Seminar in Accounting

Lecturer : Mukhtaruddin, S.E., M.Si., Ak

Urgencies of CSR Performance to Achieve MDGs

Natasha Fitri Nasution

01071003056

2010
 Urgencies of CSR Performance
To Achieve MDGs

By

Natasha Fitri Nasution

01071003056
Abstract

Trans-National business (TNs) have the opportunity to contribute directly to specific national
development goals, in the short term and achieving targets under the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) in the medium to long terms. In such an investment negotiating environment,
opportunities will be created to enable governments in developing Commonwealth member States
to leverage Corporate Social Responsibilities ( CSR) Inclusive Business (IB) strategies of multi-
national companies to create “Triple Wins” for investors, governments and communities.

This study, aimed at demonstrating the link organizational activities, core labor standards and the
Millennium Development Goals and that as trade unionists we can bring about change to working
practices, not only to the communities in which organizations operate – but the broader
accountability in practices relating to the developing world – this to include labor exploitation,
national humanitarian campaigns, trade inequalities and corruption that impacts individuals and
communities in the developing world.

The objectives of this ongoing work will be o demonstrate : how the Millennium Development
Goals can help deliver organizational CSR policies; that organizations play a role, through their
overseas operations and supply chains, in alleviating poverty by providing safe, decent and human
work; how organizational humanitarian / charitable activities can contribute to the Millennium
Development Goals and also how trade union members, as stakeholders, can participate in the
CSR process.

Keywords : Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),

UNDP.

2010
 Urgencies of CSR Performance
To Achieve MDGs
Content
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background 1-2
1.2. Problem Statement 2

1.3. Study Purpose and Benefit

1.3.1. Study Purpose 2
1.3.2. Benefit 3
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1. Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 3
2.1.1. History of Social Accounting
- Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) – 3-4
2.1.2. Social Accounting
- Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) – 4
2.1.3. Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 5
2.1.4. Activities of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 5-6
2.2. Concept of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
2.2.1. The Background : End Poverty 2015 6
2.2.2. Definition of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 7
2.2.3. 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 7 - 14
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Data Resources 14
3.2. Data Analyze Technique 15
4. RESULT 15
Implementation of MDGs 16
Official List of MDGs Indicator 17- 21
Business call to Action 21 - 22
The Impact of CSR on MDGs
5. CONCLUSION AND LIMITATION
5.1. Conclusion
5.2. Limitation
REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Within the world of business, the main “responsibility” for corporations

has historically been to make money and increase shareholder value. In other
words, corporate financial responsibility has been the sole bottom line driving
force. However, in the last decade, a movement defining broader corporate
responsibilities – for the environment, for local communities, for working
conditions, and for ethical practices – has gathered momentum and taken hold.
This new driving force is known as corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is
oftentimes also described as the corporate “triple bottom line” – the totality of the
corporation’s financial, social, and environmental performance in conducting its
business.
As the commercial sector increases its investments in corporate social
responsibility in its three usual venues (the workplace, the marketplace, and the
community). It presented with the unique opportunity to create corporate
partnerships that can help expand, enhance, and sustain in developing countries.

In a rapidly globalizing world, interest in corporate responsibility

continues to grow among abroad range enterprises, investors, civil society actors
and other stakeholders. The United Nations has undertaken various actions to
respond to this interest and to promote positive corporate contributions to
sustainable development. The United Nations Global Compact has become the
largest corporate citizenship initiative in the world and continues to attract more
signatories from all corners of the globe. The United Nations Principles for
Responsible Investment is attracting large numbers of institutional investors who
see corporate responsibility factors as affecting their investments. With trillions of
dollars around the world invested in funds that explicitly consider corporate
responsibility issues, and with stakeholders demanding more non-financial
 information from enterprises, the call for clear, concise and concrete guidance on
corporate responsibility reporting has never been louder.

Adopted by world leaders in the year 2000 and set to be achieved by 2015,
the MDGs are both global and local, tailored by each country to suit specific
development needs. They provide a framework for the entire international
community to work together towards a common end – making sure that human
development reaches everyone, everywhere. If these goals are achieved, world
poverty will be cut by half, tens of millions of lives will be saved, and billions
more people will have the opportunity to benefit from the global economy.

So, in order to achieve MDGs that become a worldwide purpose;

Government, NGOs, private sector must hand in hand to get involved on it. That
is why the Researcher interest to write this paper with title: “ Urgencies of CSR
Performance to Achieve MDGs.”

1.2. Problem Statement

Based upon background, the problem statement that will be studied on this paper :
1. What is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)?
2. What are Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
3. What is the relationship between CSR performance and MDGs?
4. What is the impact of CSR on MDGs?

