THREE PAPERS ON THE COLOSSEUM AND ITS ARENA 1. A history of earlier excavations in the arena Gianluca Schingo For many centuries the perception of the real dimensions of the arena of the Colosseum has been affected by the massive filling up of the so-called hypogea and by the disappearance of the podium wall. In the engraving of G. Lauro the vaults of ambulatory IV, filled with earth, provided the limit of the ancient space of the stage arena (fig. 1).! Apart from an isolated notice that refers to finding stretches of drains during digging in the 15th c,? the first archaeo- logical digging was launched by Sixtus V but we have no information about it’ During unknown earlier excavations the first copy of the Venantius inscription was discovered. The first pro- posal for a complete excavation of the arena was made in 1705 by C. Fontana who intended to excavate in and around the amphitheatre. Fontana stated that he had made some cores at his own expense in order to look for the floor of the building.* The findings announced by Msgr. Bianchini, of a travertine surface found in an excavation in the centre of the arena in 1714, had a decisive importance for subsequent ideas tied to the ancient arena since from the earliest stud- ies the arena seemed like an empty space, easy to flood for the aquatic spectacles mentioned in ancient sources.> Fig. 1. G. Lauro, “Ludi in amphiteatro Titi Vespasiani” from Antiquae urbis splendoris (Roma 1615). ‘Abbreviations used in the footnotes: AASL = Archivio dell’Accademia di S. Luca ACS = Archivio Centrale di Stato ASR = Archivio di Stato di Roma ANP = Archives Nationales, Paris BAV = Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana INASA = Istituto Nazionale di Archeologia e Storia dell’Arte Luciani 1993, fig. 144-48. On the filling up of the arena see Rea 1996, 102. Colagrossi 1913, 231; Lanciani, Storia vol. 2, 83. Spinazzola 1907, 6. Ridley 1992, 39; Di Macco 1971, 85 ff; Spinazzola 1907, 5-6, Marangoni 1746, 6 n8, 67. This fact had been accepted by Guattani (1805, 7): . il piano presente [dell'arena] & formato dag scarichi: antico andava piu git sedici buoni piedi o sia palmi 25 circa, ed cera di travertino”, This information proved to be misleading in the light of more recent excavations,7 G. Schingo The first requests to excavate were made in 1793 and again in 1795 by C. Lucangeli, an archi- tect who specialized in cork models. Over a twenty-year period he made numerous soundings necessary to complete his model of the amphitheatre at a scale of 1 : 60.° The serious condition of the structure of the building made its protection and restoration absolutely necessary, and a plan began to be discussed in 18027 Activity became more intense in 1804 after a resolution passed by Cardinal Doria Pamphili pro Camerlengo and by the treasurer Msgr. Lante.* The fol- lowing year a proposal was presented by the commissioner of antiquities C. Fea, in which the highest priority was given to the total excavation of the monument, both in the interior as well as outside, in order to reach the ancient levels.’ The work began in October 1805 under the dir- ection of Lucangeli and the architects G. Camporese, R. Palazzi and R. Stern with the help of about 160 prisoners.!” During this work Lucangeli discovered the 24 niches beneath the podium, parts of the podium in re-used travertine (at that time interpreted as a sidewalk), and the entrance of the cryptoporticus known as the “Passaggio di Commmodo”.}” In 1805 the surface channel was covered with slabs set at an angle. These slabs surrounded the amphitheatre and lay directly in front of the first row of seats, partly located and cleaned, covering parts of the complex system of drainage channels that crossed the floor of the building.¥? The digging con- cerned the exterior arcade, ambulatory Ill, the podium wall, and the rooms created under the stairs from ambulatory II up until the second level (interpreted as latrines or brothels [Jupa- nari), In this period the daily reports “Discarichi degli‘oggetti d’antichita” found in the corridors were drawn up; among the objects was a statue of a seated Apollo."* Digging at the Colosseum was interrupted in 1807 because of the changed political situation. The disappear- ance of a plan illustrating the work makes it impossible to identify the areas excavated up to that moment.!* Interventions by the French In November 1807, the French invaded the Papal State.¥® Initially the work of digging did not undergo any change of direction and the organisms in charge of antiquities remained the same.!