Physics is the science of matter and its motion—the science that deals with

concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge.

As an experimental science, its goal is to understand the natural world.
In one form or another, physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines; through its modern subfield
of astronomy, it may be the oldest of all.
Sometimes synonymous with philosophy, chemistry and even certain branches of mathematics and
biology during the last two millennia, physics emerged as a modern science in the 17th century and
these disciplines are now generally distinct, although the boundaries remain difficult to define.
Advances in physics often translate to the technological sector, and sometimes influence the other
sciences, as well as mathematics and philosophy.
For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism have led to the widespread use of
electrically driven devices (televisions, computers, home appliances etc.); advances in
thermodynamics led to the development of motorized transport; and advances in mechanics led to
the development of the calculus, quantum chemistry, and the use of instruments like the electron
microscope in microbiology.
Today, physics is a broad and highly developed subject.
Research is often divided into four subfields: condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and
optical physics; high energy physics; and astronomy and astrophysics.
Most physicists also specialize in either theoretical or experimental research, the former dealing with
the development of new theories, and the latter dealing with the experimental testing of theories and
the discovery of new phenomena.
Despite important discoveries during the last four centuries, there are a number of open questions in
physics, and many areas of active research.
Although physics encompasses a wide variety of phenomena, all competent physicists are familiar
with the basic theories of classical mechanics, electromagnetism, relativity, thermodynamics, and
quantum mechanics.
Each of these theories has been tested in numerous experiments and proven to be an accurate
model of nature within its domain of validity.
For example, classical mechanics correctly describes the motion of objects in everyday experience,
but it breaks down at the atomic scale, where it is superseded by quantum mechanics, and at
speeds approaching the speed of light, where relativistic effects become important.
While these theories have long been well-understood, they continue to be areas of active research—
for example, a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos theory was developed in
the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–
1727).