1.3. Study Purpose and Benefit

1.3.1. Study Purpose

Purpose of this study :

1. To know about CSR
2. To know about MDGs
3. To know the relationship between CSR performance and MDGs
4. To know the impact of CSR on MDGs
 1.3.2. Benefit

Benefit of this study :

1. For researcher
Through this research study, Researcher can improve his or her knowledge
about CSR, MDGs, the relationship between them and the impact of CSR
on MDGs that become worldwide serious problem this day.
2. For corporate and government
This study can make the corporate notice the importance of CSR to reach
MDGs that become an United Nation Development Program ( UNDP ).
And the government needs corporate support in the way to reach MDGs
by their CSR programs.
3. For academician
This study could be helpful for other academician whom need reference in
order to continue the next research study which has the same topic.

2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

2.1.1. History of Social Accounting - Corporate Social Responsibility

(CSR) -

Modern forms of social accounting first produced widespread interest in the

1970s. Its concepts received serious consideration from professional and
academic accounting bodies, e.g. the Accounting Standards Board’s predecessor,
the American Accounting Association and the American Institute of Certified
Public Accountants. Business-representative bodies, e.g. the Confederation of
British Industry, likewise approached the issue.

Abt associates, the American consultancy firm, is one of the most cited early
examples of businesses that experimented with social accounting. In the 1970s
 Abt Associates conducted a series of social audits incorporated into its annual
reports. The social concerns addressed included “productivity, contribution to
knowledge, employment security, fairness of employment opportunities, health,
education and self-development, physical security, transportation, recreation, and
environment”. The social audits expressed Abt Associates performance in this
areas in financial terms and thus aspired to determine the company’s net social
impact in balance sheet form. Other examples of early applications include
Laventhol and Howarth, then a reputable accounting firm, and the First National
Bank of Minneapolis (now U. S. Bancorp).

Yet social Accounting practices were only rarely codified in legislation. The
French bilan social and the British 2006 Companies Act process a significant
exception. Interest in social accounting cooled off in the 1980s and was only
resurrected in the mid-1990s, partly nurtured by growing ecological and
environmental awareness.

2.1.2. Social Accounting - Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) -

Social accounting (also known as social and environmental accounting, corporate

social reporting, corporate social responsibility reporting, non-financial reporting,
or sustainability accounting) is the process of communicating the social and
environmental effects of organizations’ economic actions to particular interest
groups within society and to society at large.

Social accounting is a widespread practice in a number of large organizations. In

many instances the reports are produced in (partial or full) compliance with the
sustainability reporting guidelines set by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).

Social accounting is commonly used in the context of business, or corporate

social responsibility (CSR), although any organization, including NGOs, charities,
and government agencies may engage in social accounting.
 2.1.3. Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

CSR is a business strategy providing companies to differ of other firms which

produce similar products and services and keep corporations alive in the recent
competitive business markets. However, it would be a big mistake to evaluate
CSR as only a marketing tool which is used to attract customers’ attention.
Because CSR is a development process including many stakeholders (for
instance: NGOs, Manufacturers, Labor, Society and Media).

There are different definitions of CSR below :

The World Business Council on Sustainable Development’s (WBCSD),

Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to
contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the
workforce and their families as well as of the community and society at large.”

The European Commission,

Corporate Social responsibility in a Green Paper as a concept in which
“companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business
operations and in their interaction with their interaction with their stakeholders on
a voluntary basis.”

2.1.4. Activities of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

According to five activity pillar of Corporate Social Responsibility from Prince of

Wales International Business Forum, activity of CSR are (Wibisono, 2007, p. 119) :

a. Building Human Capital

Internally, company was prosecuted to create rely on human resource. Externally,

company was also prosecuted to make social empowerment, usually pass through with

community development.
 b. Strengthening Human Capital

Company was prosecuted to not be rich itself, while community environment around it is

poor, they have to empower economy around the company.

c. Assessing Social Chesion

Company was prosecuted to keep the harmony with surrounding society, in order to

avoid the conflict

d. Encouraging Good Governance

In running their business, company have to perform manage order of business well.

e. Protecting The Environment

Company has to make serious efforts to keep environment preservation.

2.2. Concept of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

2.2.1. The Background : End Poverty 2015

“We will spare no effort to free our fellow men, women and children from the
abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty, to which more than a billion of
them are currently subjected. We are committed to making the right to development a
reality for everyone and to freeing the entire human race from want.”

This was the promise that 189 heads of state made to their people ten years ago.
Since then, progress has been made in the fight against extreme poverty. But not nearly
enough. Today, 50,000 people continue to die every day as a result of poverty. A woman
dies every minute in pregnancy and childbirth. Around the globe, 72 million children still
do not go to school.

The aim of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are to encourage development

by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries. They
derive from earlier international development targets, and were officially
established at the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all world leaders present
adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration, from which the eight goals
were promoted.

2.2.2. Definition of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international

development goals that all 192 United Nations member states and at least 23 international
organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015.