* In July 1809 the Special Commission of the Roman States, a provisional organ of the French government, undertook reclamation of the “bagno penale del Colosseo”, which continued for a good part of 1810.1” In this year other activities by Lucangeli are recorded, and he asked 6 Archivio Capitolino, Magno, vol. 4,227 January 1793), 332 (March 1795). For the two wooden models of Lucangeli, one relating to the state at the time (Paris, Ecole des Beaux Arts), the other, a reconstruction, preserved inside the Colosseum, see Schingo 1998, 83 and Rea 1998, figs. 18-19. A description of the wooden reconstruction is found in Lucangeli 1827. For his interventions see Guattani 1805, 16; Spinazzola 1907, 6-7, La Padula 1958, 28 n 5, and Pinon 1985, 46 n.12, 7 Pinon 1985, 46n.9; se the report of the architect R. Stern (1802) in ASR, Camerale Il AABBAA, b6, 8 ASR, Camerale Il AABBAA, b., fase. 207, 13 June 1804, cited by Jonsson 1986, 28 n.40. This document also foresaw the excavation of the upper levels of the building, This work was undertaken by Lucangeli (Schingo 1998, 83 1.9). 9 Jonsson 1986, 2-29. The work before the French period, including that by Lucangeli, is cited by Uggeri 1814, 27-33, 73, in which are also mentioned the discovery of the exterior steps and pavements: pl. 8, fig, 3, letter B. See Jonsson 1986, 30 n 51 10. This is the appraisal of Jonsson 1986, 20 n.41, 30. 11 Guattani 1806, vol. 1,3 ff; A. Uggeri, Journées pittoresques des édifces de Rome ancienne II (Rome 1801) plik. 12 Lucangeli 1827. They have been recently brought to light for a short stretch: see G. Schingo and L. Rendina, “Anfiteatro Flavio. Saggio nelle fondazioni,” BullCom 92.2 (1986-87) 323-25; Guattani 1806, 51; id. 1805, 51. 13, ASR, Camerale Il, b7, fasc. 207; Colagrossi 1913, 258 n.2; Rea 1998, 74, The greater part of the finds were of the mediaeval and moclern periods. 14 Jonsson 1986, 30, n.50; the plan was attached to Fea's report to Gérando of August 1809, in ANP, Fle 148. 15 Jonsson 1986, 41. 16 Pasquali 1985, 55. 17 ASR, Consulta Straordinaria per gli Stati Romani, p. LIV; ASR, Buon Governo, ser. Ill, b132, fase. 8;A history of earlier excavations in the arena of the Colosseum 71 Fig. 2. Plan of substructures from the survey by Luigi Maria Valadier (1814) tav 1 entitled Anyiteatro Flavio. Maggiore escavacione fata nell'arena, for some prisoners to help make some smaller excavations.'* In January 1811 the French administration undertook digging in the area immediately north of the Colosseum and in the inner arcades. The aim was to clear that part of the building that went from dumps all the way to the level of the vaults. This work at the Colosseum, undertaken between 31 May and 10 November,” was part of a larger project of systematisation of the central archaeological zone, for which the Commission des embellissements de la Ville de Rome was created and operated from the autumn of 1811.2 From this year the N part of the arena was being discovered. This part had probably not been affected by the Papal work up to that point. The complex arrangement of the underground structures was thus brought to light, which rendered improbable the prevailing idea that the arena had been an empty space easy to flood 2 The discovery of the underground structures was made official on April 20, 1811 in the Giornale del Campidoglio, the organ of the Commission. The excavations, using deep trenches following the walls had been planned for September but probably did not begin before December of that year The speed of the digging is clear from the accounts of the inspector C. Daru. The Lampadius inscription was found on June 13, ASR, Miscellanea del Governo Francese, cass. 29/16, June 1810: report of Gérando to the Commission on the work of convicts at the Colosseum, the Temple of Vesta and the Baths of Titus, and approval of the expenditures. 14 Pinon 1985, nn. 12-13; Pasquali 1985, 55. In ASR, Buon Governo, ser. Il b:132, letter from Tournon to Gérando, September 1810. 19 ASR, Buon Governo, sill, b.132, 11 January 1811. 