinker of liberal internationalism
on the late 18th century. He likened states in a global system to people living in a given
territory. He argued that without a form of world government, the international system
would be chaotic. He imagined a form of global government; therefore, states like
citizens of countries must give up some freedoms and establish a continuously growing
state consisting of various nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world.
 Jeremy Bentham, a British philosopher who also wrote in the late 18th century,
coined the word “international” in 1780. He advocated the creation of "international law"
that would govern the inter-state relations. He believed that objective global legislators
should aim to propose legislation that would create "the greatest happiness of all
nations taken together". Giuseppe Mazzini is the first thinker who reconcile nationalism
with liberal internationalism in 19th century. He was both an advocate of the unification
of the various Italian-speaking mini-states and a major Metternich system. He also
believed in a Republican government and proposed a system of free nations that
cooperated with each other to create an international system. For him, free,
independent states would be the basis of an equally free, cooperative international
system. Mazzini was a nationalist internationalist who believes that free, unified nation-
states should be the basis of global cooperation. He influenced the thinking of Woodrow
Wilson, president of United States (1913-1921) who became one of the 20th century's
most prominental internationalist. Both of them saw nationalism as a prerequisite for
internationalism. Because of his faith in it, he forwarded the "principle of self-
determination" which is the belief that the world's nations had a right to a free, and
sovereign government. In short, he became the most notable advocate for the creation
of the League of Nations. At the end of the World War I in 1918, Wilson transform the
League into venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war. For his efforts,
he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.

As to continue the discussion, about League of Nations, different intensifications

happen in World War II, the Axis Powers-Hitlers Germany, Mussolini’s Italy and
Hirohito’s Japan were known for being ultra nationalist that they feel inferior toward the
internationalism, and preferred a violent impose the dominance over nations. Axis
powers composed of the countries of Germany, Italy and Japan while Allied powers
include countries like United States, United Kingdom, France, Holand and Belgium
which caused internationalism to decline or eclipsed.

This League of Nations formed task -specific international organizations, these

are World Health Organization (WHO) a part of the United Nations that deals with major
health issues around the world. The World Health Organization sets standards for
disease control, health care, and medicines; conducts education and research
programs; and publishes scientific papers and reports. A major goal is to improve
access to health care for people in developing countries and in groups who do not get
good health care. The headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland. and the
International Labour Organization (ILO) International Labor Organization a United
Nation agency that aims to "promote decent work throughout the world." The
International Labor Organization's (ILO) was founded in 1919 and incorporated into the
UN as a specialized agency in 1946. The organization's goal is to serve as a uniting
force between governments, businesses, and workers. It emphasizes the need for
workers to enjoy "conditions of freedom, equity, security, and human dignity" through
their employment the both organization areresponsible for international cooperation.

The League has concrete and specific concepts of liberal internationalism. When
we say liberal internationalism, from Kant he emphasized the need to form common
international principles, while for Mazzini, it is the principle of cooperation and respect
among nation-states and for Wilson it is for democracy and self-determination which
these ideas are re assert for creations of United Nations.

Karl Marx doesn’t believe in nationalism, as a philosopher and an internationalist

who criticizes Mazzini, he believed that any true form of internationalism must reject
nationalism that rooted people in domestic concerns instead of global ones. He is
known for economic equality which divides the world into classes. First is the capital
class, which it pertains to the owners of factories, companies and other means of
production. Next is the proletariat class it is contradictory to the capitalist class who
doesn’t own any means of production. With the ideas of Marx and his co-author
Friedrich Engels, they believed that as a social revolution seek to overthrow the state
and alter economy, proletariat class “had no nations” which it is called the Communist
Party. Lenin established Communist International (ComIntern) in 1919 as a central body
for communist parties all over the world. It is said to be less democratic as top down
governance of Bolsheviks.

In world war II when Soviet Union joined the Allied Powers in 1941, the United
States and United Kingdom disagreed in trusting Soviet Union in fight against Hitler in
Germany, after this the successor of Lenin, Joseph Stalin dissolved the Commintern in
1943, it is re-established as Communist Information Bureau (Comminform), soviet union
took over in Eastern Europe after the war between US, Soviet Union and Great Britain
because of the sphere of influence

During post war Liberal internationalism was the best evidence in rise of United
Nations as the center of Global governance. With this lesson, the international system
was examined, internationalism as broader phenomenon of globalization which became
crucial in aspect of globalization when global interactions are heightened by increased
in interdependence of states. International relations are facilitated by international
organizations that promote global norms and policies which United Nations is the best
example.
VOCABULARY WORDS

 Clamor- To make a loud complaint or demand

 International Labour Organization- The only tripartite U.N. agency, since 1919
the ILO brings together governments, employers and workers of 187 member
States, to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programs promoting
decent work for all women and men.
 World Health Organization- WHO's primary role is to direct international health
within the United Nations' system and to lead partners in global health
responses.

 Westphalian system- A global system based on the principle of international

law that each state has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the
exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another
country’s domestic affairs, and that each state (no matter how large or small) is
equal in international law. The doctrine is named after the Peace of Westphalia,
signed in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years’ War.

 Napoleonic Code- made the authority of men over their families stronger,
deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate
children. All male citizens were also granted equal rights under the law and the
right to religious dissent, but colonial slavery was reintroduced.

 Capitalist class- owners of factories, companies and other means of production.

 Communist International- Cominterm; a central body for directing communist
party, less democratic because it followed closely top down governance of
Bolsheviks
 Communist Information Bureau- Cominorm; helped direct the communist
parties that had taken power in Eastern Europe
 Concretization- means concrete or specific
 Internationalism- broader phenomenon of Globalization
 Proletariat class- group of people who did not own the means of production
instead worked for capitalist
 Socialist International- Union of European socialist and labor parties
established in Paris 1889.
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics- a new state that led by the Bolsheviks
parties who do not believe in obtaining power for working class through elections.
 Vanguard- a revolutionary party who used the methods of terror if necessary
referred as Communist Party
SOURCES

dictionary.cambridge.org

https://www.educba.com/globalization-vs-internationalization/

https://www.ilo.org

https://www.who.int

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/difference/9-major-differences-between-state-and-nation/40326

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/nation-states-and-sovereignty/

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/world-health-organization

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/international-labour-organization.asp