2.2.3. 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

At the 2000 UN Millennium Summit, world leaders from rich and poor
countries alike committed themselves - at the highest political level - to a set
of eight time-bound targets that, when achieved, will end extreme poverty
worldwide by 2015.

Goal 1:

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Introduction

Over the years, we've been inundated with the statistics and the pictures of poverty
around the world-so much so that many people in both the North and South have come to
accept it as an unfortunate but unalterable state of affairs. The truth, however, is that
things have changed in recent years. The world today is more prosperous than it ever has
been. The technological advances we have seen in recent years have created encouraging
new opportunities to improve economies and reduce hunger.
The targets

Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals sets out by the year 2015:

 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less
than one dollar a day.

 Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including
women and young people.

 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from
hunger.

Goal 2:

Achieve universal primary education

Introduction

Every human being should have the opportunity to make a better life for themselves.
Unfortunately, too many children in the world today grow up without this chance,
because they are denied their basic right to even attend primary school. A sustainable end
to world poverty as we know it, as well as the path to peace and security, requires that
citizens in every country are empowered to make positive choices and provide for
themselves and their families.

The Targets

Goal 2 of the Millennium Development Goals sets out by the year 2015 to:

Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to
complete a full course of primary schooling.
Goal 3:

Promote gender equality and empower women

Gender equality refers to equality between women and men. The goal of gender equality
is to provide women and men with equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities.

Human rights are universal legal guarantees which protect the human values of all people
– freedom, equality and dignity. They are inherent to individuals and, to some extent,
groups; and are reflected in international norms and standards which are legally binding
on States.

Introduction

Poverty has a woman's face. Global prosperity and peace will only be achieved once all
the world's people are empowered to order their own lives and provide for themselves
and their families. Societies where women are more equal stand a much greater chance of
achieving the Millennium Goals by 2015. Every single Goal is directly related to
women's rights, and societies were women are not afforded equal rights as men can never
achieve development in a sustainable manner.

The Targets

Goal 3 of the Millennium Development Goals sets out by the year 2015 to:

Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by

2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015.
Goal 4:

Reduce child mortality

Introduction

One of the darkest characteristics of poverty is that is seems to prey on the vulnerable and
defenseless. In low-income countries, one out of every 10 children dies before the age of
five. In wealthier nations, this number is only one out of 143.

The Targets

Goal 4 of the Millennium Development Goals sets out by the year 2015 to:

Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.

Goal 5:

Improve maternal health

Introduction

Many people consider the day their child was born the happiest day in their life. In the
world's wealthier countries, that is. In poorer countries, the day a child born is all too
often the day its mother dies. The lifetime risk of dying in pregnancy and childbirth in
Africa is 1 in 22, while it is 1 in 120 in Asia and 1 in 7,300 in developed countries.

The Targets

Goal 5 of the Millennium Development Goals sets out by the year 2015 to:

 Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
  Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health.

Goal 6:

Combat HIV / AIDS. Malaria and other diseases

Introduction

Malaria, together with HIV/AIDS and TB, is one of the major public health challenges
undermining development in the poorest countries in the world. Malaria kills an African
child every 30 seconds. Many children who survive an episode of severe malaria may
suffer from learning impairments or brain damage. Pregnant women and their unborn
children are also particularly vulnerable to malaria, which is a major cause of perinatal
mortality, low birth weight and maternal anemia.

The Targets

Goal 6 of the Millennium Development Goals sets out by the year 2015 to:

 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.

 Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who
need it.
 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other
major diseases.
Goal 7:

Ensure environmental sustainability

Introduction

Reducing poverty and achieving sustained development must be done in conjunction with
a healthy planet. The Millennium Goals recognize that environmental sustainability is
part of global economic and social well-being. Unfortunately exploitation of natural
resources such as forests, land, water, and fisheries-often by the powerful few-have
caused alarming changes in our natural world in recent decades, often harming the most
vulnerable people in the world who depend on natural resources for their livelihood.

The Targets

Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals sets out by the year 2015 to:

 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and

programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources.
 Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of
loss.
 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation.
 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100
million slum dwellers.
Goal 8:

Develop a Global Partnership for Development

The Global Partnership for Development refers to the responsibility of rich countries to
deliver more effective aid, more sustainable debt relief and fairer trade rules, well in
advance of 2015.

Introduction

The Millennium Goals represent a global partnership for development. The deal makes
clear that it is the primary responsibility of poor countries to work towards achieving the
first seven Goals. They must do their part to ensure greater accountability to citizens and
efficient use of resources. But for poor countries to achieve the first seven Goals, it is
absolutely critical that rich countries deliver on their end of the bargain with more and
more effective aid, more sustainable debt relief and fairer trade rules, well in advance of
2015.