20 Pinon 1985, 47, cites two plans ofthis date in ANP O2 1081; one of these was published on the same page. 21 Pasquali 1985, 55, 22 Di Macco 1971, 1201; de Tournon 1855, 272. The documentation about digging the hypogea, which was under the Intendenza di Corona, is in Paris (ANP), 23° Spinazzola 1907, 8 24 Report by Daru of December 1611 in ANP 02, 1081, cited by Jonsson 1986, 167, to which were attached two drawings. There is a summary of the history of the digging in Colagrossi 1913, 2312 G. Schingo 1812, and the second copy of the Venantius inscription was found on the opposite (W) side on ‘August 23° The excavation of the arena did not, however, reach the original floor of the Irypogea but stopped at a point almost 3.5 m higher. At the same time digging of the exterior elliptical “allée” was continued by the Commission des embellissements.”” ‘The different interpretations and dates given to the ruins did not agree. It was immediately clear that the basement in the arena would have made the holding of naval games difficult. In 1807 C. Fea had proposed a kind of naumachia in the arena from the moment of the discovery of the radial corridors between ambulacrum IV and the arena, identified by him as dry docks for small boats27As a result of the poor quality of the later restorations, the possibility, proven by the ancient sources, of holding aquatic spectacles caused the substructures of the arena auto- matically to be considered mediaeval.** Fea fully accepted the misleading 18th-c. information about the presence of a travertine floor, a feature which according to him had already been proven for the Naumachia of Domitian. At the end of 1812 L. Re, the new professor of archaeology at the University “La Sapienza”, presented the conclusions of the architect L. P. Bianchi about the hypogea. Bianchi had drawn the structures while most of them were still largely visible. He had proven the antiquity of the walls and identified them with underground rooms used to support the games (this he was able to infer from the ancient sources), and he had also recognized the traces of the podium wall. This wall, originally made of travertine, had been dismantled in the Middle Ages. The conclusion that the first tufa phase of the hiypogea belonged to the Flavian phase of the building led the authors to reduce the importance of aquatic spectacles. According to them a naumachia had been performed only once, in the time of Domitian.” The disagreement by scholars who supported the opposite view quickly became very fierce." Meanwhile, from April to November 1813 the excavation continued at a fast pace but the costs were higher than in other excavations because of the use of wheelbarrows instead of larg er carts to remove the earth.%? The progress of work in the interior was immediately obstructed because groundwater flooded the basements. From this moment on there were many efforts to get rid of the stagnant water inside the arena. ‘After the defeat of the French came the period under Cardinal Rivarola, who replaced de ‘Tournon at the Commission des Embellissements* and continued the work retaining the Napol- onic government structure and plans. Rivarola appointed himself president of the Commission, 25 Rea 1986, 318-22, 26 The documents are preserved in ASR Abbellimenti di Roma, reg. 1, and published in Ridley 1992, 258-64. 27 Fea 1808, 140; in fact these were the accesses tothe service gallery beneath the podium. 28 Such a view was backed by Uggert 1817() 26 29 Fea 1813a, vol. Il, 44, note a. The naumachiae of Rome are virtually unknown at an architectural level. ‘See Fea 1813b, 42: the “piano generale soda was 8-9 palms deep. 30 Bianchi and Re 1812, 10, cited by Colagrossi 1913, 231. On the limits of Bianchi’s drawing see Schingo 1998, 89. a1 See Ridley 1992, 217-37, "The great Colosseum debate” 32 Ibid, 120, 33 ASR, Buon Governo, ser II, b:132, Arco di Costantino, September 1813 (where the flooding of the arena is mentioned). The excavation of the hypogen is documented in C. de Tournon, Mémoire sur les travaux ‘entreprs & Rome par V' Administration francaise de 1810 2 1814 (Bordeaux 1821); id. 1855, 272. Jonsson 1896, 91, cites Bianchi and Re 1812, Fea (unidentified manuscript), and Babucke 1899, 54, who imagined an obstruction at the southwest side of the arena. The flooding is described by Uggeri (cited in Spinazzola 1907, 12). 34 La Padula 1958, 64; ASR, Commissione degli Abbellimenti b.1, 114-15, 13 May 1814, “Promemoria aS. E, Rev. Mons. Rivarola Presidente del Governo Pontifcio per i pubblici lavori”. The impetus given to the excavations of the Colosseum by the return of the Papacy is mentioned also by Uggeri (cited by Spinazzola 1907, 11). The Commission ceased to exist in 1817 (Jonsson 1986, 163).A history of earlier excavations in the arena of the Colosseum 73 which was not dissolved until 1817. Extra funds were allocated for draining the basements.