The Targets

Goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals sets out by the year 2015 to:

 Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and

financial system.
 Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction –
both nationally and internationally.
 Address the special needs of the least developed countries

Includes : tariff and quota free access for the least developed countries’ exports;
enhanced program of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and
cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries
committed to poverty reduction.
  Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island
developing States (through the Program of Action for the Sustainable
Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-
second special session of the General Assembly).
 Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through
national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long
term.
 In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable
essential drugs in developing countries.
 In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new
technologies, especially information and communications.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Data Resources

Data collection method is an integral part of research design. There are several
data collection methods, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
Problems researched with the use of appropriate methods greatly enhanced the
value of the research.
Data can be collected in a variety of ways, in different settings --- field or lab ---
and from different sources. It can be obtained from primary or secondary sources.
Primary data refer to information obtained firsthand by the researcher on the
variables of interest for the specific purpose of the study. Secondary data refer to
information gathered from sources already existing. Such data can be internal or
external to the organization and accessed through the internet or perusal or
recorded or published information.

Data resources that used in this research is secondary data. The advantage of
seeking secondary data sources is savings in time and costs of acquiring
 information that offer current and up-to-date information. Generally, secondary
data in the form of evidence, note or historical report, company records or
archives, government publications, industry analyses offered by the media, web
sites, and the internet. And most of Researcher datum was collected from internet,
but there are many others form of secondary data.

3.2. Data Analyze Technique

This research is a descriptive research which describe the theory from literature
survey. Data analyze technique that used in this research is qualitative data.

4. RESULT

In 2007, Prospect received funding from the International Development Learning Fund
(part of the DFID / TUC Strategic Framework Partnership Arrangement) which enabled
us to develop and promote the theme of a trades union based approach to corporate social
responsibility.

A myriad of social and environmental concerns can be found under the umbrella of CSR
or IB of TNs. In the main, many studies on CSR address issues such as labor conditions
rights, community / stakeholder engagement, accountability, good governance,
philanthropy, volunteering by employees and ethical procurement. Not considered
directly is the link between CSR / IB and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). There is a
need, therefore to identify opportunities for partnerships among public, business and
community interests to flourish and boost national development as a consequence of
inward investments and compliance with national legislation and job creation, while
demonstrating best practice reflective of CSR / IB strategies that could trigger additional
rewards from national governments for investments.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the most broadly supported,
comprehensive and specific development goals the world has ever agreed upon. These
eight time-bound goals provide concrete, numerical benchmarks for tackling extreme
poverty in its many dimensions. They include goals and targets on income poverty,
hunger, maternal and child morality, disease, inadequate shelter, gender inequality,
environmental degradation and the Global Partnership for Development.

Implementation of the MDGs

At the midpoint in MDG timeline, great progress has already been made. Reducing
absolute poverty by half is within reach for the world as a whole. With the exception of
Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, primary school enrolment is at least 90 percent.
Malaria prevention is expanding, with widespread increases in insecticide-treated bed-net
use among children under five in sub-Saharan Africa. In 16 out of 20 countries, use has at
least tripled since around 2000. One point six billion people have gained access to safe
drinking water since 1990.

Alongside the successes are an array of goals and targets that are likely to be missed
unless more action is taken urgently: about one quarter of all children in developing
countries are considered to be underweight and are at risk of long-term effects of
undernourishment; more than 500,000 prospective mothers in developing countries die
annually in childbirth or of complications from pregnancy; in Sub-Saharan Africa, the
proportion of people living on just over a dollar a day is unlikely to be cut in half.
Additionally, in middle income countries like Mexico, Brazil, Romania, Macedonia, and
Indonesia, inequality has also led to ‘pockets of poverty’ – socially-excluded groups that
will need specific attention if their countries are to reach the MDGs.

The global economic crisis also threatens to destabilize progress, as a better future for the
world’s most vulnerable people could fall victim to contraction of trade, remittances,
capital flows and donor support. At a time when investing in development is more vital
than ever to ensure social stability, security and prosperity, donor governments are called
upon to renew rather than revoke their commitment to reaching the MDGs.
 The eight MDGs break down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60
indicators :

Official list of MDG indicators

All indicators should be disaggregated by sex and urban/rural as far as possible.

Effective 15 January 2008

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Goals and Targets
Indicators for monitoring progress
(from the Millennium Declaration)

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion 1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per dayi
of people whose income is less than one dollar a day 1.2 Poverty gap ratio
1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and 1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed
decent work for all, including women and young people 1.5 Employment-to-population ratio
1.6 Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP)
per day
1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family
workers in total employment
Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion 1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under-five years
of of age
1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of
people who suffer from hunger dietary energy consumption

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, 2.1 Net enrolment ratio in primary education
boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course 2.2 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last
of primary schooling grade of primary
2.3 Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds, women and men
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and 3.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and
secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels tertiary education
of education no later than 2015 3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
agricultural sector
3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national
parliament
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality 
Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 4.1 Under-five mortality rate
2015, the under-five mortality rate 4.2 Infant mortality rate
 
Goal 5: Improve maternal health 
Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and
2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to
reproductive health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the 6.1 HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years
spread of HIV/AIDS
 
 
Target 6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to
treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the 6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria
incidence of malaria and other major diseases
 
 
 
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and programmes and
reverse the loss of environmental resources
 
  
Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010,
4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against
measles
5.1 Maternal mortality ratio
5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health
personnel
5.3 Contraceptive prevalence rate
5.4 Adolescent birth rate
5.5 Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least
four visits)
5.6 Unmet need for family planning
6.2 Condom use at last high-risk sex
6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with
comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
6.4 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school
attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years
6.5 Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection
with access to antiretroviral drugs
6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under
insecticide-treated bednets
6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are
treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs
6.9 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with
tuberculosis
6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and
cured under directly observed treatment short course
7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forest
7.2 CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP
(PPP)
7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
7.5 Proportion of total water resources used
7.6 Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
7.7 Proportion of species threatened with extinction
a significant reduction in the rate of loss

Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people
without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation
Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant
improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum
dwellers
7.8 Proportion of population using an improved drinking
water source
7.9 Proportion of population using an improved sanitation
facility
7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slumsii

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, Some of the indicators listed below are monitored
predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial separately for the least developed countries (LDCs),
system Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island
developing States.

Official development assistance (ODA)

Includes a commitment to good governance, development
and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally 8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as
Target 8.B: Address the special needs of the least
developed countries
Includes: tariff and quota free access for the least
developed countries' exports; enhanced programme of debt
relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and
cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous
ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction
percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ gross national
income
8.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of
OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic
education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water
and sanitation)
8.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance
of OECD/DAC donors that is untied
8.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a
proportion of their gross national incomes
8.5 ODA received in small island developing States as a
proportion of their gross national incomes
Market access

8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports (by

Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked
developing countries and small island developing States
(through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable
Development of Small Island Developing States and the
outcome of the twenty-second special session of the
General Assembly)
value and excluding arms) from developing countries
and least developed countries, admitted free of duty
8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on
agricultural products and textiles and clothing from
developing countries
8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a
percentage of their gross domestic product
8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade
capacity
Debt sustainability

8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their

 HIPC decision points and number that have reached
their HIPC completion points (cumulative)
8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI
Initiatives
Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems 8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods
of developing countries through national and international and services
measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long
term

Target 8.E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, 8.13 Proportion of population with access to affordable
provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing essential drugs on a sustainable basis
countries

Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make 8.14 Telephone lines per 100 population
available the benefits of new technologies, especially 8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population
information and communications 8.16 Internet users per 100 population

The Millennium Development Goals and targets come from the Millennium Declaration, signed by 189 countries, including 147 heads of State and Government, in September 2000
(http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm) and from further agreement by member states at the 2005 World Summit (Resolution adopted by the General Assembly -
A/RES/60/1, http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/60/1). The goals and targets are interrelated and should be seen as a whole. They represent a partnership between
the developed countries and the developing countries “to create an environment – at the national and global levels alike – which is conducive to development and the elimination of
poverty”.
or monitoring country poverty trends, indicators based on national poverty lines should be used, where available.

The actual proportion of people living in slums is measured by a proxy, represented by the urban population living in households with at least one of the four characteristics: (a) lack of access
improved water supply; (b) lack of access to improved sanitation; (c) overcrowding (3 or more persons per room); and (d) dwellings made of non-durable material.

In these years in which we have been trying to surpass some global problems both economic
and ecologically, the importance of CSR continues to grow in every minute because of
customers’ more careful and sensitive choices. Rising of corporation numbers – care about CSR
-- to contribute to social development and economic growth.
Otherwise, lack of private sector help, neither NGO’s nor Government won’t be able to achieve
the aim of sustainable development. In this sense, CSR is a vital tool offering opportunities for
stakeholders to communicate and interact better and also supporting to achieve common targets.

The Call to Action on The MDGs and The Private Sector

The world is facing a development emergency – at the current rate, we will fail to achieve the MDGs.
The Business Call to Action is part of the Call to Action, a major campaign launched by Gordon Brown
in July 2007. It aims to accelerate progress on the MDGs during 2008. The private sector is crucial to
the Call to Action. To achieve the MDGs a bigger global effort is needed, and business has a vital role
to play in this.

Over the next five years, the initiatives are expected to save almost half a million lives, create
thousands of jobs, and benefit millions of poor people across Africa, Asia and Latin America. They are
part of a concerted push to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that will enable poor
people to access up-to-the-minute information, money and business expertise as well as creating new
businesses and employment opportunities.

CEOs and Chairmen signed up to the Business Call to Action Declaration at the event on 6 May
alongside the 21 companies who had already signed up on 31 July 2007. By signing the Declaration,
CEOs and Chairmen are committing their company to take action through their core business in a
transformative and scalable manner that will enhance growth and help meet the MDGs. An
international process will be established to take forward the work of the Business Call to Action and
track progress on initiatives.