®> In the context of this work, in May 1814 Fea made an excavation at the E edge of the arena, near the chapel of S. Maria della Pieta, and he identified a man-hole integrated in the floor of the cryptoporticus. From this man-hole poured out the ground water, responsible for flooding the exposed basements of the hiypogea.** After the return of the Pope, the work outside the building continued but all intemal activi- ties were stopped. The ground water was temporarily controlled and that permitted the docu- mentation of the walls.” It was in this period of political transition, probably in June, that the surveys of Luigi M. Valadier (son of the famous architect Giuseppe) were commissioned. This ‘was the first example of a scientific case-study of a monument but unfortunately it fell victim to the problems existing between the institutions responsible for antiquity and was only completed many years later.* Since the hydraulic problems of the Colosseum had not been solved, in late autumn 1814 all the arena, except for the “Passaggio di Commodo”, was completely reburied. The excavations by Nibby and Duc During the excavations of 1828 led by A. Nibby, the purpose of which was to identify and ‘uncover the ancient surface of the piazza of the Colosseum, all the surface sewers outside the Colosseum were drained.4° The excavation of the drains was directed towards re-use of the ancient drainage structures in order to ensure a good run-off to the piazza, which often suffered flooding of the zone around the Meta Sudans and the Arch of Constantine. At about the same time studies of the hydraulic system constituted an important part of the extensive analysis by the French architect L. J. Duc. His survey, the most detailed study of the hydraulic system of the building of the last century,‘ was integrated with many small excavations in particular parts of the building.” Particularly important for Duc were his review and use of the data of Lucangeli and L. M, Valadier.*° The middle decades of the 19th In 1841, a new excavation was carried out when L. Grifi and A. Canina, who shortly before had taken over the archaeological responsibilities of the commission of antiquities, descended a spiral staircase to the eastern subterranean section. These were, in the judgement of these scholars, “i luoghi ove serbavansi le fiere”. The discovery of a multitude of animal bones was offered to support their claim. The excavations, which were carried out by workmen of the 35 ASR, Commissione degli Abbellimenti reg. 8, 31 May 1814: “spese straordinarie per 'estrazione dell’acqua del Colosseo". 36 Fea 1814, 3-4, 11-12. The sewer inlet is visible in the section in Parker 1876 pl. VII and in the drawings of L. M. Valadier. The man-hole was thought to be connected with an “antico condotto’, identified with that which took into the arena the water for the “naumachia” from cisterns on the Caelian (according to the interpretations of Cassio and of Marangoni) and joined together inside the Colosseum through a large channel of travertine found in 1783 “in uno scavo fatto nel centro delle tre strade verso il Celio” (Fea 1813a vol. Il, 20, note g). 87 Fea 1814, 3; BA ms. 1601, fasc. 14, p.211 bis, 6 June 1814 88 Story of the drawings in ASR, Camerlengato p. Itt. IV, b.182, fasc. 802, See Schingo 1998, figs. 11-12, 8% InASR, Commissione degli Abbellimenti reg. 1, p. 117,27 November 1814, the possibility of the reburial ‘was aired to avoid the demolition ofthe buildings of the Via Crucis, while the hydraulic problems were not mentioned. See also ASR, Commissione degli Abbellimenti, reg. 1, 126-27, “Edicole del Colosseo”, May 1814. Spinazzola 1907, following Desgodetz, says that the new level of the hypogea was lower than the earlier level by 8 palms. 40 Nibby 1838. ASR, Camerlengato p. Itt. IV, b183, fasc. 836. Nibby (1819) republished the drawing of P. Bianchi, but he did not accept the hypothesis of the dating of the basement structures, 41 Roma antique 258 ff. Cf. L. Lombardi and A. Corazza in Rota Colisei (forthcoming) for reconstructions of the hydraulic output (fountains, etc.) and forthe limits of the study, 42. ASR, Camerlengato, p. Il tt. IV, b.205, fasc. 1231, 30 December, 16 and 30 January 1830, 43 Romaantiqua tay. Duc. 14.m1 G. Schingo Beneficenza, continued only in those parts covered by ancient vaults. On the opposite side another spiral staircase was excavated. Probably the part examined was the L-shaped southern corridor which had not been excavated by the French. In 1855 the engineers A. Bettocchi and A. Belley proposed an expansion of the area around the Colosseum.