The Business Call to Action welcomes concrete initiatives that might achieve one or more of the
following:

 Generate significant new employment opportunities in developing countries;

 Improve the quality of supply chains, helping local businesses to diversify, and/or
become internationally competitive;
 Include innovations and/or technologies which make it easier for individuals and
businesses to make a living.

Business is crucial to tackling poverty

 Business is an engine of growth and development. It has enormous potential to

change lives and livelihoods in developing countries.
 Business activity can lead to increased investment, the creation of jobs, and the
development of goods, technologies and innovations. These can all have a powerful
influence on improving quality of life and driving down poverty.

Leveraging CSR to Achieve MDGs

In developing countries, host governments must be supportive through a bilateral development

framework. Whether or not the government is a full partner in the CSR initiative, or whether its role in
the initiative is formal or informal, keeping the government well informed about the initiative enhances
the environment for the initiative’s future success. Governments have resources that can be leveraged,
such as funds, staff, expertise, and infrastructures.

In considering how CSR can be mainstreamed in inward investments, government officials negotiating
with investors and policy makers formulating investment frameworks need to be innovative in
providing additional incentives to enhance the business competitiveness of their respective States. This
will involve matching investment needs with priority sectors such as energy, communications, women,
youth and/or geographic areas, including communities with high levels of unemployment.
Governments and in some instances communities determine the land and labour available to investors
and are frequently guardians of the resources required by investors. More, often than not, however, it is
traditional for governments and businesses to benefit directly and significantly from the harnessing of
resources for development and communities to be left at the mercy of both their governments and
investors. In the context of Commonwealth States, CSR can be considered as a broader perspective of
business, one that leads investors to more complex assessments of prospective investments and greater
consideration of customer views and initiatives to be able to thrive in a highly competitive, and
sometimes hostile, business environment.

Creating awareness and increasing understanding of CSR are essential requirements for negotiating
teams and policy makers in ministries such as Finance, Economic Development, Trade and Commerce
and dedicated investment agencies. “With heightened awareness and understanding of CSR, such
teams will be equipped to consider and develop appropriate innovative and strong investment
frameworks to attract FDI. Not only will strong frameworks provide benefits to shareholders, but
simultaneously contribute to improving lives and livelihoods of the communities in which investments
are based and promote national economic development” the study concludes.

Specific actions that should be taken and issues explored by teams negotiating investments and policy
makers in finance and sectored ministries include :

 Fostering strategic and innovative approaches when revising investment frameworks and
negotiations, especially in the face of recent turmoil in global financial markets. Agreed incentives
should be defined clearly in contracts.

 Reviewing lessons learnt from approaches taken by some countries to make social demands of
incoming businesses, as in the case with Mauritius, where there is a Corporate Governance Committee
which imposes certain taxes across the board.

 Principle-based standards such as United Nations Global Compact, Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines for multi-national enterprise and Caux Roundtable
principles for business could provide a meaningful starting point when considering CSR credentials of
TNs, but should not be viewed as comprehensive for informed decision making. Additional
information sources should be reviewed and considered.
 Focusing on assessing the robustness of information provided by potential investors, as this will
lead to the development of best practices for investment negotiations rather than settling for accepted
practice that may not be in the best interest of national goals and communities’ interest.

 Applying a sliding scale of rewarding good behavior – based on cost, its duration, extent of
impact and / or geographical location.

 In some sectors e.g. mining, practices such as the use of resource saving technologies go
beyond minimum requirements and open the door to providing extra incentives for additional good
behavior by investors.

 Formulating certain strategies to deal with investors already demonstrating exceptional

corporate citizenship in applying CSR to non-core business areas and, under a different guise e.g.
financial institutions partnering with local councils / municipalities to maintain parks and street
furnishings in cities and towns – beautification / aesthetics.

 Unifying the approach to investment initiatives across sectors is not necessarily appropriate as
sector issues vary and national development needs change, in addition to wide ranging differences in
the level of progress made towards achieving MDG.

Commonwealth governments that leverage the CSR strategies of TNs could contribute to increasing the
attractiveness of their countries as investment destinations and increase business competitiveness.
Additionally, they could formulate investment incentives attractive to TNs to support and / or build
capacity in the local supply chain, thus promoting enterprise and improving livelihoods.

The Impact of CSR on Millennium Development Goals

In this section, we’ll gather CSR under 3 tittles about its contribution to MDGs :
A. Community Investment Projects
Mostly consisting with the implementations of companies related to social and

environmental issues. Working with countries for more transparent and accountable
management in the delivery of public services.
Such as :
  Education
 Health
 Employment
The business community can make tremendous contributions.
Contribution to MDGs :
Goal 1 ( Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger )

Millennium Project Report - Halving hunger: it can be done

Halving Hunger examines current world progress towards eliminating hunger, and calls for the
implementation of seven recommendations in the areas of: political action, national policy
reforms, increased agricultural productivity for food insecure farmers, improved nutrition for
the chronically hungry, productive safety nets for the acutely hungry, improved rural incomes
and markets, and restoration and conservation of natural resources essential for food security.

Goal 2 ( Achieve universal primary education )

Millennium Project Report - Toward universal primary education: investments, incentives, and
institutions

Better education is fundamental to the prospects for economic and social development and the
end of world poverty. Toward Universal Primary Education offers a rigorous set of
interventions that countries can choose from to help provide universal access to high-quality
education by focusing on hard-to-reach groups of people, educating girls and women to break
the cycle of low education and strengthening educational opportunities for adolescents.

Goal 3 ( Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women )

Increasing the number of women in public office, and promoting advancing women's leadership
and gender equality.

Millennium Project Report Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

There are many practical steps that can be taken to reduce inequalities based on gender, which
hinder the potential to reduce poverty and achieve high levels of well-being in societies around
the world. Those detailed in Taking Action include strengthening opportunities, increasing
access, investing in infrastructure, guaranteeing rights, eliminating inequality in employment,
increasing women's representation in government and reducing violence against girls and
women.

Goal 4 ( Reduce Child Mortality ) and Goal 5 ( Improve Maternal Health )

Millennium Project Report - Who's got the power? Transforming health systems for women and
children

The central thrust of Who's Got the Power? is that dramatic, meaningful, sustainable progress
toward decreasing child and maternal mortality requires an intense focus on improving health
systems. The authors highlight that change is possible and they advance a comprehensive action
plan that recommends the rapid and equitable sale-up of interventions such as integrated
management of childhood illness, the universal provision of emergency obstetric care and
sexual and reproductive health services, and the provision of strengthened health systems.

Goal 6 ( Combating HIV / AIDS, malaria, and other disease )

Millennium Project Reports

1. Combating AIDS in the developing world

HIV/AIDS is a global catastrophe, threatening social and economic stability in the most
affected areas, while spreading relentlessly into new regions. Over the past year, 3 million
people died of AIDS, more than ever before and more than from any other infectious disease.
Combating AIDS in the Developing World offers solutions to overcome obstacles to
prevention, treatment and support for affected households, with a focus on achieving tangible
results.

2. Prescription for healthy development: increasing access to medicines

Access to essential medicines is vital for the health and prosperity of people in developing
countries. Prescription for Healthy Development presents authoritative and in depth strategies
for increasing the availability, affordability and appropriate use of medicines in developing
countries. Strategies include providing new incentives for research, better procurement, supply
and distribution, strengthened primary health systems, pro-poor planning and budgeting, close
collaboration with communities, and large increases in funding and the number of health
workers.

B. Sustainable Environment
Despite the practical usefulness of eco-efficiency indicators, their construction and use are
highly problematic. Detailed explanations are needed for the preparers and users of eco-
efficiency indicators so that they can produce internally consistent environmental and
financial information, thus improving the quality of environmental reporting and
stakeholder satisfaction.

Contribution to MDGs :

Goal 7 ( Ensure environmental sustainability )

Millennium Project Reports

1. Environment and human well-being: a practical strategy

Achieving human development while overcoming, rather than exacerbating

environmental challenges – such as the degradation of land, watersheds and marine
fisheries, deforestation, pollution, and climate change – is an immense but central
challenge to humanity. Environment and Human Well-Being presents principles upon
which each country can determine for itself the most appropriate steps to take towards
achieving environmental sustainability.

2. Health, dignity, and development: what will it take?

At least 1.1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2.6 billion lack access to basic
sanitation, resulting in the deaths of 3900 children per day. Health Dignity and
Development highlights the global water and sanitation crisis and advances a
comprehensive set of strategies to tackle the problem, including national elaboration,
government and stakeholder commitments; focusing on sustainable service delivery,
 empowering communities, support from private partners, promoting innovation and
improving global structures.

3. A home in the city

More than 900 million people currently live in urban slums and the number is growing
as rapid urbanization continues in the developing world. A Home in the City urges
countries to strengthen their focus on the growing urban crisis and improving the lives
of slum dwellers. Proposed are specific investments and policy changes required at local
and national levels to create a vibrant, equitable and productive urban environment.

C. Global Development Alliance (GDA)

Strengthening the capacity of democratic institutions to build networks, represent all
peoples and enact change.
The Global Development Alliance (GDA) is based on the agency’s recognition that the
dynamics of international development are changing. No longer are governments,
international organizations and multilateral development banks the major sources of
development funding and expertise. Rather, in the last decade, the private sector, including
the corporate sector and private foundations, has had an increasing role in catalyzing human
and social development.
Through GDA strategic alliances, it aims to mobilize resources for addressing international
development issues. Both GDA and corporate social responsibility partnerships aim to
stimulate new technologies and investments by bringing in new actors and ideas to the
development arena. Both also recognize the corporate sector as a powerful force for
promoting greater productivity and social change. Corporate Social Responsibility can be
an effective vehicle to draw in new resources, new ways of reaching target populations,
and innovative program initiatives.