‘ In the middle decades of the century private excavations searching for treasure flourished. In 1864-85 a certain Testa carried out excavations in which, at a depth of 7 mm, the vault of a major sewer ("chiavicone maestro”) was broken through. In its excavation animal skulls were found.** The excavations of P. Rosa From 1874 the arena was again excavated because of extraordinary funding from the Minis- tero della Pubblica Istruzione.” On the initiative of the minister Scjaloia, the small chapels of the “via Crucis” (built in 1750) and the pulpit were destroyed. It was claimed that they con- flicted with the wholly pagan character of the amphitheatre. The decision was formally communicated to Pope Pius IX, who criticised the works but did not directly oppose them.!* The excavations were carried out by Canina’s pupil P. Rosa (who lived from 1810 to 1891). They began with the fresh discovery of the podium made of blocks of travertine which surrounded the arena. P. Rosa had the correct vision of the podium (following Bianchi’s model) but he did not make it known (in fact he did not publish any of his work affecting the arena). From December 1874 to the middle of May 1875 the excavations concerned the E part of the hypogea, concentrating especially on the S part near the cryptoporticus along the minor axis.®? In contrast with what happened at the start of the century, Rosa’s excavations reached the opus spicatum floor of the hypogea and identified the annular channel that surrounded it.5! The decision to find the ancient floor derived from the necessity of resolving the question about the original floor of the monument, which the previous excavations had not settled.* The digging was doc- umented in daily reports of A. Pellegrini® placed in charge of the excavations (and the only state supervisor of discoveries in the urban area of Rome). His reports contain the approximate location and a description of many objects found (especially inscriptions but also nails and a large quantity of fragments of wood), almost all of them parts of the amphitheatre’s struc- ture.% The discovery of a wooden structure set in direct contact with the floor of the hypogea was remarkable (unfortunately, it was later lost). It was interpreted as a late-antique raising of the floor in use in the hypogea that had been necessitated by problems of run-off (fig, 3). 44 ASR, Camerlengato, p. Itt. IV, b.260, February 22, 1841 45 ASR Ministero del Commercio e Lavori Pubblici,b. 348, fasc. 26; Rea 1998, 79. 46 ASR, Ministero del Commercio e Lavori Public, b. 406, fasc. 37, 29 November 1864. These works are cited by Parker 1876, 32, Narducci 1889, Mocchegiani Carpano and Luciani 1981, and Lanciani 1985, 322, who also mentions the discovery of the concrete plate ofthe foundations of the monument. 47 ACS, MPI, Dir. Gen. AABBAA, I vers. b. 105, fase. 141-1, 26 January 1874; this document, with the signature Rosa, was cited also by Spinazzola 1907, 15. 48 ACS, Min PI, I versamento, b. 105 fase. 141, 7 and 6 January 1873. The demoltion happened only after @ year. See Rosa 1872; Spinazzola 1907, 15. 49 After the battle of Porta Pia he was put in charge of the Soprintendenza per gli scavi ei monumenti della provincia di Roma, which succeeded the Commissariato per le antichita pontifci. 50 Colagrossi 1913, 241, 248-49, photo 3201 of Parker in Luciani 1993, 233. 51 Gori 1875, 114 ff. F. Gori, to whom we owe much information on the excavations of Rosa, was in those years a member of Commissione di Vigilanza sui Monumenti della Provincia di Roma (Spinazzola 1907, 15). Graphic documentation on the excavations may be found in Parker 1876, pl. XVIL 52 See Rosa again in ACS, MPI, Dir. Gen. AABBAA, I vers, b. 105, fasc. 141-7, 17 January 1874. 53 Pellegrini is the author of a study of the drains of INASA, Mss. Lanciani v. 63, 110-9; this is a simple collection of facts already known drawn from Venuti, Cassio, Ficoroni and Vacca. Pellegrini is the target of a pitiful description of Barnabei: see M. Barnabei and F. Delpino (edd), Le “Memorie di un archeologo” di Felice Barnabei (1991) 408-10. 54 ACS, Min Pl, AABBAA, I vers.,b. 101, fase. 134;b. 103, fase. 135, 55 Colagrossi 1913,243; ACS, MPI, Dir. Gen. AABBAA, I vers. b. 105, fase. 14118, “Mantenimento dell'im-A history of earlier excavations in the arena of the Colosseum 75 Fig. 3. Photo from J. H. Parker showing the 1875 excavations in the arena, including an ancient wood floor. In these excavations a graffito was found which was generally considered to represent the front of the podium. It contributed to the elaboration of the notion of a “low” original floor of the arena, in contact with the travertine consoles.