Contribution to MDGs :

Goal 8 ( Develop a global partnership for development )

Millennium Project Reports

 1. Trade for development

The current international trading system is stacked against developing countries, a situation that
severely hampers development and ongoing attempts to eradicate poverty. Trade for
Development presents the framework necessary to correct this imbalance and give developing
countries greater economic growth potential and a more effective capacity to defeat poverty.

2. Innovation: Applying Knowledge in Development

Innovation makes a powerful case for development policies to focus on key sources of
economic growth, particularly the use of scientific and technological knowledge and related
institutional adjustments. It outlines core areas for policy action, including a focus on platform
or generic technologies, defining infrastructure services as foundations for technology, placing
universities at the centre of local development and improving science education, spurring
entrepreneurial activities, improving the policy environment and focusing on areas of under-
funded research for development.

5. CONCLUSION AND LIMITATION

5.1. Conclusion
 Today, more and more companies are realizing that in order to stay productive,
competitive, and relevant in a rapidly changing business world, they have to become socially
responsible. In the last decade, globalization has blurred national borders, and technology has
accelerated time and masked distance. Given this sea change in the corporate environment,
companies want to increase their ability to manage their profit and risks, and to protect the
reputation of their brands. Because of globalization, there is also fierce competition for skilled
employees, investors, and consumer loyalty.
While there is no universal definition of corporate social responsibility, it generally
refers to transparent business practices that are based on ethical values, compliance with legal
requirements, and respect for people, communities, and the environment. Thus, beyond making
profits, companies are responsible for the totality of their impact on people and the planet.
“People” constitute the company’s stakeholders : its employees, customers, business partners,
investors, suppliers and vendors, the government, and the community. Increasingly,
stakeholders expect that companies should be more environmentally and socially responsible in
conducting their business. In the business community, CSR is alternatively referred to as
“corporate citizenship,” which essentially means that a company should be a “good neighbor”
within its host community.
There are scores of CSR organizations and business associations promoting corporate
social responsibility, with a collective membership of thousands of companies –big, small, and
medium sized- in diverse industries. Forum counts 60 major global companies as members, and
has established affiliate resource centers in emerging market economies where there is a
demand for corporate involvement in social causes. It can be said that there as many variations
of CSR activities as there are CSR advocate companies and organizations.
The Business Call to Action challenges companies to use their expertise to explore new
business opportunities. Whether through manufacturing, finance, telecommunications or other
activities, businesses can improve their commercial success and contribute to achieving the
MDGs.
For businesses, making a profit and ‘doing the right thing’ are not mutually exclusive.
Contributing to the MDGs not only helps create a safer and more prosperous world but also
helps secure new markets for the future and build a more profitable business environment.
Although many companies are already practicing business in a way that creates jobs and
boosts prosperity in the developing world, the Business Call to Action aims to encourage
companies to take it further – to invest more in more developing countries, and on a larger
scale. Only by doing this can they have a greater impact on enhancing economic growth and
contributing to the MDGs.
Many companies do not see the developing world as a safe environment in which to do
business. The Business Call to Action proves that some of the biggest and most successful
companies in the world are finding new opportunities in emerging markets such as Africa and
India. The Business Call to Action aims to inspire other business leaders to reflect on their own
strategies and operations and consider how they can do the same.
The Business Call to Action is part of a major campaign to accelerate progress towards
meeting the MDGs by 2015. 2008 is a crucial year for businesses, governments, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), faith groups and citizens. The time has come to step up
activity to meet the MDGs and ensure a safer, developed and more prosperous world.

The Millennium Summit was presented with the report of the Secretary-General entitled
‘We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century’. Additional input
was prepared by the Millennium Forum, which brought together representatives of over 1,000
non-governmental and civil society organizations from more than 100 countries. The Forum
met in May 2000 to conclude a two-year consultation process covering issues such as poverty
eradication, environmental protection, human rights and protection of the vulnerable. The
approval of the MDGs was possibly the main outcome of the Millennium Summit. In the area
of peace and security, the adoption of the Brahimi Report was seen as properly equipping the
organization to carry out the mandates given by the Security Council.

There are just five years left until the 2015 deadline by which world leaders have
pledged to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in order to eradicate extreme
poverty and its root causes. Time is running out. But it’s not too late. Join the global movement
in support of the Millennium Development Goals. We are the generation that can end poverty,
and we should refuse to miss this opportunity. Let’s send a clear message to our leaders: We
will no longer stay seated or silent in the face of poverty and broken promises to end it.

5.2. Limitation
This study is about the urgencies or we can call the need of CSR performance to
achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Researcher use literature survey so
 data that had been used is qualitative data.

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