% This reconstruction, which puts in evidence the large arches of the niches, had a long life. During this time the entrance to the eastern ‘main axial drain was discovered. This led to a new flooding of the itypogea, on June 26, 1875, about a year after the digging was resumed.*” The problems and arguments which resulted from the presence of the water and ensuing concerns about hygiene led to the dismissal of Rosa as head of the Soprintendenza. He had attempted in vain to re-use parts of ancient sewers brought to light, At the same time (March 1875) the Direzione generale per i musei e gli scavi was foun- ded. Rosa also drew some of the criticism upon himself because of some unjustified demolitions which caused damage to ancient walls (fig. 4). The excavations had a strong impact on the life of that period and were followed with great interest by the city and by the Italian and foreign press. The judgement was mostly negative: after the destruction of the mantle of vegetation which had covered the monument for centuries, its charm and sacred character had been hopelessly compromised. Archaeologists like R. Lanciani were of the same opinion too.” The problem of the ground water streaming into the Colosseum was finally solved thanks to the discovery by the engineer P. Narducci of a brick sewer. This sewer, receiving the dumpings of the western axial drain, was connected with a modern main sewer. Apart from 24 lamps mainly depicting gladiatorial scenes, many animal bones were found in the excavations of the sewer. During this period public debate aroused by the excavations was most interested in the actual possibility of aquatic spectacles in the interior of the Colosseum and the question of the Piantito di legno trovato nel Colosseo, Relazione Bongioannini,” 9 June 1875; photograph by Parker in Mocchegiani Carpano and Luciani 1981, fig. 1. 56 Published by Gor! in 1875; the marble fragment on which it was incised cannot now be found. 57 Spinazzola 1907, 18. 58 Gori 1875 publishes some drawings of the structures that had been demolished, 59 Lanciani 1881, 158. In English publications he called them excessively costly and harmful for the Via Crucis, Cf, Rea 1996, 59-60. 60 Schingo 1993, 81-82, Fig 10.7% F Fig. 4. Photograph from J. H. Parker showing the state of the monument during the 1875 excavations. dating of the substructures. Despite the recent discovery of ltypogea in Campanian amphithea- tres (which robbed the Roman ruins of their uniqueness), some critics continued to consider the structures discovered to belong to a late-antique or mediaeval period. The continuation of the work in 1881 aimed at finding the second stretch of the modern sewer affected the eastern part of the piazza. During the excavation, the travertine floor of the area that was encountered and the cryptoportico that ran to the Ludus Magnus as well as the channel beneath it were cut. Interventions in 1895 In 1895, at the same time as the celebrations of the 25th anniversary of the capture of Porta Pia, the valley of the Colosseum returned to the centre of attention of the urban project of the new capital. In order to enlarge the surrounding square, the protected area paved with traver- tine was uncovered, along with some cippi which delimited the area. These cippi were located under the church of S. Giacomo and had probably been preserved by the church itself. Contemporary with the work going on outside, V. Spinazzola headed a team to take some core samples, He worked on the N side of the arena looking for unpublished inscriptions. His task ‘was to organize in a scientific way all the inscriptions of the Colosseum. After some progress he pointed to the need for a global re-edition of the inscriptions published in CIL and by Lanciani. The excavations were interrupted on May 31 when about 10 workers were transfer- 61 For Gori (1875, 114), the walls of the jypogea were built only in the 6th c, The aquatic spectacles were only a parody of the true naumachiae held near the Tiber; the same opinion is in Colagrossi 1913, 103. 62 Schingo 1993, figs. 12-13. 63 G. Gatti, NSe 1895, 76, 101, 227; A. M. Colini and L. Cozza, Ludus Magnus (Rome 1962) fig. 130. 64 R.Lanciani, “Iscrizioni dell’ Anfiteatro Flavio,” BullCom 7 (1880) 7